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101. Plant interactions shape pollination networks via nonadditive effects

Author: Losapio, Gianalberto, Fortuna, Miguel A., Bascompte, Jordi, Schmid, Bernhard, Michalet, Richard, Neumeyer, Rainer, Castro, Leopoldo, Cerretti, Pierfilippo, Germann, Christoph, Haenni, Jean-Paul, Klopfstein, Seraina, Ortiz-Sanchez, Francisco Javier, Pont, Adrian C., Rousse, Pascal, Schmid, Jürg, Sommaggio, Daniele, and Schöb, Christian
Published: 2019

102. Groups speaking for themselves: Articulating first-person plural authority

Author: Schmid, Hans Bernhard
Published: 2020
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103. Dominance and rarity in tree communities across the globe:Patterns, predictors and threats

Author: Hordijk, Iris, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Lauber, Thomas, Routh, Devin, Poorter, Lourens, Rivers, Malin C., ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing, Reich, Peter B., de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Chen, Han Y.H., Zhou, Mo, Wiser, Susan K., Pretzsch, Hans, Paquette, Alain, Picard, Nicolas, Hérault, Bruno, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Alberti, Giorgio, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio V., Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith L., Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H. S., Brandl, Susanne, Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Cesar, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clar, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Iêda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurélie, Dolezal, Jiri, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Ferreira, Leandro V., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Miscicki, Stanislaw, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Polo, Irina, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schall, Peter, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Van Do, Tran, Van Nuland, Michael E., Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua-Feng, Watson, James, Werner, Gijsbert D. A., Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhu, Zhi-Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Maynard, Daniel S., Crowther, Thomas W., Hordijk, Iris, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Lauber, Thomas, Routh, Devin, Poorter, Lourens, Rivers, Malin C., ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing, Reich, Peter B., de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Chen, Han Y.H., Zhou, Mo, Wiser, Susan K., Pretzsch, Hans, Paquette, Alain, Picard, Nicolas, Hérault, Bruno, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Alberti, Giorgio, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio V., Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith L., Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H. S., Brandl, Susanne, Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Cesar, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clar, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Iêda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurélie, Dolezal, Jiri, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Ferreira, Leandro V., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Miscicki, Stanislaw, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Polo, Irina, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schall, Peter, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Van Do, Tran, Van Nuland, Michael E., Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua-Feng, Watson, James, Werner, Gijsbert D. A., Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhu, Zhi-Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Maynard, Daniel S., and Crowther, Thomas W.
Abstract: Aim: Ecological and anthropogenic factors shift the abundances of dominant and rare tree species within local forest communities, thus affecting species composition and ecosystem functioning. To inform forest and conservation management it is important to understand the drivers of dominance and rarity in local tree communities. We answer the following research questions: (1) What are the patterns of dominance and rarity in tree communities? (2) Which ecological and anthropogenic factors predict these patterns? And (3) what is the extinction risk of locally dominant and rare tree species?. Location: Global. Time period: 1990–2017. Major taxa studied: Trees. Methods: We used 1.2 million forest plots and quantified local tree dominance as the relative plot basal area of the single most dominant species and local rarity as the percentage of species that contribute together to the least 10% of plot basal area. We mapped global community dominance and rarity using machine learning models and evaluated the ecological and anthropogenic predictors with linear models. Extinction risk, for example threatened status, of geographically widespread dominant and rare species was evaluated. Results: Community dominance and rarity show contrasting latitudinal trends, with boreal forests having high levels of dominance and tropical forests having high levels of rarity. Increasing annual precipitation reduces community dominance, probably because precipitation is related to an increase in tree density and richness. Additionally, stand age is positively related to community dominance, due to stem diameter increase of the most dominant species. Surprisingly, we find that locally dominant and rare species, which are geographically widespread in our data, have an equally high rate of elevated extinction due to declining populations through large-scale land degradation. Main conclusions: By linking patterns and predictors of community dominance and rarity to extinction risk, our results
Published: 2024

104. Dominance and rarity in tree communities across the globe: Patterns, predictors and threats

Author: Hordijk, Iris, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Lauber, Thomas, Routh, Devin, Poorter, Lourens, Rivers, Malin C., ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing, Reich, Peter B., de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Chen, Han Y.H., Zhou, Mo, Wiser, Susan K., Pretzsch, Hans, Paquette, Alain, Picard, Nicolas, Hérault, Bruno, Bastin, Jean Francois, Alberti, Giorgio, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio V., Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith L., Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Cesar, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clar, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Iêda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurélie, Dolezal, Jiri, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Ferreira, Leandro V., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Miscicki, Stanislaw, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C.A., Polo, Irina, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schall, Peter, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Van Do, Tran, Van Nuland, Michael E., Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua Feng, Watson, James, Werner, Gijsbert D.A., Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhu, Zhi Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Maynard, Daniel S., Crowther, Thomas W., Hordijk, Iris, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Lauber, Thomas, Routh, Devin, Poorter, Lourens, Rivers, Malin C., ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing, Reich, Peter B., de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Chen, Han Y.H., Zhou, Mo, Wiser, Susan K., Pretzsch, Hans, Paquette, Alain, Picard, Nicolas, Hérault, Bruno, Bastin, Jean Francois, Alberti, Giorgio, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio V., Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely, Bastian, Meredith L., Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, Cesar, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chisholm, Chelsea, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie J., Clar, David B., Colletta, Gabriel, Coomes, David, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Corral-Rivas, Jose J., Crim, Philip, Cumming, Jonathan, Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Iêda, Amaral, Dourdain, Aurélie, Dolezal, Jiri, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian, Eyre, Teresa, Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Ferreira, Leandro V., Feldpausch, Ted R., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David, Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Herbohn, John, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Cho, Hyunkook, Ibanez, Thomas, Jung, Ilbin, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah, Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy, Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon, Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia, Maitner, Brian, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew Robert, Martin, Emanuel, Martynenko, Olga, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Miscicki, Stanislaw, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa, Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, Maria G., Neill, David, Neldner, Victor, Nevenic, Radovan, Ngugi, Michael, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena, Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Piedade, Maria Teresa, Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C.A., Polo, Irina, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Poulsen, John R., Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir, Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Schall, Peter, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly, Silva-Espejo, Javier, Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Stereńczak, Krzysztof, Svenning, Jens Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Van Do, Tran, Van Nuland, Michael E., Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua Feng, Watson, James, Werner, Gijsbert D.A., Wittmann, Florian, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderick, Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhu, Zhi Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir, Maynard, Daniel S., and Crowther, Thomas W.
Abstract: Aim: Ecological and anthropogenic factors shift the abundances of dominant and rare tree species within local forest communities, thus affecting species composition and ecosystem functioning. To inform forest and conservation management it is important to understand the drivers of dominance and rarity in local tree communities. We answer the following research questions: (1) What are the patterns of dominance and rarity in tree communities? (2) Which ecological and anthropogenic factors predict these patterns? And (3) what is the extinction risk of locally dominant and rare tree species?. Location: Global. Time period: 1990–2017. Major taxa studied: Trees. Methods: We used 1.2 million forest plots and quantified local tree dominance as the relative plot basal area of the single most dominant species and local rarity as the percentage of species that contribute together to the least 10% of plot basal area. We mapped global community dominance and rarity using machine learning models and evaluated the ecological and anthropogenic predictors with linear models. Extinction risk, for example threatened status, of geographically widespread dominant and rare species was evaluated. Results: Community dominance and rarity show contrasting latitudinal trends, with boreal forests having high levels of dominance and tropical forests having high levels of rarity. Increasing annual precipitation reduces community dominance, probably because precipitation is related to an increase in tree density and richness. Additionally, stand age is positively related to community dominance, due to stem diameter increase of the most dominant species. Surprisingly, we find that locally dominant and rare species, which are geographically widespread in our data, have an equally high rate of elevated extinction due to declining populations through large-scale land degradation. Main conclusions: By linking patterns and predictors of community dominance and rarity to extinction risk, our results
Published: 2024

105. Die Lebensgemeinschaften der Pflanzen

Author: Jacquat, Christiane, Jacquat, C ( Christiane ), Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Jacquat, Christiane, Jacquat, C ( Christiane ), and Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214
Published: 2024

106. Functional diversity of neighbours mediates sap flow density and radial growth of focal trees, but in different ways between evergreen and deciduous broadleaved species

Author: Zhang, Yongqiang; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-1076, Bai, Yun‐Hao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-8566, Chen, Xia, Guo, Yanpei; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7724-0473, Zhang, Hong‐Tu; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6306-1690, Zhang, Xuejiao, Li, Shan, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Bruelheide, Helge; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-0356, Ma, Keping; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-5340, Tang, Zhiyao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-6403, Zhang, Yongqiang; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-1076, Bai, Yun‐Hao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-8566, Chen, Xia, Guo, Yanpei; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7724-0473, Zhang, Hong‐Tu; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6306-1690, Zhang, Xuejiao, Li, Shan, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Bruelheide, Helge; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-0356, Ma, Keping; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-5340, and Tang, Zhiyao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-6403
Abstract: The functioning of a tree is shaped by the neighbouring species through the interspecific interaction and local environments. The functional trait composition of the neighbourhood could provide mechanistic insights into the effects of neighbours on the resource strategies of focal trees. In this study, we deployed an automated high‐frequency measurement of the sap flow density (SFD) and the radial growth of 48 trees of 12 species at BEF‐China, a large‐scale forest biodiversity manipulation experiment, to investigate the consequences and underlying mechanisms of the functional trait composition of the neighbourhood on the sap flow and radial growth of focal trees. We found a positive relationship between SFD and growth, reflecting the important supportive role of sap flow in tree growth. High functional diversity (FD) of the neighbourhood depressed SFD but promoted growth when considering all species, and thus promoted water‐use efficiency. Acquisitiveness of neighbouring trees positively affected growth, suggesting interspecific facilitation. Furthermore, neighbourhood FD benefits evergreen focal trees by promoting growth. However, in deciduous focal trees, neighbourhood FD reduced SFD but had no significant effects on growth. Our findings suggest that considering the functional trait composition of neighbourhood communities will support effective afforestation and forest management. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Published: 2024

107. Effects of plant diversity on productivity strengthen over time due to trait-dependent shifts in species overyielding

Author: Zheng, Liting; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6497-0793, Barry, Kathryn E; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6893-6479, Guerrero-Ramírez, Nathaly R, Craven, Dylan, Reich, Peter B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X, Verheyen, Kris, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-590X, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Barsoum, Nadia, Bauhus, Jürgen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9673-4986, Bruelheide, Helge; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-0356, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3375-9630, Dolezal, Jiri; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-4051, Auge, Harald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7432-8453, Fagundes, Marina V, Ferlian, Olga; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2536-7592, Fiedler, Sebastian; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5620-6989, Forrester, David I; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4546-3554, Ganade, Gislene; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9291-1025, Gebauer, Tobias, Haase, Josephine, Hajek, Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-8917, Hector, Andy; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1309-7716, Hérault, Bruno; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-7286, Hölscher, Dirk; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-3102, Hulvey, Kristin B, Irawan, Bambang, Jactel, Hervé, Koricheva, Julia; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-0171, Kreft, Holger; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4471-8236, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, et al, Zheng, Liting; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6497-0793, Barry, Kathryn E; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6893-6479, Guerrero-Ramírez, Nathaly R, Craven, Dylan, Reich, Peter B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X, Verheyen, Kris, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-590X, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Barsoum, Nadia, Bauhus, Jürgen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9673-4986, Bruelheide, Helge; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-0356, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3375-9630, Dolezal, Jiri; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5829-4051, Auge, Harald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7432-8453, Fagundes, Marina V, Ferlian, Olga; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2536-7592, Fiedler, Sebastian; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5620-6989, Forrester, David I; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4546-3554, Ganade, Gislene; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9291-1025, Gebauer, Tobias, Haase, Josephine, Hajek, Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-8917, Hector, Andy; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1309-7716, Hérault, Bruno; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-7286, Hölscher, Dirk; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-3102, Hulvey, Kristin B, Irawan, Bambang, Jactel, Hervé, Koricheva, Julia; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-0171, Kreft, Holger; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4471-8236, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, and et al
Abstract: Plant diversity effects on community productivity often increase over time. Whether the strengthening of diversity effects is caused by temporal shifts in species-level overyielding (i.e., higher species-level productivity in diverse communities compared with monocultures) remains unclear. Here, using data from 65 grassland and forest biodiversity experiments, we show that the temporal strength of diversity effects at the community scale is underpinned by temporal changes in the species that yield. These temporal trends of species-level overyielding are shaped by plant ecological strategies, which can be quantitatively delimited by functional traits. In grasslands, the temporal strengthening of biodiversity effects on community productivity was associated with increasing biomass overyielding of resource-conservative species increasing over time, and with overyielding of species characterized by fast resource acquisition either decreasing or increasing. In forests, temporal trends in species overyielding differ when considering above- versus belowground resource acquisition strategies. Overyielding in stem growth decreased for species with high light capture capacity but increased for those with high soil resource acquisition capacity. Our results imply that a diversity of species with different, and potentially complementary, ecological strategies is beneficial for maintaining community productivity over time in both grassland and forest ecosystems.
Published: 2024

108. Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types

Author: Zou, Yibiao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-0934, Zohner, Constantin M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8302-4854, Averill, Colin; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-7760, Ma, Haozhi; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-1438, Merder, Julian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-7016, Berdugo, Miguel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-8907, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Mo, Lidong; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3805-7638, Brun, Philipp; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-9793, Zimmermann, Niklaus E; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-9604, Liang, Jingjing; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9439-9320, de-Miguel, Sergio; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-0657, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9761-074X, Reich, Peter B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X, Niinements, Ulo, Dahlgren, Jonas, Kändler, Gerald, Ratcliffe, Sophia, Ruiz-Benito, Paloma, de Zavala, Miguel Angel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-0132, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C, Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M, Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez, Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F, Ammer, Christian, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, et al, Zou, Yibiao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-0934, Zohner, Constantin M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8302-4854, Averill, Colin; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-7760, Ma, Haozhi; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-1438, Merder, Julian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-7016, Berdugo, Miguel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-8907, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Mo, Lidong; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3805-7638, Brun, Philipp; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-9793, Zimmermann, Niklaus E; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-9604, Liang, Jingjing; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9439-9320, de-Miguel, Sergio; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-0657, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9761-074X, Reich, Peter B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X, Niinements, Ulo, Dahlgren, Jonas, Kändler, Gerald, Ratcliffe, Sophia, Ruiz-Benito, Paloma, de Zavala, Miguel Angel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-0132, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C, Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M, Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez, Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F, Ammer, Christian, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, and et al
Abstract: The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4–43% higher growth rates, 14–17% higher survival rates and 4–7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks.
Published: 2024

109. Dominance and rarity in tree communities across the globe: Patterns, predictors and threats

Author: Hordijk, Iris; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6302-6254, Bialic‐Murphy, Lalasia, Lauber, Thomas, Routh, Devin, Poorter, Lourens; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-4875, Rivers, Malin C, ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9439-9320, Reich, Peter B, de‐Miguel, Sergio; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-0657, Nabuurs, Gert‐Jan, Gamarra, Javier G P, Chen, Han Y H; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-5541, Zhou, Mo, Wiser, Susan K, Pretzsch, Hans, Paquette, Alain, Picard, Nicolas, Hérault, Bruno; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-7286, Bastin, Jean‐Francois; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-7247, Alberti, Giorgio, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M, Alvarado, Braulio V, Alvarez‐Davila, Esteban, Alvarez‐Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F, Ammer, Christian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-0135, Antón‐Fernández, Clara, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, et al, Hordijk, Iris; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6302-6254, Bialic‐Murphy, Lalasia, Lauber, Thomas, Routh, Devin, Poorter, Lourens; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-4875, Rivers, Malin C, ter Steege, Hans, Liang, Jingjing; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9439-9320, Reich, Peter B, de‐Miguel, Sergio; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-0657, Nabuurs, Gert‐Jan, Gamarra, Javier G P, Chen, Han Y H; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-5541, Zhou, Mo, Wiser, Susan K, Pretzsch, Hans, Paquette, Alain, Picard, Nicolas, Hérault, Bruno; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-7286, Bastin, Jean‐Francois; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-7247, Alberti, Giorgio, Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M, Alvarado, Braulio V, Alvarez‐Davila, Esteban, Alvarez‐Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F, Ammer, Christian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-0135, Antón‐Fernández, Clara, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, and et al
Abstract: Aim: Ecological and anthropogenic factors shift the abundances of dominant and rare tree species within local forest communities, thus affecting species composition and ecosystem functioning. To inform forest and conservation management it is important to understand the drivers of dominance and rarity in local tree communities. We answer the following research questions: (1) What are the patterns of dominance and rarity in tree communities? (2) Which ecological and anthropogenic factors predict these patterns? And (3) what is the extinction risk of locally dominant and rare tree species? Location: Global. Time period: 1990–2017. Major taxa studied: Trees.MethodsWe used 1.2 million forest plots and quantified local tree dominance as the relative plot basal area of the single most dominant species and local rarity as the percentage of species that contribute together to the least 10% of plot basal area. We mapped global community dominance and rarity using machine learning models and evaluated the ecological and anthropogenic predictors with linear models. Extinction risk, for example threatened status, of geographically widespread dominant and rare species was evaluated. Results: Community dominance and rarity show contrasting latitudinal trends, with boreal forests having high levels of dominance and tropical forests having high levels of rarity. Increasing annual precipitation reduces community dominance, probably because precipitation is related to an increase in tree density and richness. Additionally, stand age is positively related to community dominance, due to stem diameter increase of the most dominant species. Surprisingly, we find that locally dominant and rare species, which are geographically widespread in our data, have an equally high rate of elevated extinction due to declining populations through large‐scale land degradation. Main conclusions: By linking patterns and predictors of community dominance and rarity to extinction risk, our results suggest
Published: 2024

110. The multiple-mechanisms hypothesis of biodiversity–stability relationships

Author: Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Mueller, Kevin, Ebeling, Anne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-4017, Gleixner, Gerd; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-0953, Huang, Yuanyuan, Madaj, Anna-Maria; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5959-6484, Roscher, Christiane, Weigelt, Alexandra, Bahn, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7482-9776, Bonkowski, Michael, Brose, Ulrich, Cesarz, Simone; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-5119, Feilhauer, Hannes; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-6303, Guimaraes-Steinicke, Claudia; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-641X, Heintz-Buschart, Anna; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9780-1933, Hines, Jes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9129-5179, Lange, Markus, Meyer, Sebastian T, Mohanbabu, Neha; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-131X, Mommer, Liesje, Neuhauser, Sigrid; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0305-1615, Oelmann, Yvonne, Rahmanian, Soroor, Sasaki, Takehiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8727-9152, Scheu, Stefan; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-9520, Schielzeth, Holger; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9124-2261, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Schloter, Michael, Schulz, Stefanie; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-8106, Unsicker, Sybille B; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-0075, Vogel, Cordula, Weisser, Wolfgang W, Isbell, Forest, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Mueller, Kevin, Ebeling, Anne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-4017, Gleixner, Gerd; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-0953, Huang, Yuanyuan, Madaj, Anna-Maria; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5959-6484, Roscher, Christiane, Weigelt, Alexandra, Bahn, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7482-9776, Bonkowski, Michael, Brose, Ulrich, Cesarz, Simone; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-5119, Feilhauer, Hannes; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5758-6303, Guimaraes-Steinicke, Claudia; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-641X, Heintz-Buschart, Anna; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9780-1933, Hines, Jes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9129-5179, Lange, Markus, Meyer, Sebastian T, Mohanbabu, Neha; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-131X, Mommer, Liesje, Neuhauser, Sigrid; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0305-1615, Oelmann, Yvonne, Rahmanian, Soroor, Sasaki, Takehiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8727-9152, Scheu, Stefan; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-9520, Schielzeth, Holger; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9124-2261, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Schloter, Michael, Schulz, Stefanie; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5520-8106, Unsicker, Sybille B; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9738-0075, Vogel, Cordula, Weisser, Wolfgang W, and Isbell, Forest
Abstract: Long-term research in grassland biodiversity experiments has provided empirical evidence that ecological and evolutionary processes are intertwined in determining both biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) and biodiversity–stability relationships. Focusing on plant diversity, we hypothesize that multifunctional stability is highest in high-diversity plant communities and that biodiversity–stability relationships increase over time due to a variety of forms of ecological complementarity including the interaction with other biota above and below ground. We introduce the multiple-mechanisms hypothesis of biodiversity–stability relationships suggesting that it is not an individual mechanism that drives long-term biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and stability but that several intertwined processes produce increasingly positive ecosystem effects. The following six mechanisms are important. Low-diversity plant communities accumulate more plant antagonists over time (1), and use resources less efficiently and have more open, leaky nutrient cycles (2). Conversely, high-diversity plant communities support a greater diversity and activity of beneficial interaction partners across trophic levels (3); diversify in their traits over time and space, within and across species, to optimize temporal (intra- and interannual) and spatial complementarity (4), create a more stable microclimate (5), and foster higher top-down control of aboveground and belowground herbivores by predators (6). In line with the observation that different species play unique roles in ecosystems that are dynamic and multifaceted, the particular mechanism contributing most to the higher performance and stability of diverse plant communities might differ across ecosystem functions, years, locations, and environmental change scenarios. This indicates “between-context insurance” or “across-context complementarity” of different mechanisms. We introduce examples of experiments that will be conducted
Published: 2024

111. Plant diversity and community age stabilize ecosystem multifunctionality

Author: Dietrich, Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7742-6064, Ebeling, Anne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-4017, Meyer, Sebastian T; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0833-1472, Asato, Ana Elizabeth Bonato; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6093-0483, Bröcher, Maximilian; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-092X, Gleixner, Gerd; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-0953, Huang, Yuanyuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-8864, Roscher, Christiane; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9301-7909, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Vogel, Anja, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Dietrich, Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7742-6064, Ebeling, Anne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-4017, Meyer, Sebastian T; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0833-1472, Asato, Ana Elizabeth Bonato; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6093-0483, Bröcher, Maximilian; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-092X, Gleixner, Gerd; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-0953, Huang, Yuanyuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-8864, Roscher, Christiane; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9301-7909, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Vogel, Anja, and Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720
Abstract: It is well known that biodiversity positively affects ecosystem functioning, leading to enhanced ecosystem stability. However, this knowledge is mainly based on analyses using single ecosystem functions, while studies focusing on the stability of ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) are rare. Taking advantage of a long‐term grassland biodiversity experiment, we studied the effect of plant diversity (1–60 species) on EMF over 5 years, its temporal stability, as well as multifunctional resistance and resilience to a 2‐year drought event. Using split‐plot treatments, we further tested whether a shared history of plants and soil influences the studied relationships. We calculated EMF based on functions related to plants and higher‐trophic levels. Plant diversity enhanced EMF in all studied years, and this effect strengthened over the study period. Moreover, plant diversity increased the temporal stability of EMF and fostered resistance to reoccurring drought events. Old plant communities with shared plant and soil history showed a stronger plant diversity–multifunctionality relationship and higher temporal stability of EMF than younger communities without shared histories. Our results highlight the importance of old and biodiverse plant communities for EMF and its stability to extreme climate events in a world increasingly threatened by global change.
Published: 2024

112. Remotely sensed variables predict grassland diversity better at scales below 1,000 km as opposed to abiotic variables that predict it better at larger scales

Author: Zhao, Yujin; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0225-6491, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Zheng, Zhaoju, Wang, Yang, Wu, Jin; https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6853-2773, Wang, Yao, Chen, Ziyan, Zhao, Xia; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-1679, Zhao, Dan, Zeng, Yuan, Bai, Yongfei; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-4501, Zhao, Yujin; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0225-6491, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Zheng, Zhaoju, Wang, Yang, Wu, Jin; https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6853-2773, Wang, Yao, Chen, Ziyan, Zhao, Xia; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-1679, Zhao, Dan, Zeng, Yuan, and Bai, Yongfei; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-4501
Abstract: Global spatial patterns of vascular plant diversity have been mapped at coarse grain based on climate‐dominated environment–diversity relationships and, where possible, at finer grain using remote sensing. However, for grasslands with their small plant sizes, the limited availability of vegetation plot data has caused large uncertainties in fine‐grained mapping of species diversity. Here we used vegetation survey data from 1,609 field sites (>4,000 plots of 1 m$^{2}$), remotely sensed data (ecosystem productivity and phenology, habitat heterogeneity, functional traits and spectral diversity), and abiotic data (water‐ and energy‐related, characterizing climate‐dominated environment) together with machine learning and spatial autoregressive models to predict and map grassland species richness per 100 m$^{2}$ across the Mongolian Plateau at 500 m resolution. Combining all variables yielded a predictive accuracy of 69% compared with 64% using remotely sensed variables or 65% using abiotic variables alone. Among remotely sensed variables, functional traits showed the highest predictive power (55%) in species richness estimation, followed by productivity and phenology (48%), spectral diversity (48%) and habitat heterogeneity (48%). When considering spatial autocorrelation, remotely sensed variables explained 52% and abiotic variables explained 41%. Moreover, Remotely sensed variables provided better prediction at smaller grain size (<∼1,000 km), while water‐ and energy‐dominated macro‐environment variables were the most important drivers and dominated the effects of remotely sensed variables on diversity patterns at macro‐scale (>∼1,000 km). These findings indicate that while remotely sensed vegetation characteristics and climate‐dominated macro‐environment provide similar predictions for mapping grassland plant species richness, they offer complementary explanations across broad spatial scales.
Published: 2024

113. Functional dissimilarity in mixed forests promotes stem radial growth by mitigating tree water deficit

Author: Zhang, Hong-Tu, Gheyret, Gheyur, Bai, Yun-Hao, Guo, Yanpei; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7724-0473, Li, Shan, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Bruelheide, Helge, Ma, Keping; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-5340, Tang, Zhiyao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-6403, Zhang, Hong-Tu, Gheyret, Gheyur, Bai, Yun-Hao, Guo, Yanpei; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7724-0473, Li, Shan, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Bruelheide, Helge, Ma, Keping; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-5340, and Tang, Zhiyao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-6403
Published: 2024

114. Decoupled responses of plants and soil biota to global change across the world’s land ecosystems

Author: Yu, Qingshui; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-1422, He, Chenqi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6328-3691, Anthony, Mark A, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Gessler, Arthur; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-9589, Yang, Chen, Zhang, Danhua, Ni, Xiaofeng, Feng, Yuhao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1720-9084, Zhu, Jiangling, Zhu, Biao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9858-7943, Wang, Shaopeng; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9430-8879, Ji, Chengjun, Tang, Zhiyao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-6403, Wu, Jin; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-3970, Smith, Pete; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-1124, Liu, Lingli; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-3151, Li, Mai-He, Schaub, Marcus; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0158-8892, Fang, Jingyun; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-731X, Yu, Qingshui; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2363-1422, He, Chenqi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6328-3691, Anthony, Mark A, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Gessler, Arthur; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-9589, Yang, Chen, Zhang, Danhua, Ni, Xiaofeng, Feng, Yuhao; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1720-9084, Zhu, Jiangling, Zhu, Biao; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9858-7943, Wang, Shaopeng; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9430-8879, Ji, Chengjun, Tang, Zhiyao; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-6403, Wu, Jin; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-3970, Smith, Pete; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3784-1124, Liu, Lingli; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-3151, Li, Mai-He, Schaub, Marcus; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0158-8892, and Fang, Jingyun; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-731X
Abstract: Understanding the concurrent responses of aboveground and belowground biota compartments to global changes is crucial for the maintenance of ecosystem functions and biodiversity conservation. We conduct a comprehensive analysis synthesizing data from 13,209 single observations and 3223 pairwise observations from 1166 publications across the world terrestrial ecosystems to examine the responses of plants and soil organisms and their synchronization. We find that global change factors (GCFs) generally promote plant biomass but decreased plant species diversity. In comparison, the responses of belowground soil biota to GCFs are more variable and harder to predict. The analysis of the paired aboveground and belowground observations demonstrate that responses of plants and soil organisms to GCFs are decoupled among diverse groups of soil organisms for different biomes. Our study highlights the importance of integrative research on the aboveground-belowground system for improving predictions regarding the consequences of global environmental change.
Published: 2024

115. The functional diversity–productivity relationship of woody plants is climatically sensitive

Author: Yan, Haoru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6016-0300, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Xu, Wubing; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6566-4452, Bongers, Franca J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9517-4932, Chen, Guoke; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5746-0732, Tang, Ting; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1145-0723, Wang, Zhiheng; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0808-7780, Svenning, Jens‐Christian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-0862, Ma, Keping; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-5340, Liu, Xiaojuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9292-4432, Yan, Haoru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6016-0300, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Xu, Wubing; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6566-4452, Bongers, Franca J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9517-4932, Chen, Guoke; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5746-0732, Tang, Ting; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1145-0723, Wang, Zhiheng; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0808-7780, Svenning, Jens‐Christian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-0862, Ma, Keping; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-5340, and Liu, Xiaojuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9292-4432
Abstract: Plot‐scale experiments indicate that functional diversity (FD) plays a pivotal role in sustaining ecosystem functions such as net primary productivity (NPP). However, the relationships between functional diversity and NPP across larger scale under varying climatic conditions are sparsely studied, despite its significance for understanding forest–atmosphere interactions and informing policy development. Hence, we examine the relationships of community‐weighted mean (CWM) and functional dispersion (FDis) of woody plant traits on NPP across China and if such relationships are modulated by climatic conditions at the national scale. Using comprehensive datasets of distribution, functional traits, and productivity for 9120 Chinese woody plant species, we evaluated the distribution pattern of community‐weighted mean and functional dispersion (including three orthogonal trait indicators: plant size, leaf morphology, and flower duration) and its relationships with NPP. Finally, we tested the effects of climatic conditions on community‐weighted mean/functional dispersion–NPP relationships. We first found overall functional diversity–NPP relationships, but also that the magnitude of these relationships was sensitive to climate, with plant size community‐weighted mean promoting NPP in warm regions and plant size functional dispersion promoting NPP in wet regions. Second, warm and wet conditions indirectly increased NPP by its positive effects on community‐weighted mean or functional dispersion, particularly through mean plant size and leaf morphology. Our study provides comprehensive evidence for the relationships between functional diversity and NPP under varying climates at a large scale. Importantly, our results indicate a broadening significance of multidimensional plant functional traits for woody vegetation NPP in response to rising temperatures and wetter climates. Restoration, reforestation actions and natural capital accounting need to carefully consider not only commu
Published: 2024

116. Environmental versus phylogenetic controls on leaf nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in vascular plants

Author: Tian, Di; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0389-8683, Yan, Zhengbing, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Kattge, Jens; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-8469, Fang, Jingyun, Stocker, Benjamin D, Tian, Di; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0389-8683, Yan, Zhengbing, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Kattge, Jens; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-8469, Fang, Jingyun, and Stocker, Benjamin D
Abstract: Global patterns of leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry have been interpreted as reflecting phenotypic plasticity in response to the environment, or as an overriding effect of the distribution of species growing in their biogeochemical niches. Here, we balance these contrasting views. We compile a global dataset of 36,413 paired observations of leaf N and P concentrations, taxonomy and 45 environmental covariates, covering 7,549 sites and 3,700 species, to investigate how species identity and environmental variables control variations in mass-based leaf N and P concentrations, and the N:P ratio. We find within-species variation contributes around half of the total variation, with 29%, 31%, and 22% of leaf N, P, and N:P variation, respectively, explained by environmental variables. Within-species plasticity along environmental gradients varies across species and is highest for leaf N:P and lowest for leaf N. We identified effects of environmental variables on within-species variation using random forest models, whereas effects were largely missed by widely used linear mixed-effect models. Our analysis demonstrates a substantial influence of the environment in driving plastic responses of leaf N, P, and N:P within species, which challenges reports of a fixed biogeochemical niche and the overriding importance of species distributions in shaping global patterns of leaf N and P.
Published: 2024

117. Mycorrhizal associations modify tree diversity−productivity relationships across experimental tree plantations

Author: Luo, Shan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-847X, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Hector, Andy, Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-590X, Verheyen, Kris; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2067-9108, Barsoum, Nadia, Bauhus, Juergen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9673-4986, Beyer, Friderike; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3597-5022, Bruelheide, Helge; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-0356, Ferlian, Olga; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2536-7592, Godbold, Douglas, Hall, Jefferson S, Hajek, Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-8917, Huang, Yuanyuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-8864, Hölscher, Dirk; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-3102, Kreft, Holger, Liu, Xiaojuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9292-4432, Messier, Christian, Nock, Charles, Paquette, Alain; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-9674, Parker, John D, Parker, William C, Paterno, Gustavo B; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9719-3037, Reich, Peter B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X, Rewald, Boris; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8098-0616, Sandén, Hans; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2496-6307, Sinacore, Katherine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-9248, Stefanski, Artur; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5412-1014, Williams, Laura; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3555-4778, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Luo, Shan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5408-847X, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Hector, Andy, Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-590X, Verheyen, Kris; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2067-9108, Barsoum, Nadia, Bauhus, Juergen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9673-4986, Beyer, Friderike; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3597-5022, Bruelheide, Helge; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-0356, Ferlian, Olga; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2536-7592, Godbold, Douglas, Hall, Jefferson S, Hajek, Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-8917, Huang, Yuanyuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-8864, Hölscher, Dirk; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-3102, Kreft, Holger, Liu, Xiaojuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9292-4432, Messier, Christian, Nock, Charles, Paquette, Alain; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-9674, Parker, John D, Parker, William C, Paterno, Gustavo B; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9719-3037, Reich, Peter B; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-662X, Rewald, Boris; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8098-0616, Sandén, Hans; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2496-6307, Sinacore, Katherine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-9248, Stefanski, Artur; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5412-1014, Williams, Laura; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3555-4778, and Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720
Abstract: Summary Decades of studies have demonstrated links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, yet the generality of the relationships and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, especially for forest ecosystems. Using 11 tree‐diversity experiments, we tested tree species richness–community productivity relationships and the role of arbuscular (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal‐associated tree species in these relationships. Tree species richness had a positive effect on community productivity across experiments, modified by the diversity of tree mycorrhizal associations. In communities with both AM and ECM trees, species richness showed positive effects on community productivity, which could have resulted from complementarity between AM and ECM trees. Moreover, both AM and ECM trees were more productive in mixed communities with both AM and ECM trees than in communities assembled by their own mycorrhizal type of trees. In communities containing only ECM trees, species richness had a significant positive effect on productivity, whereas species richness did not show any significant effects on productivity in communities containing only AM trees. Our study provides novel explanations for variations in diversity–productivity relationships by suggesting that tree–mycorrhiza interactions can shape productivity in mixed‐species forest ecosystems.
Published: 2024

118. Potential of undersown species identity versus diversity to manage disease in crops

Author: Cappelli, Seraina Lisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8141-404X, Domeignoz Horta, Luiz Alberto; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4618-6253, Gerin, Stephanie; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7734-9161, Heinonsalo, Jussi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8516-1388, Lohila, Annalea; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-672X, Raveala, Krista, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Shrestha, Rashmi; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-9269, Tiusanen, Mikko Johannes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9361-0777, Thitz, Paula; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-9284, Laine, Anna‐Liisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-5850, Cappelli, Seraina Lisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8141-404X, Domeignoz Horta, Luiz Alberto; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4618-6253, Gerin, Stephanie; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7734-9161, Heinonsalo, Jussi; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8516-1388, Lohila, Annalea; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-672X, Raveala, Krista, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Shrestha, Rashmi; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-9269, Tiusanen, Mikko Johannes; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9361-0777, Thitz, Paula; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-9284, and Laine, Anna‐Liisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-5850
Abstract: In the absence of chemical control with its negative side effects, fungal pathogens can cause large yield losses, requiring us to develop agroecosystems that are inherently disease resistant. Grassland biodiversity experiments often find plant species diversity to reduce pathogen pressure, but whether incorporating high biodiversity levels in agricultural fields have similar effects remains largely unknown. We tested if undersown plant species diversity could reduce barley disease, and whether the effect was mediated through above‐ or below‐ground mechanisms, by combining an agricultural field trial with a soil transplant experiment. As predicted, barley disease decreased in the presence of undersown plants. Undersown species richness had no effect, but their abundance led to early season disease reduction. Above‐ground mechanisms underpinned this disease reduction. Barley yield slightly decreased with increasing undersown species richness, and undersown species varied in their impact on yield. We identified two undersown species, Trifolium repens and T. hybridum, that contributed most to disease reduction and had the potential to increase barley yield. Furthermore, our results indicate that above‐ground mechanisms caused this. We show that agroecosystem functioning can be improved without trade‐offs on yield by targeted selection of undersown species. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Published: 2024

119. Reducing herbivory in mixed planting by genomic prediction of neighbor effects in the field

Author: Sato, Yasuhiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6466-723X, Shimizu-Inatsugi, Rie; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9899-591X, Takeda, Kazuya; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-1450, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Nagano, Atsushi J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7891-5049, Shimizu, Kentaro K; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6483-1781, Sato, Yasuhiro; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6466-723X, Shimizu-Inatsugi, Rie; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9899-591X, Takeda, Kazuya; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-1450, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Nagano, Atsushi J; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7891-5049, and Shimizu, Kentaro K; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6483-1781
Abstract: Genetically diverse populations can increase plant resistance to natural enemies. Yet, beneficial genotype pairs remain elusive due to the occurrence of positive or negative effects of mixed planting on plant resistance, respectively called associational resistance or susceptibility. Here, we identify key genotype pairs responsible for associational resistance to herbivory using the genome-wide polymorphism data of the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. To quantify neighbor interactions among 199 genotypes grown in a randomized block design, we employ a genome-wide association method named "Neighbor GWAS" and genomic prediction inspired by the Ising model of magnetics. These analyses predict that 823 of the 19,701 candidate pairs can reduce herbivory in mixed planting. We planted three pairs with the predicted effects in mixtures and monocultures, and detected 18-30% reductions in herbivore damage in the mixed planting treatment. Our study shows the power of genomic prediction to assemble genotype mixtures with positive biodiversity effects.
Published: 2024

120. Enhanced stability of grassland soil temperature by plant diversity

Author: Huang, Yuanyuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-8864, Stein, Gideon; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2735-1842, Kolle, Olaf, Kübler, Karl; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3502-8698, Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Dong, Hui, Eichenberg, David; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5740-5621, Gleixner, Gerd; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-0953, Hildebrandt, Anke; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8643-1634, Lange, Markus; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-9177, Roscher, Christiane; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9301-7909, Schielzeth, Holger; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9124-2261, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Weigelt, Alexandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6242-603X, Weisser, Wolfgang W; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2757-8959, Shadaydeh, Maha; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6455-2400, Denzler, Joachim; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-3300, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Huang, Yuanyuan; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-8864, Stein, Gideon; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2735-1842, Kolle, Olaf, Kübler, Karl; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3502-8698, Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Dong, Hui, Eichenberg, David; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5740-5621, Gleixner, Gerd; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-0953, Hildebrandt, Anke; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8643-1634, Lange, Markus; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-9177, Roscher, Christiane; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9301-7909, Schielzeth, Holger; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9124-2261, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Weigelt, Alexandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6242-603X, Weisser, Wolfgang W; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2757-8959, Shadaydeh, Maha; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6455-2400, Denzler, Joachim; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-3300, Ebeling, Anne, and Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720
Abstract: Extreme weather events are occurring more frequently, and research has shown that plant diversity can help mitigate the impacts of climate change by increasing plant productivity and ecosystem stability. Although soil temperature and its stability are key determinants of essential ecosystem processes, no study has yet investigated whether plant diversity buffers soil temperature fluctuations over long-term community development. Here we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of a continuous 18-year dataset from a grassland biodiversity experiment with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Our findings reveal that plant diversity acts as a natural buffer, preventing soil heating in hot weather and cooling in cold weather. This diversity effect persists year-round, intensifying with the aging of experimental communities and being even stronger under extreme climate conditions, such as hot days or dry years. Using structural equation modelling, we found that plant diversity stabilizes soil temperature by increasing soil organic carbon concentrations and, to a lesser extent, plant leaf area index. Our results suggest that, in lowland grasslands, the diversity-induced stabilization of soil temperature may help to mitigate the negative effects of extreme climatic events such as soil carbon decomposition, thus slowing global warming.
Published: 2024

121. Carbon–biodiversity relationships in a highly diverse subtropical forest

Author: Schuldt, Andreas, Liu, Xiaojuan, Buscot, François, Bruelheide, Helge, Erfmeier, Alexandra, He, Jin‐Sheng, Klein, Alexandra‐Maria, Ma, Keping, Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Scholten, Thomas, Tang, Zhiyao, Trogisch, Stefan, Wirth, Christian, Wubet, Tesfaye, Staab, Michael, Schuldt, Andreas, Liu, Xiaojuan, Buscot, François, Bruelheide, Helge, Erfmeier, Alexandra, He, Jin‐Sheng, Klein, Alexandra‐Maria, Ma, Keping, Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Scholten, Thomas, Tang, Zhiyao, Trogisch, Stefan, Wirth, Christian, Wubet, Tesfaye, and Staab, Michael
Abstract: Carbon‐focused climate mitigation strategies are becoming increasingly important in forests. However, with ongoing biodiversity declines we require better knowledge of how much such strategies account for biodiversity. We particularly lack information across multiple trophic levels and on established forests, where the interplay between carbon stocks, stand age, and tree diversity might influence carbon–biodiversity relationships. Using a large dataset (>4600 heterotrophic species of 23 taxonomic groups) from secondary, subtropical forests, we tested how multitrophic diversity and diversity within trophic groups relate to aboveground, belowground, and total carbon stocks at different levels of tree species richness and stand age. Our study revealed that aboveground carbon, the key component of climate‐based management, was largely unrelated to multitrophic diversity. By contrast, total carbon stocks — that is, including belowground carbon — emerged as a significant predictor of multitrophic diversity. Relationships were nonlinear and strongest for lower trophic levels, but nonsignificant for higher trophic level diversity. Tree species richness and stand age moderated these relationships, suggesting long‐term regeneration of forests may be particularly effective in reconciling carbon and biodiversity targets. Our findings highlight that biodiversity benefits of climate‐oriented management need to be evaluated carefully, and only maximizing aboveground carbon may fail to account for biodiversity conservation requirements.
Published: 2024

122. Tree phylogenetic diversity structures multitrophic communities

Author: Staab, Michael, Liu, Xiaojuan, Assmann, Thorsten, Bruelheide, Helge, Buscot, François, Durka, Walter, Erfmeier, Alexandra, Klein, Alexandra‐Maria, Ma, Keping, Michalski, Stefan, Wubet, Tesfaye, Schmid, Bernhard, Schuldt, Andreas, Staab, Michael, Liu, Xiaojuan, Assmann, Thorsten, Bruelheide, Helge, Buscot, François, Durka, Walter, Erfmeier, Alexandra, Klein, Alexandra‐Maria, Ma, Keping, Michalski, Stefan, Wubet, Tesfaye, Schmid, Bernhard, and Schuldt, Andreas
Abstract: 1. Plant diversity begets diversity at other trophic levels. While species richness is the most commonly used measure for plant diversity, the number of evolutionary lineages (i.e. phylogenetic diversity) could theoretically have a stronger influence on the community structure of co‐occurring organisms. However, this prediction has only rarely been tested in complex real‐world ecosystems. 2. Using a comprehensive multitrophic dataset of arthropods and fungi from a species‐rich subtropical forest, we tested whether tree species richness or tree phylogenetic diversity relates to the diversity and composition of organisms. 3. We show that tree phylogenetic diversity but not tree species richness determines arthropod and fungi community composition across trophic levels and increases the diversity of predatory arthropods but decreases herbivorous arthropod diversity. The effect of tree phylogenetic diversity was not mediated by changed abundances of associated organisms, indicating that evolutionarily more diverse plant communities increase niche opportunities (resource diversity) but not necessarily niche amplitudes (resource amount). 4. Our findings suggest that plant evolutionary relatedness structures multitrophic communities in the studied species‐rich forests and possibly other ecosystems at large. As global change non‐randomly threatens phylogenetically distinct plant species, far‐reaching consequences on associated communities are expected. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Published: 2024

123. Mycorrhizal associations modify tree diversity-productivity relationships across experimental tree plantations

Author: Luo, Shan, Schmid, Bernhard, Hector, Andy, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Verheyen, Kris, Barsoum, Nadia, Bauhus, Juergen, Beyer, Friderike, Bruelheide, Helge, Ferlian, Olga, Godbold, Douglas Lawrence, Hall, Jefferson S., Hajek, Peter, Huang, Yuanyuan, Hölscher, Dirk, Kreft, Holger, Liu, Xiaojuan, Messier, Christian, Nock, Charles, Paquette, Alain, Parker, John D., Parker, William C., Paterno, Gustavo B., Reich, Peter B., Rewald, Boris, Sandén, Hans, Sinacore, Katherine, Stefanski, Artur, Williams, Laura, Eisenhauer, Nico, Luo, Shan, Schmid, Bernhard, Hector, Andy, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Verheyen, Kris, Barsoum, Nadia, Bauhus, Juergen, Beyer, Friderike, Bruelheide, Helge, Ferlian, Olga, Godbold, Douglas Lawrence, Hall, Jefferson S., Hajek, Peter, Huang, Yuanyuan, Hölscher, Dirk, Kreft, Holger, Liu, Xiaojuan, Messier, Christian, Nock, Charles, Paquette, Alain, Parker, John D., Parker, William C., Paterno, Gustavo B., Reich, Peter B., Rewald, Boris, Sandén, Hans, Sinacore, Katherine, Stefanski, Artur, Williams, Laura, and Eisenhauer, Nico
Abstract: Decades of studies have demonstrated links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, yet the generality of the relationships and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, especially for forest ecosystems. Using 11 tree-diversity experiments, we tested tree species richness-community productivity relationships and the role of arbuscular (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal-associated tree species in these relationships. Tree species richness had a positive effect on community productivity across experiments, modified by the diversity of tree mycorrhizal associations. In communities with both AM and ECM trees, species richness showed positive effects on community productivity, which could have resulted from complementarity between AM and ECM trees. Moreover, both AM and ECM trees were more productive in mixed communities with both AM and ECM trees than in communities assembled by their own mycorrhizal type of trees. In communities containing only ECM trees, species richness had a significant positive effect on productivity, whereas species richness did not show any significant effects on productivity in communities containing only AM trees. Our study provides novel explanations for variations in diversity-productivity relationships by suggesting that tree-mycorrhiza interactions can shape productivity in mixed-species forest ecosystems.
Published: 2024

124. The functional diversity–productivity relationship of woody plants is climatically sensitive

Author: Yan, Haoru, Schmid, Bernhard, Xu, Wubing, Bongers, Franca J., Chen, Guoke, Tang, Ting, Wang, Zhiheng, Svenning, Jens Christian, Ma, Keping, Liu, Xiaojuan, Yan, Haoru, Schmid, Bernhard, Xu, Wubing, Bongers, Franca J., Chen, Guoke, Tang, Ting, Wang, Zhiheng, Svenning, Jens Christian, Ma, Keping, and Liu, Xiaojuan
Abstract: Plot-scale experiments indicate that functional diversity (FD) plays a pivotal role in sustaining ecosystem functions such as net primary productivity (NPP). However, the relationships between functional diversity and NPP across larger scale under varying climatic conditions are sparsely studied, despite its significance for understanding forest–atmosphere interactions and informing policy development. Hence, we examine the relationships of community-weighted mean (CWM) and functional dispersion (FDis) of woody plant traits on NPP across China and if such relationships are modulated by climatic conditions at the national scale. Using comprehensive datasets of distribution, functional traits, and productivity for 9120 Chinese woody plant species, we evaluated the distribution pattern of community-weighted mean and functional dispersion (including three orthogonal trait indicators: plant size, leaf morphology, and flower duration) and its relationships with NPP. Finally, we tested the effects of climatic conditions on community-weighted mean/functional dispersion–NPP relationships. We first found overall functional diversity–NPP relationships, but also that the magnitude of these relationships was sensitive to climate, with plant size community-weighted mean promoting NPP in warm regions and plant size functional dispersion promoting NPP in wet regions. Second, warm and wet conditions indirectly increased NPP by its positive effects on community-weighted mean or functional dispersion, particularly through mean plant size and leaf morphology. Our study provides comprehensive evidence for the relationships between functional diversity and NPP under varying climates at a large scale. Importantly, our results indicate a broadening significance of multidimensional plant functional traits for woody vegetation NPP in response to rising temperatures and wetter climates. Restoration, reforestation actions and natural capital accounting need to carefully consider not only commu
Published: 2024

125. Positive feedbacks and alternative stable states in forest leaf types

Author: Zou, Yibiao, Zohner, Constantin M., Averill, Colin, Ma, Haozhi, Merder, Julian, Berdugo, Miguel, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Mo, Lidong, Brun, Philipp, Zimmermann, Niklaus E., Liang, Jingjing, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Reich, Peter B., Niinements, Ulo, Dahlgren, Jonas, Kändler, Gerald, Ratcliffe, Sophia, Ruiz-Benito, Paloma, de Zavala, Miguel Angel, Crowther, Thomas W., Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez, Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Bałazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely G., Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean Francois, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, César, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chen, Han Y.H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cho, Hyunkook, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie, Clark, David, Colletta, Gabriel D., Coomes, David A., Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Corral-Rivas, José J., Crim, Philip M., Cumming, Jonathan R., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Dolezal, Jiri, Dourdain, Aurélie, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian J., Eyre, Teresa J., Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Ferreira, Leandro V., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Fridman, Jonas, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David J., Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Hérault, Bruno, Herbohn, John L., Herold, Martin, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Ibanez, Thomas, Iêda, Amaral, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodziński, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Jung, Ilbin, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy J., Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia V., Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Kucher, Dmitry, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa S., Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe, Neill, David, Neldner, Victor J., Nevenic, Radovan V., Ngugi, Michael R., Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena I., Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Picard, Nicolas, Piedade, Maria Teresa T.F., Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C.A., Polo, Irina, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, Axel D., Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir G., Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly Z., Silva-Espejo, Javier E., Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Miscicki, Stanislaw, Stereńczak, Krzysztof J., Svenning, Jens Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, ter Steege, Hans, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter M., Usoltsev, Vladimir A., Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Van Do, Tran, van Nuland, Michael E., Vasquez, Rodolfo M., Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua Feng, Watson, James V., Werner, Gijsbert D.A., Westerlund, Bertil, Wiser, Susan K., Wittmann, Florian, Woell, Hannsjoerg, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderik, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhou, Mo, Zhu, Zhi Xin, Zo-Bi, Irie C., Zou, Yibiao, Zohner, Constantin M., Averill, Colin, Ma, Haozhi, Merder, Julian, Berdugo, Miguel, Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Mo, Lidong, Brun, Philipp, Zimmermann, Niklaus E., Liang, Jingjing, de-Miguel, Sergio, Nabuurs, Gert Jan, Reich, Peter B., Niinements, Ulo, Dahlgren, Jonas, Kändler, Gerald, Ratcliffe, Sophia, Ruiz-Benito, Paloma, de Zavala, Miguel Angel, Crowther, Thomas W., Abegg, Meinrad, Adou Yao, Yves C., Alberti, Giorgio, Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M., Alvarado, Braulio Vilchez, Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia, Alves, Luciana F., Ammer, Christian, Antón-Fernández, Clara, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arroyo, Luzmila, Avitabile, Valerio, Aymard, Gerardo A., Baker, Timothy R., Bałazy, Radomir, Banki, Olaf, Barroso, Jorcely G., Bastian, Meredith L., Bastin, Jean Francois, Birigazzi, Luca, Birnbaum, Philippe, Bitariho, Robert, Boeckx, Pascal, Bongers, Frans, Bouriaud, Olivier, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Brandl, Susanne, Brearley, Francis Q., Brienen, Roel, Broadbent, Eben N., Bruelheide, Helge, Bussotti, Filippo, Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla, César, Ricardo G., Cesljar, Goran, Chazdon, Robin, Chen, Han Y.H., Chisholm, Chelsea, Cho, Hyunkook, Cienciala, Emil, Clark, Connie, Clark, David, Colletta, Gabriel D., Coomes, David A., Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Corral-Rivas, José J., Crim, Philip M., Cumming, Jonathan R., Dayanandan, Selvadurai, de Gasper, André L., Decuyper, Mathieu, Derroire, Géraldine, DeVries, Ben, Djordjevic, Ilija, Dolezal, Jiri, Dourdain, Aurélie, Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone, Enquist, Brian J., Eyre, Teresa J., Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain, Fayle, Tom M., Feldpausch, Ted R., Ferreira, Leandro V., Finér, Leena, Fischer, Markus, Fletcher, Christine, Fridman, Jonas, Frizzera, Lorenzo, Gamarra, Javier G.P., Gianelle, Damiano, Glick, Henry B., Harris, David J., Hector, Andrew, Hemp, Andreas, Hengeveld, Geerten, Hérault, Bruno, Herbohn, John L., Herold, Martin, Hillers, Annika, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hui, Cang, Ibanez, Thomas, Iêda, Amaral, Imai, Nobuo, Jagodziński, Andrzej M., Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Johannsen, Vivian Kvist, Joly, Carlos A., Jucker, Tommaso, Jung, Ilbin, Karminov, Viktor, Kartawinata, Kuswata, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Kennard, Deborah K., Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian, Keppel, Gunnar, Khan, Mohammed Latif, Killeen, Timothy J., Kim, Hyun Seok, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Köhl, Michael, Korjus, Henn, Kraxner, Florian, Laarmann, Diana, Lang, Mait, Lewis, Simon L., Lu, Huicui, Lukina, Natalia V., Maitner, Brian S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Marcon, Eric, Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes, Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur, Marshall, Andrew R., Martin, Emanuel H., Kucher, Dmitry, Meave, Jorge A., Melo-Cruz, Omar, Mendoza, Casimiro, Merow, Cory, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Moreno, Vanessa S., Mukul, Sharif A., Mundhenk, Philip, Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe, Neill, David, Neldner, Victor J., Nevenic, Radovan V., Ngugi, Michael R., Niklaus, Pascal A., Oleksyn, Jacek, Ontikov, Petr, Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar, Pan, Yude, Paquette, Alain, Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander, Parfenova, Elena I., Park, Minjee, Parren, Marc, Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy, Peri, Pablo L., Pfautsch, Sebastian, Phillips, Oliver L., Picard, Nicolas, Piedade, Maria Teresa T.F., Piotto, Daniel, Pitman, Nigel C.A., Polo, Irina, Poorter, Lourens, Poulsen, Axel D., Poulsen, John R., Pretzsch, Hans, Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda, Rodeghiero, Mirco, Rolim, Samir G., Roopsind, Anand, Rovero, Francesco, Rutishauser, Ervan, Saikia, Purabi, Salas-Eljatib, Christian, Saner, Philippe, Schall, Peter, Schelhaas, Mart Jan, Schepaschenko, Dmitry, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, Schöngart, Jochen, Searle, Eric B., Seben, Vladimír, Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sheil, Douglas, Shvidenko, Anatoly Z., Silva-Espejo, Javier E., Silveira, Marcos, Singh, James, Sist, Plinio, Slik, Ferry, Sonké, Bonaventure, Souza, Alexandre F., Miscicki, Stanislaw, Stereńczak, Krzysztof J., Svenning, Jens Christian, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swanepoel, Ben, Targhetta, Natalia, Tchebakova, Nadja, ter Steege, Hans, Thomas, Raquel, Tikhonova, Elena, Umunay, Peter M., Usoltsev, Vladimir A., Valencia, Renato, Valladares, Fernando, van der Plas, Fons, Van Do, Tran, van Nuland, Michael E., Vasquez, Rodolfo M., Verbeeck, Hans, Viana, Helder, Vibrans, Alexander C., Vieira, Simone, von Gadow, Klaus, Wang, Hua Feng, Watson, James V., Werner, Gijsbert D.A., Westerlund, Bertil, Wiser, Susan K., Wittmann, Florian, Woell, Hannsjoerg, Wortel, Verginia, Zagt, Roderik, Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz, Zhang, Chunyu, Zhao, Xiuhai, Zhou, Mo, Zhu, Zhi Xin, and Zo-Bi, Irie C.
Abstract: The emergence of alternative stable states in forest systems has significant implications for the functioning and structure of the terrestrial biosphere, yet empirical evidence remains scarce. Here, we combine global forest biodiversity observations and simulations to test for alternative stable states in the presence of evergreen and deciduous forest types. We reveal a bimodal distribution of forest leaf types across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere that cannot be explained by the environment alone, suggesting signatures of alternative forest states. Moreover, we empirically demonstrate the existence of positive feedbacks in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, with trees having 4–43% higher growth rates, 14–17% higher survival rates and 4–7 times higher recruitment rates when they are surrounded by trees of their own leaf type. Simulations show that the observed positive feedbacks are necessary and sufficient to generate alternative forest states, which also lead to dependency on history (hysteresis) during ecosystem transition from evergreen to deciduous forests and vice versa. We identify hotspots of bistable forest types in evergreen-deciduous ecotones, which are likely driven by soil-related positive feedbacks. These findings are integral to predicting the distribution of forest biomes, and aid to our understanding of biodiversity, carbon turnover, and terrestrial climate feedbacks.
Published: 2024

126. Data from: The functional diversity–productivity relationship of woody plants is climatically sensitive

Author: Yan, Haoru, Schmid, Bernhard, Xu, Wubing, Bongers, Franca J., Chen, Guoke, Tang, Ting, Wang, Zhiheng, Svenning, Jens Christian, Ma, Keping, Liu, Xiaojuan, Yan, Haoru, Schmid, Bernhard, Xu, Wubing, Bongers, Franca J., Chen, Guoke, Tang, Ting, Wang, Zhiheng, Svenning, Jens Christian, Ma, Keping, and Liu, Xiaojuan
Abstract: Plot-scale experiments indicate that functional diversity (FD) plays a pivotal role in sustaining ecosystem functions such as net primary productivity (NPP). However, the relationships between functional diversity and NPP across larger scale under varying climatic conditions is sparsely studied, despite its significance for understanding forest–atmosphere interactions and informing policy development. Hence, we examine the relationships of community-weighted mean (CWM) and functional dispersion (FDis) of woody plant traits on NPP across China and if such relationships are modulated by climatic conditions at the national scale. Using comprehensive datasets of distribution, functional traits and productivity for 9,120 Chinese woody plant species, we evaluated the distribution pattern of community-weighted mean and functional dispersion (including three orthogonal trait indicators: plant size, leaf morphology and flower duration) and its relationships with NPP. Finally, we tested the effects of climatic conditions on community-weighted mean/functional dispersion–NPP relationships. We firstly found overall functional diversity–NPP relationships, but also that the magnitude of these relationships was sensitive to climate, with plant size community-weighted mean promoting NPP in warm regions and plant size functional dispersion promoting NPP in wet regions. Secondly, warm and wet conditions indirectly increased NPP by its positive effects on community-weighted mean or functional dispersion, particularly through mean plant size and leaf morphology. Our study provides comprehensive evidence for the relationships between functional diversity and NPP under varying climates at the large scale. Importantly, our results indicate a broadening significance of multidimensional plant functional traits for woody vegetation NPP in response to rising temperatures and wetter climates. Restoration, reforestation actions and natural capital accounting need to carefully consider not only c, Plot-scale experiments indicate that functional diversity (FD) plays a pivotal role in sustaining ecosystem functions such as net primary productivity (NPP). However, the relationships between functional diversity and NPP across larger scale under varying climatic conditions is sparsely studied, despite its significance for understanding forest–atmosphere interactions and informing policy development. Hence, we examine the relationships of community-weighted mean (CWM) and functional dispersion (FDis) of woody plant traits on NPP across China and if such relationships are modulated by climatic conditions at the national scale. Using comprehensive datasets of distribution, functional traits and productivity for 9,120 Chinese woody plant species, we evaluated the distribution pattern of community-weighted mean and functional dispersion (including three orthogonal trait indicators: plant size, leaf morphology and flower duration) and its relationships with NPP. Finally, we tested the effects of climatic conditions on community-weighted mean/functional dispersion–NPP relationships. We firstly found overall functional diversity–NPP relationships, but also that the magnitude of these relationships was sensitive to climate, with plant size community-weighted mean promoting NPP in warm regions and plant size functional dispersion promoting NPP in wet regions. Secondly, warm and wet conditions indirectly increased NPP by its positive effects on community-weighted mean or functional dispersion, particularly through mean plant size and leaf morphology. Our study provides comprehensive evidence for the relationships between functional diversity and NPP under varying climates at the large scale. Importantly, our results indicate a broadening significance of multidimensional plant functional traits for woody vegetation NPP in response to rising temperatures and wetter climates. Restoration, reforestation actions and natural capital accounting need to carefully consider not only c
Published: 2024

127. The multiple-mechanisms hypothesis of biodiversity–stability relationships

Author: Eisenhauer, Nico, Mueller, Kevin, Ebeling, Anne, Gleixner, Gerd, Huang, Yuanyuan, Madaj, Anna Maria, Roscher, Christiane, Weigelt, Alexandra, Bahn, Michael, Bonkowski, Michael, Brose, Ulrich, Cesarz, Simone, Feilhauer, Hannes, Guimaraes-Steinicke, Claudia, Heintz-Buschart, Anna, Hines, Jes, Lange, Markus, Meyer, Sebastian T., Mohanbabu, Neha, Mommer, Liesje, Neuhauser, Sigrid, Oelmann, Yvonne, Rahmanian, Soroor, Sasaki, Takehiro, Scheu, Stefan, Schielzeth, Holger, Schmid, Bernhard, Schloter, Michael, Schulz, Stefanie, Unsicker, Sybille B., Vogel, Cordula, Weisser, Wolfgang W., Isbell, Forest, Eisenhauer, Nico, Mueller, Kevin, Ebeling, Anne, Gleixner, Gerd, Huang, Yuanyuan, Madaj, Anna Maria, Roscher, Christiane, Weigelt, Alexandra, Bahn, Michael, Bonkowski, Michael, Brose, Ulrich, Cesarz, Simone, Feilhauer, Hannes, Guimaraes-Steinicke, Claudia, Heintz-Buschart, Anna, Hines, Jes, Lange, Markus, Meyer, Sebastian T., Mohanbabu, Neha, Mommer, Liesje, Neuhauser, Sigrid, Oelmann, Yvonne, Rahmanian, Soroor, Sasaki, Takehiro, Scheu, Stefan, Schielzeth, Holger, Schmid, Bernhard, Schloter, Michael, Schulz, Stefanie, Unsicker, Sybille B., Vogel, Cordula, Weisser, Wolfgang W., and Isbell, Forest
Abstract: Long-term research in grassland biodiversity experiments has provided empirical evidence that ecological and evolutionary processes are intertwined in determining both biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) and biodiversity–stability relationships. Focusing on plant diversity, we hypothesize that multifunctional stability is highest in high-diversity plant communities and that biodiversity–stability relationships increase over time due to a variety of forms of ecological complementarity including the interaction with other biota above and below ground. We introduce the multiple-mechanisms hypothesis of biodiversity–stability relationships suggesting that it is not an individual mechanism that drives long-term biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and stability but that several intertwined processes produce increasingly positive ecosystem effects. The following six mechanisms are important. Low-diversity plant communities accumulate more plant antagonists over time (1), and use resources less efficiently and have more open, leaky nutrient cycles (2). Conversely, high-diversity plant communities support a greater diversity and activity of beneficial interaction partners across trophic levels (3); diversify in their traits over time and space, within and across species, to optimize temporal (intra- and interannual) and spatial complementarity (4), create a more stable microclimate (5), and foster higher top-down control of aboveground and belowground herbivores by predators (6). In line with the observation that different species play unique roles in ecosystems that are dynamic and multifaceted, the particular mechanism contributing most to the higher performance and stability of diverse plant communities might differ across ecosystem functions, years, locations, and environmental change scenarios. This indicates “between-context insurance” or “across-context complementarity” of different mechanisms. We introduce examples of experiments that will be conducted
Published: 2024

128. Diversity–functioning relationships across hierarchies of biological organization

Author: Mayor, Sarah; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2367-748X, Allan, Eric; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-9436, Altermatt, Florian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-6958, Isbell, Forest; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-769X, Schaepman, Michael E; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-9565, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Niklaus, Pascal A; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2360-1357, Mayor, Sarah; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2367-748X, Allan, Eric; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-9436, Altermatt, Florian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-6958, Isbell, Forest; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-769X, Schaepman, Michael E; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-9565, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, and Niklaus, Pascal A; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2360-1357
Abstract: Numerous biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) experiments have shown that plant community productivity typically increases with species diversity. In these studies, diversity is generally quantified using metrics of taxonomic, phylogenetic, or functional differences among community members. Research has also shown that the relationships between species diversity and functioning depends on the spatial scale considered, primarily because larger areas may contain different ecosystem types and span gradients in environmental conditions, which result in a turnover of the species set present locally. A fact that has received little attention, however, is that ecological systems are hierarchically structured, from genes to individuals to communities to entire landscapes, and that additional biological variation occurs at levels of organization above and below those typically considered in BEF research. Here, we present cases of diversity effects at different hierarchical levels of organization and compare these to the species‐diversity effects traditionally studied. We argue that when this evidence is combined across levels, a general framework emerges that allows the transfer of insights and concepts between traditionally disparate disciplines. Such a framework presents an important step towards a better understanding of the functional importance of diversity in complex, real‐world systems.
Published: 2024

129. Relationships between ecosystem functions vary among years and plots and are driven by plant species richness

Author: Argens, Laura; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3798-1258, Weisser, Wolfgang W; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2757-8959, Ebeling, Anne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-4017, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Lange, Markus, Oelmann, Yvonne, Roscher, Christiane; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9301-7909, Schielzeth, Holger; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9124-2261, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Wilcke, Wolfgang; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6031-4613, Meyer, Sebastian T; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0833-1472, Argens, Laura; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3798-1258, Weisser, Wolfgang W; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2757-8959, Ebeling, Anne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-4017, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Lange, Markus, Oelmann, Yvonne, Roscher, Christiane; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9301-7909, Schielzeth, Holger; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9124-2261, Schmid, Bernhard; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-3214, Wilcke, Wolfgang; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6031-4613, and Meyer, Sebastian T; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0833-1472
Abstract: Ecosystem management aims at providing many ecosystem services simultaneously. Such ecosystem service multifunctionality can be limited by tradeoffs and increased by synergies among the underlying ecosystem functions (EF), which need to be understood to develop targeted management. Previous studies found differences in the correlation between EFs. We hypothesised that correlations between EFs are variable even under the controlled conditions of a field experiment and that seasonal and annual variation, plant species richness, and plot identity (identity effects of plots, such as the presence and proportion of functional groups) are drivers of these correlations. We used data on 31 EFs related to plants, consumers, and physical soil properties that were measured over 5 to 19 years, up to three times per year, in a temperate grassland experiment with 80 different plots, constituting six sown plant species richness levels (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 60 species). We found that correlations between pairs of EFs were variable, and correlations between two particular EFs could range from weak to strong or negative to positive correlations among the repeated measurements. To determine the drivers of pairwise EF correlations, the covariance between EFs was partitioned into contributions from species richness, plot identity, and time (including years and seasons). We found that most of the covariance for synergies was explained by species richness (26.5%), whereas for tradeoffs, most covariance was explained by plot identity (29.5%). Additionally, some EF pairs were more affected by differences among years and seasons, showing a higher temporal variation. Therefore, correlations between two EFs from single measurements are insufficient to draw conclusions on tradeoffs and synergies. Consequently, pairs of EFs need to be measured repeatedly under different conditions to describe their relationships with more certainty and be able to derive recommendations for the management of grasslands
Published: 2024

130. Plant traits alone are poor predictors of ecosystem properties and long-term ecosystem functioning

Author: van der Plas, Fons, Schröder-Georgi, Thomas, Weigelt, Alexandra, Barry, Kathryn, Meyer, Sebastian, Alzate, Adriana, Barnard, Romain L., Buchmann, Nina, de Kroon, Hans, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Engels, Christof, Fischer, Markus, Gleixner, Gerd, Hildebrandt, Anke, Koller-France, Eva, Leimer, Sophia, Milcu, Alexandru, Mommer, Liesje, Niklaus, Pascal A., Oelmann, Yvonne, Roscher, Christiane, Scherber, Christoph, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Scheu, Stefan, Schmid, Bernhard, Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Temperton, Vicky, Tscharntke, Teja, Voigt, Winfried, Weisser, Wolfgang, Wilcke, Wolfgang, and Wirth, Christian
Published: 2020
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131. The results of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments are realistic

Author: Jochum, Malte, Fischer, Markus, Isbell, Forest, Roscher, Christiane, van der Plas, Fons, Boch, Steffen, Boenisch, Gerhard, Buchmann, Nina, Catford, Jane A., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Gleixner, Gerd, Hölzel, Norbert, Kattge, Jens, Klaus, Valentin H., Kleinebecker, Till, Lange, Markus, Le Provost, Gaëtane, Meyer, Sebastian T., Molina-Venegas, Rafael, Mommer, Liesje, Oelmann, Yvonne, Penone, Caterina, Prati, Daniel, Reich, Peter B., Rindisbacher, Abiel, Schäfer, Deborah, Scheu, Stefan, Schmid, Bernhard, Tilman, David, Tscharntke, Teja, Vogel, Anja, Wagg, Cameron, Weigelt, Alexandra, Weisser, Wolfgang W., Wilcke, Wolfgang, and Manning, Peter
Published: 2020
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132. Directed species loss reduces community productivity in a subtropical forest biodiversity experiment

Author: Chen, Yuxin, Huang, Yuanyuan, Niklaus, Pascal A., Castro-Izaguirre, Nadia, Clark, Adam Thomas, Bruelheide, Helge, Ma, Keping, and Schmid, Bernhard
Published: 2020
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133. Biodiversity increases multitrophic energy use efficiency, flow and storage in grasslands

Author: Buzhdygan, Oksana Y., Meyer, Sebastian T., Weisser, Wolfgang W., Eisenhauer, Nico, Ebeling, Anne, Borrett, Stuart R., Buchmann, Nina, Cortois, Roeland, De Deyn, Gerlinde B., de Kroon, Hans, Gleixner, Gerd, Hertzog, Lionel R., Hines, Jes, Lange, Markus, Mommer, Liesje, Ravenek, Janneke, Scherber, Christoph, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Scheu, Stefan, Schmid, Bernhard, Steinauer, Katja, Strecker, Tanja, Tietjen, Britta, Vogel, Anja, Weigelt, Alexandra, and Petermann, Jana S.
Published: 2020
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134. The Vagueness of 'Biodiversity' and Its Implications in Conservation Practice

Author: Meinard, Yves, Coq, Sylvain, Schmid, Bernhard, Wolfe, Charles T., Editor-in-Chief, Abrams, Marshall, Editorial Board Member, Huneman, Philippe, Editor-in-Chief, Reydon, Thomas A.C., Editor-in-Chief, Casetta, Elena, editor, Marques da Silva, Jorge, editor, and Vecchi, Davide, editor
Published: 2019
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135. Social Roles as Practical Reasons? Questioning Brandomian Pragmatism

Author: Schmid, Hans Bernhard, primary
Published: 2021
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136. Spatial variation of human influences on grassland biomass on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

Author: Li, Chengxiu, de Jong, Rogier, Schmid, Bernhard, Wulf, Hendrik, and Schaepman, Michael E.
Published: 2019
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137. Comment on 'Mode-Coupling Theory as a Mean-Field Description of the Glass Transition'

Author: Schilling, Rolf and Schmid, Bernhard
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter
Abstract: A Comment on the Letter by Atsushi Ikeda and Kunimasa Miyazaki, [arXiv:1003.5472v2, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 255704 (2010)]., Comment: 1 page, 1 figure
Published: 2011
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138. Authentic Role Play: A Political Solution to an Existential Paradox

Author: Schmid, Hans Bernhard, Tuomela, Raimo, Editor-in-chief, Schmid, Hans Bernhard, Managing editor, Hudin, Jennifer, Managing editor, and Thonhauser, Gerhard, editor
Published: 2017
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139. 'Robot' as a Life-Form Word

Author: Schmid, Hans Bernhard, Tuomela, Raimo, Editor-in-chief, Schmid, Hans Bernhard, Managing editor, Hudin, Jennifer, Managing editor, Hakli, Raul, editor, and Seibt, Johanna, editor
Published: 2017
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140. Glass transition of hard spheres in high dimensions

Author: Schmid, Bernhard and Schilling, Rolf
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics
Abstract: We have investigated analytically and numerically the liquid-glass transition of hard spheres for dimensions $d\to \infty $ in the framework of mode-coupling theory. The numerical results for the critical collective and self nonergodicity parameters $f_{c}(k;d) $ and $f_{c}^{(s)}(k;d) $ exhibit non-Gaussian $k$ -dependence even up to $d=800$. $f_{c}^{(s)}(k;d) $ and $f_{c}(k;d) $ differ for $k\sim d^{1/2}$, but become identical on a scale $k\sim d$, which is proven analytically. The critical packing fraction $\phi_{c}(d) \sim d^{2}2^{-d}$ is above the corresponding Kauzmann packing fraction $\phi_{K}(d)$ derived by a small cage expansion. Its quadratic pre-exponential factor is different from the linear one found earlier. The numerical values for the exponent parameter and therefore the critical exponents $a$ and $b$ depend on $d$, even for the largest values of $d$., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, Phys. Rev. E (in print)
Published: 2010
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141. Ecological principles to guide the development of crop variety mixtures

Author: Schmid, Bernhard, Schmid, B ( Bernhard ), Kopp, Emanuel Balthasar, Niklaus, Pascal A; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2360-1357, Wuest, Samuel E; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3982-0770, Schmid, Bernhard, Schmid, B ( Bernhard ), Kopp, Emanuel Balthasar, Niklaus, Pascal A; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2360-1357, and Wuest, Samuel E; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3982-0770
Abstract: Crop variety mixtures can provide many benefits, including pathogen suppression and increased yield and yield stability. However, these benefits do not necessarily occur in all mixtures, and the benefits of diversity may be compromised by disadvantages due to increased crop heterogeneity. In-field development of mixtures by assembling many combinations of crop genotypes without prior expectation about which genotypes need to be combined to produce well-performing mixtures results in prohibitively large designs. Therefore, effective tools are required to narrow down the number of promising variety mixtures, and to then identify in experiments which of these deliver the highest benefits. Here, we first review current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying effects in ecological diversity experiments and in current agricultural applications. We then discuss some of the principal difficulties arising in the application of this knowledge to develop good variety mixtures. We also discuss non-conventional approaches to solve some of these issues. In particular, we highlight the potential and limitations of trait-based methods to determine good variety mixing partners, and argue that nontraditional traits and trait-derived metrics may be needed for the trait-based approach to deliver its full potential. Specifically, we argue that good mixing partners can be identified using modern genetic and genomic approaches. Alternatively, good mixtures may be obtained by combining varieties that respond differently to environmental variation; such varieties could easily be identified in standard variety testing trials. Preliminary analyses show that niche differences underlying the different environmental responses can indicate functional complementarity and promote mixture yield and yield stability.
Published: 2023

142. Terrestrial land-cover type richness is positively linked to landscape-level functioning

Author: Jacqueline Oehri, Bernhard Schmid, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub, and Pascal A. Niklaus
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Species richness is often reported to enhance ecosystem functioning, but it is unclear whether similar diversity-functioning relationships occur at larger scales. Here Oehri et al. combine land cover survey and remote sensing data to show a positive relationship between landscape diversity and landscape functioning.
Published: 2020
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143. Modular CO2-to-CO Electrolysis Short-Stack Design─Impact of Temperature Gradients and Insights into Position-Dependent Cell Behavior

Author: Quentmeier, Maximilian, primary, Schmid, Bernhard, additional, Tempel, Hermann, additional, and Eichel, Rüdiger-A., additional
Published: 2024
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144. Satellite observations reveal positive relationship between trait-based diversity and drought response in temperate forests

Author: Helfenstein, Isabelle, primary, Sturm, Joan, additional, Schmid, Bernhard, additional, Damm, Alexander, additional, Schuman, Meredith, additional, and Morsdorf, Felix, additional
Published: 2024
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145. eLife assessment: Investigating macroecological patterns in coarse-grained microbial communities using the stochastic logistic model of growth

Author: Schmid, Bernhard, primary
Published: 2024
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146. Experimental Determination of Stray Currents in Parallel Operated Cells Exemplified on Alkaline Water Electrolysis

Author: Dogan, Deniz, primary, Hecker, Burkhard, additional, Schmid, Bernhard, additional, Kungl, Hans, additional, Tempel, Hermann, additional, and Eichel, Rüdiger-A., additional
Published: 2024
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147. Editorial

Author: Zhibiao Nan, Charlie Brummer, Bernhard Schmid, Warwick Brabazon Badgery, Zeng‐Yu Wang, Jin‐Sheng He, and Yingjun Zhang
Subjects: Agriculture (General), S1-972, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Published: 2022
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148. Social Ontology, Joint Intentional Activity, and Organization.

Author: Schmid, Hans Bernhard
Subjects: ONTOLOGY, IMPERIALISM, ORGANIZATION management, SOCIAL facts, SOCIAL structure
Published: 2024
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149. Plant diversity decreases greenhouse gas emissions by increasing soil and plant carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems.

Author: Dang, Pengfei, Zhang, Miaomiao, Chen, Xinli, Loreau, Michel, Duffy, J. Emmett, Li, Xin'e, Wen, Shuyue, Han, Xiaoqing, Liao, Lechen, Huang, Tiantian, Wan, Chenxi, Qin, Xiaoliang, Siddique, Kadambot H. M., and Schmid, Bernhard
Subjects: GREENHOUSE gases, CARBON dioxide fixation, PLANT diversity, CARBON dioxide, SPECIES diversity
Abstract: The decline in global plant diversity has raised concerns about its implications for carbon fixation and global greenhouse gas emissions (GGE), including carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive meta‐analysis of 2103 paired observations, examining GGE, soil organic carbon (SOC) and plant carbon in plant mixtures and monocultures. Our findings indicate that plant mixtures decrease soil N2O emissions by 21.4% compared to monocultures. No significant differences occurred between mixtures and monocultures for soil CO2 emissions, CH4 emissions or CH4 uptake. Plant mixtures exhibit higher SOC and plant carbon storage than monocultures. After 10 years of vegetation development, a 40% reduction in species richness decreases SOC content and plant carbon storage by 12.3% and 58.7% respectively. These findings offer insights into the intricate connections between plant diversity, soil and plant carbon storage and GGE—a critical but previously unexamined aspect of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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150. The Future of Complementarity: Disentangling Causes from Consequences

Author: Barry, Kathryn E., Mommer, Liesje, van Ruijven, Jasper, Wirth, Christian, Wright, Alexandra J., Bai, Yongfei, Connolly, John, De Deyn, Gerlinde B., de Kroon, Hans, Isbell, Forest, Milcu, Alexandru, Roscher, Christiane, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schmid, Bernhard, and Weigelt, Alexandra
Published: 2019
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