Search

The groundwater irrigation of high water requiring crops has started imposing negative impacts on environment in terms of increased energy requirement and depletion of green agriculture. Thus, shifting from gravity-fed (surface) irrigation to drip irrigation is a possible way of saving a substantial amount of water in relation to decreased groundwater pumping. Keeping this in view, the present study compared the change in crop water demand, energy consumption and CO2 emission by shifting from gravity-fed/surface irrigation to drip irrigation. In the future, the potential area that can be brought under drip irrigation in the state would be about 26 times higher than that being irrigated using pressured irrigation at present. With the adoption of drip irrigation in groundwater irrigated areas, the crop water demand, energy consumption and CO2 emission can be reduced by about 35–42%, 23–31%, and 23–31%, respectively, with water application efficiencies of 85 to 95%. In canal irrigated areas, if drip irrigation is adopted over gravity-fed irrigation, up to 32–39% water demand can be reduced, whereas the energy consumption and CO2 emission would increase. Until, unless, water saving is not an issue in canal irrigated areas, gravity-fed irrigation methods may be adopted. Whereas in areas dominated with groundwater irrigation, pressurized irrigation methods particularly the drip system should be essentially adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to elucidate the contaminant sources and the processes controlling the groundwater quality and risk assessment of heavy metals posed on humans by statistical indices. The groundwater sampling was performed at Bodhjungnagar Industrial Estate, A.D. Nagar, Dukli and Badharghat Industrial Cluster, Tripura, India during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon in the year 2017. A total of 21 water quality parameters (Temp, pH, TDS, Ca, Mg, TH, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4, PO4, NO3, F, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn, and Cr) were determined from collected samples. The statistical and graphical methods were employed to assess the suitability of water. The water quality index (WQI) suggested that the majority of the samples are suitable for drinking purpose. The WATEQ4F model was applied to compute the saturation index (SI) of different minerals present in the water samples. Based on Piper plot the dominant water type is Ca-Cl in the study area. The Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) indicates that the groundwaters of both industrial sites have moderately to highly deteriorated water with heavy metals. The hazard index (HI) revealed that amongst the population, chronic health risk was greater for children and considering the seasons, the risk was higher during the pre­monsoon season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing integration of renewable energy sources in hybrid microgrid systems necessitates effective frequency stability controllers. This paper presents a thorough comparison of Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers in a realistic 20 kW hybrid microgrid environment. Through meticulous simulations, tuning parameters for each method are fine-tuned for optimal performance. The study quantitatively evaluates critical metrics, including lagging time, overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error, providing insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The paper introduces a percentage improvement analysis, showcasing advancements made by each method. The outcomes serve as a benchmark for practical implementation, aiding in the selection of the most suitable controller tuning method for achieving enhanced frequency stability in hybrid microgrid systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]