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Conflict of interest in corporate matters must be seen as an incident in the functioning of the legal person, which often, given the dynamics of corporate relations, becomes inherent. The relevant legal provisions do not establish objective criteria for determining certain situations as conflicts of interest and leave it to the discretion of the courts to classify them in the category of the mentioned incident by referring to the notions of „company interest” and „personal interest”. Given that the persons involved in the functioning of the company, respectively the associates and the administrators, are bound by the general obligation of good faith towards the company, the analysis of the conflict of interests can be done by referring to the notions of independence, impartiality, objectivity, loyalty and general interest. or socially, and the associates and members of the management bodies must behave with full objectivity in a l operations involving the company. The case law has helped to identify certain criteria for determining cases of conflict of interest in the various legal situations in which the company is involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Housing Environment / Środowisko Mieszkaniowe is the property of Chair of Housing Environment, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Considering the importance of class analysis in understanding social issues, the present paper has used this level of analysis as an important factor in the economic, social and political attitude of society. Accordingly, three main classes, including the upper class, the middle class, and the lower class have been divided and their attitudes towards redistribution of wealth (as a non-conservative policy) have been evaluated. Given the current economic inequality, in the case of adopting the policy of redistribution of the wealth, the lower and middle classes will benefit economically, since they possess less wealth than their population percentage. Nevertheless, the results of the survey revealed that only the lower class assented to redistribution of the wealth, while upper and middle classes largely dissented to it. The study seeks to address this question that why the middle-class dissents to redistribution of wealth, despite its economic benefits. In order to answer that, we resort to another survey of the members of the middle class, in which the role of non-economic interests – including social and political interests, has been evaluated. Finally, the conclusion suggests that the majority of the middle class faces a paradoxical status in the area of economic, political, and social interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to decode and reason about other mental states. It is used to understand and connect with others, making it important for social interactions. There is an abundant amount of research on ToM, particularly in developmental and clinical psychology. Despite this, there is little research on ToM's connection with Adlerian theory. It is argued that ToM is closely associated with social interest. Adlerian behavioral interventions attempt to increase social interest through perspective taking, which involves ToM. Despite ToM's various benefits, excessively high amounts may predict dysphoria. This finding has several implications for the conception of social interest. Thus, future research should investigate the potential connection between ToM and social interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of Gemeinschaftsgefühl, "social interest" or "community feeling," is one of the cornerstones of Individual Psychology. Beyond empathy, Gemeinschaftsgefühl involves one's sense of belonging in one's ecological connection with humanity. This concept has had significant clinical utility for gauging psychopathy and sociopathy in Individual Psychology. Although its metaphysical constructs have been studied for nearly a century, its physiological correlates for neural circuitry remain limited in the literature. This article proposes the frontal circuits, including the medial prefrontal cortex, and their connection to the temporoparietal junction as the neural substrates for initial exploration of Gemeinschaftsgefühl. Their functional associations with theory of mind, social connection, empathy, and executive control are proposed as the starting points for exploring the neuroanatomy of Gemeinschaftsgefühl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors lend historical context to common values conflicts in modern counseling and describe the legal and ethical context for such conflicts. We seek to explore the intrapsychic and interprofessional dilemmas of values conflict in clinical practice and offer a framework for addressing such issues through the lens of Adler's theory of Individual Psychology. Understanding the role of social interest, striving for superiority, spiritual development, and life tasks, in addition to ethical bracketing and experiential learning, provides concrete steps for beginning and practicing clinicians struggling with values conflicts when providing help to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an extension to Richard Kopp's metaphor-transformation protocol, incorporating bodily sensations and emphasizing agency and self-responsibility. It presents a case study to demonstrate the extended protocol. Incorporating bodily sensations supports the holistic nature of metaphor work and Adlerian theory. The therapist's invitation to self-responsibility encourages the individual's social interest and self-efficacy. The author proposes that incorporating bodily sensations enables creativity, thus enhancing the potential experience of change, and that engaging with creativity and self-responsibility through metaphor transformation is encouraging. This article honors Kopp's work, contributes to metaphor therapy literature, and emphasizes the intersection of mind and body work in therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effects of two popular parent education programs, Active Parenting Now and Active Parenting of Teens, on parent observation of their children's and teen's behavior, parent attitudes and beliefs, and parent behaviors. Results indicated that parents participating in Active Parenting Now courses exhibited a positive change in their own observation of their child's behavior, in their attitudes and beliefs about parenting, and in their own self-reported parenting behavior as compared to a control group of parents who had not yet taken the course. Parents taking the Active Parenting of Teens courses also exhibited a positive change in their own observations of teen behavior as well as their own parenting behavior as compared to a control group of parents who had not yet taken the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was not lost on Adler that there were strong connections between his early life experiences and the principles and perspectives that became the foundation for Individual Psychology. This article focuses on three aspects of his theory--movement from feelings of inferiority to the striving for significance, social equality and cooperation between the sexes, and social justice through social engagement--tracing these ideas back to the life experiences that almost certainly informed them. Using Adler's memories, personal interviews with family members, external biographies, and systemic tools (e.g., genograms) both new and old, the relationship between Alfred and Raissa provides a foundational guide to Adler's postwar theoretical formulations. Although much of Adler's early work was greatly influenced by his parallel experiences with his older brother, Sigmund, and Adler's own early association with Sigmund Freud, the transformative relationship for his later work was that with Raissa Epshtein Adler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IUG Journal of Educational & Psychological Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IUG Journal of Educational & Psychological Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined social interest (SI) in children with and without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Sixty children, 9 to 12 years old, were recruited from one public school in Tehran, Iran. The diagnosis of ODD was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; SI was evaluated with the Social Interest Scale for Iranian Children. Results showed significant differences on SI between the two groups. Our study suggests that children with ODD are less developed in SI. The potential clinical implications are also remarked on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this document is to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of public policy of social interest in Bogotá during the period 2008-2016, based on the approach made by Lauchlin Currie, in terms of the correlation between economic growth and welfare, to achieve economic development from the drawdown of the construction sector. A methodology was used that incorporates the analysis of macroeconomic data related to the construction sector, the validation of the vulnerability model for the allocation of subsidies through a probabilistic model with which the probability of a household accessing the housing, the analysis of the behavior of quality of life conditions not inherent to the execution of the policy, and the perception of the object households, about their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IUG Journal of Educational & Psychological Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Numerous scales of social interest have been developed, but each measures different aspects of this multidimensional construct. For our study, we chose a qualitative approach to explore the manifestation of social interest in adults' early recollections to allow for deepened insight into the complex construct. Forty-three early recollections were collected from 12 participants using semistructured interviews. We present the findings as a story of empathy, cooperation, and independence to reinforce that the core essence of social interest is about connectedness, yet we include the idea that social interest also involves independence. We also discuss domains of social interest displayed in the early recollections in relation to Adler's transcendent social interest. We recommend further varied and innovative research on social interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to The Effect Social Interest Training on lifestyle in Bullying and Victim Adolescences. The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest posttest, two month Follow-up and two control groups.In this study statistical population was second and third high school grades bullying and victim boy students in Abarkooh in the academic year 2015-2016.Implement research after applying sociometry and running the Olweus Bulling/ victimization revised questionnaire, of among the students who based on the analysis of the results of sociometry and achieved scores in the Bulling/victimization revised questionnaire were classified as bullying and victimization adolescents, 40 students were randomly selected as bullying group and 40 students were selected as victimization group. Then each group was randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control. Then they were completed Kern lifestyles questionnaire in pre-test. Experimental groups participated in Social Interest Training for 12 sessions (two sessions per week) separately. Control group were placed on a waiting list to receive training. At the end of the sessions, both groups of experimental and control were reassessed via reappraisal. Mixed intra-between group Multivariate Variance analysis and pairwise comparisons results indicated that Social Interest Therapy could amelioration lifestyle in experimental groups than in post-test and follow-up. The results showed that Increasing Social Interest is certainly a beginning toward positive movement and caused the individual will create a lifestyle based on empathy, responsibility, cooperation goals that will increase the probability of successfully solving the life task.

After Abdolhossein Zarinkoub for the first time proposed the idea of Khhagani’s inferiority complex, some researchers accepted and some others rejected his remarks. Alfred Adler is one of the psychologists who had scientific views on inferiority complex. In his work ‘Individual Psychology’, he has analyzed the psychological characteristics of people through reviewing their life styles. In individual psychology, social interest is regarded to be the main criterion for measuring psychological health. Striving for superiority is another important feature of individual psychology. In this view, the individuals who are psychologically healthy attempt for collective successes while psychologically unhealthy persons strive for individual achievements. Individual psychology is the best way to psychologically analyze Khaghani’s poetry to unravel the facts about his inferiority complex. This study was a secondary research with an analytic-descriptive research design. Although some traces of inferiority are found in Khaghani’s poetry, there are not enough pieces of evidence for persuasive remarks in this regard. However, his weak social interest in some of the poems, tendency towards individuality and superiority in some other poems indicate that he to some extent has suffered from inferiority complex.

This article addresses the nature, role, and catalogue of values in administrative law. I present a reconstruction of the basic concepts associated with this branch of the law; I describe the legal constructions which are the sources for the decoding of the values in administrative law; and I classify these values according to a set of criteria I have adopted. In addition I remark on the relations between particular values in the provisions of administrative law and the mechanisms to be applied to resolve collisions in the event of conflicting values.

This article presents the results of a study on social interest – a concept interpreted as community feeling and skill of cooperation in accordance with A. Adler’s definition. The study was conducted among preschool children raised in different environments – in a family and in a social institution. The aim of the study is to determine the level of development of social interest in preschool children raised in different environments by measuring and analyzing their cooperation in a game. The results obtained from this study are interpreted from the perspective of Individual Psychology in regards to the role of the family in the upbringing of children.

The paper raises the problems of the interrelation of an illness and psychological features of the person. Social interest is considered as the psychological factor contributing to conserve physical health. Social interest - the concept entered by A.Adler for designation of feeling of participation, an inclusiveness in a community, experience of responsibility and care of it. A.Adler consider social interest as an innate concept that develops only with the relevant conditions of education. Results of empirical research of social interest 10-12 - summer healthy children and children sick with tuberculosis are discussed.

Background and objective: Due to the increase of elderly population, the general health of elderly is one of the most important socioeconomic and health challenges in the 21st century. This paper aimed to study the relationship between social interest and general health of elderly non-resident and resident at geriatric centers. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation and its statistical population were all male and female elderly resident and nonresident at geriatric centers living in Ardabil city in 2014. 56 resident elderly were selected by random sampling and 53 non-resident were selected with purposive sampling method. Data were gathered using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Sulliman Scal of Social Interest (SSSI). Data were analyzed by Chi-Square, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and multiple regression analysis through SPSS16 (p

In his Republic, Plato advances the idea of the ideal state - founded on the classical virtues: wisdom, courage, caution, and justice. The search for the collective good (wellness) has since been a necessary benchmark in any government. But would such a structure be functional? This state would only be possible if the power was in the hands of the philosophers (as Plato said) - or if the governors would become philosophers. The subtle meaning of such an expression is that wise men should lead the state. From the classical antiquity until today, many have tried to materialize the classical virtues in a model state, called the ideal state, able to guarantee the harmonization of individual interests with social interests. But ... the ideal state can only be a beautiful utopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following study explored 14 parents' perceptions of their young children's school-organized social interest experiences. Data were analyzed using interpretive description, a qualitative approach that enables researchers to inform practice by exploring a phenomenon from the subjective view of participants. Data analysis resulted in three themes suggesting that parents perceived their children's involvement in school-organized social interest experiences as influencing (a) their children's self-concept, (b) their children's empathy, and (c) the parents' and children's worldview and sense of citizenship. Results suggest that parents value efforts to foster their young children's social interest development and they perceive bene.ts for themselves and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropsychiatric disorders in which reduced social interest is a common symptom, such as autism, depression, and anxiety, are frequently associated with genetic mutations affecting γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission. Benzodiazepine treatment, acting via GABA type-A receptors, improves social interaction in male mouse models with autism-like features. The protein diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) can act as an endogenous benzodiazepine, but a role for DBI in social behavior has not been described. Here, we investigated the role of DBI in the social interest and recognition behavior of mice. The responses of DBI wild-type and knockout male and female mice to ovariectomized female wild-type mice (a neutral social stimulus) were evaluated in a habituation/dishabituation task. Both male and female knockout mice exhibited reduced social interest, and DBI knockout mice lacked the sex difference in social interest levels observed in wild-type mice, in which males showed higher social interest levels than females. The ability to discriminate between familiar and novel stimulus mice (social recognition) was not impaired in DBI-deficient mice of either sex. DBI knockouts could learn a rotarod motor task, and could discriminate between social and nonsocial odors. Both sexes of DBI knockout mice showed increased repetitive grooming behavior, but not in a manner that would account for the decrease in social investigation time. Genetic loss of DBI did not alter seminal vesicle weight, indicating that the social interest phenotype of males lacking DBI is not due to reduced circulating testosterone. Together, these studies show a novel role of DBI in driving social interest and motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This phenomenological study explored experiences of belonging and striving for significance for select Black women residing in the Southwestern United States as relatable to Adler's Individual Psychology. Seven participants were interviewed who reported that Black women were able to create their own communities of belonging and forge strong social bonds that furthered their contributions in supportive environments. Implications for Individual Psychology are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adlerian couple counselling deals with the current conflict of the couple. With the aim of resolving the conflict, the counsellor initially focusses on the development of the lifestyles of each partner as expressed in their personalities. Through this work, the transferences and projections as well as the excessive demands and expectations of each partner can be clarified and worked through. This process can lead to more intimacy and a deepening of the relationship and in Adlerian terms, to more »common sense«. In the following paper we present the main statements about partnership and matrimony of Adler and Dreikurs and their followers. These were embedded in the so-called »tasks of life«. The authors describe some of the motivations for couple counselling and present the process and the aims of counselling couples as well as the interventions of the counsellor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]