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Purpose: To study correlation between central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in the primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) suspects and to assess the importance of the local population reference CCT in pachymetry adjusted IOP. Design: Prospective, cross sectional study. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients aged 40-70 years of age diagnosed as POAG suspects were included. CCT measurements using ultrasound pachymetry and IOP measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) was done. IOP was corrected to the local south-Indian baseline CCT and also to the International CCT and comparison was done. Results: The study included 100 patients (58 male and 42 female) with mean age of 51.7 ± 6.1 years. The mean CCT was 518.91 ± 24.26 mm, 522.19 ± 21.56 mm among females, males respectively. The mean uncorrected IOP (GAT) was 19.50 mmHg, 20.14 mmHg (right, left sides). Significant, moderate positive correlation between CCT and IOP was observed. The two groups i.e mean IOP corrected for South-Indian CCT (Mean_CX_IOP) versus IOP corrected for CCT international (Mean_CX_INT_IOP) showed significant difference. The mean IOP in Indian CCT corrected group was 19.76 ± 2.81 mmHg and in international CCT group was 21.51 ± 2.83 mmHg. Levene’s test indicated significant difference in mean IOP of 2 groups (p=0.000). Conclusions: CCT is an important parameter in glaucoma management and known to vary in different ethnic groups. Local ethnicity specific CCT should be used in IOP correction with the help of anthropologists. Keywords: Corneal anthropology, Central corneal thickness, Glaucoma suspects, Intraocular pressure.

Aim: Aim of this study was to assess transverse maxillary dimension in subjects with unilateral and bilateral canine impaction, compare with a similar control group and to establish correlation, if...

Objective: To assess the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on fear and socioeconomic status among the south Indian population. Methods: A prospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 18-year old and older people who are willing to fill the online form were included in the study. People who are not willing to fill the form and those who filled the forms incompletely were excluded from the study. Microsoft Excel was used for recording and analyzing the data of recruited subjects. Descriptive statistical analyses were used to calculate the average and standard deviation. Results: In total 476 respondents were included in the study to make the results. From the 476 respondents, 53.9% were males and 43.4% were females, 43.4% of individuals were satisfied with family life, 31.7% of individuals were satisfied with their salary, 37.3% of individuals were satisfied with their economic position, 55.2% of individuals were satisfied with their health and 50.4% of individuals were satisfied with their life in general. Conclusion: Our study concludes that young students are showing more interest in online surveys among other general populations and data concludes that fear about the infection was less among the study population. More than half of the participants are concerned about their salary and most of the participants are not feared about their family life and their health.

Patients with a vertical growth pattern have a tendency for a long face and gummy smile due to the clockwise rotation of the mandible and ensuing divergence of maxillary bases. A patient can be said to have a gummy smile when there is gingival exposure of 3mm or more while smiling. A gummy smile is unaesthetic and warrants correction. The common treatment modalities employed for correction are dental intrusion and surgery. The study aimed to determine the number of patients with leptoprosopic facial patterns having gummy smiles and the various treatments for its correction. The objective of this study was to determine whether all leptoprosopic patients have a tendency towards gummy smiles and the treatment plan most commonly used for its correction. Records from the Department of Orthodontics were retrieved and searched for the patients with leptoprosopic facial type. Only 42 patient records were eligible according to the selection criteria of which (n=22) were females and (n= 20) were males. Selection criteria included patients who had a long face with facial index between 90-94%, on cephalometric evaluation female patients with upper dental facial height >27.4+/-1.7 mm and male patients >30.5+/-2.1. The results showed that the patients with leptoprosopic facial patterns had a tendency towards gummy smiles and the treatment plan most commonly used for its correction in the Department of Orthodontics in Saveetha dental college was skeletal intrusion using dental mini implants and IZC. Other treatment modalities included Le-Fort Superior Impaction of maxilla in severe cases. Association between gender the various treatments employed for gummy smile correction was statistically insignificant. (p>0.05). We can conclude that gummy smile and facial patterns have a positive correlation.

Maxillary molars contain various anatomical variations with diverse shapes and forms. The variations in root canal anatomy may be due to developmental patterns or may have a genetic influence. The root morphological studies have led to a better understanding of canal morphology that contributes to successful cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. This study was done to assess the prevalence of the number of canals in Maxillary second molars and to determine its association with age and gender in a South Indian Population by evaluating post- operative periapical radiographs. A total of 384 case sheets of root canal treated maxillary second molars were reviewed and analyzed. The patients undergoing root canal treatment for maxillary second molars were screened, and cases selected for the study were in the age group of 18- 65 years. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Out of 384 teeth, 211 were male and 173 were female patients. Number of canals had no significant correlation with age but had significant association with gender (p=0.085). There were 3 canals in most of the cases. Within the limitations of the study, the maxillary second molars consisted mostly of 3 canals in both male and female patients. There was significant association between gender and number of canals.

Background: Lumbar disc herniation is a common orthopedic challenge warranting surgery in special situations. Lumbar discectomy is said to provide considerable relief when performed in early stages of the disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate the outcomes of lumbar discectomy based on duration of sciatica in a single institution setting among south Indian population. Methods: In this prospective study, 50 patients with lumbar herniation were divided into 3 sub cohorts accordingly to the duration of sciatica. All these 50 patients were analysed clinically and the diagnosis confirmed with MRI and underwent laminectomy and discectomy. They were scored with ODI questionnaire preoperatively and postoperatively on 10th day, 3rd month, 6th month and 1 year. Results: Patients in all the sub cohorts showed improvement following the surgery but patients with duration of sciatica less than 12 months showed significant improvement than patients with duration of sciatica more than 12 months. As the duration of sciatica increases the functional outcome of the surgery reduces. Conclusion: The duration of sciatica has a significant predictive value on the functional outcome of laminectomy and discectomy. If the duration of sciatica increases the surgical outcome is poor. There are complications associated with surgical intervention which has to be emphasised while selecting the patient for the same. In view of the favourable natural course of herniation of lumbar disc and possible complications associated with surgery, most authors recommend a minimum period of conservative management for 2 months. We recommend not to exceed 12 months of conservative management as the risk of poor functional outcome increases significantly after that.

Aim: We undertook this study to determine the average valgus cutting angle of distal femur in South Indian population since most of the studies are on western population and very few studies in Indian population and particularly South Indian population. Methods: We did a study femoral valgus angle of 174 knees in 87 patients with full length CT scannograms in our radiology department. Results: The average Femoral valgus angle was found to be of 6.51 ± 0.76 and there was no statistically significant difference between male and females or between both the sides. There was a strong correlation between the two sides(0.971) and weak correlation with regards to age(.003).

Background: Lumbar disc herniation is a multi-factorial problem and its etiology is still an enigma. Patients with lumbar disc herniation are commonly seen in day to day clinical practice and it has been suggested that the probability of symptoms resolving with conservative treatment decreases progressively with time. The present study was carried out to clinically evaluate the pattern of presentation of lumbar disc herniation. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among 50 patients diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation based on symptomatology and clinical evaluation. Radiological confirmation of the diagnosis was made. The participants were grouped into three categories based on the duration of illness. Results: Majority of the participants belonged to the age group of 36.89 years. The duration of symptoms was 12 months of symptoms. At all times of clinical presentation, L4-L5 segment were commonly involved. Conclusion: The present study has documented increase in the complications like sensory and motor deficits with prolonged duration of symptoms. It is therefore essential that due awareness be created among the occupational sections so as to minimize the need for surgical interventions.

Aim: To determine the average acetabular antiversion angle in south Indian population, for ideal acetabular cup position in Total Hip Arthroplasty. Background: Abnormal acetabular anteversion of the hip, has been from many years the etiogenesis of early hip wear and tear leading to osteoarthritis [1]. In this era the demand for total hip replacements has increased worldwide and in India as well. The acetabular anteversion angle plays a very important role in terms of longevity of the implant and cup positioning. Since studies on acetabular anteversion are very few compared to western and Asian studies hence, the purpose of this study is to find out the acetabular anteversion angle for south Indian population. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 250 CT scans of hips where collected from 2017 to 2020 and the mean acetabular anteversion angle was measured which was compared with Asian and western population. Results: The average acetabular anteversion angle is 20.9±3.19 there was no statically significant difference between male and female population, as with the side, left and right side (p=0.02). There was a significant 2 to 3 degree increase in acetabular antiversion compared to US, European and Asian studies. Conclusion: The average acetabular anteversion angle 20.9 ±3.19 was significantly higher when compared to the western population due to the habitual cross legged sitting and squatting since childhood, hence this should be taken into consideration when designing and positioning acetabular cups during total hip arthroplasty.

Background: The ABH secretors amongst blood groups are known to be associated with some bacterial infections. The prevalence of such secretors and association with incidence of rheumatic fever was studied in south Indian population. Aims/Objectives: To characterise the association of secretors and non-secretors in ABO Blood group with incidence of Rheumatic fever in south Indian population.Methodology: An observational study was conducted on 200 subjects, recruited by convenient sampling after meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The procedure involved collection venous blood and unstimulated whole saliva samples, determination of ABO and Rh blood groups (agglutination method), evaluation of the secretor status (Haemagglutination Inhibition Technique) and Antistreptolysin O titre levels. The descriptive statistics were reported as frequencies and percentages while inferential statistics by chi-square or ANOVA test as needed.(p

These days people are more about how they look and are giving lots of importance to fitness. Aerobic exercise improves cardiovascular adaptations that increases the peak of oxygen consumption and increases the strength. This is more preferred than resistance exercise as it can be done at home. This study was a prospective observational study. The pros were easy to create. It has gathered large data, it is economical and it has quick interpretation. The cons were the homogeneous population and its survey fatigue. To minimize the sampling bias we have to minimize error in questions and avoid loading questions. This study contains 15 self-structured questionnaires which validated the study design, general population, methodology and its survey questionnaire are the internal validity. From the data analysis, the results showed that 95% feel it is good to do aerobics everyday and 5% feel it is not good to do aerobics everyday. 85% prefer walking is a good exercise and 15% prefer walking is not a good exercise. 85% feel aerobics tones our body, 15% feel aerobics does not tone our body. The aim of my study is to compare the effectiveness of aerobic and resistance exercise among the South Indian population.

The recent news has all been about COVID-19 There are no vaccines or cure for this disease The main aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and awareness about the mystery behind the low Covid 19 Germany population Among south Indian population COVID-19 started in December 2019, like a viral outbreak in Wuhan city of central China Now it has become a pandemic all over the world and the world The main aim of this study is to determine the awareness level of the mystery behind low covid-19 Germany mortality rates among Chennai population-a survey Questions were prepared and distributed among participants And were distributed in an online survey The results were later obtained and carefully analysed From the results obtained and analysed the majority of the participants knew about the symptoms of COVID-19 and precautionary measures that had to be taken The participants also have knowledge of Germans’ low mortality rates during Covid 19 pan-demic From this survey, we can conclude that the Chennai population does have knowledge and awareness about the mystery behind low COVID-19 Germans mortality rates © 2020, J K Welfare and Pharmascope Foundation All rights reserved

Background: Dental caries is considered to be one of the most prevalent dental diseases among humans. It involves cycles of demineralization and remineralization. The etiology and pathogenesis of dental caries are multifactorial. The role of diet plays an important aspect in occurrence and progression of dental caries. Indians have differing dietary habits due to various religious and personal reasons. A substantial number of Indians are vegetarian by choice. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of vegetarian and mixed diet over the prevalence of dental caries. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 104 individuals. Healthy subjects who were 20–40 years of age, with no systemic disease, and not on any medications were included in this study. A thorough dental examination was performed by a single investigator with the help of mouth mirror and probe. The examination of patients involved the sequential assessment of teeth starting from 1 to 32. All the exposed and accessible surfaces of the teeth were examined for dental caries, and the data were recorded. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 11.0, and the results were tabulated. Univariate analysis was performed to find an association between caries and diet. Results: Distribution of the respondents according to dietary practices revealed 51% of the population consuming mixed diet and 49% consuming vegetarian diet. Oral hygiene was measured in terms of frequency of brushing tooth. Among the enrolled subjects, 57% brushed their teeth once a day and 42% brushed twice a day. No significant association was found between vegetarian and mixed dietary habits and dental caries. Two-sample independent t test was carried out to find the mean age. The mean age of caries group was 30.93 ± 12.27 and in without caries group, 27.83 ± 11.58, which is statistically not significant (P = 0.218). Conclusion: The study did not show any significant association between dietary habits and prevalence of dental caries.

This study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy during the period of August to September 2019 in the Department of Anatomy, MIMS Mandya. The aim of study was to find the correlation between foot measurements and standing height of both males and females and to derive the regression equation for calculating the Stature. This study included 255 subjects (105 males & 150 females) in the age group of 18 to 22 years. After obtaining the consent and recording the demographic profile, foot length and foot breadth was recorded in both sides by a single person(to avoid inter-observer error) in accordance with the directions given in manual of Physical Anthropology. The data was statistically analyzed and was found that foot length provided high correlation with stature (p significant correlation with p value - 1.274* (FBR) + 1.827 *(FBL) -1.548 *(FLR) + 3.249 * (FLL) and in males as Height = 118.671 + 0.490* (FBR) + 1.316 *(FBL) - 0.449 *(FLR) + 1.345 * (FLL). In unknown sex as Height = 82.734 -0.306* (FBR) +0.946 *(FBL) + 1.174 *(FLR) + 2.104 * (FLL). In our study there was no statistically significant difference in stature estimation by foot length of right and left sides. This information would be in turn useful to establish partial identity and biological profile of an individual from South Indian population. Keywords: Stature estimation, Identification, Anthropometry, Foot measurements, Regression equation.

Introduction: There is an established relationship between stature and various body parts like head, trunk, upper and lower extremity. This allows forensic expert to estimate stature from different parts of the body. Many studies have been conducted in many ethnic groups to estimate stature from hand and foot dimensions. Objectives: The purpose of this cross sectional study is to estimate stature from hand and foot dimensions in South Indian origin student population. Materials and Methods: Four anthropometric measurements viz. hand length, hand breadth, foot length and foot breadth were taken independently on the left and right side of each individual. Besides these, stature and weight of each subject were also recorded. Only right handed subjects were included in the present study. Results: In this cross sectional study of south Indian population, hands and feet dimensions were utilized to predict the stature of a person. The study includes 398 persons (149 males and 149 females) aged between 17 and 30 years. The average stature among males was 167.6 ± 6.2 and ranged between 151cm and 167.6cm. The average stature among females was 152.5 ± 4.9 and ranged between 142cm and 165cm. Males have larger hand and foot dimensions than females. The sex differences are highly significant in left foot length, right foot length, left hand breadth and right hand breadth; and significant in right foot breadth. All the parameters of hands and feet showed statistically significant positive correlation with stature in the present study and thus can be successfully utilized for stature estimation. Conclusion: The present cross sectional study emphasizes the utility of dimension of hands and feet in estimating stature by law enforcement agencies and forensic scientists, especially in mutilated and dismembered human remains. Keywords: Foot breadth, Foot length, Hand Breadth, Hand length, Stature.

To compare ocular biometric features of chronic angle closure glaucoma patients with normal subjects. 35 chronic angle closure glaucoma patients (group A) were compared with 35 normal subjects (group B). Chronic angle closure glaucoma was diagnosed in eyes with peripheral anterior synechiae [PAS] of > 270 degrees with a chronically elevated IOP with disc and field changes. Patients with history of intraocular surgeries or trauma, secondary angle closure, active keratitis or corneal opacities, previous history of Nd Yag laser peripheral iridotomy and those on miotic drops were excluded. Contact ultrasonic biometry was used for measuring ocular biometric parameters like axial length, AC depth, and lens thickness. LAF and RLP were calculated. Statistical analysis: Chi-square test and Independent sample t-test as applicable. Mean age, gender distribution and axial length measurements in both the groups were comparable. Lens thickness and LAF were significantly higher in Group A (p It is concluded that the mechanism of chronic angle closure glaucoma can be explained by the ocular biometric parameters with possibility of some additional factors like variations in the iris thickness/ insertion.

Introdução: A tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) consiste em um moderno sistema de imagens radiográficas criado especificamente para a análise do complexo maxilofacial. Devido às limitações apresentadas pelas radiografias convencionais, esse exame mostra-se de grande importância para o diagnóstico endodôntico, pois apresenta diversas vantagens como melhor qualidade de imagem, reconstrução tridimensional e as doses de radiação mais baixas. Objetivo: Enfatizar, por meio de um relato de caso, a importância da TCFC como método auxiliar de diagnóstico na localização de canais radiculares. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 25 anos de idade, procurou atendimento odontológico com queixa de dor à mastigação no dente 14, que já havia sido tratado endodonticamente há um ano e retratado há seis meses. Após realização de radiografia periapical, observou-se uma imagem radiolúcida envolvendo o ápice do dente 14. Diante disso, realizou-se uma TCFC, a qual revelou a presença de um canal não obturado. Com bases nos achados, optou-se por uma nova intervenção endodôntica em duas sessões, sendo que, na segunda sessão, a paciente encontrava-se assintomática e sem edema na região. Após um ano de proservação, a paciente não relatou sintomatologia dolorosa e nenhum sinal de infecção foi observado. Conclusão: Dessa forma, foi possível concluir que a TCFC constituiu-se como um método preciso para auxiliar no diagnóstico, pois permitiu a visualização de um canal radicular não instrumentado, além de permitir um melhor direcionamento do plano de tratamento.Descritores: Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico; Endodontia; Complicações Intraoperatórias.ReferênciasDurack C, Patel S. Cone beam computed tomography in endodontics. Braz Dent J. 2012;23(3):179-91.Falcão CA, Albuquerque VC, Amorim NL, Freitas SA, Santos TC, Matos FT, Ferraz MA. Frequency of the mesiopalatal canal in upper first permanent molars viewed through computed tomography. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2016;29(1):54-9.Dalili Kajan Z, Taramsari M, Khosravi Fard N, Kanani M. Accuracy of Cone-beam Computed Tomography in Comparison with Standard Method in Evaluating Root Canal Morphology: An In Vitro Study. Iran Endod J. 2018; 13(2):181-87. Cardona-Castro JA; Fernández-Grisaies R. Root anatomy, a view from the microsurgery endodontic: review. CES odontol. 2015;28(2):70-99.Aminoshariae A, Kulild JC, Syed A. Cone-beam computed tomography compared with intraoral radiographic lesions in endodontic outcome studies: a systematic review. J Endod. 2018;44(11):1626-31. Li YH, Bao SJ, Yang XW, Tian XM, Wei B, Zheng YL. Symmetry of root anatomy and root canal morphology in maxillary premolars analyzed using cone-beam computed tomography. Arch Oral Biol. 2018;94:84-92.Rajasekhara S, Sharath Chandra S, Parthasarathy LB. Cone beam computed tomography evaluation and endodontic management of permanent mandibular second molar with four roots: A rare case report and literature review. J Conserv Dent. 2014;17(4):385-88. Shetty A, Hegde MN, Tahiliani D, Shetty H, Bhat GT, Shetty S. A three-dimensional study of variations in root canal morphology using cone-beam computed tomography of mandibular premolars in a South Indian population. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(8):ZC22-4. Ahmad IA, Alenezi MA. Root and Root Canal Morphology of Maxillary First Premolars: A Literature Review and Clinical Considerations. J Endod. 2016;42(6):861-72. Sagale AA, Ramugade MM, Ganga R. Endodontic Management of Mandibular Second Premolar with Type IX Canal Configuration Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography as a Diagnostic Aid: A Rare Case Report. Contemp Clin Dent. 2018;9(Suppl 1):S180-84. Martins JNR, Gu Y, Marques D, Francisco H, Caramês J. Differences on the Root and Root Canal Morphologies between Asian and White Ethnic Groups Analyzed by Cone-beam Computed Tomography. J Endod. 2018; 44(7):1096-104. Balakasireddy K, Kumar KP, John G, Gagan C. Cone Beam Computed Tomography Assisted Endodontic Management of a Rare Case of Mandibular First Premolar with Three Roots. J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(6):107-9.Ugur Z, Akpinar KE, Altunbas D. Maxillary first premolars with three root canals: two case reports. J Istanb Univ Fac Dent. 2017;51(3):50-4.Razumova S, Brago A, Khaskhanova L, Howijieh A, Barakat H, Manvelyan A. A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scanning of the Root Canal System of Permanent Teeth among the Moscow Population. Int J Dent. 2018; 2018:2615746.Pan JYY, Parolia A, Chuah SR, Bhatia S, Mutalik S, Pau A. Root canal morphology of permanent teeth in a Malaysian subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography. BMC Oral Health. 2019 Jan 14;19(1):14.Senan EM, Alhadainy HA, Genaid TM, Madfa AA. Root form and canal morphology of maxillary first premolars of a Yemeni population. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):94.Fan L, Yuan K, Niu C, Ma R, Huang Z. A cone-beam computed tomography study of the mesial cervical concavity of maxillary first premolars. Arch Oral Biol. 2018;92:79-82. de Lima CO, de Souza LC, Devito KL, do Prado M, Campos CN. Evaluation of root canal morphology of maxillary premolars: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Aust Endod J. 2019;45(2):196-201. Ball RL, Barbizam JV, Cohenca N. Intraoperative endodontic applications of cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2013;39(4):548-57. Kaur A, Logani A. Usefulness of cone beam computed tomography in perplexing endodontic cases. Endodontology. 2018;30:187-93.

Dysmenorrhea is known as a painful period during menstruation. It is the widely prevalent and common complaint among young women, which affects their quality of life. The aim is to assess the prevalence of menstrual symptoms and primary dysmenorrhea during menstruation among medical undergraduates and its effects on the quality of their life. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 Medical undergraduates atSaveetha Medical college. The participants were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire on menstrual symptoms and primary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea was reported in 43.9% (27) of participants. Abdominal pain was reported in 78% (46), and 52% (31) of girls felt weak and tired during menses. In 40% (24) of girls, there has been a family history of primary dysmenorrhea. Abdominal pain was found to be highly prevalent among adolescent girls. Family history, bleeding duration, tiredness are some of the risk factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea.

Risk factors associated with diabetes (DM) are to be well studied, and this study was aimed to investigate the family transmission pattern of type 2 DM in South Indian population. A total of 3093 subjects were selected between June 2017 and May 2018. Details on family history of diabetes, treatment, and age at onset of DM were recorded. The subjects are divided into three groups based on family history risk categories maintained as registries. Group 1 (NPDR) (n = 1414) was with no parent diabetes, group 2 (OPDR) (n = 1216) with one parent diabetes, and group 3 (CPDR) (n = 463) was with both parents diabetes. The history of diabetes in siblings was recorded. Diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed based on the history of treatment and by OGTT. In group 2, genderwise comparison showed higher transmission of diabetes from mothers than fathers. Women had more maternal history of diabetes than paternal history [58.1 vs 41.9%; p

Aim Labor dystocia is one of the commonest indications of lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). Recent studies have shown a dramatic change in the rate of cervical dilatation and labor progress. There are no large studies to assess labor in this ethnic group and hence this study has been done to find out labor behavior in women with spontaneous labor in South India. Materials and methods A retrospective study was done in our teaching hospital. Labor was managed as per protocol and a partogram was maintained. Data were extracted from case-records and analyzed. Results Labor progress was much slower than what was thought of. There was wide variability in the duration of labor. Conclusion Many women took time up to the 95th percentile and some even crossed three times the median time to deliver. Clinical significance Though many women will deliver in the expected time, it is important to know the maximum time or the 95th percentile for each dilatation so that sufficient time can be allowed before labeling a case as prolonged labor. How to cite this article Bhat C, Panicker S. Labor Pattern in South Indian Population. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2020;12(6):372–375.

Introduction: In the current COVID-19 pandemic, frontline health care workers and patients undergoing dental procedures are at the high risk of cross-infection Most of the dental procedures require contact with the saliva, blood, and respiratory tract secretions in the oral cavity of the patient Many patients may be carriers of the virus It may be suggested that all patients visiting a dental office must be treated with due precautions and utmost care to prevent the cross-infection The aim of this study was to create awareness on dental treatment during COVID-19 among the South Indian population Materials and Methods: A self-structured questionnaire was administered to the participants to collect the data through online Google forms link The participants were well informed about the study in detail The data were collected and statistically analyzed Results and Conclusion: People need to be educated about their personal hygiene which will prevent the disease spread Awareness seminars may be conducted to educate the community about dental treatment in this pandemic period Conclusion: Closing dental practices during the pandemic will increase the suffering of individuals in need of urgent dental care This calls for the designing of standard guidelines for dental care during the worldwide spread of the pandemic Awareness may be created on the use of masks, hand sanitizers, and social distancing for patients to prevent the disease spread © IJCRR

Introduction: Perianal discharge is a cause of significant morbidity, often requiring repeated surgical procedures due to tendency to recur. Anal abscesses and perianal fistula being the most common causes. Our main objective was to elucidate the cause and epidemiology of patients presenting with perianal discharge in the South Indian population. To illustrate the spectrum of MRI features in patients presenting with perianal discharge and to study MRI pattern of perianal fistula.Materials and Method: Prospective descriptive study. 58 patients of both sex and age ranging from 20 to 70 years who were referred for MRI fistulogram with complaints of perianal discharge were selected for study and analyzed.Result: In our study, we found that perianal discharge was common in young and middle-aged populations. The highest incidence was noted in the age group of 20-30 years. Perianal discharge was seen to affect males more females in an almost ~ 2: 1 ratio. In our study, we found various causes of perianal discharge on MRI. Perianal fistulas forming a major bulk of cases (77%). The rest of the causes included perianal sinuses (12%), perianal abscesses (7%), anal fissure (1.7%) and pilonidal sinus (1.7%). According to St. James University Hospital Criteria, we found Grade 1 perianal fistulas were the most common type, followed by Grade 2. We found 13 cases (29%) to have secondary branches or ramifications. We found 12 cases (27%) to have horseshoe or intersphincteric abscesses.Conclusion: Perianal fistulas are the most common cause of the perianal discharge. Perianal sinuses, perineal abscesses and pilonidal sinuses constitute an insignificant group. Almost one-third of perianal fistula cases are noted having secondary branches or association with abscesses, which are better elucidated on MRI. Thus, avoiding the need for repeated surgeries.

Introduction: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered virus named ‘coronavirus’ which is rapidly spreading all around the world thereby affecting the majority of the world population causing distress Most of the people who are infected with the COVID-19 virus are prone to experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment Only the aged and sick people are at high risk Materials and Methods: A self-structured questionnaire was distributed through an online google forms link to about 109 indi-viduals belonging to the parental population of India among all age groups The results were collected and the data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20 Results: The majority of the Indian parental population was aware of COVID-19 and also about maintaining the proper health of their children The results of the survey conclude that Indian parents are concerned about their children and their health Conclusion: Further, the campaign can be done to make the Indian parental population aware of ill-effects of COVID-19 © IJCRR

Background and Aims: Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) is associated with high postoperative mortality. We sought to examine the intraoperative variables associated with MINS among high-risk patients undergoing abdominal surgery at a South Indian Centre. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent abdominal surgery, aged >45 years with one of five factors: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, previous coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, or peripheral vascular disease or all patients >65 years of age was undertaken. Forty-six patients with raised troponin Group P (Trop I > 0.03 ng/d) were compared with 125 troponin-negative patients Group N (Trop I < 0.012 ng/dL) as well as 51 with intermediate levels Group I (Trop I > 0.012 and < 0.03 ng/dL). We evaluated the association of pre and intraoperative factors on MINS using logistic regression to identify the explanatory variables. Results: Demographics were similar among the three groups. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in group P (P = 0.005).The use of vasopressors (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2–5.5), female gender, (OR 2.3; 95%CI 1.1–4.7), associated CAD (OR 2.8;95% CI 1.1–7.4), and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion (OR 12.1;95% CI 1.3–11.7) were associated with MINS in regression analysis between group P versus group N. Female gender (OR2.3; 95% CI 1.2–4.5), postoperative mechanical ventilation (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.2–10.4), and perioperative hypothermia (OR 4.5; 95% CI 1.3–14.9) were significant between Group P and Group I with Group N. Conclusions: Female patients with CAD undergoing abdominal surgery, needing vasopressors and transfusion of plasma are at high risk for MINS with higher hospital mortality and merit vigilant monitoring postoperatively.

Introduction: The porta hepatis is bounded anteriorly by the quadrate lobe and posterosuperiorly by the caudate lobe. The hepatic artery with the autonomic plexus around it and the portal vein enter the liver through the porta hepatis, while the two hepatic ducts and some lymphatics emerge out from the liver through it. The porta hepatis of the liver is a very important area surgically. The knowledge of the variations in the structures passing through the porta hepatis might be of great help in reducing the risks of surgery in this area. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of our institution after obtaining the ethical clearance.87 liver specimens in the Department were used for the study. The liver specimens will be removed during routine dissection for medical undergraduate teaching and would be preserved in 10% formalin. Conclusion: The incidence of variations in the portal venous system can be of prime surgical and radiological importance for portocaval anastomosis and to study hemodynamic flow radiologically. This study highlights the various possible combinations of the structures at the porta hepatis and is thereby useful for the radiologists and surgeons dealing with this region.

Aim: Labor dystocia is one of the most common reasons for a lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). Recent research has revealed a significant shift in the rate of cervical dilatation and labor progression. There are no large studies to assess labour in this ethnic group, so this study was conducted to discover labour behaviour in women experiencing spontaneous labour in South India. Materials and Methods: In our teaching hospital, a retrospective study was conducted. Labor was managed according to protocol, and a partogram was maintained. Data were extracted and analysed from case records. Results: Labor progress was much slower than what was thought of. There was wide variability in the duration of labor. In contrast to friedmannscurve, all women did not follow a pattern of 1 cm/hr of cervical dilatation. Though the mean time to progress from 3 cms to 10 cms was 5 hours, even after 19 hrs of waiting women have delivered. Conclusion: Many women took time up to the 95th percentile and some even crossed three times the median time to deliver. In contrast to friedmannscurve, all women did not follow a pattern of 1 cm/hr of cervical dilatation. Though the mean time to progress from 3 cms to 10 cms was 5 hours, even after 19 hrs of waiting women have delivered.

Background Recreation of the normal proximal femoral anatomy is paramount for a successful total hip arthroplasty. The study aims to look at whether the range of offset options available in the femoral stems available locally, would be adequate to restore the native femoral horizontal offset (FHO) of the South Indian population. Method This is a prospective single-center study of 1-year duration, where we study the FHO on radiographs and CT scans in 100 patients. We then look at the femoral stems available in the Indian market and see if the offset may be restored with the available stems. Result The FHO ranged from 23.3 to 46.9 mm with a mean of 35.7 ± 5.3 mm. The females in the group (33.86 ± 4.71 mm) had a lower FHO compared to males (37.78 ± 5. 21 mm). We found that 50% of the South Indian population and 62% of the females have an offset less than 35 mm. Among the 18 stems that we studied, four out of nine cemented and two out of nine uncemented stems did not offer an offset below 35 mm. Conclusion The native FHO in the South Indian population is significantly less than that of Caucasians. The surgeon should be aware that many implant systems available in India do not offer offset options in this range. In this group, even when a stem with smallest offset is used, there is a risk of increasing the FHO with a potential for intraoperative fractures due to difficult reduction and leg-lengthening. Hence, the surgeon should template carefully and choose only those implant systems which can offer an offset similar to the native offset to restore the anatomy accurately. We recommend that all manufacturers consider offering implants with smaller offset (25–35 mm).