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本研究では，ボリビアの幼稚園で行なわれている保育を，源数学という観点から考察することにより，ボリビアの算数・数学教育につながる幼児教育の課題を探ることを目的とする．ボリビアにおいて観察した保育の考察から，幼児にとって身近な具体物を用いた源数学の習得につながると考えられる遊びが実践されているが，保育者に源数学や数理認識の発達という視点がなかったため，幼児の自由な経験（遊び）に任せるだけになり，その遊びを多くの幼児と共有し，数理認識の発達の個人差に応じたり，発展させた遊びへとつなぎ，さらなる源数学を習得させたりすることができていないという課題が明らかとなった．そこで，数理認識の発達の個人差に対応する意図的な支援という視点から，幼児教育における3つの改善点及び幼稚園教諭養成課程における教育内容の改善について提言した．

In Papua New Guinea (PNG), change of curriculum from OBC to SBC in 2014 required the production of quality learning and teaching materials. QUISE-ME project funded by JICA developed a new mathematics textbook. Three trial lessons were conducted by the pilot teacher on Unit 6-Quadrilaterals on the Topic-of the new textbook in a Grade 4 class in a Primary School. From the findings it is noted that teachers could satisfactorily interpret the textbook and organize learning activities for greater children involvement. Also, exposure to textbook could make teachers be creative and can gradually prepare child centered lessons as opposed to the current common practice of teacher centered lessons. However, the authors would recommend that 1) teachers be properly trained and benefit in-service training, e.g., through lesson studies for them to use the textbook appropriately to develop meaningful lessons, and 2) be permitted to flexibly decide to what extent they teach the contents of the new textbook or to just follow the flow of textbook and employ their own way of teaching, until they get accustomed to use it and manage well the allocated time for lessons.

本研究では，算数授業観察力及び算数授業実践力の2 つの観点に関するPNG の教員養成校の学生と日本の現職小学校教員の調査結果の比較を通して，教員養成校において実施されている授業研究に関する授業改善を行うための重要観点・項目を明らかにすることを目的とする．調査結果の分析と考察の結果，「算数科の授業過程」を算数授業観察力の育成のための授業改善における最重要観点として抽出した．また，「指導方法(導入の工夫)」，「授業過程(既習内容の活用)」，「授業過程(個人思考と集団思考)」，「指導方法(探求活動の設定)」，「発問(即時発問)」の5項目を算数授業観察力の育成のための授業改善における最重要項目として抽出した．さらに，PNG の場合，算数授業観察力の得点と算数授業実践力の得点の間に，比較的強い相関があることを明らかにした．

Changes in study habits of Chinese adolescents and factors supporting these habits were investigated through a survey on study habits and through interview surveys focusing on the transition period from elementary school to junior high school. Participants were students attending public schools in China (Shanghai, Beijing, Nanjing, and Zhenjiang). A questionnaire was conducted in the elementary school for 6th grade students and in the junior high schools for 1st through 3rd grade students. Moreover, in Beijing, results of exams (Chinese language, Math, English) were collected. The results indicated a high correlation between study habits and academic results. And, a decline in study habits of students from elementary to junior high school was not observed in this study. Furthermore, the results of the interview surveys indicated that high results of Chinese education were not achieved only through cramming, and that “learning ahead” is significant. In addition to the adequate support provided by teachers and parents, a correlation between school lessons and high academic results was also observed.

Temperature and pressure are essential parameters in the synthesis, evaluation, and application of functional materials. This study proposes the addition of a heating function to a high-pressure diamond anvil cell (DAC) with in-situ measurement probes. The proposed DAC allows for simultaneous control of temperature and pressure within the sample space and can be used to synthesize functional materials under extreme conditions. The various components, namely the heater, thermometer, and measurement probes, were fabricated with a boron-doped diamond epitaxial film and could be used repeatedly. The developed DAC was used to successfully conduct the high-pressure annealing of La(O,F)BiS$_{2}$ single crystal and the high-pressure synthesis of EuFBiS$_{2}$ superconductors. The proposed technique shows promise for further exploration of superconductors to broaden the research field.

Phase relations in the system MgSiO3-Al2O3 were investigated at pressures of 27–45 GPa and temperatures of 1700, 2000, and 2300 K using sintered diamond and tungsten carbide anvils in a multianvil apparatus. The bulk compositions in the MgSiO3-Al2O3 binary system crystallize a phase assemblage of pyrope and corundum at pressures below 27 GPa and an assemblage of bridgmanite and corundum at pressures above 27 GPa regardless of temperatures. The solubility of Al2O3 in bridgmanite and that of MgSiO3 in corundum increases significantly with increasing temperature. The solubility of Al2O3 in bridgmanite increases from 6.7 mol % at 1700 K to 21.8 mol % at 2500 K under a constant pressure of 27 GPa. Bridgmanite becomes more aluminous with increasing pressure from 27 to 45 GPa at a given temperature. The MgSiO3 content in corundum increases with increasing pressure at pressure lower than 27 GPa, while it decreases at pressure higher than 27 GPa. Our results suggest that bridgmanite can incorporate a considerably higher Al2O3 content than that of the pyrope composition (25 mol % Al2O3). The present study further suggests that the entire Al2O3 component is accommodated into bridgmanite in the pyrolite lower mantle. However, Al2O3 cannot be fully accommodated into bridgmanite in the coldest parts of subducted slabs in the shallow part of the lower mantle, and therefore, additional phases such as MgAl2O4 with calcium ferrite-type structure are necessary to host the excess Al2O3.

Earthquakes can occur at great depths in the Earth, within subducting tectonic plates. Deformation experiments suggest these deep earthquakes can be triggered by localized heating of the slabs under high pressures.

The X-ray source based on parametric X-ray radiation (PXR) has been regularly providing a coherent X-ray beam for application studies at Nihon University. Recently, three dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) has become one of the most important applications of the PXR source. The methodology referred to as K-edge subtraction (KES) imaging is a particularly successful application utilizing the energy selectivity of PXR. In order to demonstrate the applicability of PXR-KES, a simultaneous KES experiment for a specimen containing strontium was performed using a PXR beam having an energy near the Sr K-edge of 16.1 keV. As a result, the 3D distribution of Sr was obtained by subtraction between the two simultaneously acquired tomographic images.

This paper presents a method for measuring the capacitance of superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions with a 4-K probe station. The probe station can be used to perform on-wafer characterization of sample lots at frequencies ranging from dc to microwave. In our study, we evaluated SIS junctions that had a variety of areas, and estimated the capacitance after subtracting the parasitic elements of the probe contact pad. The results show that the RNC products for the evaluated junctions were uniform within +/-5% across the wafer.

Models for the three-dimensional (3D) advection, diffusion, and volume reduction of eroded concrete into molten core are being developed. As part of the assessment of the reactor interior at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, analytical models of molten core–concrete interaction (MCCI) to predict locations and condition of molten core (debris) have been improved in the debris spreading analysis (DSA) module of the severe accident analysis code SAMPSON. In addition to the primary model for 3D natural convection with simultaneous spreading, melting, and solidification in an open space, the analysis model to treat phenomena in a closed space, such as debris eroding laterally under concrete floors at the bottom of the sump pits, had been improved. This modeling with practical applicability is referred to as the full-3D MCCI model. This paper presents modeling of the advection and diffusion of eroded concrete into debris melt and calculation processes that were installed for simulating volu...

We have observed the Class I protostellar source Elias 29 with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We have detected CS, SO, $^{34}$SO, SO$_2$, and SiO line emissions in a compact component concentrated near the protostar and a ridge component separated from the protostar by 4\arcsec\ ($\sim 500$ au). The former component is found to be abundant in SO and SO$_2$ but deficient in CS. The abundance ratio SO/CS is as high as $3^{+13}_{-2} \times 10^2$ at the protostar, which is even higher than that in the outflow-shocked region of L1157 B1. However, organic molecules (HCOOCH$_3$, CH$_3$OCH$_3$, CCH, and c-C$_3$H$_2$) are deficient in Elias 29. We attribute the deficiency in organic molecules and richness in SO and SO$_2$ to the evolved nature of the source or the relatively high dust temperature (\protect\raisebox{-0.7ex}{$\:\stackrel{\textstyle >}{\sim}\:$} 20 K) in the parent cloud of Elias 29. The SO and SO$_2$ emissions trace rotation around the protostar. Assuming a highly inclined configuration ($i \geq 65$\degr; 0\degr\ for a face-on configuration) and Keplerian motion for simplicity, the protostellar mass is estimated to be (0.8 -- 1.0) \Msun. The $^{34}$SO and SO$_2$ emissions are asymmetric in their spectra; the blue-shifted components are weaker than the red-shifted ones. Although this may be attributed to the asymmetric molecular distribution, other possibilities are also discussed.

We present the first release of the data and compact-source catalogue for the JCMT Large Program SCUBA-2 Continuum Observations of Pre-protostellar Evolution (SCOPE). SCOPE consists of 850-um continuum observations of 1235 Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) made with the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. These data are at an angular resolution of 14.4 arcsec, significantly improving upon the 353-GHz resolution of Planck at 5 arcmin, and allowing for a catalogue of 3528 compact sources in 558 PGCCs. We find that the detected PGCCs have significant sub-structure, with 61 per cent of detected PGCCs having 3 or more compact sources, with filamentary structure also prevalent within the sample. A detection rate of 45 per cent is found across the survey, which is 95 per cent complete to Planck column densities of $N_{H_{2}}$ $>$ 5 $\times$ 10$^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$. By positionally associating the SCOPE compact sources with YSOs, the star formation efficiency, as measured by the ratio of luminosity to mass, in nearby clouds is found to be similar to that in the more distant Galactic Plane, with the column density distributions also indistinguishable from each other., 16 pages, 13 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Duodenal and rectal obstructions due to urological malignancies are relatively uncommon. We report an autopsy case of an 83-year-old man with a history of renal pelvic cancer who presented these obstructions. Autopsy revealed that urothelial cancer infiltrated the bladder wall, duodenal wall, rectal wall, and prostate and widely spread in the retroperitoneal lymphatic vessel. We concluded that renal pelvic cancer recurred in the bladder wall and then infiltrated into each organ because of lymphatic dissemination. The gastrointestinal obstructions due to urinary tract cancer were lethal. Further knowledge and clinical experience regarding these types of obstructions are crucial. Keywords: Duodenal obstruction, Lymphatic dissemination, Rectal obstruction, Urothelial carcinoma

Cerebral infarction in patients with cancer is often called Trousseau's syndrome, which is a cancer-associated hypercoagulative state that causes thrombosis; however, the syndrome is rarely caused by bladder cancer. We report a case of Trousseau's syndrome manifesting as multiple cerebral infarctions caused by advanced bladder cancer in a 46-year-old male patient. The patient died due to the infarctions in the hospital. The prognosis of patients with Trousseau's syndrome caused by advanced cancer is poor. According to changing urological clinical settings, considering the risk of Trousseau's syndrome has become crucial for urologists treating patients with advanced cancer. Keywords: Bladder cancer, Cerebral infarction, Trousseau's syndrome, Urothelial cancer

We developed a novel method for element detection utilizing an x-ray source based on parametric x-ray radiation (PXR), an accelerator-based light source at the Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA), Nihon University. The method is a type of $K$-edge subtraction (KES) imaging that uses the drastic change of x-ray absorption around the $K$-shell absorption edge of the target element. Using the properties of PXR, simultaneous KES imaging is possible, and can easily be applied to 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). We demonstrated the feasibility of simultaneous KES-CT in our previous work. In this study, we investigate the quantitative performance of simultaneous KES imaging for a sample containing the element strontium (Sr) for which the $K$-edge energy is 16.1 keV. Results of a simultaneous KES-CT experiment employing the LEBRA-PXR source confirm that the imaging method can provide a 3D distribution of the element with a value proportional to the Sr concentration. Concerning sensitivity to element concentration, at least in the region of 0.5%-concentration, the sample was successfully distinguished from the region without Sr in the 3D tomographic image obtained using the element-imaging technique.

A 74-year-old woman with cT4aN2M0, cStage ⅢB gastric cancer underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy comprising 2 courses of S-1 plus cisplatin, and the clinical response was determined as non-CR/non-PD according to RECIST ver 1.1. Although distal gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy was planned, the tumor was considered as unresectable with peritoneal metastases during laparotomy. After the subsequent chemotherapy with 1 course of capecitabine plus cisplatin, tumor bleeding, and obstruction due to rapid tumor progression occurred. We performed palliative distal gastrectomy; however, the patient died 17 days after gastrectomy. A comprehensive genomic analysis using cancer-gene panel identified the tumor as a microsatellite instability-high(MSI-H). Recently post hoc analysis of the large-scale clinical trials showed no clinical benefit of perioperative chemotherapy in MSI-H gastric cancer. MSI status has a potential to optimize the perioperative treatment strategy in gastric cancer.

An unbiased spectral line survey toward a solar-type Class 0/I protostar, IRAS04368+2557, in L1527 has been carried out in the 3 mm band with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. L1527 is known as a warm carbon-chain chemistry (WCCC) source, which harbors abundant unsaturated organic species such as C$_n$H ($n = 3,\ 4,\ 5,\ldots$) in a warm and dense region near the protostar. The observation covers the frequency range from 80 to 116 GHz. A supplementary observation has also been conducted in the 70 GHz band to observe fundamental transitions of deuterated species. In total, 69 molecular species are identified, among which 27 species are carbon-chain species and their isomers, including their minor isotopologues. This spectral line survey provides us with a good template of the chemical composition of the WCCC source., published online in PASJ

The Ninth Symposium on Polar Science/Ordinary sessions: [OA] Antarctic meteorites / Hayabusa, Wed. 5 Dec. / Conference hall of the Research/Administration Building (2nd floor) at the JAXA Sagamihara Campus

We evaluated spatiotemporal dynamics of yellow seabream (YSB) in the East China Sea (ECS) from 1993 to 2018 with a delta-type approach using generalized additive models (delta-GAM). We used catch records from the Japanese bull-trawl fishery and otter-trawl surveys. The delta-GAMs incorporated several explanatory variables and predicted YSB habitats for each size category. The best models, based on the Bayesian information criterion, included all available explanatory variables: season, fishing method, temperature at 100-m depth, bottom depth and spatial and spatiotemporal effects. Temperature and bottom depth had different influences on the catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) for each size category: there were positive effects for young fish across a wide range of temperatures and depths, whereas for adult fish the positive effects only appeared at colder temperatures and deep bottom depths. Habitat predictions showed high presence probabilities for young fish over a broader area than for adult fish through all periods. CPUEs declined for both sizes after the 2000s in the mid- to southern ECS ( ≤ 3 1 ∘ N) but increased for adult fish in the north ( ≥ 3 1 ∘ N). Previous studies reported that Chinese fisheries have drastically exploited fish stocks in the ECS after the 1980s and 1990s and the current fishing intensities in the mid- to southern ECS could indicate high levels, whereas Japanese vessels operated sparsely and only in the narrow area of northern region after the 2000s. These facts suggest that the different fishery exploitation rates in different locations could have significant influences on spatiotemporal patterns of YSB distributions in the ECS.

Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) of the thymus is reported to have characteristic features that distinguish it from MALT lymphoma of other organs; it is proposed to be a distinct clinicopathological subgroup of MALT lymphoma. We herein present a case of thymic MALT lymphoma accompanied by Sjögren's syndrome, involving the first report of a thymic MALT lymphoma patient carrying a chromosomal abnormality of 8q24. No c-myc gene translocation or c-Myc protein overexpression was observed, suggesting that c-myc was not involved in lymphomagenesis or progression. Although we did not examine the mechanisms by which the lymphoma developed, this chromosomal structural change in 8q24 may be associated with the pathogenesis in our case.

Understanding the situation inside of the reactors at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and planning of the methods for debris removal are important for decommissioning the reactors. A debris spreading analysis (DSA) module in the severe accident analysis code SAMPSON has been improved and verified to analyze composite phenomena of molten core (debris) spreading on a reactor containment floor and concrete erosion to the inside of the floor by molten core–concrete interaction (MCCI). The primary models in the DSA module were three-dimensional natural convection with simultaneous spreading, melting and solidification in an open space. In addition to these, the analysis capability has been improved to treat phenomena in a closed space, such as debris eroding laterally under concrete floors at the bottom of the sump pit which is done by an advanced method for boundary processing. A buffer cell for flow analysis, which is defined by a different array variable, is arranged in the same coordi...

The conservation and management of sharks requires appropriate information on their biological and habitat characteristics. Data needed for the conservation and management of two dominant demersal shark species in the East China Sea, the spurdogs (Squalus japonicus and Squalus brevirostris), are inadequate. To remedy this, we analysed biological, catch and abiotic data from bottom trawl surveys conducted in 2000–05 and 2008–14 from within the East China Sea. The precaudal length of male and female S. japonicus at 50% sexual maturity was 396.1 and 459.9mm respectively, whereas for S. brevirostris it was 289.6 and 354.9mm respectively. Prey overlap was high between species, with lanternfishes the most important prey. The fractional trophic level was 4.33 for S. japonicus and 4.31 for S. brevirostris. We estimated spurdog habitat using a generalised additive model. Depth affected the presence of both sharks, with latitude also affecting the presence of S. brevirostris. These two spurdog species were spatially segregated over the continental slope, and body-length and sex-ratio distributions suggested that there was a maturity-based segregation within and among species. The results of this study improve our understanding of the population dynamics of these spurdog species, their reproduction and diet, fundamental information required for their conservation and for improved fisheries management.

The conservation and management of sharks requires appropriate information on their biological and habitat characteristics. Data needed for the conservation and management of two dominant demersal shark species in the East China Sea, the spurdogs (Squalus japonicus and Squalus brevirostris), are inadequate. To remedy this, we analysed biological, catch and abiotic data from bottom trawl surveys conducted in 2000–05 and 2008–14 from within the East China Sea. The precaudal length of male and female S. japonicus at 50% sexual maturity was 396.1 and 459.9mm respectively, whereas for S. brevirostris it was 289.6 and 354.9mm respectively. Prey overlap was high between species, with lanternfishes the most important prey. The fractional trophic level was 4.33 for S. japonicus and 4.31 for S. brevirostris. We estimated spurdog habitat using a generalised additive model. Depth affected the presence of both sharks, with latitude also affecting the presence of S. brevirostris. These two spurdog species were spatially segregated over the continental slope, and body-length and sex-ratio distributions suggested that there was a maturity-based segregation within and among species. The results of this study improve our understanding of the population dynamics of these spurdog species, their reproduction and diet, fundamental information required for their conservation and for improved fisheries management.

The role of aqueous fluid in fracturing in subducting slabs was investigated through a series of deformation experiments on dunite that was undersaturated (i.e., fluid-free) or saturated with water (i.e., aqueous-fluid bearing) at pressures of 1.0–1.8 GPa and temperatures of 670–1250 K, corresponding to the conditions of the shallower regions of the double seismic zone in slabs. In situ X-ray diffraction, radiography, and acoustic emissions (AEs) monitoring demonstrated that semi-brittle flow associated with AEs was dominant and the creep/failure strength of dunite was insensitive to the dissolved water content in olivine. In contrast, aqueous fluid drastically decreased the creep/failure strength of dunite (up to ~ 1 GPa of weakening) over a wide range of temperatures in the semi-brittle regime. Weakening of the dunite by the aqueous fluid resulted in the reduction of the number of AE events (i.e., suppression of microcracking) and shortening of time to failure. The AE hypocenters were located at the margin of the deforming sample while the interior of the faulted sample was aseismic (i.e., aseismic semi-brittle flow) under water-saturated conditions. A faulting (slip rate of ~ 10−3 to 10−4 s−1) associated with a large drop of stress (Δσ ~ 0.5 to 1 GPa) and/or pressure (ΔP ~ 0.5 GPa) was dominant in fluid-free dunite, while a slow faulting (slip rate

In this study, we designed and experimentally evaluated a series-connected array of superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions in the 100-GHz band mixer for the multi-beam receiver FOREST on the Nobeyama 45-m millimeter-wave telescope. The construction of the junction chip comprised a waveguide probe antenna, impedance matching circuit, SIS array junction, and choke filter, which were made from a superconducting niobium planar circuit on a quartz substrate. The multi-stage impedance matching circuit between the feed point and the SIS junction was designed as a capacitively loaded transmission line, and it comprised two sections with high (~90 Ohm) and low (~10 Ohm) characteristic impedance transmission lines. The structure of this tuning line was simple and easy to fabricate, and the feed impedance matched with the SIS junction in a wide frequency range. The signal coupling efficiency was more than 92% and the expected receiver noise temperature was approximately two times the quantum limit for 75-125 GHz based on quantum theory. The array junction devices with 3-6 connected junctions were fabricated and we measured their performance in terms of the receiver noise temperature and gain compression in the laboratory. We successfully developed an array junction device with a receiver noise temperature of ~15-30 K and confirmed that the improvement in the saturation power corresponded to the number of junctions. The newly developed array junction mixer was installed in the FOREST receiver and it successfully detected the 12CO (J = 1-0) molecular line toward IRC+10216 with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope., 10 pasges, 8 figures, Accepted for publication in PASJ

Development of THz wave source has been underway at Nihon University in collaboration with National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. The THz wave transport lines have been constructed on the same axis as the X-ray and FEL beam line. The average intensity of the backward THz CTR wave obtained at the output port of the Parametric Xray Radiation beam line in the accelerator room has been 1 mJ/macro-pulse. The superposition transport system of the THz waves to the X-ray beam-line was installed in a vacuum chamber. Additionally, the energy of the CER as high as 0.2 mJ/macro-pulse were achieved with the experimental room.

We study a combination of velocity bunchings and the coherent undulator radiation at THz region by simulation. The combination of velocity bunchings brings some freedom in energy choice while keeping the bunch length shorter efficiently. Hence the coherent condition can be met for THz radiation at undulator allowing some range of radiation wavelength.

Nihon University and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology have planned to develop an intense terahertz-wave (THz-wave) source based on coherent Cherenkov radiation (CCR) at Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA) in Nihon University. By passing an electron beam through a hollow conical dielectric with apex facing the incident electron beam, the wave front of CCR generated on the inner surface of the hollow conical dielectric is matched to the basal plane. The CCR matched to a circle plane wave is more powerful than conventional THz-wave sources based on electron accelerators. A hollow conical high-resistance silicon with a diameter of the basal plane of 40 mm and an inner diameter of 6 mm will emit the THz-wave beam with a macropulse energy of 14 mJ at LEBRA.

(Abridged) ASHES has been designed to systematically characterize the earliest stages and to constrain theories of high-mass star formation. A total of 12 massive (>500 $M_{\odot}$), cold (30 $M_{\odot}$) prestellar cores. The most massive prestellar core has a mass of 11 $M_{\odot}$. From the prestellar CMF, we derive a power law index of 1.17+-0.1, slightly shallower than Salpeter (1.35). We use the MST technique to characterize the separation between cores and their spatial distribution, and derive mass segregation ratios. While there is a range of core masses and separations detected in the sample, the mean separation and mass of cores are well explained by thermal fragmentation and are inconsistent with turbulent Jeans fragmentation. The core spatial distribution is well described by hierarchical subclustering rather than centrally peaked clustering. There is no conclusive evidence of mass segregation. We test several theoretical conditions, and conclude that overall, competitive accretion and global hierarchical collapse scenarios are favored over the turbulent core accretion scenario., Accepted for publication in ApJ (September 17, 2019). 37 pages, 19 figures, and 7 tables

We report molecular line observations of the NGC 1333 IRAS 4C outflow in the Perseus Molecular Cloud with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array. The CCH and CS emission reveal an outflow cavity structure with clear signatures of rotation with respect to the outflow axis. The rotation is detected from about 120 au up to about 1400 au above the envelope/disk mid-plane. As the distance to the central source increases, the rotation velocity of the outflow decreases while the outflow radius increases, which gives a flat specific angular momentum distribution along the outflow. The mean specific angular momentum of the outflow is about 100 au km/s. Based on reasonable assumptions on the outward velocity of the outflow and the protostar mass, we estimate the range of outflow launching radii to be 5-15 au. Such a launching radius rules out that this outflow is launched as an X-wind, but rather, it is more consistent to be a slow disk wind launched from relatively large radii on the disk. The radius of the centrifugal barrier is roughly estimated, and the role of the centrifugal barrier in the outflow launching is discussed., Comment: Accepted to ApJ. 29 pages, 8 figures

Context: The importance of magnetic fields at the onset of star formation related to the early fragmentation and collapse processes is largely unexplored today. Aims: We want to understand the magnetic field properties at the earliest evolutionary stages of high-mass star formation. Methods: The Atacama Large Millimeter Array is used at 1.3mm wavelength in full polarization mode to study the polarized emission and by that the magnetic field morphologies and strengths of the high-mass starless region IRDC18310-4. Results: The polarized emission is clearly detected in four sub-cores of the region. In general it shows a smooth distribution, also along elongated cores. Estimating the magnetic field strength via the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method and following a structure function analysis, we find comparably large magnetic field strengths between ~0.6 and 3.7mG. Comparing the data to spectral line observations, the turbulent-to-magnetic energy ratio is low, indicating that turbulence does not significantly contribute to the stability of the gas clump. A mass-to-flux ratio around the critical value 1.0 - depending on column density - indicates that the region starts to collapse which is consistent with the previous spectral line analysis of the region. Conclusions: While this high-mass region is collapsing and thus at the verge of star formation, the high magnetic field values and the smooth spatial structure indicate that the magnetic field is important for the fragmentation and collapse process. This single case study can only be the starting point for larger sample studies of magnetic fields at the onset of star formation., 7 pages, 5 figures, Astronomy & Astrophysics in press, http://www.mpia.de/homes/beuther/papers.html

We study the effect of a combination of velocity bunchings and its application to THz coherent undulator radiation at LEBRA, Nihon U. by simulations. The velocity bunching is a technique that is commonly used to make the bunch length shorter at lower energies. However, since one velocity bunching has a correlation between bunch energy and length, we may not have so much room to change energies to obtain different coherent radiation wavelengths. Hence we propose a combination of velocity bunchings, that relaxes the restrictive correlation. We have three 4m traveling-wave accelerator tubes at LEBRA, Nihon U. The undulator is installed after the acceleration tubes and 2 x 45 degree bending magnets. Since the design of current undulator requires less than 25 MeV beam energy to obtain the radiation at THz region, the velocity bunching is reasonable for coherent radiation. We show the simulation results of a combination of velocity bunchings of the three tubes and the magnetic bunching at bending magnets, suitable for the coherent undulator radiation., Proceedings of the 9th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada

We have observed complex organic molecules (COMs) and deuterated species toward a hot core/corino (HC) associated with the infrared dark cloud (IRDC) clump G34.43+00.24 MM3 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We have detected six normal-COMs (CH3OH, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CN, CH3OCH3, HCOOCH3, and NH2CHO), one deuterated-COM (CH2DCN), and two deuterated fundamental molecules (D2CO and DNC) toward G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC. None of these lines, except for CH3OH, are detected toward the shocked regions in our data, which suggests that COMs do not originate in shocks. The abundance of the COMs relative to CH3OH in G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC is found to be similar to those in high-mass hot cores, rather than those in hot corinos in low-mass star-forming regions. This result suggests that the physical conditions of the warm-up phase of G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC are similar to those of high-mass sources. On the other hand, the D2CO abundance relative to CH$_3$OH in G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC is higher than that of other hot cores, and seems to be comparable to that of hot corinos. The relatively high D2CO/CH3OH ratio of G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC implies a long cold starless phase of G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC., Comment: accepted to ApJ

This paper describes a proposal for a compact x-ray source based on parametric x-ray radiation (PXR). The PXR, which is produced when a single crystal is bombarded with relativistic electrons, has good monochromaticity and spatial coherence, and is expected to be well suited for imaging of low-Z materials and medical application. The proposed system employs a pair of copper accelerating structures which are operated at a cryogenic temperature of 20 K and arranged to form a resonant ring configuration. The electron beam is once accelerated up to 75 MeV in one of the structures, being decelerated down to lower than 7 MeV in the other structure after generating PXR at a single crystal, and then dumped. The expected x-ray yield is $1{0}^{9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{photons}/\mathrm{s}$ at a center energy of 15 keV or higher.

We propose a high-peak-power terahertz-wave source based on an electron accelerator. By passing an electron beam through a hollow conical dielectric with apex facing the incident electron beam, the wave front of coherent Cherenkov radiation generated on the inner surface of the hollow conical dielectric matches the basal plane. Using the electron beam generated at the Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application at Nihon University, the calculated power of coherent Cherenkov radiation that matched the circular plane (CCR-MCP) was above 1 MW per micropulse with a short interval of 350 ps, for wavelengths ranging from 0.5 to 5 mm. The electron beam is not lost for generating the CCR-MCP beam by using the hollow conical dielectric. It is possible to combine the CCR-MCP beams with other light sources based on an accelerator.

Element-sensitive computed tomography (CT) experiments were carried out based on the absorption edge of a specific element using a finely tunable X-ray beam generated by parametric X-ray radiation (PXR). Tomographic images of specimens containing strontium were measured at energies both lower and higher than that of the Sr absorption edge. The difference between the images of the two energies successfully reveals the three-dimensional distributions of Sr. The results demonstrate that this method is effective for elemental analysis of considerably thick samples and could complement X-ray fluorescence analysis.

The biological characteristics of Conger myriaster in the East China Sea were studied in May and June (summer), and in November and December (winter), from 2009 to 2010. C. m yriaster was collected mainly at stations in the survey area contained within longitudes 125°E and 128°E and latitudes 28°N and 33°N. Depths and bottom water temperatures for the positive stations ranged from 73 to 186 m and 12.5 to 19.2 °C in summer, and from 65 to 187 m and 13.8 to 21.4 °C in winter. A total of 107 specimens included 64 pre-vitellogenesis (peri-nucleolus to early oil droplet stages) females, 16 mid-vitellogenesis (primary to secondary yolk globule stages) females, 24 pre-meiosis males (spermatogonial proliferation stage), and three sex-unidentified specimens. The gonads of summer-collected mid-vitellogenesis females were more developed than those of winter-collected mid-vitellogenesis females. Additionally, mid-vitellogenesis females were collected mostly where bottom water temperature was lower than 20 °C in both summer and winter. On the other hand, males were captured only in winter and were all pre-meiosis individuals. This suggested that C. m yriaster has different behaviors between females and males. Furthermore, sex ratios (female:male) were 46:0 in summer and 34:24 in winter. The presence of mid-vitellogenesis females and the absence of males in summer suggested different spawning migration routes and/or seasons for females and males.

In this paper, we present the result of our analysis on the mathematic test that was conducted in public schools of the Republic of Philippines. We focused on clarifying difficulties that students in Philippines are facing. At the same time, we tried to find hidden issues that are not so obvious from the cross sectional analysis. While the Philippines' new mathematics curriculum guideline-that is recently undergone huge educational reform for K to 12-enforces raising students' critical thinking and problem solving skills, we found that due to the formulated solving methods, students do not fully understand the concepts of, for example, "sizes of angles" and "largeness/smallness of fractions". It is, therefore, urgent to train teachers so that they can understand various problems students are facing and give appropriate advice to each of them. We hope this paper will be a stepping-stone for clarifying current educational situation and improving qualities of teachers and education for future through educational cooperation.

We have conducted an interferometric line survey in the 0.8 mm band toward the young high-mass protostar candidate NGC 2264 CMM3 with ALMA. CMM3 is resolved into the two continuum peaks, CMM3A and CMM3B, at an angular separation of 0.9". Thus, CMM3 is found to be a binary system candidate. We have detected molecular outflows associated with CMM3A and CMM3B each, indicating active star formation. In addition to the two peaks, six faint continuum peaks are detected around CMM3A and CMM3B, most of which are thought to be evolved low-mass protostars. CMM3A is found to be rich in molecular line emission including complex organic molecules such as HCOOCH3 and CH3OCH3. The emission of complex organic molecules is distributed within a compact region around the continuum peak of CMM3A. Hence, CMM3A apparently harbors a hot core. On the other hand, CMM3B is deficient in molecular line emission, although its continuum flux is almost comparable to that of CMM3A. Possible origins of the striking difference between CMM3A and CMM3B are discussed., Accepted for publication in ApJ, 7 figures, 2 tables

Male mammary Paget’s disease (MPD) is extremely rare. Furthermore, MPD with invasion downward into the dermis of the male nipple has been reported rarely. A 56-year-old Japanese man presented with a lump and eczema in the right nipple–areola area. Ultrasonography revealed only a cystic lesion below the right areola. With a diagnosis of MPD with invasion into the dermis associated with ductal carcinoma in situ, mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy were performed. MPD with dermal invasion is extremely rare, and only one male case has been reported in the English literature; therefore, the current case is the second case of male MPD with dermal invasion.