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Wasps are important component of our ecosystem as they act as bio-control agents, pests, pollinators, and predators of caterpillars. Members of genus Polistes are distributed worldwide. In current study we did molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of paper wasps collected from District Bhimber, Azad Kashmir. On the basis of morphological characterization the specimens were identified as Polistes wattii. Molecular identification on the basis of SS rDNA showed 99% homology with other species of genus Polistes. Gene bank data shows that the SS rDNA of Polistes wattii has not been reported previously. Phylogenetic analysis clearly separated the Polistes wattii from other species of genus Polistes available in the Gene bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic infections caused by gram negative bacteria are the mains reasons to have morbidity and death in patients, despite using high doses of antibiotics applied to cure diseases producing by them. This study was designed to identify the role of flagella in biofilm formation Ten pure strains were collected from our lab. Morphological variation and motility assays led us to study two strains in detail. They were characterized biochemically, physiologically and genetically. Biofilm formation analysis was performed using test tube assay, congo red assay and liquid-interface coverslip assay. In order to disrupt flagella of studied strains, blending was induced for 5, 10 and 15 minutes followed by centrifugation and observing motility using motility test. Biofilm quantification of wild type (parental) and blended strains was done using test tube and liquid interface coverslip assays. 16S rRNA sequencing identified strains as Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Enterobacter cloacae. Significant biofilm formation (p>0.05) by was observed after 72 and 18 hours using test tube and liquid-interface coverslip assays respectively. Flagellar disruption showed that 15 minutes blending caused significant reduction in both strains, hence demonstrated that flagellar mediated motility could be a potent strategy to stabilize aggregate and invest resources for biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa and E. cloacae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was designed to evaluate the effect of garlic (Allium sativum) as a natural feed ingredient on growth performance and immune response in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 150 juvenile's tilapia were taken randomly and divided into five experimental units (10 fishes per unit) with three replicates. Fish was hand feeded containing five different levels of garlic (T1, control) 2.5 (T2), 5.0 (T3), 7.5 (T4), and 10g/500g (T5) in powdered form. Fish were fed at 6% of body weight twice, daily. Feed utilization was estimated in terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR). The growth was measured in terms of total weight gain (TWG) and length of the body was calculated. At the end of the trial, immune response monitored in terms of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Average mean weight gain (11.03±0.8g) and average mean length (7.8±0.4cm) was observed maximum in T4 as compared to other dietary treatments. There observed a significant difference (P<0.05) in FCR among all the dietary treatments with highest in T4 (0.59±0.32). Dietary treatment T5 (10/500g) showed significance difference (P<0.05) in red blood cells (RBC) count (2.82±0.33), white blood cells (WBC) count (6.56±0.83), hemoglobin (24.89±2.67) and hematocrit (37.27±3.83) as compared to other treatment groups including control. The results of our study showed that dietary treatment T4 (7.5g/500g) showed maximum growth and FCR while dietary treatment T5 (10/500g) showed better immune response in tilapia over other dietary treatments. So, it is concluded that garlic can be used as immunity stimulant and to enhance growth performance in Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High level of heavy metal contaminants in air is known to cause serious health problems if remained unchecked for a long period of time. Anthropogenic activities such as vehicular emissions and number of industries are responsible for increasing the level of heavy metals. The aim of the present study was to biologically monitor the level of heavy metal contamination by spider webs. These sites were selected based on variable traffic volume and number of industries. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for the analysis of metal pollution content. The study determined that the level of heavy metals at the selected sampling sites were several folds higher than that at the control site and in previously reported literature. Pb was determined to be the most abundant heavy metal, while Thokar Niaz Baig was reported as the most contaminated site. These elevated levels of metal contaminants are associated with heavy traffic flow, number of industries and constructional activities in the respective areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the post purchase behavior of Pakistani bank customers. Particularly, the relationship between public complaint actions, private complaint actions and customer defection has been examined. Moreover, the moderation effect of demographics and switching cost has also been studied. Data was collected through a survey of 240 bank customers from all over Pakistan. For data analysis, Hierarchical Multiple Regression has been used. The results of the study indicate that both complaints are strongly associated with customer defection, but private complaint has stronger effect on customer defection. Education, switching cost and ethnicity moderate both the relationships, whether public complaint or private complaint, while 'others' moderate this relationship in the case of public complaint. It was also found that education and marital status moderate the complaint behavior. The paper, being a pioneering attempt to investigate customer dissatisfaction in the banking industry, makes a unique contribution to the literature, specifically with reference to Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, DNA barcoding has become quite popular for molecular identification of species because it is simple, quick and an affordable method. Present study was conducted to identify spiders of most abundant families, i.e. Salticidae and Lycosidae from citrus orchards in Sargodha district using DNA barcoding. A total of 160 specimens were subjected to DNA barcoding but, sequences up to 600 bp were recovered for 156 specimens. This molecular approach proved helpful to assign the exact taxon to those specimens which were misidentified through morphological characters in the study. We were succeeded to discriminate six species of Lycosidae and nine species of Salticidae through DNA barcoding. Results revealed the presence of clear barcode gap (discontinuity in intra- and inter-specific divergences) for members of both families. Furthermore, the maximum intra-specific divergence was less than NN (nearest neighbour) distance for all species. This suggested the reliability of DNA barcoding for spider’s identification up to species level. We got 98% success in our study. It is concluded from present study that DNA barcoding is more reliable tool especially for immature spiders, when morphological characters are ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Genetic diversity in cytochrome c oxidase I (coxI) among 7 species ofAnophelesmosquitoes from Pakistan, and 37 species from different geographical regions of the world, was recorded. Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis revealed a clear gap between intraspecific and interspecific distances of 7 species from Pakistan. However, genetic distances of 37Anophelesspecies failed to adequately differentiate species in a global context. Intraspecific and interspecific divergences for 7Anophelesspecies of Pakistan varied from 0.0% to 2.5% (mean = 0.49%) and 8% to 22.3% (mean = 12.77%), respectively. Similarly, intraspecific distances for 37 species from different parts of world ranged from 0.0% to 11.2% (mean = 0.65%) while values of interspecific divergences ranged from 3.4% to 35% (mean = 11.75%). Although phylogenetic tree revealed separate clades for 7Anophelesspecies of Pakistan, it failed to produce separate clades for 37 species of the world. It is concluded that although standard barcode region is helpful for identifyingAnophelesmosquitoes, combination of multi-locus approaches and morphology may be required to accurately identify species in this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study the foraging activities of two common scorpions i.e., Hottentotta tumulus (Fabricius, 1798) and Odontobuthus odonturus (Pocock, 1897) of Sargodha Division, Punjab, Pakistan were recorded in both the laboratory and field. Six different prey types were collected from the field and subjected to choice and no choice feeding experiments in the laboratory. Feeding activities of both scorpion species were also recoded directly in the field. Both scorpion species consumed significantly higher number of flies i.e., Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) than other prey types (i.e., grasshopper nymphs, grasshopper adults, lycosid spiders, moths and house crickets) during no choice feeding experiment. However, in choice feeding experiment both scorpion species preferred grasshopper nymphs. Scorpions consumed only soft body parts of the larger sized prey but, consumed the whole body of small sized prey. Prey consumption of both scorpion species increased with temperature. However, consumption rate of studied species was found to be negatively correlated with the humidity level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion, Allium cepa (L.) is very important and highly valuable vegetable crop all over the world. Amongst the insect pests, onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Linedman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) has been proved to be the most important factor for onion yield reduction. In the present study effects of intercropping and plant spacing were recorded in onion field plots as a management tool against T. tabaci. For this purpose, four intercrops (chili, tomato, okra and cotton) and five plant spacings (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm) were used in onion field crop. Minimum thrips density per plant was recorded in onion plots intercropped with cotton during the study period of two years. The maximum thrips density was recorded in control plots (26.19±5.67), F4,250= 7.79; P< 0.001. Onion plots intercropped with cotton gained the highest bulb weight and yielded maximum onion/plot followed by tomato, chilli and okra, respectively. No difference in mean bulb weight of control and onion plot intercropped with okra was recorded in the current study. However, bulb weight of onion in both of these plots was significantly lower as compared to onion plots intercropped with cotton. Minimum thrips density per plant was recorded in onion plots in which plant to plant space was 30 cm followed by 25 cm, 20 cm, 15 cm and 10 cm plant spacing during both experimental years. The thrips density was increased with the decrease of plant to plant spacing. Further, single bulb weight with 30 cm plant spacing was significantly higher as compared to lowest plant spacing (10 cm). In both years, onion plots with minimum plant spacing (10 cm) produced more yield/plot but with lowest bulb weight and vice versa. Therefore, it was concluded that cotton should be intercropped with onion as a trap crop and medium onion plant spacing should be practiced for reducing thrips infestation and suitable bulb size with optimum yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic diversity ofCulex quinquefasciatusmosquito based on the standard barcode region of cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) gene fragment was studied in the present study. TheCOIgene sequences ofCx. quinquefasciatuswere also compared with four other species of GenusCulex(i.e.Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. pipiens, andCx. theileri). Our data set included sequences of Culex mosquitoes from 16 different countries of world. The average intraspecific and interspecific divergences recorded were 0.67% and 8.27%, respectively. The clades for five species were clearly separated exceptCx. quinquefasciatusandCx. pipiens. It is concluded that the DNA barcoding is effective and reliable tool for the identification of selectedCulexspecies but create little problem in case of sister species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of elevated blood lead level on some haematological parameters was studied in the field force of Lahore traffic police, in Pakistan. The blood samples were tested for total leucocytes count (TLC) and differential leucocytes count in the persons with high and low blood lead levels. The TLC and percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils were observed as being significantly elevated in the policemen. No significant change was observed in the percentage of lymphocytes, while the percentage of monocytes was observed as being significantly less in the field force of traffic police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the present study was to extract venom from common buthid scorpions of eastern Punjab, Pakistan and to optimize the conditions to get maximum yield of venom via electric stimulation. We also recorded surveillance of scorpions without food in laboratory. We found that current intensity of 25V is the best suitable for venom extraction. When current was applied at the base of telson we obtained 5.214±0.36, 7.17±1.20 and 4.90±0.31 (μl) venom from Odontobuthus odonturus, Androctonus finitimus and Mesobuthus famulus, respectively. There was significant difference in the quantity of venom yielded from studied species. A. finitimus produced maximum quantity of venom followed by O. odonturus and M. famulus. It is also evident from study that M. tamulus is more resistant to hunger as compared to O. odonturus and A. finitimus. M. tamulus can survive for more than 3 months without food while O. odonturus and A. finitimus are less tolerant to starvation. It is concluded from the study that extracting venom from living scorpion by electric stimulation of telson is a convenient method as it is least harmful for scorpion and most efficient in venom recovery. Furthermore, keeping of scorpions in the laboratory for investigatory studies is very easy and need less maintenance care and efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiders are important insect predators and being used as model organisms in various investigatory studies however, work on this group is difficult due to the constrains in their species level identification. DNA-barcoding is a promising approach to minimize the difficulties of taxonomists to delimit species. Current study was designed to provide first barcode record of some common spiders from Punjab, Pakistan. The standard barcode region (658 base pairs of Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I), in multiple specimens of all species, was sequenced. DNA based data corresponded the morphological study, confirming the presence of five species i.e., Clubiona analis Thorell, 1895, Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775), Leucauge decorata (Blackwall, 1864), Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841) and Oxyopes javanus Thorell, 1887. There was clear gap in intraspecific and interspecific values of genetic distances. For every species, the maximum interaspecific divergence was less than the minimum distance to its nearest-neighbour. The divergence values within and between species ranged from 0-1.6% and 17.6-23.7%, respectively. Five species were also clearly separated based on parsimony analysis. It is concluded that DNA barcoding is a reliable tool to delimit studied spider species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted in district Jhang, Pakistan, to evaluate the concentration of metals/metalloids in soil and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) irrigated with domestic wastewater. Data revealed that the levels of metals and metalloids in soil samples from two different sites were below the safe limits except Cd, whereas, in the vegetable, the concentrations of As, Se, Ni, Mo, Pb, Mn, and Cu were above the safe limits. The levels of 12 metals and metalloids in the soil were ranged between 0.14 to 22.76 mg/kg at site-I and 0.16 to 22.13 mg/kg at site-II. The levels of these metals in the vegetable were found 0.35 to 61.13 mg/kg at site-I and 0.31 to 53.63 mg/kg at site-II. The transfer factor at both sites was highest for As and Co. The pollution load index recorded for Se, Cu, Cd, Mo, Pb, and Co was greater than 1. The daily intake of As, Mn, and Mo was above the oral reference dose, which reflects that the intake of pumpkin is not safe for the inhabitants of the selected sites. The control measures should be taken to phytoextract heavy metals and metalloids from polluted sites so as to reduce the health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Citrus leaf miner, citrus whitefly and citrus psylla are the major insect pests of citrus orchards in district Sargodha, Pakistan. Spiders, being natural predators are helpful to keep the insect pest populations below economic enjoy level. The diversity and guild structure of spiders in the citrus orchards was recorded in the study. Seasonal dynamics of spiders and insect pests and predator-pest (spider-pest) relationships were also studied. In total, 2665 spiders belonging to 12 families, 23 genera and 43 species were captured. Species and family composition of spiders varied on the foliage and ground. Abundance of spiders among sites differed significantly. However, nonsignificant difference was observed in the richness, diversity and evenness among sites. Abundance and infestation of pest was found to synchronize with the abundance of spiders. Maximum infestation of citrus leaf miner, citrus whitefly and citrus psylla was recorded in March, 2014 supporting maximum spider abundance in this month. There was strong positive correlation between abundance of insect pests and predators (spiders) which suggested that spiders could effectively control insect pest populations in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out at experimental area of Vegetable Research Institute, (AARI) Faisalabad to test the resistant/susceptibility responses of 25 genotypes of okra against fruit borer under field condition during 2013. From the preliminary screening trial, nine genotypes of okra including three comparatively resistant (Sabz pari, Green wonder and Super star), three genotypes with intermediate response (Lakshami-24, Cok-1418 and Ikra anamika) and three comparatively susceptible genotypes (Pusa sawani, Ikra-2 and Okra-3) were selected for final screening trial during 2014. During preliminary and final screening trials genotype Pusa sawani proved susceptible genotype, while Sabz pari was found comparatively resistant genotype. Maximum Host Plant Susceptibility Indices (HPSI) was observed in Pusa sawani i.e. 16% and was found susceptible, while minimum HPSI i.e., 6% was recorded in Sabz pari and found to be comparatively resistant genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scorpion envenomation represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries. Odontobuthus odonturus is a medically important scorpion that inhibits sandy areas. In the present study we evaluated the in-vivo toxic effects of O. odonturus venom on male albino mice. Scorpions were collected from undisturbed sandy areas of district Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan. We extracted the venom and injected intraperitoneally into healthy albino mice. Haemato-pathological effects of the venom were studied on different blood parameters i.e., total leucocyte count (TLC), neutrophil count, RBC's count and platelet count, lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes. The venom of O. odonturus caused drastic change in blood physiology of treated animals. We observed a significant decrease in RBC's, platelets and lymphocyts of treated animals. However, treated animals showed marked increased in neutrophils, hemoglobin and TLC count. There was no difference in the count of monocytes and eosinophils between treated and control animals. It is concluded from the study that venom of O. odonturus is potentially harmful to mammals as it badly affects the blood physiology which may ultimately leads towards many disorders in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was designed to evaluate the toxicity of Confidor and Buctril-M on two dominant spiders of wheat ecosystem of Punjab, Pakistan i.e., Lycosa terrestris Butt, Anwar & Tahir, 2006 and Oxyopes javanus Thorell, 1887. Residual toxicity of pesticides on these spiders in the laboratory and in the fields was also studied. Buctril-M was found less toxic compared to Confidor for both species. Mortality of both spider species declined with the increase of post sprayed time for both pesticides. Altogether we captured 2260 individuals of L. terrestris (707 from treated field and 1553 from control field) -. Similarly, in total of 637 individuals of Oxyopes javanus were collected (212 from treated and 425 from control) from the studied plots. It is concluded that toxicity of Confidor is higher than Buctril-M. Moverover, Confodor remains active for longer time in the field compared to Buctril-M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was designed to test the effectiveness of different concentrations of crude venom of Odontobuthus odonturus Pocock, 1897 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) against Rhopalosiphum erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Scorpions were collected from Sargodha district of Punjab (Pakistan) using portable ultra-violet (UV) lamps. The venom of the scorpions was collected in 1.5 ml plastic collection tubes and frozen at -20°C. The bioassay tests were performed against 0.5, 0.75 and 1 dose of scorpion venom in the laboratory. The percent mortality aftei 12 h was 68.3, 71.65 and 83.3 against 0.5, 0.75 and 1 pi concentrations, respectively. The mortality was significantly higher in the treated groups compared to the control. The LT50 and LT95 values were decreased as the venom concentrations were increased. The calculated LD50 and TD95 values for R. erysimi were 0.44 µ and 1.31 µ, respectively. It is concluded that venom of O. odonturus contains toxins which could be used as potential bio-pesticidc candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scorpion venom contains various neurotoxic and haemato-pathological peptides with versatile binding affinity of ion channels and transmembrane receptors. Therefore, scorpion toxins have been vital to investigate for researchers. Odontobuthus odonturus is one of the common scorpions in sandy areas of Punjab, Pakistan. In the present study, we evaluated the toxic effect of O. odonturus on sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions by introducing venom in Mus musculus. Animals were treated with different doses (i.e., 120, 170, 200 and 250pL) of scorpion venom orally and intraperitoneally. Results showed marked decline in potassium ions of treated groups in both treatment types. However, non-significant effect on sodium ions was recorded. The venom proved to be toxic because noticeable arrythmia, paralysis, congestion and frequent fecal discharge was noticed in treated groups and at 250 µL dose all the animals were found dead after 18th hour of intraperitoneal treatment. We concluded that venom of O. odonturus contains peptides which are selective against K+ channels which may exhibit fetal effects on nerve impulse transmission and homeostatic balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plexippus paykulli (Savigay et Audouin, 1827) is a jumping spider that has great potential to suppress insect pests of agricultural crops. In the present study effects of Thiodan (insecticide) on the survival locomotion, insecticide avoidance behaviour and prédation rate of P. paykulli were investigated. Thiodan caused 40% mortality at the recommended field rate concentration (5μl of insecticide/400 μl of water). P. paykulli did not avoid the surface treated with the Thiodan (1/4th of recommended field rate). Calculated LD50 value was 8.23 μl (SE± 2.01). There was also no difference in resting time of Thiodan treated and control spiders. However, prédation rate of Thiodan treated spiders was significantly reduced (up to70%) compared to the control spiders. We also observed change in the locomotory pattern and speed of the treated spiders. It is concluded that Thiodan affect locomotory pattern and reduces the predatory performance of studied species, so before recommending this insecticide for the IPM programme in the study area, its affects on the other beneficial organisms should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes albopictus is a vector of dengue and Chikungunya. In present study we recorded the adult density of A. albopictus in four different cities in Pakistan (Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Abbotabad and Mansehra). The highest adult density of A. albopictus was observed at Shakarparian (Rawalpindi). We found a negative correlation between density of A. albopictus and elevation. However, there was a strong positive correlation between adult densities of A. albopictus and human population, vegetation thickness, temperature and rain fall. Present study is the first report on A. albopictus density in the study areas. This study will be helpful for mosquito researchers and public health professionals and agencies to understand the ecology and distribution of A. albopictus and aid in developing better strategies for the control of this mosquito species in the above mentioned study areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current effort was intended to cram the effect of sewage water on morphology and chemical symphony of cv. Dunkeld of canola (Brassica napus L.) in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. The obtained information showed that there was an explicit effect of each metal on the growth and yield of the canola cultivar. Sewage water treatment had a significant effect on number of leaves and leaf area. The presence of heavy metals in the sewage water increased the plant growth and yield but up to a certain level, however, higher concentration of heavy metals reaching to toxic level, caused the reduction in plant growth and yield. When sewage water was diluted the toxicity became abridged. Ten levels of sewage water serial dilutions were used in present studies. Statistically completely randomize design with three replications for each experiment unit was implemented. At 50% sewage water dilution, plants got the reasonable quantity of micro and macro nutrient which resulted in increase in growth, yield and yield components. From the analysis of variance of data, Ca, Mg and Mn concentrations were affected substantially by the treatments in soil as well as in forage and showed consistence pattern of augment with increase in the treatment level of sewage water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which monitors the adult density, abdominal status and resting habit of Culex quinquefasciatus, which is responsible of the spread of diseases worldwide. The study showed weak positive correlation between the temperature and density of mosquitoes, but humidity negatively affects the density of adult mosquitoes. It says that walls were the most preferable site for female mosquitoes. The study suggests that proper steps should be made before the month of April to reduce the spread of C. quinquefasciatus.

Four orb weaving spider species i.e., Argiope trifasciata (Forsskál, 1775), Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841) of family Araneidae and Leucauge decorata (Blackwall, 1864), Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890) of family Tetragnathidae co-exist in the rice agro-ecosystem of Punjab, Pakistan. In the present study we investigated how four species segregate the available resources among themselves to reduce the competition and to make their co-existence possible. The studied species differed significantly in their web architecture and body size. All studied species showed low overall niche overlap values. The four orb weaving species also differed in the frequency with which they captured the different types of prey and prey size. The results of the present study suggested that differences in the selection of prey according to their own body size and construction of webs at different heights (spatial segregation) minimize competition and promote co-existence of studied species in sympatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discusses a study that determined the species composition and population dynamics of spiders in Trifolium and Brassica crops at Shorkot, district Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan. The spiders were collected during November 2009 through April 2010 using pitfall traps. A total of 545 specimens were collected during the study, with Lycosidae as the most dominant family comprising 47 percent of the total catch. The most abundant species include Pardosa sumatrana, Evippa banarensis, and Neoscona theisi. The spider was low from November through January, compared to February through April.

The article discusses study that surveyed spider fauna from eight collecting sites in the district of Sargodha in Pakistan from September 2008 to April 2009. A total of 810 specimens were collected, with 56 species belonging to 16 families and 34 genera recorded during the study. Fifty-four species from District Sargodha were recorded for the first time, but all species were already recorded from Pakistan. A preliminary checklist of spiders, along with their material examined and collecting sites, is presented.