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Road transport is failing pedestrians more than other road users. For pedestrians, roads are not safe or improving: Globally pedestrian deaths have increased at nearly twice the rate of other road crash deaths (12.9% increase from 2013 to 2016, vs. a 6.6% increase for other road users). Pedestrians commonly lack safe crossings, safe speeds, and in many locations, footpaths. This paper briefly identifies successes and failures for pedestrian safety, reviews weaknesses, and limitations to actions for pedestrian safety, and identifies barriers to effective action. Barriers include current culture on road usage, victim blaming, under-estimation of the pedestrian crash death problem in particular, and other crash data issues. Advocacy, policies, and actions are recommended to overcome these barriers and to improve pedestrian safety.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bir Türk populasyonunda normal posteroanterior (PA) göğüs radiyografisinde normal anatomik bulguların frekansı ve ölçülerinin tespit edilmesidir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Elli sağlıklı Türk erişkinin normal PA radyografileri değerlendirilmiştir. Anatomik parametrelerin sıklıkları ve diyaframa göre ölçümleri de değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Anatomik parametrelerin ve ölçümlerinin diaframa göre frekansları şöyleydi: Seviye (sağ taraf daha yüksek %98, eşit %2), lobulasyon (%88 yok, %12 var), evantrasyon (%98 yok, %2 var), kontür (%90 düzenli, %10 düzensiz), hilum seviyesi (eşit %52, sol yüksek %36, sağ yüksek %12), Kosta çifti sayıları (12; %96, tespit edilemeyen %4), akciğer parankimine süperpoze olan Kosta sayısı (yedi %2, sekiz %4, dokuz %24, on %70), vertebral cismin lateral kenarının aortaya olan uzaklığı (16,44±4.35 mm) vertebra cismi ve ve aortikopulmoner hat arası açı (16.04±3.110), karina açısı(58.46±11.130) ve kardiyotorasik oran (38.75 ± 4.27).Sonuç: Bu çalışmada sunulan veriler normal torasik yapıların anlaşılmasında katkı sağlayacaktır. Normal anatominin yanı sıra varyasyonlarının da bilinmesi hekimlerin göğüs radyografilerini değerlendirmeleri açısından önemlidir..

Background: Unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics in primary care is contributing to the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance. Objectives: To develop and evaluate a multicomponent intervention for antimicrobial stewardship in primary care, and to evaluate the safety of reducing antibiotic prescribing for self-limiting respiratory infections (RTIs). Interventions: A multicomponent intervention, developed as part of this study, including a webinar, monthly reports of general practice-specific data for antibiotic prescribing and decision support tools to inform appropriate antibiotic prescribing. Design: A parallel-group, cluster randomised controlled trial. Setting: The trial was conducted in 79 general practices in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Participants: All registered patients were included. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was the rate of antibiotic prescriptions for self-limiting RTIs over the 12-month intervention period. Cohort study: A separate population-based cohort study was conducted in 610 CPRD general practices that were not exposed to the trial interventions. Data were analysed to evaluate safety outcomes for registered patients with 45.5 million person-years of follow-up from 2005 to 2014. Results: There were 41 intervention trial arm practices (323,155 patient-years) and 38 control trial arm practices (259,520 patient-years). There were 98.7 antibiotic prescriptions for RTIs per 1000 patient-years in the intervention trial arm (31,907 antibiotic prescriptions) and 107.6 per 1000 patient-years in the control arm (27,923 antibiotic prescriptions) [adjusted antibiotic-prescribing rate ratio (RR) 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78 to 0.99; p = 0.040]. There was no evidence of effect in children aged