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The efficient removal of a range of anionic and cationic contaminants from acid mine waters to facilitate water reuse or for safe discharge constitutes a major environmental challenge. Recently, layered double hydroxide (LDH)-type materials have shown considerable efficacy at experimental and full-scale for acid mine water treatment. In this study, LDH-type materials were prepared in situ under different experimental conditions with a method for their separation also developed. This work demonstrated that an interlinked network of smaller LDH aggregates was formed during synthesis leading to the development of stable colloids. Different approaches were tested to separate the solid materials containing the captured contaminants from the solute. Polyelectrolytes adsorbed strongly on the particle networks causing charge neutralization and overcharging, however, destabilization of the stable dispersions was unsuccessful. Diluting the stable dispersions led to rapid sedimentation and separation of the LDH, which facilitated higher solute recoveries.

Sudden cardiac death among top athletes is very rare, however, it is 2-4 times more frequent than in the age-matched control population. In the present study, the electrophysiological consequences of long-term exercise training were investigated on Ca

We demonstrate attosecond control of the multi-photon multiple ionization of argon. While a weakly oscillating Ar2+ is found in an autocorrelation measurement, the Ar3+ ion yield strongly oscillates due to direct multi-photon absorption.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Items measuring the model constructs.

In the area of forbidden subposet problems we look for the largest possible size La(n, P) of a family \(\mathcal {F}\subseteq 2^{[n]}\) that does not contain a forbidden inclusion pattern described by P. The main conjecture of the area states that for any finite poset P there exists an integer e(P) such that \(La(n,P)=(e(P)+o(1)){n\atopwithdelims ()\left\lfloor {n/2}\right\rfloor }\).

A Berge-path of length k in a hypergraph \(\mathcal H\) is a sequence \(v_1,e_1,v_2,e_2,\dots ,\) \(v_{k},e_k,v_{k+1}\) of distinct vertices and hyperedges with \(v_{i+1}\in e_i,e_{i+1}\) for all \(i\in [k]\). Furedi, Kostochka and Luo, and independently Győri, Salia and Zamora determined the maximum number of hyperedges in an n-vertex, connected, r-uniform hypergraph that does not contain a Berge-path of length k provided k is large enough compared to r. They also determined the unique extremal hypergraph \(\mathcal H_1\).

Background Despite the increasing number of personalized nutrition services available on the market, nutrigenomics-based level of personalization is still the exception rather than a mainstream activity. This can be partly explained by various factors of consumer acceptance of the new technology. While consumer attitudes toward genetic tests aiming to reveal the risks of a predisposition to various illnesses have already been examined by several research studies worldwide; consumer acceptance of nutrigenomics-based personalized nutrition has only been examined by a significantly lower number of papers, especially in the Central and Eastern European region. Objective The purpose of this paper is to examine consumer acceptance of genetic-based personalized nutrition in Hungary. Therefore a national representative survey was conducted involving 1000 individuals. The starting point of the model used is the assumption that the consumer acceptance of personalized nutrition is influenced by its consumer perceptions, which are affected by psychological processes that, in a more general sense, determine acceptance of food innovations. Results The results show that 23.5% of respondents accept genetic test-based personalized nutrition. Women were found to reject the new technology in a significantly smaller proportion than men. The relationship between other demographic variables (i.e. age groups, education and subjective income level) and the perception of genetic-based personalized nutrition is also significant. Our results indicate that it is perceived cost/benefit that is most strongly related to genetically based personalized dietary preferences, followed by perceived risk and subjective norms. Perceived uncertainty and perceived behavioural control, however, have only a weak relationship with genetic-based personalized dietary preferences. Conclusions Compared with the magnitude of the effect of socio-demographic criteria, it can be concluded that, on the whole, psychological processes in the individual have a greater influence on the development of preferences for genetic-based personalized nutrition than any socio-demographic factor. This also confirms the trend that there are more and more value-added products or value propositions (where a significant part of the value added is to be found in product innovation), for which psychological characteristics are/should be given more emphasis among the segmentation criteria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12263-021-00683-7.

Several theories have emerged to study types of eating behavior leading to obesity, but most of the applied models are mainly related to food choice decisions and food consumer behavior. The purpose of this paper was to examine the eating attitudes of Hungarian consumers by applying the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21). The national representative questionnaire involved 1000 individuals in Hungary in 2019. Several multivariate statistical techniques were applied for the data analysis: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, multivariate data reduction techniques, and cluster analysis. This study successfully managed to distinguish the following factors: emotional eating, uncontrolled eating, and cognitive restraint. By using the factors, five clusters were identified: Uncontrolled Emotional Eaters, Overweight, Uncontrolled Eaters, Controlled, Conscious Eaters, the Uninterested, and the Rejecters, all of these could be addressed by public health policy with individually tailored messages. The empirical results led to rejection of the original Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21), while the TFEQ-R16 model could be validated on a representative sample of adults, for the first time in Hungary.

The aim of our paper is to generalize the tangent prolongation of Lie groups to non-associative multiplications and to examine how the weak associative and weak inverse properties are transferred to the multiplication defined on the tangent bundle. We obtain that the tangent prolongation of a $\mathcal{C}^r$-differentiable loop ($r\geq 1$) is a $\mathcal{C}^{r-1}$-differentiable loop that acquires the classical weak inverse and weak associative properties of the initial loop.

This paper is dedicated to Karl Strambach on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Here we want to describe our work with Prof. Karl Strambach.

Az élelem biztosítása a növekvő népesség számára a környezeti externáliák minimalizálása mellett a jelenlegi fenntarthatósági vitában kulcsfontosságú témává válik. A kutatás célja megvizsgálni, hogy az eltérő alternatív étrendet követők körében milyen élelmiszer-fogyasztáshoz kapcsolódó magatartási tényezők jelennek meg, valamint azok milyen hatással vannak a fenntartható élelmiszer-fogyasztás két elemére: az egészség- és a környezettudatosságra. Célkitűzésünk megvalósítása érdekében országos kérdőíves megkérdezést bonyolítottunk le 504 magyar fogyasztó körében, melynek fő elemei a következők voltak: alternatív étrendek, élelmiszerorientált életstílus, helyi termékek. A válaszokat a nem szerinti reprezentativitás biztosítása érdekében súlyozással korrigáltuk, majd leíró statisztikai módszerekkel elemeztük, az élelmiszerorientált életstílus jegyeket pedig faktor- és klaszteranalízis alkalmazásával vizsgáltuk. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy egyes alternatív táplálkozási formák esetében ugyan megjelenik a környezettudatos magatartás, de a fenntarthatósághoz ez még nem elégséges feltétel. Az élelmiszerorientált életstílushoz kapcsolódó állítások alapján öt faktort különítettünk el, úgymint a vásárlási motivációkat, a minőségi aspektust, a vásárlási szokásokat, a fogyasztási szituációkat és a főzési módszereket. A főzési módszerek faktort további három faktorra bontottuk: ezek az elhivatottság-innováció, az egyszerű főzés, illetve a nemek közti (női-férfi) felelősség/szerep. A klaszteranalízis során 5 csoportot kaptunk: „Újdonságot keresők” (27,8%), „Kívülállók” (18,8%), „Konzervatívok” (15,4%), „Motiválatlan fiatalok” (16,9%), illetve „Sportos életmódú fiatalok” (21,0%). A szegmensek közül egészség- és környezettudatosnak egyedül az „Újdonságot keresők” csoportja tekinthető, ezért a vállalatok számára a szegmentum jellemzőinek megismerése indokolt lehet. ----------------------- Providing food for a growing population, while minimizing environmental externalities, is becoming a key issue in the current sustainability debate. The aim of this study is to examine the behavioural factors associated with food intake among those who follow a different alternative diet, and also to examine their impact on two elements of sustainable food consumption: health and environmental awareness. In order to achieve our goal, we conducted a national questionnaire among 504 Hungarian consumers, the main elements of which were: alternative diets, food-oriented lifestyle and local products. The responses were weighed for gender representativeness, analysed using descriptive statistical methods and examined for food-oriented lifestyle features using factor and cluster analyses. The results show that while some alternative forms of nutrition show environmental awareness, this is not a sufficient condition for sustainability. Five factors can be distinguished based on claims related to food-oriented lifestyles, such as purchasing motivation, quality aspect, purchasing habits, consumption situations and cooking methods, with three additional sub-factors within the cooking methods category – vocation innovation, easy cooking and the male-female responsibility / role. In the cluster analysis 5 groups were obtained: “Novelty seekers” (27.8%), “Outsiders” (18.8%), “Conservatives” (15.4%), “Average youth” (16.9%) and “Young people with an athletic lifestyle” (21.0%). Of the segments, only the “Novelty seekers” group is considered to be health- and environmentally-conscious.

For posets P and Q, extremal and saturation problems about weak and strong P-free subposets of Q have been studied mostly in the case Q is the Boolean poset Q n , the poset of all subsets of an n-element set ordered by inclusion. In this paper, we study some instances of the problem with Q being the grid, and its connections to the Boolean case and to the forbidden submatrix problem.

We classify the isometry equivalence classes and determine the isometry groups of connected and simply connected Riemannian nilmanifolds on filiform Lie groups of arbitrary dimension and on five dimensional nilpotent Lie groups of nilpotency class > 2 . To achieve this classification we prove that up to one exceptional class the five dimensional non two-step nilmanifolds and the filiform nilmanifolds have isometry groups of the same (minimal) dimension as the nilmanifold. We give a detailed description of the exceptional case.

Dynamic balancing abilities can be assessed with perturbation tests. The present study examined the effectiveness of balancing (damping ratio) and the recovery action (directional ratio) in bipedal and dominant single-leg stance in the young population. Twenty-four healthy young adult participants completed unidirectional lateral perturbations successfully using a Posturomed© platform (Haider Bioswing, Germany). Single-leg stances had similar damping scores (p = 0.551) to and lower directional ratio values (p = 0.002) than bipedal recoveries. This shows that different recovery actions can achieve similar effectiveness in the two stances. A test evaluation methodology that simultaneously utilises performance and motion characteristic parameters was demonstrated.

The rare, fully mycoheterotrophic Ghost Orchid, Epipogium aphyllum is only visible during its short flowering and fruiting season, which lasts for a few weeks between May and October. Due to the apparent unpredictability of its flowering, decades may pass between subsequent observations at the same locality. The factors affecting timing of flowering in this enigmatic species remain largely unexplored. In Hungary, it is an extremely rare species: between 1924 and 2014 only 25 dated observations from 15 locations are known. Hungary is located on the edge of the species’ distribution area where higher precipitation may occur only in higher regions of mountains. Hence, the spatial and temporal pattern of precipitation might limit the emergence of generative shoots. In this paper we compared rainfall patterns in relation with the Ghost Orchids’ observations to multiannual precipitation averages. The year of flowering and the month preceding flowering (but not the year before flowering and the month of flowering) were characterised by significantly more rainfall than the multi-annual average precipitation. These results suggest that the appearance of the species in Hungary is precipitation-dependent.

Algal-bacterial co-cultures represent an alternative way for algal biohydrogen generation. Efficient algal hydrogen production requires anaerobiosis and electrons accessible for the algal FeFe‑hydrogenases. A number of factors strongly influence the development of this optimal environment. Various algal strains were tested for hydrogen evolution with a selected bacterial partner, a fully hydrogenase deficient Escherichia coli. During the hunt for the most efficient algae strains, gas-to-liquid phase ratio, algal optical density and algal cell size were identified as crucial factors influencing algal hydrogen evolution rate, accumulated algal hydrogen yield, carbon dioxide and oxygen levels as well as acetic acid consumption in illuminated algal-bacterial cultures. The highest accumulated hydrogen yields were observed for the different algal partners under similar experimental setup. The combination of a gas-to-liquid phase ratio of 1/1 with an algae cell density of 3.96 ∗ 108 algae cell ml− 1 (OD750: 1) resulted in the highest accumulated algal hydrogen yields under continuous illumination of ~ 50 μmol m− 2 s− 1 light at 25 °C irrespective of the applied algae strain. Accumulated hydrogen yield was also strongly influenced by the algal cell size, smaller cell size correlated with higher hydrogen evolution rate. The highest accumulated algal hydrogen yield (88.98 ± 2.19 ml H2 l− 1 d− 1) was obtained with Chlorella sp. MACC 360 -E. coli ΔhypF co-culture.

Aim Small geographic ranges make species especially prone to extinction from anthropogenic disturbances or natural stochastic events. We assemble and analyse a comprehensive dataset of all the world's lizard species and identify the species with the smallest ranges—those known only from their type localities. We compare them to wide-ranging species to infer whether specific geographic regions or biological traits predispose species to have small ranges. Location Global. Methods We extensively surveyed museum collections, the primary literature and our own field records to identify all the species of lizards with a maximum linear geographic extent of

The distributions of amphibians, birds and mammals have underpinned global and local conservation priorities, and have been fundamental to our understanding of the determinants of global biodiversity. In contrast, the global distributions of reptiles, representing a third of terrestrial vertebrate diversity, have been unavailable. This prevented the incorporation of reptiles into conservation planning and biased our understanding of the underlying processes governing global vertebrate biodiversity. Here, we present and analyse the global distribution of 10,064 reptile species (99% of extant terrestrial species). We show that richness patterns of the other three tetrapod classes are good spatial surrogates for species richness of all reptiles combined and of snakes, but characterize diversity patterns of lizards and turtles poorly. Hotspots of total and endemic lizard richness overlap very little with those of other taxa. Moreover, existing protected areas, sites of biodiversity significance and global conservation schemes represent birds and mammals better than reptiles. We show that additional conservation actions are needed to effectively protect reptiles, particularly lizards and turtles. Adding reptile knowledge to a global complementarity conservation priority scheme identifies many locations that consequently become important. Notably, investing resources in some of the world’s arid, grassland and savannah habitats might be necessary to represent all terrestrial vertebrates efficiently.

Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) is the main driver of domestic travel in many countries. This study is one of the first to analyse VFR travel from a perspective of tourist experience. This study aims to investigate the complex dynamics behind VFR-related travel, especially in aspects of trip activities and tourist experience formation. Based on a survey (N = 879) examining domestic VFR travellers’ trip activities in Hungary, the paper discusses the formation of a tourist experience in context of short-haul domestic VFR travel, especially the role of influencing factors. The results reveal differences between the segments with trip motivation of visiting friends (VF) and visiting relatives (VR) – the two main types of VFR tourists. It was found that independent variables such as VF, staying for longer and participating in leisure and tourism-type activities have a positive effect on tourist experience evolvement; however, factors such as VR, being rather passive during such a visit and focusing on soc...

Dual-frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) is increasingly used as a fish monitoring and enumeration tool, but many studies do not evaluate potential observer biases. In this project, we assessed inter-observer differences in the identification and enumeration of adult Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) imaged with DIDSON passing a large dam fishway. Six trained viewers independently identified lamprey observation ‘events’ in the same ∼ 12 h of DIDSON data collected at several fishway locations using two sonar orientations. Among-viewer variability in lamprey enumeration was high and viewer agreement on individual lamprey was often low. A total of 274 unique potential Pacific lamprey events was identified, but individual viewers scored only 89–173 events each (mean = 131, CV = 24%) or 32–63% of the total. Viewer identification rates (events/h) varied several-fold at some sites which we attributed primarily to event non-detection rather than species misclassification. Identification diffe...

Purpose: Pain is the most common symptom in acute pancreatitis (AP), and is part of the diagnostic criteria. Since its clinical characteristics in AP have not been detailed in the literature, we aimed to characterize acute abdominal pain in AP. Materials and methods: The Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group (HPSG) has prospectively collected multicenter clinical data of 1435 adult AP patients between 2012 and 2017. The pain was characterized by (i) its intensity (Visual Analog Scale ; 0–10), (ii) duration prior to admission (hours), (iii) localization (9 regions of the abdomen), and (iv) type (sharp, dull, cramping). Associations between the pain categories and outcome parameters were investigated Results: 97.3% of patients (n=1394) had pain on admission. It was mostly severe (VAS 7–10: 70%, n=511), cramping (61%, n=705), and epigastric (48%, n=687). Severe pain was associated with a more severe disease course (p72 h) on admission was not associated with worse outcomes. If pain lasted more than 72 hours, amylase was only increased in 62% of cases on admission. Furthermore, longstanding (>3 days) pain was associated with milder (p

Aim: Understanding the mechanisms determining species richness is a primary goal of biogeography. Richness patterns of sub-groups within a taxon are usually assumed to be driven by similar processes. However, if richness of distinct ecological strategies respond differently to the same processes, inferences made for an entire taxon may be misleading. We deconstruct the global lizard assemblage into functional groups and examine the congruence among richness patterns between them. We further examine the species richness – functional richness relationship to elucidate the way functional diversity contributes to the overall species richness patterns.\ud \ud Location: Global.\ud \ud Methods: Using comprehensive biological trait databases we classified the global lizard assemblage into ecological strategies based on body size, diet, activity times and microhabitat preferences, using Archetypal Analysis. We then examined spatial gradients in the richness of each strategy at the one-degree grid cell, biomes and realm scales.\ud \ud Results: We found that lizards can best be characterized by seven 'ecological strategies': scansorial, terrestrial, nocturnal, herbivorous, fossorial, large and semiaquatic. There are large differences among the global richness patterns of these strategies. While the major richness hotspot for lizards in general is in Australia, several strategies exhibit highest richness in the Amazon Basin. Importantly, the global maximum in lizard species richness is achieved at intermediate values of functional diversity and increasing functional diversity further result in a shallow decline of species richness.\ud \ud Main conclusions: The deconstruction of the global lizard assemblage along multiple ecological axes offers a new way to conceive lizard diversity patterns. It suggests that local lizard richness mostly increases when species belonging to particular ecological strategies become hyper-diverse there, and not because more ecological types are present in the most species rich localities. Thus maximum richness and maximum ecological diversity do not overlap. These results shed light on the global richness pattern of lizards, and highlight previously unidentified spatial patterns in understudied functional groups.

Linearization theorems are very useful tools for the local classification of diffeomorphisms in the neighbourhood of a fixed point. The history of the theory of topological and smooth linearization is going back at least to Poincare. Sternberg proved in 1957 that any local ${\mathcal{C}^\infty }$-contraction is equivalent via a ${\mathcal{C}^\infty }$-change of coordinates to a linear transformation, if certain diophantine inequalities are assumed to be satisfied by the eigenvalues of the Jacobian. His original proof used an interesting approximation process. Later Sternberg’s result has been generalized by many authors in the last 60 years and applied to the development of the theory of normal forms of differentiable maps.In this paper we give a coordinate-free detailed treatment of the unicity and differentiability properties of Sternberg’s approximation for linearizations of local contractions.

Satellite imagery represents a unique opportunity to quantify the spatial and temporal changes of glaciers world-wide. Glacier velocity has been measured from repeat satellite scenes for decades now, yet a range of satellite missions, feature tracking programs, and user approaches have made it a laborious task. To date, there has been no tool developed that would allow a user to obtain displacement maps of any specified glacier simply by establishing the key temporal, spatial and feature tracking parameters. This work presents the application and development of a unique, semi-automatic, open-source, flexible processing toolbox for the retrieval of displacement maps with a focus on obtaining glacier surface velocities. SenDiT combines the download, pre-processing, feature tracking, and postprocessing of the highest resolution Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B satellite images into a semi-automatic toolbox, leaving a user with a set of rasterized and georeferenced glacier flow magnitude and direction maps for their further analyses. The solution is freely available and is tailored so that non-glaciologists and people with limited geographic information system (GIS) knowledge can also benefit from it. The system can be used to provide both regional and global sets of ice velocities. The system was tested and applied on a range of glaciers in mainland Norway, Iceland, Greenland and New Zealand. It was also tested on areas of stable terrain in Libya and Australia, where sources of error involved in the feature tracking using Sentinel-2 imagery are thoroughly described and quantified., This work is a contribution to the project Copernicus bretjeneste (Contract NIT.06.15.5), which is partly funded by the Norwegian Space Centre through Copernicus.

We investigate the number of 4-edge paths in graphs with a given number of vertices and edges, proving an asymptotically sharp upper bound on this number. The extremal construction is the quasi-star or the quasi-clique graph, depending on the edge density. An easy lower bound is also proved. This answer resembles the classic theorem of Ahlswede and Katona about the maximal number of 2-edge paths, and a recent theorem of Kenyon, Radin, Ren and Sadun about k-edge stars.

The addition of synthetic 4-methoxy-2-phenethyl alcohol to the known attractant phenylacetaldehyde synergized attraction of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis, the blend invariably catching 3 to 5 times more than phenylacetaldehyde on its own. Highest catches were recorded by the 1:1 blend. Both females and males were attracted, supposedly in the natural sex ratio of the local population. This improved bisex O. nubilalis attractant could be more efficient and more suitable for detection and monitoring purposes than previously know lures, making possible to draw more reliable plant protection decisions.

We define the abstract holonomy group of a family \( \mathcal{S} \) of left loops on M such that the holonomy groups with respect to different points are isomorphic and consider new developments in holonomy theory of differentiable systems.

Aim To map and assess the richness patterns of reptiles (and included groups: amphisbaenians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes and turtles) in Africa, quantify the overlap in species richness of reptiles (and included groups) with the other terrestrial vertebrate classes, investigate the environmental correlates underlying these patterns, and evaluate the role of range size on richness patterns. Location Africa. Methods We assembled a data set of distributions of all African reptile species. We tested the spatial congruence of reptile richness with that of amphibians, birds and mammals. We further tested the relative importance of temperature, precipitation, elevation range and net primary productivity for species richness over two spatial scales (ecoregions and 1° grids). We arranged reptile and vertebrate groups into range-size quartiles in order to evaluate the role of range size in producing richness patterns. Results Reptile, amphibian, bird and mammal richness are largely congruent (r = 0.79–0.86) and respond similarly to environmental variables (mainly productivity and precipitation). Ecoregion size accounts for more variation in the richness of reptiles than in that of other groups. Lizard distributions are distinct with several areas of high species richness where other vertebrate groups (including snakes) are species-poor, especially in arid ecoregions. Habitat heterogeneity is the best predictor of narrow-ranging species, but remains relatively important in explaining lizard richness even for species with large range sizes. Main conclusions Reptile richness varies with similar environmental variables as the other vertebrates in Africa, reflecting the disproportionate influence of snakes on reptile richness, a result of their large ranges. Richness gradients of narrow-ranged vertebrates differ from those of widespread taxa, which may demonstrate different centres of endemism for reptile subclades in Africa. Lizard richness varies mostly with habitat heterogeneity independent of range size, which suggests that the difference in response of lizards is due to their ecological characteristics. These results, over two spatial scales and multiple range-size quartiles, allow us to reliably interpret the influence of environmental variables on patterns of reptile richness and congruency.