345 results on '"Srinivasan, L."'
Search Results
102. Effect of yoga in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Fulambarker A, Farooki B, Kheir F, Copur AS, Srinivasan L, and Schultz S
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- 2012
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103. Effect of contrast injection on angiographic measurements.
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Srinivasan, L., Ohley, W.J., White, H., and Peura, R.A.
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- 1988
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104. Clinical utility of cardiac troponin I in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in patients with renal failure.
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Balamuthusamy S, Khosla S, Meka S, Saha S, Srinivasan L, Ahmed A, Benatar D, Trivedi A, Siddique M, and Arora R
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- 2007
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105. Pseudomonas maltophiliaBacteremia Associated with a Prolapsed Mitral Valve
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Leslie A. Hatch, Darryl L. Gopaul, and Srinivasan L. Narasimhan
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Male ,congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Heart Valve Diseases ,Malaise ,Sepsis ,Mitral valve ,Prolapse ,Humans ,Medicine ,Endocarditis ,Pseudomonas Infections ,cardiovascular diseases ,biology ,business.industry ,Pseudomonas ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Prolapsed Mitral Valve ,Surgery ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Bacteremia ,cardiovascular system ,Heart murmur ,Mitral Valve ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
A 53-year-old man had had recurrent episodes of transient visual loss, malaise and a heart murmur. Blood cultures repeatedly grew Pseudomonas maltophilia, a frequent opportunistic pathogen, and echocardiogram documented mitral-valve prolapse. The risk of bacterial endocarditis is stressed.
- Published
- 1977
106. The Hindu Heritage.
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Srinivasan, L. K.
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The article discusses the Hindu heritage in Karnataka, India. The region has a rich cultural heritage which is vividly exemplified in her architectural edifices, sculptures, fine arts and literature. The region experienced political stability, social solidarity, economic prosperity and above all a remarkable religious tolerance on the part of its rulers through the ages. After the Mauryas, the Satavahanas ruled the region for almost five centuries. The Kadambas replaced the Satavahanas, ruled for almost two hundred years with Banavasi as their capital.
- Published
- 1983
107. Combining morphological information in a manifold learning framework: application to neonatal MRI
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Aljabar, P., Wolz, R., Srinivasan, L., Counsell, S., James Boardman, Murgasova, M., Doria, V., Rutherford, M. A., Edwards, A. D., Hajnal, J. V., and Rueckert, D.
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Artificial Intelligence ,Prenatal Diagnosis ,Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ,Infant, Newborn ,Brain ,Humans ,Reproducibility of Results ,Image Enhancement ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Algorithms ,Pattern Recognition, Automated - Abstract
MR image data can provide many features or measures although any single measure is unlikely to comprehensively characterize the underlying morphology. We present a framework in which multiple measures are used in manifold learning steps to generate coordinate embeddings which are then combined to give an improved single representation of the population. An application to neonatal brain MRI data shows that the use of shape and appearance measures in particular leads to biologically plausible and consistent representations correlating well with clinical data. Orthogonality among the correlations suggests the embedding components relate to comparatively independent morphological features. The rapid changes that occur in brain shape and in MR image appearance during neonatal brain development justify the use of shape measures (obtained from a deformation metric) and appearance measures (obtained from image similarity). The benefit of combining separate embeddings is demonstrated by improved correlations with clinical data and we illustrate the potential of the proposed framework in characterizing trajectories of brain development.
108. Groupwise combined segmentation and registration for atlas construction
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Kk, Bhatia, Aljabar P, James Boardman, Srinivasan L, Murgasova M, Sj, Counsell, Ma, Rutherford, Hajnal J, Ad, Edwards, and Rueckert D
109. Longitudinal cortical registration for developing neonates
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Xue, H., Srinivasan, L., Jiang, S., mary rutherford, Anthony David Edwards, Rueckert, D., and Joseph Hajnal
110. Autonomous recognition of weld seam in 3D for robotic path planning
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Srinivasan, L. and Pugazhenthi S
111. Smaller cerebellar volumes in very preterm infants at term-equivalent age are associated with the presence of supratentorial lesions
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Srinivasan, L., Allsop, J., Serena Counsell, Boardman, J. P., Anthony David Edwards, and mary rutherford
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Male ,Cerebellum ,Infant, Newborn ,Humans ,Female ,Organ Size ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Pediatrics ,Infant, Premature - Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Traditionally cerebellar functions are thought to be related to control of tone, posture, gait, and coordination of skilled motor activity. However, there is an increasing body of evidence implicating the cerebellum in cognition, language, memory, and motor learning. Preterm infants are at increased risk of neurodevelopmental delay, cognitive dysfunction, and behavioral and emotional disturbances. The role of the cerebellum in these adverse outcomes is unclear. Objective:The objective of this study was to determine whether absolute cerebellar volumes differ between term-equivalent preterm infants and term-born control infants and to assess whether cerebellar volume is influenced by any possible antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors. METHODS:The study compared the MR imaging cerebellar volume by using a manual quantification program of 113 preterm infants at term-equivalent age and 15 term-born control infants. RESULTS:The median cerebellar volume of preterm at term-equivalent age was 25.4 cm(3) and that of term-born control infants was 26.9 cm(3). On initial analysis, there was a significant median difference of 2.0 cm(3) (95% CI, 1.2 cm(3) to 2.7 cm(3)) (2-sided P < .0001). However multiple regression analysis of perinatal variables showed that only infants with supratentorial lesions (P = .003) were significantly associated with the reduction in cerebellar volumes. The median cerebellar volumes were the following: supratentorial lesions, 18.9 cm(3); no supratentorial lesions, 26.1 cm(3); and term infants, 26.9 cm(3) (analysis of variance, P < .0001). Hence, there was no significant difference in cerebellar volumes of preterm infants at term-equivalent age in the absence of supratentorial lesions. The median vermal volumes were 0.7 cm(3) and were significantly related to cerebellar volumes both in preterm infants with and without lesions and in term-control infants. CONCLUSION:Premature infants at term-equivalent age have similar total cerebellar and vermal volumes compared with term infants in the presence of normal brain imaging. Reduced cerebellar volume in preterm infants at term-equivalent age is seen in association with supratentorial pathology such as hemorrhagic parenchymal infarction, intraventricular hemorrhage with dilation, and periventricular leukomalacia.
112. Pseudomonas maltophiliaBacteremia Associated with a Prolapsed Mitral Valve
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Narasimhan, Srinivasan L., primary, Gopaul, Darryl L., additional, and Hatch, Leslie A., additional
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- 1977
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113. An application of dynamic programming to sequential boundary estimation
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Elliott, H, primary and Srinivasan, L, additional
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- 1981
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114. Benchmark Calculation for a Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor by a Three-Dimensional Variational Code
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Srinivasan, L., primary
- Published
- 1981
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115. Goal-directed state equation for tracking reaching movements using neural signals
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Srinivasan, L., primary, Eden, U.T., additional, Willsky, A.S., additional, and Brown, E.N., additional
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116. Pneumonectomy for Congenital Isolated Unilateral Pulmonary Artery Agenesis.
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Britton, J., Sachithanandan, A., Srinivasan, L., and Ghosh, S.
- Published
- 2011
117. DISTRIBUTION OF MICROGLIA MG IN THE IMMATURE BRAIN WITH ISOLATED GERMINAL MATRIXINTRAVENTRICULAR HAEMORRHAGE GMHIVH A COMBINED MRI AND HISTOLOGICAL APPROACH
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Supramaniam, V., Vontell, R., Amer, K., Srinivasan, L., WyattAshmead, J., and Rutherford, M.
- Published
- 2010
118. Antibiotic Susceptibility of CandidaIsolates in a tertiary care hospital in Southern India
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Srinivasan, L and Kenneth, J
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- 2006
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119. DIFFUSION TRACTOGRAPHY OF THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS IN THE DEVELOPING PRETERM BRAIN
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COUNSELL, S J, SRINIVASAN, L, BOARDMAN, J P, LARKMAN, D J, ALLSOP, J M, FITZPATRICK, J A, COWAN, F M, HAJNAL, J V, EDWARDS, A D, and RUTHERFORD, M A
- Published
- 2005
120. Thermodynamics of coal-derived fluids. 2. Vapour-liquid equilibria of coal liquid fractions
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Srinivasan, L. and Kabadi, V. N.
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- 1994
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121. Studies in South Indian Jainism.
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Srinivasan, L. K.
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The article reviews the book "Studies in South Indian Jainism," by B. Seshagiri Rao.
- Published
- 1990
122. A patient care system for early 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of very low birth weight infants.
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Merchant N, Groves A, Larkman DJ, Counsell SJ, Thomson MA, Doria V, Groppo M, Arichi T, Foreman S, Herlihy DJ, Hajnal JV, Srinivasan L, Foran A, Rutherford M, Edwards AD, Boardman JP, Merchant, N, Groves, A, Larkman, D J, and Counsell, S J
- Abstract
Background: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (weight <1500 g) are increasingly cared for without prolonged periods of positive pressure ventilation (PPV).Aims: To develop a system for 3.0 T magnetic resonance (MR) image acquisition from VLBW infants who are not receiving PPV, and to test the clinical stability of a consecutive cohort of such infants.Design: Seventy VLBW infants whose median weight at image acquisition was 940 g (590-1490) underwent brain MR imaging with the developed care system as participants in research. Twenty infants (29%) received nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP), 28 (40%) received supplemental oxygen by nasal cannulae, and 22 (31%) breathed spontaneously in air during the MR examination.Results: There were no significant adverse events. Seventy-six percent had none or transient self-correcting oxygen desaturations. Desaturations that required interruption of the scan for assessment were less common among infants receiving nCPAP (2/20) or breathing spontaneously in air (2/22), compared with those receiving nasal cannulae oxygen (13/28), p=0.003. Sixty-four (91%) infants had an axillary temperature > or =36 degrees C at completion of the scan (lowest 35.7 degrees C), There was no relationship between weight (p=0.167) or use of nCPAP (p=0.453) and axillary temperature <36 degrees C. No infant became hyperthermic.Conclusion: VLBW infants who do not require ventilation by endotracheal tube can be imaged successfully and safely at 3.0 T, including those receiving nCPAP from a customised system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2009
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123. Vapor-liquid equilibrium of coal derived fluids by continuous thermodynamics
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Srinivasan, L
- Published
- 1990
124. Benchmark calculation for a sodium-cooled fast reactor by a three-dimensional variational code
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Srinivasan, L
- Published
- 1981
125. A molecular survey of zoonotic pathogens of public health importance in rodents/shrews and their ectoparasites trapped in Puducherry, India.
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Eikenbary B, Devaraju P, Chakkravarthi A, Sihag KK, Nathan T, Thangaraj G, Srinivasan L, and Kumar A
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- Animals, India epidemiology, Humans, Rickettsia isolation & purification, Rickettsia genetics, Shrews parasitology, Shrews microbiology, Rats, Orientia tsutsugamushi isolation & purification, Orientia tsutsugamushi genetics, Cryptosporidium isolation & purification, Cryptosporidium genetics, Leptospira isolation & purification, Leptospira genetics, Mites microbiology, Rodent Diseases epidemiology, Rodent Diseases microbiology, Rodent Diseases parasitology, Rodent Diseases transmission, Zoonoses transmission, Zoonoses epidemiology, Coxiella burnetii isolation & purification, Coxiella burnetii genetics, Public Health, Disease Reservoirs microbiology, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus genetics, Rodentia parasitology, Rodentia microbiology
- Abstract
Background: Globally, India has a high zoonotic disease burden and lacks surveillance data in humans and animals. Rodents are known reservoirs for many zoonotic diseases and their synanthropic behavior poses a great public health threat., Methods: In this study, trapped rodents/shrews from randomly selected villages within Puducherry, India, and their ectoparasites were screened for zoonotic pathogens, namely, Orientia tsutsugamushi, other pathogenic rickettsiae, Leptospira spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Coxiella burnetii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using conventional PCR. A total of 58 rodents/shrews were trapped from 11 villages. The species trapped were Suncus murinus (49/58, 84.48%), Rattus rattus (8/58, 13.79%) and Rattus norvegicus (1/58, 1.72%). All ectoparasites collected were identified as mites and its infestation rate was 46.55% (27/58)., Results: Real-time PCR targeting the 47 kDa gene of O. tsutsugamushi revealed positivity in one rodent and one shrew (3.45%) and two mite pools (7.41%). Conventional PCR targeting the 56 kDa gene revealed positivity in one shrew and two mite pools and the phylogenetic analysis of all three amplicons indicated the circulation of the Gilliam-related serotype. MRSA was detected in the alimentary tract of a shrew (1/32, 3.13%). Leptospira spp., Rickettsia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Co. burnetii tested negative., Conclusions: The detection of zoonotic pathogens within reservoir hosts and vectors poses a risk of transmission to humans. This study signifies the need for zoonotic pathogen surveillance in synanthropic rodents/shrews., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)
- Published
- 2024
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126. Sepsis Huddles in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Late-onset Infection Recognition and Severity Assessment.
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Coggins SA, Carr LH, Harris MC, and Srinivasan L
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- Humans, Retrospective Studies, Infant, Newborn, Male, Female, Sepsis diagnosis, Neonatal Sepsis diagnosis, Intensive Care Units, Neonatal, Severity of Illness Index
- Abstract
Objective: To analyze relationships between provider-documented signs prompting sepsis evaluations, assessments of illness severity, and late-onset infection (LOI)., Study Design: Retrospective cohort study of all infants receiving a sepsis huddle in conjunction with a LOI evaluation. Participants were ≥3 days old and admitted to a level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from September 2018 through May 2021. Data were extracted from standardized sepsis huddle notes in the electronic health record, including clinical signs prompting LOI evaluations, illness severity assessments (from least to most severe: green, yellow, and red), and management plans. To analyze relationships of sepsis huddle characteristics with the detection of culture-confirmed LOI (bacteremia, urinary tract infection, or meningitis), we utilized diagnostic test statistics, area under the receiver-operator characteristic analyses, and multivariable logistic regression., Results: We identified 1209 eligible sepsis huddles among 604 infants. There were 111 culture-confirmed LOI episodes (9% of all huddles). Twelve clinical signs of infection poorly distinguished infants with and without LOI, with sensitivity for each ranging from 2% to 36% and area under the receiver-operator characteristic ranging 0.49-0.53. Multivariable logistic regression identified increasing odds of infection with higher perceived illness severity at the time of sepsis huddle, adjusted for gestational age and receipt of intensive care supports., Conclusions: Clinical signs prompting sepsis huddles were nonspecific and not predictive of concurrent LOI. Higher perceived illness severity was associated with presence of infection, despite some misclassification based on objective criteria. In level IV NICUs, antimicrobial stewardship through development of criteria for antibiotic noninitiation may be challenging, as presenting signs of LOI are similar among infants with and without confirmed infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest LHC is partial owner of 2minutemedicine.com, a medical news and educational website. The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures relevant to this work., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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127. Comparison of parent or caregiver-completed development screening tools with Bayley Scales of Infant Development: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Balasubramanian H, Ahmed J, Ananthan A, Srinivasan L, and Mohan D
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- Humans, Infant, Sensitivity and Specificity, Child, Preschool, Neuropsychological Tests standards, Parents, Developmental Disabilities diagnosis, Caregivers, Child Development physiology
- Abstract
Background: Parent/caregiver-completed developmental testing (PCDT) is integral to developmental care in children; however, there is limited information on its accuracy. In this systematic review, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of PCDT with concurrently administered Bayley Scales of Infant Development for detection of developmental delay (DD) in children below 4 years of age., Methods: We searched databases PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Google Scholar until November 2023. Bivariate and multiple thresholds summary receiver operating characteristics were used to obtain the summary sensitivity and specificity with 95% CIs. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool was used for risk of bias assessment., Results: A total of 38 studies (31 in the meta-analysis) were included. Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and Parent Report of Children's Abilities-Revised (PARCA-R) were the most commonly evaluated PCDTs. ASQ score >2 SD below the mean had an overall sensitivity of 0.72 (0.6, 0.82) and 0.63 (0.50, 0.75) at a median specificity of 0.89 (0.82, 0.94) and 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) for diagnosing moderate to severe DD and severe DD, respectively. PARCA- R had an overall sensitivity of 0.69 (0.51, 0.83) at median specificity of 0.75 (0.64, 0.83) for predicting severe DD. Participant selection bias and partial verification bias were found in over 50% of the studies. The certainty of evidence was low for the studied outcomes., Conclusions: The most commonly studied parental tools, ASQ and PARCA-R, have moderate to low sensitivity and moderate specificity for detecting DD in young children. High risk of bias and heterogeneity in the available data can potentially impact the interpretation of our results., Prospero Registration Number: CRD42021268629., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2024
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128. T Cell Responses to Individualized Neoantigen Therapy mRNA-4157 (V940) Alone or in Combination With Pembrolizumab in the Phase 1 KEYNOTE-603 Study.
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Gainor JF, Patel MR, Weber JS, Gutierrez M, Bauman JE, Clarke JM, Julian R, Scott AJ, Geiger JL, Kirtane K, Robert-Tissot C, Coder B, Tasneem M, Sun J, Zheng W, Gerbereux L, Laino A, Porichis F, Russella Pollard J, Hou P, Sehgal V, Chen X, Morrissey M, Daghestani HN, Feldman I, Srinivasan L, Frederick JP, Brown M, Aanur P, Meehan R, and Burris HA
- Abstract
mRNA-4157 (V940) is an individualized neoantigen therapy (INT) targeting up to 34 patient-specific tumor neoantigens to induce T cell responses and potentiate anti-tumor activity. We report mechanistic insights into the immunogenicity of mRNA-4157 via characterization of T cell responses to neoantigens from the first-in-human phase 1, KEYNOTE-603 study (NCT03313778) in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer (Part A: 1mg mRNA-4157, n = 4) or resected cutaneous melanoma (Part D: 1mg mRNA-4157 + 200mg pembrolizumab, n = 12). Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity were assessed. All patients experienced ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse event (AE); there were no grade 4/5 AEs or dose-limiting toxicities. mRNA-4157 alone induced consistent de novo, and strengthened pre-existing, T cell responses to targeted neoantigens. Following combination therapy, sustained mRNA-4157-induced neoantigen-specific T cell responses and expansion of cytotoxic CD8 and CD4 T cells were observed. These findings show the potential of a novel mRNA INT approach in oncology.
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- 2024
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129. Effect of Minimization of Early Blood Sampling Losses Among Extremely Premature Neonates: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
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Balasubramanian H, Bhanushali M, Tripathi V, Srinivasan L, Sakharkar S, Pillai A, and Kabra NS
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- Humans, Infant, Newborn, Female, Male, Gestational Age, Erythropoietin, Infant, Extremely Premature, Erythrocyte Transfusion methods, Blood Specimen Collection methods
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of blood sampling stewardship on transfusion requirements among infants born extremely preterm., Study Design: In this single-center, randomized controlled trial (RCT), infants born at <28 weeks of gestation and birth weight of <1000 g were randomized at 24 hours of age to two different blood sampling approaches: restricted sampling (RS) vs conventional sampling (CS). The stewardship intervention in the RS group included targeted reduction in blood sampling volume and frequency and point of care testing methods in the first 6 weeks after birth. Both groups received early recombinant erythropoietin from day three of age. Primary outcome was the rate of early red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in the first six postnatal weeks., Results: A total of 102 infants (mean gestational age: 26 weeks; birth weight: 756 g) were enrolled. Fidelity to the sampling protocol was achieved in 95% of the infants. Sampling losses in the first 6 weeks were significantly lower in the RS group (16.8 ml/kg vs 23.6 ml/kg, P < .001). The RS group had a significantly lower rate of early postnatal RBC transfusions (41% vs 73%, RR: 0.56 [0.39-0.81], P = .001). The hazard of needing a transfusion during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay was reduced by 55% by RS. Mortality and neonatal morbidities were similar between the two groups., Conclusion: Minimization of blood sampling losses by approximately one-third in the first 6 weeks after birth leads to substantial reduction in the early red blood cell transfusion rate in infants born extremely preterm and weighing <1000 g at birth., Trial Registration: http://www.ctri.nic.in (CTRI/2020/01/022 964)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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130. Synanthropic rodents and shrews are reservoirs of zoonotic bacterial pathogens and act as sentinels for antimicrobial resistance spillover in the environment: A study from Puducherry, India.
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Devanathan N, Mukhopadhyay HK, Sihag KK, Terence Nathan A, Chakkaravarthi A, Srinivasan L, Srinivas MV, Vasu J, Shanmugam VP, Rahi M, and Devaraju P
- Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health concern and needs to be monitored for control. In this study, synanthropic rodents trapped from humans and animal habitats in Puducherry, India, were screened as sentinels for bacterial pathogens of public health importance and antimicrobial resistance spillover. From the trapped rodents and shrews ( n = 100) pathogens viz., Staphylococcus sp, E. coli and Salmonella sp were isolated from oropharyngeal and rectal swabs on Mannitol salt, Mac Conkey and Xylose lysine deoxycholate media respectively. The AMR genes in these isolates were screened by PCR. A total of 76, S. aureus and 19, Staphylococcus non aureus were isolated. E. coli was isolated in 89 samples and among the Salmonella sp ( n = 59), 16, were S. enteritidis and 29, were S. typhimurium. A total of 46 MRSA isolates with mec A ( n = 40) and mec C ( n = 6) were detected. Also, 36.84% and 5.3% Staphylococcus non aureus isolates were tested to have mec A and mec C genes. AMR genes encoding ESBL [bla
TEM in 21, blaSHV in 45 and blaCTX-M in 11] was tested positive in 77 E. coli isolates . Among, Salmonella isolates 44/45 were screened to have AMR genes [ tet in 13, sul3 & sul4 in 20 and qnrA in 11]. Antibiotic sensitivity test confirmed the antimicrobial resistance. Isolation of pathogens of public health importance and demonstration of genetic elements conferring antimicrobial resistance in the synanthropic rodents confirms that they act as reservoirs and appropriate sentinels to monitor AMR spillover in the environment., Competing Interests: None., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier B.V.)- Published
- 2024
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131. Comparative Evaluation of Different Tissues and Molecular Techniques for the Zoonotic Surveillance of Scrub Typhus.
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Ritu GP, Arif W, Sihag KK, Chakravarthi A, Anthony TN, Srinivasan L, Balakrishnan V, Kumar A, Ayanar E, and Devaraju P
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- Animals, Shrews, Humans, India epidemiology, Scrub Typhus epidemiology, Scrub Typhus diagnosis, Orientia tsutsugamushi genetics, Orientia tsutsugamushi isolation & purification, Zoonoses, Rodentia
- Abstract
Background and Objectives: Scrub typhus (ST) is detected in one-fourth of patients with acute febrile illnesses, confirming its nationwide re-emergence. The disease, if not diagnosed, can lead to multiple organ dysfunction and mortality. Being a vector-borne zoonotic disease, the molecular survey for pathogens in animal hosts is essential to predict the risk of its transmission to humans. Hence, this study aimed at identifying the effective animal tissue and molecular technique for zoonotic surveillance of ST infection in small animal hosts. Methods: Rodents/shrews were trapped from seventeen randomly selected villages in Puducherry between July and September, 2022. The presence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in ectoparasites and tissues including blood, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, brain, and intestine retrieved from the animals was screened by nested PCR targeting 56 kDa, real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting 47 kDa and traD, and conventional PCR targeting groEL. The Weil-Felix test was carried out to detect antibodies against O. tsutsugamushi in rodent/shrew serum samples. Diagnostic accuracy measures of the molecular tests were calculated for each of the tissues by latent class modeling. Results: O. tsutsugamushi detected in the rodents/shrews were identified to be Karp-like and Kawasaki-like strains. Upon statistical analysis, qPCR targeting 47 kDa exhibited the highest accuracy measures in most of the tissues analyzed, with perfect sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 97% for intestine and lung samples for the epidemiological surveillance, respectively. Interpretation and Conclusion: The study recommends qPCR targeting 47 kDa gene and analysis of intestine and lung along with blood for the zoonotic surveillance of ST infection.
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- 2024
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132. A novel organic-inorganic matrix nanofiltration membrane for remediating copper with enhanced thermal stability and mechanical strength.
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Kirubanandam S, Srinivasan L, Alshalwi M, Rajamanickam AK, and Narayanan SP
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Membrane separation technology in the last 40 years has experienced impressive growth, displacing conventional separation processes due to inherent advantages such as less capital investment, and energy efficiency and the devices were simple, compact, and modular. In the current work, we aimed to synthesize a thin-sheet nanofiltration membrane using chitosan (CS), poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA), and montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) for copper removal from aqueous solution. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to evaluate the thermal stability of a novel organic-inorganic hybrid membrane. The tensile strength was measured over a wide range of temperatures and pressure to determine its stability. The surface and cross-section morphology of the membrane were studied through scanning electron microscopy. The prepared membrane was then tested for filtration efficiency by adjusting parameters such as pH, pressure, metal ion concentration, and membrane thickness. A mechanism was proposed to explain the hooking of copper ions with the as-prepared membrane after spectral images, such as EDAX and FT-IR, were compared both before and after filtration., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2024
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133. Pathological Responses in Asian House Shrews ( Suncus murinus ) to the Naturally Acquired Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection.
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Balasubramanian T, Sambath U, Radja RD, Thangaraj G, Devaraju P, Srinivasan L, Srinivasan P, Nair MG, Raja K, Lakkawar AW, and Soong L
- Abstract
Scrub typhus is a re-emerging disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi , transmitted by mites belonging to the family Trombiculidae . Humans and rodents acquire the infection by the bite of larval mites/chiggers. Suncus murinus , the Asian house shrew, has been reported to harbor the vector mites and has been naturally infected with O. tsutsugamushi . The present study aimed to localize and record O. tsutsugamushi in the tissues and the host response in shrews naturally infected with O. tsutsugamushi . Sheehan's modified May-Grunwald Giemsa staining was carried out in 365 tissues from 87 animals, and rickettsiae were documented in 87 tissues from 20 animals. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, using polyclonal antibodies raised against selected epitopes of the 56-kDa antigen, was carried out, and 81/87 tissue sections were tested positive for O. tsutsugamushi . By IHC, in addition to the endothelium, the pathogen was also demonstrated by IHC in cardiomyocytes, the bronchiolar epithelium, stroma of the lungs, hepatocytes, the bile duct epithelium, the epithelium and goblet cells of intestine, the tubular epithelium of the kidney, and splenic macrophages. Furthermore, the pathogen was confirmed by real-time PCR using blood ( n = 20) and tissues ( n = 81) of the IHC-positive animals. None of the blood samples and only 22 out of 81 IHC-positive tissues were tested positive by PCR. By nucleotide sequencing of the 56-kDa gene, Gilliam and Karp strains were found circulating among these animals. Although these bacterial strains are highly virulent and cause a wide range of pathological alterations, hence exploring their adaptive mechanisms of survival in shrews will be of significance. Given that the pathogen localizes in various organs following a transient bacteremia, we recommend the inclusion of tissues from the heart, lung, intestine, and kidney of reservoir animals, in addition to blood samples, for future molecular surveillance of scrub typhus.
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- 2024
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134. Evidence on the prevalence of emerging and re-emerging tick- and flea-borne rickettsial agents in acute encephalitis syndrome endemic areas of northeast Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Candasamy S, Ayyanar E, Devaraju P, Kumar A, Zaman K, Bhaskar Mishra B, Srinivasan L, and Purushothaman J
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- Dogs, Cats, Animals, Humans, Multilocus Sequence Typing veterinary, Shrews genetics, Shrews microbiology, Phylogeny, Prevalence, Siphonaptera microbiology, Acute Febrile Encephalopathy veterinary, Rhipicephalus sanguineus genetics, Rickettsia genetics, Rickettsia Infections epidemiology, Rickettsia Infections veterinary, Rickettsia Infections microbiology, Ctenocephalides microbiology, Cat Diseases, Dog Diseases
- Abstract
Outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with unknown aetiology are reported every year in Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India, and Orientia tsutsugamushi, the rickettsial pathogen, responsible for scrub typhus has been attributed as the primary cause of AES problem. However, information on the prevalence of other rickettsial infections is lacking. Hence, this study was carried out to assess any occurrence of tick- and flea-borne rickettsial agents in villages reporting AES cases in this district. In total, 825 peridomestic small mammals were trapped, by setting 9254 Sherman traps in four villages with a trap success rate of 8.9%. The Asian house shrew, Suncus murinus, constituted the predominant animal species (56.2%) and contributed to the maximum number (87.37%) of ectoparasites. In total, 1552 ectoparasites comprising two species of ticks and one species each of flea and louse were retrieved from the trapped rodents/shrews. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, was the predominant species retrieved from the trapped rodents/shrews, and the overall infestation rate was 1.75 per animal. In total, 4428 ectoparasites comprising five tick species, three louse species and one flea species were collected from 1798 domestic animals screened. Rhipicephalus microplus was the predominant tick species collected from the domestic animals. The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, constituted 1.5% of the total ectoparasites. Of all the ectoparasite samples (5980) from domestic animals and rodents, tested as 1211 pools through real-time PCR assays, 64 pools were positive for 23S rRNA gene of rickettsial agents. The PCR-positive samples were subjected to multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). In BLAST and phylogenetic analysis, the ectoparasites were found to harbour Rickettsia asembonensis (n = 9), Rickettsia conorii (n = 3), Rickettsia massiliae (n = 29) and Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis (n = 1). A total of 22 pools were detected to have multiple rickettsial agents. The prevalence of fleas and high abundance of tick vectors with natural infections of rickettsial agents indicates the risk of transmission of tick- and flea-borne rickettsial diseases in rural villages of Gorakhpur. Further epidemiological studies are required to confirm the transmission of these agents to humans., (© 2023 Royal Entomological Society.)
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- 2024
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135. NEDD4L intramolecular interactions regulate its auto and substrate Na V 1.5 ubiquitination.
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Wright KM, Nathan S, Jiang H, Xia W, Kim H, Chakouri N, Nwafor JN, Fossier L, Srinivasan L, Chen Z, Boronina T, Post J, Paul S, Cole RN, Ben-Johny M, Cole PA, and Gabelli SB
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- Ubiquitin metabolism, Humans, HEK293 Cells, Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport metabolism, Nedd4 Ubiquitin Protein Ligases genetics, Nedd4 Ubiquitin Protein Ligases metabolism, Ubiquitination, NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel metabolism
- Abstract
NEDD4L is a HECT-type E3 ligase that catalyzes the addition of ubiquitin to intracellular substrates such as the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel, Na
V 1.5. The intramolecular interactions of NEDD4L regulate its enzymatic activity which is essential for proteostasis. For NaV 1.5, this process is critical as alterations in Na+ current is involved in cardiac diseases including arrhythmias and heart failure. In this study, we perform extensive biochemical and functional analyses that implicate the C2 domain and the first WW-linker (1,2-linker) in the autoregulatory mechanism of NEDD4L. Through in vitro and electrophysiological experiments, the NEDD4L 1,2-linker was determined to be important in substrate ubiquitination of NaV 1.5. We establish the preferred sites of ubiquitination of NEDD4L to be in the second WW-linker (2,3-linker). Interestingly, NEDD4L ubiquitinates the cytoplasmic linker between the first and second transmembrane domains of the channel (DI-DII) of NaV 1.5. Moreover, we design a genetically encoded modulator of Nav1.5 that achieves Na+ current reduction using the NEDD4L HECT domain as cargo of a NaV 1.5-binding nanobody. These investigations elucidate the mechanisms regulating the NEDD4 family and furnish a new molecular framework for understanding NaV 1.5 ubiquitination., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest in regards to this manuscript. S. B. G. is a cofounder and equity holder in the company Advanced Molecular Sciences, LLC. S. B. G. has been or is a consultant for Scorpion Therapeutics and Xinthera. P. A. C. has been a consultant for Scorpion Therapeutics., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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136. Racial and ethnic disparities in common inpatient safety outcomes in a children's hospital cohort.
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Lyren A, Haines E, Fanta M, Gutzeit M, Staubach K, Chundi P, Ward V, Srinivasan L, Mackey M, Vonderhaar M, Sisson P, Sheffield-Bradshaw U, Fryzlewicz B, Coffey M, and Cowden JD
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- Child, Humans, United States, Cross-Sectional Studies, Hospitals, Healthcare Disparities, White, Inpatients, Ethnicity
- Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence has shown racial and ethnic disparities in rates of harm for hospitalised children. Previous work has also demonstrated how highly heterogeneous approaches to collection of race and ethnicity data pose challenges to population-level analyses. This work aims to both create an approach to aggregating safety data from multiple hospitals by race and ethnicity and apply the approach to the examination of potential disparities in high-frequency harm conditions., Methods: In this cross-sectional, multicentre study, a cohort of hospitals from the Solutions for Patient Safety network with varying race and ethnicity data collection systems submitted validated central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and unplanned extubation (UE) data stratified by patient race and ethnicity categories. Data were submitted using a crosswalk created by the study team that reconciled varying approaches to race and ethnicity data collection by participating hospitals. Harm rates for race and ethnicity categories were compared with reference values reflective of the cohort and broader children's hospital population., Results: Racial and ethnic disparities were identified in both harm types. Multiracial Hispanic, Combined Hispanic and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander patients had CLABSI rates of 2.6-3.6 SD above reference values. For Black or African American patients, UE rates were 3.2-4.4 SD higher. Rates of both events in White patients were significantly lower than reference values., Conclusions: The combination of harm data across hospitals with varying race and ethnicity collection systems was accomplished through iterative development of a race and ethnicity category framework. We identified racial and ethnic disparities in CLABSI and UE that can be addressed in future improvement work by identifying and modifying care delivery factors that contribute to safety disparities., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
- Published
- 2024
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137. Identification of HPV16 E1 and E2-specific T cells in the oropharyngeal cancer tumor microenvironment.
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McInnis C, Bhatia S, Vijaykumar B, Tian Q, Sun Y, Leistritz-Edwards D, Quinn CT, Uppaluri R, Egloff AM, Srinivasan L, Pregibon DC, Coyle AJ, and Hanna GJ
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- Humans, Human papillomavirus 16, Tumor Microenvironment, Papillomavirus Infections, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms, Head and Neck Neoplasms
- Abstract
Background: High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a primary cause of an increasing number of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs). The viral etiology of these cancers provides the opportunity for antigen-directed therapies that are restricted in scope compared with cancers without viral components. However, specific virally-encoded epitopes and their corresponding immune responses are not fully defined., Methods: To understand the OPSCC immune landscape, we conducted a comprehensive single-cell analysis of HPV16+ and HPV33+ primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes. We used single-cell analysis with encoded peptide-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) tetramers to analyze HPV16+ and HPV33+ OPSCC tumors, characterizing the ex vivo cellular responses to HPV-derived antigens presented in major Class I and Class II HLA alleles., Results: We identified robust cytotoxic T-cell responses to HPV16 proteins E1 and E2 that were shared across multiple patients, particularly in HLA-A*01:01 and HLA-B*08:01. Responses to E2 were associated with loss of E2 expression in at least one tumor, indicating the functional capacity of these E2-recognizing T cells and many of these interactions validated in a functional assay. Conversely, cellular responses to E6 and E7 were limited in quantity and cytotoxic capacity, and tumor E6 and E7 expression persisted., Conclusions: These data highlight antigenicity beyond HPV16 E6 and E7 and nominate candidates for antigen-directed therapies., Competing Interests: Competing interests: CM, BV, QT, DL-E, DCP and AJC are employees and/or stockholders of Repertoire Immune Medicine. GJH reports grants and institutional support from ASCO CCF, Bicara, BMS, Gateway for Cancer Research, GSK, Kite, KSQ, Kura Oncology, ImmunityBio, Regeneron. Consulting/honoraria from Bicara, BMS, Coherus, Exicure, Kura, Maverick, Merck, Naveris, Regeneron, and SIRPant. AME reports support from NIH/NIDCR U0 DE029188. RU serves on a Merck advisory board., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
- Published
- 2023
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138. A cyst in the mist: bronchogenic mediastinal cysts.
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Menon SPK, Wachira L, and Srinivasan L
- Abstract
Malformations of the bronchopulmonary foregut can lead to the formation of bronchogenic mediastinal cysts (BMC). BMC are rare congenital malformations usually found in the middle or posterior mediastinum. Only one-third of patients with BMC are symptomatic. We report a case of BMC in a 48-year-old female who was referred to the cardiothoracic surgeons due to an incidental finding of an anterior mediastinal mass on investigation for intermittent chest pain. The mass was treated surgically with a partial median sternotomy and mass excision. The patient's symptomology and mass histology were atypical for BMC. At follow-up, the patient reported no residual symptoms. This case demonstrates the significance of considering BMC, especially the anterior subtype, as a differential diagnosis in the findings of patients with intermittent chest pain and computerized tomography findings of a mediastinal mass., (Published by Oxford University Press and JSCR Publishing Ltd. © The Author(s) 2023.)
- Published
- 2023
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139. A universal MHCII technology platform to characterize antigen-specific CD4 + T cells.
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Vyasamneni R, Kohler V, Karki B, Mahimkar G, Esaulova E, McGee J, Kallin D, Sheen JH, Harjanto D, Kirsch M, Poran A, Dong J, Srinivasan L, Gaynor RB, Bushway ME, and Srouji JR
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- Humans, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte genetics, Flow Cytometry, Cell Separation, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, COVID-19
- Abstract
CD4
+ T cells are critical to the immune system and perform multiple functions; therefore, their identification and characterization are crucial to better understanding the immune system in both health and disease states. However, current methods rarely preserve their ex vivo phenotype, thus limiting our understanding of their in vivo functions. Here we introduce a flexible, rapid, and robust platform for ex vivo CD4+ T cell identification. By combining MHCII allele purification, allele-independent peptide loading, and multiplexed flow cytometry technologies, we can enable high-throughput personalized CD4+ T cell identification, immunophenotyping, and sorting. Using this platform in combination with single-cell sorting and multimodal analyses, we identified and characterized antigen-specific CD4+ T cells relevant to COVID-19 and cancer neoantigen immunotherapy. Overall, our platform can be used to detect and characterize CD4+ T cells across multiple diseases, with potential to guide CD4+ T cell epitope design for any disease-specific immunization strategy., Competing Interests: R.V., V.K., B.K., G.M., K.E., J.M., D.K., J.H.S., D.H., M.K., A.P., J.D., L.S., R.B.G., M.E.B., and J.R.S., are all current or former employees and/or equity holders of BioNTech SE. D.H. is a current employee of Prime Medicine, Inc., and L.S. is a current employee of Repertoire Immune Medicines, Inc. R.B.G. is a member of the board of directors at Alkermes PLC, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, and Zai Lab, as well as a member of the scientific advisory board at Leap Therapeutics. Patents have been filed relating to this work., (© 2023 The Authors.)- Published
- 2023
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140. Efficacy and Safety of Two Different Flow Rates of Nasal High-Flow Therapy in Preterm Neonates ≥28 Weeks of Gestation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
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Balasubramanian H, Sakharkar S, Majarikar S, Srinivasan L, Kabra NS, Garg B, and Ahmed J
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- Infant, Female, Infant, Newborn, Humans, Pregnancy, Infant, Premature, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Surface-Active Agents, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn drug therapy, Pulmonary Surfactants therapeutic use
- Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of two different nasal high-flow rates for primary respiratory support in preterm neonates STUDY DESIGN: In this single-center, double-blinded randomized controlled trial, preterm neonates ≥28 weeks of gestation with respiratory distress from birth were randomized to treatment with either increased nasal flow therapy (8-10 L/min) or standard nasal flow therapy (5-7 L/min). The primary outcome of nasal high-flow therapy failure was a composite outcome defined as the need for higher respiratory support (continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP] or mechanical ventilation) or surfactant therapy., Results: A total of 212 neonates were enrolled. Nasal high-flow failure rate in the increased flow group was similar to the standard flow group (22 vs. 29%, relative risk = 0.81 [95% confidence interval: 0.57-1.15]). However, nasal flow rate escalation was significantly more common in the standard flow group (64 vs. 43%, p = 0.004). None of the infants in the increased flow group developed air leak syndromes., Conclusion: Higher nasal flow rate (8-10 L/min) when compared with lower nasal flow rate of 5 to 7 L/min did not reduce the need for higher respiratory support (CPAP/mechanical ventilation) or surfactant therapy in moderately and late preterm neonates. However, initial flow rates of 5 L/min were not optimal for most preterm infants receiving primary nasal flow therapy., Key Points: · Use of high nasal flows (8-10 L/min) did not reduce the need for higher respiratory support in moderately and late preterm infants.. · Nasal flow rate of 5 L/min was not optimal for most preterms with respiratory distress from birth.. · Careful patient selection and optimized flow settings could enhance nasal flow success in neonates.., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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141. Personalized neoantigen vaccine NEO-PV-01 with chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 as first-line treatment for non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer.
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Awad MM, Govindan R, Balogh KN, Spigel DR, Garon EB, Bushway ME, Poran A, Sheen JH, Kohler V, Esaulova E, Srouji J, Ramesh S, Vyasamneni R, Karki B, Sciuto TE, Sethi H, Dong JZ, Moles MA, Manson K, Rooney MS, Khondker ZS, DeMario M, Gaynor RB, and Srinivasan L
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- Antigens, Neoplasm, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Humans, Immunotherapy, Cancer Vaccines adverse effects, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung drug therapy, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung genetics, Lung Neoplasms drug therapy, Lung Neoplasms genetics
- Abstract
Neoantigens arising from mutations in tumor DNA provide targets for immune-based therapy. Here, we report the clinical and immune data from a Phase Ib clinical trial of a personalized neoantigen-vaccine NEO-PV-01 in combination with pemetrexed, carboplatin, and pembrolizumab as first-line therapy for advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This analysis of 38 patients treated with the regimen demonstrated no treatment-related serious adverse events. Multiple parameters including baseline tumor immune infiltration and on-treatment circulating tumor DNA levels were highly correlated with clinical response. De novo neoantigen-specific CD4
+ and CD8+ T cell responses were observed post-vaccination. Epitope spread to non-vaccinating neoantigens, including responses to KRAS G12C and G12V mutations, were detected post-vaccination. Neoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells generated post-vaccination revealed effector and cytotoxic phenotypes with increased CD4+ T cell infiltration in the post-vaccine tumor biopsy. Collectively, these data support the safety and immunogenicity of this regimen in advanced non-squamous NSCLC., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests M.M.A.,research grants (to institution): Genentech, Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca; consulting/advisory board fees, Genentech, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Neon, Achilles, Maverick, Blueprint Medicine, Hengrui, Syndax, Ariad, Nektar, Gritstone, ArcherDX, Mirati, NextCure, Novartis, EMD Serono, Panvaxal/NovaRx, Foundation Medicine. R.G., advisory role, Precisca Lung, Merck, Jacobio. D.R.S., research grants (to institution), Aeglea, Agios, Apollomics, Arcus, Arrys, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Therapeutics, BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals, Blueprint Medicine, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Calithera, Celldex, Clovis, Cyteir, Daiichi Sankyo, Biopharma, Eisai, Elevation Oncology, EMD Serono, Evelo Biosciences, G1, Roche/Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, GRAIL, Hutchison MediPharma, ImClone Systems, Incyte, ImmunoGen, Ipsen, Janssen, Kronos Bio, Loxo Oncology, MacroGenics, MedImmune, Merck, Molecular Partners, Molecular Template, Nektar, Novartis, Novocure, Oncologie, Pfizer, PTC, PureTech Health, Razor Genomics, Repare, Rgenix, Takeda, Tesaro, Tizona Therapeutics, Transgene, University of Texas Southwestern, Verastem; consulting/advisory board (to institution), Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Curio Science, EMD Serono, Evidera, Exelixis, GlaxoSmithKline, Intellisphere, Ipsen, Janssen, Jazz, Lilly, Mirati, Molecular Templates, Novartis, Novocure, Pfizer, Puma Biotechnology, Regeneron, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi-Aventis. EBG: Consulting or Advisory Role: ABL Bio, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Dracen, Eisai, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Gilead, GSK, Merck, Natera, Novartis, Personalis, Regeneron, Sanofi, Shionogi, Xilio; grant/research support, ABL Bio, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Dynavax Technologies, EMD Serono, Genentech, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Eli Lilly, Merck, Mirati, Neon, Novartis. R.B.G., Board of Directors, Alkermes plc, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, and Zai Laboratory, and Scientific Advisory Board, Leap Therapeutics; consultant Third Rock Ventures, stockholder and employee of BioNTech US. H.S., employee of Natera, with stock/options to own stock in the company. K.N.B., M.E.B., A.P., J.H.S., V.K., E.E., J.S., S.R., R.V., T.E.S., J.Z.D., M.A.M., K.M., M.S.R., Z.S.K., M.D.M., and L.S., stockholder and either current or past employees of Neon Therapeutics/BioNTech US., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
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142. Dual-site blood culture yield and time to positivity in neonatal late-onset sepsis.
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Coggins SA, Harris MC, and Srinivasan L
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- Blood Culture, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Retrospective Studies, Bacteremia diagnosis, Neonatal Sepsis diagnosis, Sepsis diagnosis, Sepsis microbiology
- Abstract
Objective: To determine whether culture yield and time to positivity (TTP) differ between peripheral and central vascular catheter-derived blood cultures (BCx) in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients evaluated for late-onset sepsis., Design: Single-centre, retrospective, observational study., Setting: Level IV NICU., Participants: The study included infants >72 hours old admitted to NICU in 2007-2019 with culture-confirmed bacteraemia. All episodes had simultaneous BCx drawn from a peripheral site and a vascular catheter ('catheter culture')., Main Outcome Measures: Dual-site culture yield and TTP., Results: Among 179 episodes of late-onset bacteraemia (among 167 infants) with concurrently drawn peripheral and catheter BCx, the majority (67%, 120 of 179) were positive from both sites, compared with 17% (30 of 179) with positive catheter cultures only and 16% (29 of 179) with positive peripheral cultures only. 66% (19 of 29) of episodes with only positive peripheral BCx grew coagulase-negative Staphylococcus , while 34% (10 of 29) were recognised bacterial pathogens. Among 120 episodes with both peripheral and catheter BCx growth, catheter cultures demonstrated bacterial growth prior to paired peripheral cultures in 78% of episodes (93 of 120, p<0.001). The median TTP was significantly shorter in catheter compared with peripheral cultures (15.0 hours vs 16.8 hours, p<0.001). The median elapsed time between paired catheter and peripheral culture growth was 1.3 hours., Conclusion: Concurrently drawn peripheral and catheter BCx had similar yield. While a majority of episodes demonstrated dual-site BCx growth, a small but important minority of episodes grew virulent pathogens from either culture site alone. While dual-site culture practices may be useful, clinicians should balance the gain in sensitivity of bacteraemia detection against additive contamination risk., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
- Published
- 2022
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143. Development of high-affinity nanobodies specific for Na V 1.4 and Na V 1.5 voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms.
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Srinivasan L, Alzogaray V, Selvakumar D, Nathan S, Yoder JB, Wright KM, Klinke S, Nwafor JN, Labanda MS, Goldbaum FA, Schön A, Freire E, Tomaselli GF, Amzel LM, Ben-Johny M, and Gabelli SB
- Subjects
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Escherichia coli genetics, Humans, Long QT Syndrome metabolism, Mammals metabolism, Protein Isoforms genetics, Protein Isoforms metabolism, Recombinant Proteins genetics, Recombinant Proteins metabolism, Single-Domain Antibodies genetics, Single-Domain Antibodies metabolism, Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels genetics, Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels metabolism
- Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels, Na
V s, are responsible for the rapid rise of action potentials in excitable tissues. NaV channel mutations have been implicated in several human genetic diseases, such as hypokalemic periodic paralysis, myotonia, and long-QT and Brugada syndromes. Here, we generated high-affinity anti-NaV nanobodies (Nbs), Nb17 and Nb82, that recognize the NaV 1.4 (skeletal muscle) and NaV 1.5 (cardiac muscle) channel isoforms. These Nbs were raised in llama (Lama glama) and selected from a phage display library for high affinity to the C-terminal (CT) region of NaV 1.4. The Nbs were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and biophysically characterized. Development of high-affinity Nbs specifically targeting a given human NaV isoform has been challenging because they usually show undesired crossreactivity for different NaV isoforms. Our results show, however, that Nb17 and Nb82 recognize the CTNaV 1.4 or CTNaV 1.5 over other CTNav isoforms. Kinetic experiments by biolayer interferometry determined that Nb17 and Nb82 bind to the CTNaV 1.4 and CTNaV 1.5 with high affinity (KD ∼ 40-60 nM). In addition, as proof of concept, we show that Nb82 could detect NaV 1.4 and NaV 1.5 channels in mammalian cells and tissues by Western blot. Furthermore, human embryonic kidney cells expressing holo NaV 1.5 channels demonstrated a robust FRET-binding efficiency for Nb17 and Nb82. Our work lays the foundation for developing Nbs as anti-NaV reagents to capture NaV s from cell lysates and as molecular visualization agents for NaV s., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest S. B. G. is a founder and holds equity in Advanced Molecular Sciences LLC. S. B. G. is consultant to Genesis Therapeutics and Xinthera, Inc. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2022
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144. Laser-Assisted Frenectomy Followed by Post-Operative Tongue Exercises in Ankyloglossia: A Report of Two Cases.
- Author
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Jaikumar S, Srinivasan L, Kennedy Babu SPK, Gandhimadhi D, and Margabandhu M
- Abstract
Ankyloglossia, commonly known as tongue-tie, is a developmental abnormality that may interfere in speech and articulation of lingual and sibilant sounds, due to the abnormal lingual frenal attachment. Lingual frenectomy severs the tie, however in adolescents and young adults, kinesthetic awareness, that is, the senses of position and movement of the tongue, needs to be increased. In such a scenario, tongue exercises lend a helping hand. Here, we discuss the benefits of this combined treatment modality in two cases diagnosed with ankyloglossia., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Jaikumar et al.)
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- 2022
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145. Protocol for the Birth Asphyxia in African Newborns (Baby BRAiN) Study: a Neonatal Encephalopathy Feasibility Cohort Study.
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Nanyunja C, Sadoo S, Mambule I, Mathieson SR, Nyirenda M, Webb EL, Mugalu J, Robertson NJ, Nabawanuka A, Gilbert G, Bwambale J, Martinello K, Bainbridge A, Lubowa S, Srinivasan L, Ssebombo H, Morgan C, Hagmann C, Cowan FM, Le Doare K, Wintermark P, Kawooya M, Boylan GB, Nakimuli A, and Tann CJ
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a leading cause of child mortality worldwide and contributes substantially to stillbirths and long-term disability. Ninety-nine percent of deaths from NE occur in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). Whilst therapeutic hypothermia significantly improves outcomes in high-income countries, its safety and effectiveness in diverse LMIC contexts remains debated. Important differences in the aetiology, nature and timing of neonatal brain injury likely influence the effectiveness of postnatal interventions, including therapeutic hypothermia. METHODS: This is a prospective pilot feasibility cohort study of neonates with NE conducted at Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Neurological investigations include continuous video electroencephalography (EEG) (days 1-4), serial cranial ultrasound imaging, and neonatal brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy (MRI/ MRS) (day 10-14). Neurodevelopmental follow-up will be continued to 18-24 months of age including Prechtl's Assessment of General Movements, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and a formal scored neurological examination. The primary outcome will be death and moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 18-24 months. Findings will be used to inform explorative science and larger trials, aiming to develop urgently needed neuroprotective and neurorestorative interventions for NE applicable for use in diverse settings. DISCUSSION: The primary aims of the study are to assess the feasibility of establishing a facility-based cohort of children with NE in Uganda, to enhance our understanding of NE in a low-resource sub-Saharan African setting and provide infrastructure to conduct high-quality research on neuroprotective/ neurorestorative strategies to reduce death and disability from NE. Specific objectives are to establish a NE cohort, in order to 1) investigate the clinical course, aetiology, nature and timing of perinatal brain injury; 2) describe electrographic activity and quantify seizure burden and the relationship with adverse outcomes, and; 3) develop capacity for neonatal brain MRI/S and examine associations with early neurodevelopmental outcomes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: GG is an employee of Philips Healthcare. No other competing interests are disclosed., (Copyright: © 2022 Nanyunja C et al.)
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- 2022
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146. Elusive structure of mammalian DGKs.
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Ma Q, Srinivasan L, Gabelli SB, and Raben DM
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- Animals, Humans, Mammals genetics, Mammals metabolism, Phosphorylation, Protein Isoforms, Signal Transduction, Diacylglycerol Kinase metabolism, Phosphatidic Acids
- Abstract
Mammalian diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to produce phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). In doing so, they modulate the levels of these two important signaling lipids. Currently, ten mammalian DGKs are organized into five classes that vary with respect to domain organization, regulation, and cellular/subcellular distribution. As lipids play critical roles in cells, it is not surprising that there is increasing interest in understanding the mechanism underlying the catalysis and regulation of lipid modulating enzymes such as DGKs. However, there are no solved 3D structures for any of the eukaryotic DGKs. In this review, we summarize what is known and the current challenges in determining the structures of these important enzymes. In addition to gain critical insights into their mechanisms of catalysis and regulation, DGK structures will provide a platform for the design of isoform specific inhibitors., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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147. Predictors and ocular outcomes of rescue treatment in preterm infants with treated retinopathy of prematurity-a retrospective study.
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Balasubramanian H, Sindhur M, Doshi A, Srinivasan L, Kabra NS, Malpani A, and Agashe P
- Subjects
- Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intravitreal Injections, Laser Coagulation, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Infant, Premature, Retinopathy of Prematurity drug therapy, Retinopathy of Prematurity therapy
- Abstract
Aim: To determine predictors of rescue treatment among infants treated for retinopathy of prematurity and to evaluate their ocular outcomes at 18-24 months of corrected age., Methods: This is a single centre retrospective study of infants who received treatment for type 1 ROP, using laser photocoagulation or anti VEGF agents. Multivariable logistic regression was used to generate a prediction model for rescue treatment of ROP. The primary outcome was an abnormal refractive outcome by 24 months of corrected age, among infants primarily treated with laser therapy., Results: Two hundred and eight infants (including 416 eyes) who received single (n = 151) or rescue (multiple) treatments (n = 57) were included. Ninety three percent of the infants were primarily treated with laser photocoagulation. Lower gestational age, small for gestational age, early packed red blood cell transfusion (within 2 weeks of postnatal age), and presence of Zone 1 retinopathy predicted the need for rescue treatment in treated infants [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.81 (0.73-0.89)]. The incidence of abnormal refractive outcome, assessed in a total of 174 infants, was found to be significantly higher in the rescue treatment group (67% versus 21%, adjusted odds ratio: 7.56 (3.3-17.2), P < 0.001). Myopia, very high myopia and use of spectacles was significantly higher in the rescue treatment group (P < 0.001 for each)., Conclusions: Rescue treatment for ROP was associated with an increased incidence of refractive errors and requirement of spectacles by 2 years of age. Larger prospective multicentre studies are required to confirm the findings from our study.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
148. New (Ab)normal: A Tale of 2 Pandemics.
- Author
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Srinivasan L
- Subjects
- Health Equity, Humans, India epidemiology, United States, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 therapy, Healthcare Disparities
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
149. Effects of blood sampling stewardship and erythropoietin administration in extremely low birth weight infants-a quality improvement non-controlled before-and-after retrospective study.
- Author
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Balasubramanian H, Atyalgade M, Garg B, Srinivasan L, Kabra NS, and Khapekar S
- Subjects
- Humans, Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Quality Improvement, Retrospective Studies, Anemia, Neonatal prevention & control, Erythropoietin
- Abstract
The majority of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonates receive red blood cell (RBC) transfusions; at least 50% receive multiple transfusions. Anemia care bundles could be the most effective approach to reduce transfusion rates. We conducted a quality improvement non-controlled before-and-after retrospective study involving 345 ELBW infants admitted over a 5-year period in two consecutive epochs before and after implementation of an anemia care bundle in January 2017. Bundle components included (a) prophylactic subcutaneous erythropoietin twice each week (600 IU/kg/week) from day 7 through 8 weeks of age and (b) blood sampling stewardship in the first five postnatal weeks. Early postnatal blood sampling losses were significantly reduced following the implementation of the care bundle (21.2 ml/kg vs 25 ml/kg, P < 0.001). We found a 50% reduction in the rate of multiple RBC transfusions (adjusted RR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.34-0.59) and a reduced odds of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (4% vs 10%, adjusted OR 0.38 (95% CI: 0.15-0.78)) among infants that received the anemia care bundle (n = 182 infants). The overall transfusion rate, number and volume of transfusions, and multiple donor exposures were also significantly reduced.Conclusion: The combination of extended subcutaneous erythropoietin administration and reduced early postnatal blood sampling was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of multiple erythrocyte transfusions and NEC in ELBW neonates. What is known: • The majority of extremely low birth weight neonates continue to require blood transfusions despite advances in standardized transfusion practices; at least 50% require multiple transfusions. • Anemia care bundles, employing a combination of anemia prevention strategies, can effectively reduce the RBC transfusion rates in ELBW infants. What is new: • A combination of extended subcutaneous erythropoietin supplementation and blood sampling stewardship practices reduced the rate of multiple RBC transfusions in ELBW neonates by 50%. • Implementation of the anemia care bundle was associated with a significant reduction in the rates of necrotizing enterocolitis.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
150. Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Late-Onset Neonatal Sepsis: A Matched Cohort Study.
- Author
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Coggins SA, Laskin B, Harris MC, Grundmeier RW, Passarella M, McKenna KJ, and Srinivasan L
- Subjects
- Acute Kidney Injury diagnosis, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Newborn, Male, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Acute Kidney Injury epidemiology, Acute Kidney Injury etiology, Neonatal Sepsis complications
- Abstract
Objectives: To determine incidence and severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) within 7 days of sepsis evaluation and to assess AKI duration and the association between AKI and 30-day mortality., Study Design: Retrospective, matched cohort study in a single-center level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Eligible infants underwent sepsis evaluations at ≥72 hours of age during calendar years 2013-2018. Exposed infants (cases) were those with culture-proven sepsis and antimicrobial duration ≥5 days. Nonexposed infants (controls) were matched 1:1 to exposed infants based on gestational and corrected gestational age, and had negative sepsis evaluations with antibiotic durations <48 hours. AKI was defined by modified neonatal Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney and χ
2 tests, multivariable logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier time-to-event analysis., Results: Among 203 episodes of late-onset sepsis, 40 (20%) developed AKI within 7 days after evaluation, and among 193 episodes with negative cultures, 16 (8%) resulted in AKI (P = .001). Episodes of sepsis also led to greater AKI severity, compared with nonseptic episodes (P = .007). The timing of AKI onset and AKI duration did not differ between groups. Sepsis was associated with increased odds of developing AKI (aOR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.5-6.2; P = .002). AKI was associated with increased 30-day mortality (aOR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.3-15.6; P = .017)., Conclusions: Infants with late-onset sepsis had increased odds of AKI and greater AKI severity within 7 days of sepsis evaluation, compared with age-matched infants without sepsis. AKI was independently associated with increased 30-day mortality. Strategies to mitigate AKI in critically ill neonates with sepsis may improve outcomes., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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