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Abstract Pediatric and adult high-grade gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors, with poor prognosis due to recurrence and tumor infiltration after therapy. Quiescent cells have been implicated in tumor recurrence and treatment resistance, but their direct visualization and targeting remain challenging, precluding their mechanistic study. Here, we identify a population of malignant cells expressing Prominin-1 in a non-proliferating state in pediatric high-grade glioma patients. Using a genetic tool to visualize and ablate quiescent cells in mouse brain cancer and human cancer organoids, we reveal their localization at both the core and the edge of the tumors, and we demonstrate that quiescent cells are involved in infiltration of brain cancer cells. Finally, we find that Harmine, a DYRK1A/B inhibitor, partially decreases the number of quiescent and infiltrating cancer cells. Our data point to a subpopulation of quiescent cells as partially responsible of tumor invasiveness, one of the major causes of brain cancer morbidity.

Gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are rare diseases encompassing pancreatic (PanNETs) and ileal NETs (SINETs), characterized by heterogeneous somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) expression. Treatments for inoperable GEP-NETs are limited, and SSTR-targeted Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) achieves variable responses. Prognostic biomarkers for the management of GEP-NET patients are required. 18F-FDG uptake is a prognostic indicator of aggressiveness in GEP-NETs. This study aims to identify circulating and measurable prognostic miRNAs associated with 18F-FDG-PET/CT status, higher risk and lower response to PRRT.MethodsWhole miRNOme NGS profiling was conducted on plasma samples obtained from well-differentiated advanced, metastatic, inoperable G1, G2 and G3 GEP-NET patients enrolled in the non-randomized LUX (NCT02736500) and LUNET (NCT02489604) clinical trials prior to PRRT (screening set, n= 24). Differential expression analysis was performed between 18F-FDG positive (n=12) and negative (n=12) patients. Validation was conducted by Real Time quantitative PCR in two distinct well-differentiated GEP-NET validation cohorts, considering the primary site of origin (PanNETs n=38 and SINETs n=30). The Cox regression was applied to assess independent clinical parameters and imaging for progression-free survival (PFS) in PanNETs. In situ RNA hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry was performed to simultaneously detect miR and protein expression in the same tissue specimens. This novel semi-automated miR-protein protocol was applied in PanNET FFPE specimens (n=9). In vitro functional experiments were performed in PanNET models.ResultsWhile no miRNAs emerged to be deregulated in SINETs, hsa-miR-5096, hsa-let-7i-3p and hsa-miR-4311 were found to correlate with 18F-FDG-PET/CT in PanNETs (p-value:

A bactéria Weissella viridescens é bem conhecida por causar deterioração na superfície de produtos cárneos embalados a vácuo, mesmo sob condições refrigeradas. Para impedir a deterioração microbiana dos alimentos, aditivos alimentares podem ser usados. Eles são utilizados com a finalidade de tornar os alimentos mais seguros ou mais atraentes. Os conservantes são um tipo de aditivo alimentar adicionado aos alimentos para prolongar a vida útil e impedir que os produtos sejam decompostos por microrganismos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) de quatro conservantes alimentares contra a W. viridescens: benzoato de sódio, metabissulfito de sódio, nitrito de sódio e sorbato de potássio. Benzoato de sódio e sorbato de potássio foram testados em concentrações variando de 50.000 a 1.000 μg.mL-1, enquanto nitrito de sódio e metabissulfito de sódio variaram de 20.000 a 156 μg.mL-1. O metabissulfito de sódio apresentou a maior atividade (CIM 313 μg.mL-1), seguido pelo nitrito de sódio (CIM 5.000 μg.mL-1). Benzoato de sódio e sorbato de potássio não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana nas concentrações testadas. Palavras-Chave: Aditivos alimentares. Produtos cárneos. Bactéria ácido-lática.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy (i.e., intravesical instillation of live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis) is a standard of care for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The risk of infective adverse events is generally low as studies have reported an incidence of systemic BCG infections between 3% and 7%. In the majority of cases, BCG infections are disseminated (34.4%), genitourinary (23.4%), osteomuscular (19.9%), or vascular (6.7%). Regarding vascular involvement, mycotic aortic aneurysm, aorto-enteric fistula and vascular bypass graft infections have been described.A 73-year-old man with a prosthetic femoral-popliteal bypass was treated with BCG immunotherapy for a relapsed NMIBC. Two months later, the patient developed fever and hyporexia. PET-CT and CT scans of the abdomen showed an abscess surrounding the superficial femoral artery, while blood cultures yielded M. bovis BCG, and antitubercular therapy (with RMP + EMB + INH) was started. The prosthetic graft was removed and its cultures tested positive for M. bovis as well.A total of 14 cases of vascular prosthesis infections caused by M. bovis BCG following BCG instillation are so far reported. All the cases occurred in adult symptomatic men. Abdominal aorta was involved in the majority of cases. CT scan played a pivotal role in the diagnostic process. Mycobacterium bovis BCG was isolated from several different sources.Treatment required surgery and medical therapy, the latter showing wide variability.Previous BCG immunotherapy must be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with infected vascular grafts. These infectious complications are rare and, while the infected grafts should be removed, there are no definite recommendations regarding the type of regimen and duration of treatment.

Resumo: O artigo decorre de uma pesquisa no campo dos Estudos Sociais da Infância, em interface com as contribuições de investigações sobre performances narrativas. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar os modos como crianças pré-escolares, a partir de processos de mediação promotores de ação colaborativa, produzem performances narrativas. Metodologicamente, foi realizada uma pesquisa etnográfico-propositiva com um grupo de sete crianças de 5 anos de idade que frequentavam a pré-escola. Foram propostos 20 ateliês narrativos, no intuito de evidenciar as múltiplas linguagens das crianças durante a produção de suas narrativas. Os ateliês foram organizados em três etapas, nomeadas como: 1) experimentação; 2) exploração; 3) produção de narrativas orais. As propostas desenvolvidas envolveram contação de histórias, rodas de conversa, leitura de imagens e produção de narrativas orais. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram o processo criativo das crianças na produção de narrativas, bem como sua expressão corporal e vocal por meio de performances. Com as análises, foi possível inferir a relevância da oferta de contextos promotores de narrativas, assim como o papel fundamental da mediação docente no desenvolvimento das competências linguísticas orais das crianças. Dessa forma, defende-se que as crianças tenham tempos, espaços e possibilidades de expressar, com suas narrativas, as experiências vivenciadas na pré-escola.

ABSTRACT Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp. (X. vesicatoria, X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria, X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri) may result in significant losses for tomato crops. Simonkolleite nanoparticles (SK-NPs) has been indicated as a novel approach for plant disease control. The objective of this work was to evaluate SK-NPs (ZnOCl, ZnOCl:Ag, and ZnOCl:Cu at different concentrations) for the in vitro inhibition of X. hortorum pv. gardneri, determining the time of exposure of the products for the bacterial death; the reduction of bacteria recovery on inoculated seeds, and their efficacy to reduce bacterial spot severity in plant. The growth inhibition was evaluated by inhibition zone in culture medium plates, when the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured. The period of exposure of the products to the bacterial suspension tested were 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 h. Tomato inoculated seeds were treated with SK-NPs. In plant, the preventive and curative effects were evaluated by applying the products two days before or after inoculation, respectively. Disease severity was evaluated and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. ZnOCl:Ag, ZnOCl:Cu, and ZnOCl inhibited bacterial growth, and the 5 h exposure time was necessary to reduce bacterial growth. ZnOCl:Ag, and ZnOCl:Cu reduced the bacteria presence in the seeds, and did not affect the seed germination. Both products reduced the AUDPC in the preventive application. The use of SK-NPs ZnOCl:Ag and ZnOCl:Cu showed to be promising to manage tomato bacterial spot.

Summary: Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) is a long non-coding RNA transcribed from telomeres that plays key roles in telomere maintenance. A fraction of TERRA is polyadenylated, and the presence of the poly(A) tail influences TERRA localization and stability. However, the mechanisms of TERRA biogenesis remain mostly elusive. Here, we show that the stability of TERRA transcripts is regulated by the RNA-binding protein associated with lethal yellow mutation (RALY). RALY depletion results in lower TERRA levels, impaired localization of TERRA at telomeres, and ultimately telomere damage. Importantly, we show that TERRA polyadenylation is telomere specific and that RALY preferentially stabilizes non-polyadenylated TERRA transcripts. Finally, we report that TERRA interacts with the poly(A)-binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1). Altogether, our results indicate that TERRA stability is regulated by the interplay between RALY and PABPN1, defined by the TERRA polyadenylation state. Our findings also suggest that different telomeres may trigger distinct TERRA-mediated responses.

A partir do campo dos Estudos Sociais da Infância, o artigo é decorrente de uma pesquisa do tipo estado do conhecimento, cujo objetivo é analisar as discussões éticas presentes em pesquisas com crianças na Educação Infantil. Para tanto, o artigo apresenta uma análise das investigações realizadas no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, na linha de pesquisa Estudos sobre Infâncias, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), no período de 2006 a 2021. A materialidade investigativa é constituída de 32 investigações, sendo 6 teses e 26 dissertações. Para análise do material, foram utilizados procedimentos de análise do conteúdo, os quais possibilitaram definir as seguintes unidades analíticas: contextualização das pesquisas (apresentação do campo de pesquisa e participantes); concepções éticas (discussões sobre concordância das instituições, consentimento livre e esclarecido, assentimento livre e esclarecido das crianças e modos de participação das crianças); reflexividade do pesquisador (informações sobre a entrada em campo, desenvolvimento da investigação, saída do campo e devolutiva da pesquisa). Com as análises, foi possível depreender a imprescindibilidade da discussão detalhada da pauta ética na pesquisa com crianças; a relevância das discussões metodológicas das pesquisas enquanto escolhas éticas; a importância da afirmação das crianças como atores sociais de pleno direito nas pesquisas, assim como da reflexividade do pesquisador em todo o processo investigativo.

The Alt-Right are an online racist group where multiple characters from the "intellectual dark web" or White identitarian right come together; trolls, incels, men's rights activists, and ironic gamers intersect with right populist movements, Neo-romantic reactionaries, and Christian nationalists. Not limited to a hidden far-right separatist group, their articles, videos, memes, and posts circulate to a broader audience, moving from sites like 4chan and Reddit, though to Facebook and YouTube. In this paper, the author explores the public pedagogy of the Alt-Right, specifically the language they use to critique public education and shape their own alternatives. Online, they use transgressive, liberatory, postmodern language, to promote anti-modern, racist, conspiratorial ideas. In education, this transgressive discourse takes the language of diversity, criticality, anti-hegemony to promote a reactionary populist commonsense. The right frames the left as dull PC schoolmasters. The right frames themselves as critical warriors--they speak post-truth to power. Through digital ethnography of conservative media, the author develops the concept of postmodern reactionary populism to analyze how right populist educational discourse and organizing co-opts the critical voices of the left.

In this "reflection on the field," I use critical auto-ethnography to reflect on the process of bringing urban French vernacular to New England suburbs. I analyze teaching vernacular language as linguistic gentrification, using other people's words for the construction and continual performance of cosmopolitan whiteness. As I reflect on moving from cosmopolitan desires to critical awareness I share how my own identity is entangled in this process.

Abstract Background Tivozanib (Fotivda) is an anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor that was denied access to the US market by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In contrast, it was granted approval by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma in adults. Given the conflicting decisions from these regulatory agencies, the objectives of the following study are (i) to critically review the evidence supporting the approval of tivozanib; (ii) to analyse the dissemination of this evidence in the literature by way of a citation analysis. Methods Pivotal trials were searched by two independent reviewers using Medline, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and the European Public Assessment Report. The risk of bias for each trial was then inductively assessed. Articles citing any of these trials were identified using Web of Sciences. Finally, the quality of the citations was evaluated by two independent reviewers according to standard data extraction methods. Results The search for primary evidence identified two pivotal studies: TIVO-1 upon which the FDA and the EMA decisions were based, and TIVO-3 which was conducted after the agencies’ decisions had been issued. The TIVO-1 trial presented several limitations that compromised causal inference, in relation to (i) design (absence of blinding, inappropriate comparator, and one-way crossover), (ii) poor internal consistency in the results for the primary endpoint, (iii) a discrepancy between a benefit observed for progression-free survival (HR: 0.80, 95% CI [0.64–0.99]) and the absence of difference for overall survival (HR: 1.25, 95% CI [0.95 – 1.62]). Our citation search protocol identified 229 articles that cited TIVO-1 in the 7 years following its publication, among which 151 (65.9%) citing articles discussing efficacy. Presence of spin was identified in 64 (42.4%) of these 151 citing articles, and 39 (25.8%) additional articles citing results without providing enough elements to interpret the TIVO-1 results. Conclusion EMA’s approval was based on a single pivotal trial presenting critical limitations, rendering the results from the trial potentially inconclusive. The broad dissemination of TIVO-1 results in the scientific literature may have been affected by spin or results were presented in an inadequate critical manner.

Kefir is a traditional fermented drink originating from regions of the Caucasus and Eastern Europe, produced by directly adding kefir grains to milk. The study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of beverages made with grains obtained from domestic cultivation. Beverages were prepared by inoculating the grains in UHT whole milk in a 1:15 (w/v) ratio, fermented for 24h, and filtered to separate the grains. Lactic bacteria were quantified on MRS Agar and yeast counts on BDA Agar. Enumeration of total and thermotolerant coliforms was performed using the multiple tube technique in Broth VB and EC, respectively. The titratable acidity was determined by titration with 0.1N NaOH solution. The lactose content was determined by the Fehling method. The presence of total coliforms was found in three samples and thermotolerant coliforms in just one. Lower levels of lactose were observed in samples with higher growth of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Higher levels of titratable acidity were observed in samples that presented lower pH values and higher growth of lactic acid bacteria. Most samples meet the established parameters for counting lactic acid bacteria. Two samples showed yeast count 10 CFU/mL. The presence of coliforms in three samples reveals flaws in the hygienic conditions during the continuous transfers or even in the handling or storage stages. It is important to emphasize adopting of good hygienic practices when obtaining the grains and making the drink, aiming at a safe product for consumption.

This study aimed to detect soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in lettuce using images obtained by multispectral sensors mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A secondary objective was to identify the best sensor and determine the optimal stage after inoculation to detect infected plants. In the field, soft rot lesions and the agronomic traits of lettuce plants inoculated or not with the bacteria were assessed on different days after inoculation (DAI). Classifications were made using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naive Bayes (NB) algorithms to analyze data groups consisting of spectral bands, vegetation indices and a combination of bands and indices obtained from a conventional visible camera and Mapir Survey3W multispectral camera, as well as agronomic parameters. The results confirmed the possibility of pre-symptomatic detection of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in lettuce at the canopy level. With respect to identifying healthy and infected lettuce plants by supervised classification, the best results were obtained at 4 and 8 DAI, especially when using the subsets derived from the Mapir Survey3W camera (RGN sensor), for both classifiers. The subsets obtained with the conventional visible sensor (RGB sensor) produced the best results at 20 and 24 DAI.

Summary Plant pigments are diverse natural molecules involved in numerous biological functions such as development, growth, and metabolism. As plants age, not only new organs will be formed, but also, they will acquire the necessary pigments in response to the environment and endogenous programming in order to achieve reproductive success. Among the endogenous cues, the small RNAs (sRNAs), an endogenous group of ubiquitous regulatory molecules, may regulate the pigments‐associated biosynthetic pathways at posttranscriptional level. Although plant pigments and sRNAs have been comprehensively studied in several processes throughout the entire plant cycle in model and nonmodel species, connections among these central players must be revised. Studying these complex networks allow us not only to know the progress that has been made in this area, but also generate research questions to be explored in order to unravel novel mechanisms for improving plant yield; therefore, in this review we have summarized the emerging roles of sRNAs‐regulated nodes in mediating plant pigmentation‐associated biosynthetic pathways, focused on chlorophylls, flavonoids, carotenoids, and betalains. In addition, we discuss perspectives related to the manipulation of those genes associated with plant pigments for obtaining genetically improved plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, companies are called to meet variable market demand whilst having to comply with tighter delivery times, also due to the growing spread of e-commerce systems in the last decade. As never before, it is therefore mandatory to increase the efficiency within distribution centers to minimize operating costs and increase environmental and economical sustainability. The picking process is the most expensive task in a warehouse, both for the required resources and time for completing all the operations, which is typically carried out manually. Several policies can be identified, such as discrete or batch picking. Many studies tend to optimize both policies, treating them distinctly and integrating them with other factors including, for instance, the logic of product allocation. This article stands on a higher decision-making level: starting from a database obtained with a simulative approach that contains the average distances covered by pickers in different warehouse configurations, the aim is to provide an analysis of which factors have the greatest impact in preferring a discrete order picking policy over the batch one. The factors in question are shape factor, input–output point, routing and storage location assignment policies. Results can be useful for industrial practitioners in defining the most efficient managerial strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid organ transplant (SOT) candidates and recipients are a fragile population, in which the presence of a pre-transplant disease leading to organ insufficiency and the post-transplant immunosuppressive treatment expose them to an increased risk of infectious diseases. The best intervention to guarantee efficient prevention of infections, with optimal cost–benefit ratio, is represented by vaccination programs; however, the response to vaccines needs that the immune system maintains a good function. This is even more relevant at paediatric age, when specific immunological conditions make transplant candidates and recipients particularly vulnerable. Paediatric patients may be naïve to most infections and may have incomplete immunization status at the time of transplant listing due to their age. Moreover, the unaccomplished development of a mature immune system and the immunosuppressive regimen adopted after transplant might affect the efficacy of post-transplant vaccinations. Therefore, every effort should be made to obtain the widest vaccination coverage before the transplantation, whenever possible. This review reports the most relevant literature, providing information on the current approach to the vaccinations in paediatric SOT candidates and recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the success rate of current preclinical drug trials, there is a growing need for more complex and relevant models that can help predict clinical resistance to anticancer agents. Here, we present a three‐dimensional (3D) technology, based on biomimetic collagen scaffolds, that enables the modeling of the tumor hypoxic state and the prediction of in vivo chemotherapy responses in terms of efficacy, molecular alterations, and emergence of resistance mechanisms. The human breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐231 (triple negative) and MCF‐7 (luminal A) were treated with scaling doses of doxorubicin in monolayer cultures, 3D collagen scaffolds, or orthotopically transplanted murine models. Lineage‐specific resistance mechanisms were revealed by the 3D tumor model. Reduced drug uptake, increased drug efflux, and drug lysosomal confinement were observed in triple‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 cells. In luminal A MCF‐7 cells, the selection of a drug‐resistant subline from parental cells with deregulation of p53 pathways occurred. These cells were demonstrated to be insensitive to DNA damage. Transcriptome analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in treated cells. DEG evaluation in breast cancer patients demonstrated their potential role as predictive biomarkers. High expression of the transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1) and the tumor protein p53‐inducible protein 3 (TP53I3) was associated with shorter relapse in patients affected by ER+ breast tumor. Likewise, the same clinical outcome was associated with high expression of the lysosomal‐associated membrane protein 1 LAMP1 in triple‐negative breast cancer. Hypoxia inhibition by resveratrol treatment was found to partially re‐sensitize cells to doxorubicin treatment. Our model might improve preclinical in vitro analysis for the translation of anticancer compounds as it provides: (a) more accurate data on drug efficacy and (b) enhanced understanding of resistance mechanisms and molecular drivers.

Abstract Objectives Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has had a heavy impact on national health system, especially in the first wave. That impact hit principally the intensive care units (ICUs). The large number of patients requiring hospitalization in ICUs lead to a complete upheaval of intensive wards. The increase in bed, the fewer number of nurses per patient, the constant use of personal protective equipment, the new antimicrobial surveillance protocols could have had deeply effects on microbiological flora of these wards. Moreover, the overconsumption of antimicrobial therapy in COVID-19 patients, like several studies report, could have impact of this aspect. Aim of this study is to evaluate the changing pattern of microbiological respiratory isolates during and before COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary hospital ICUs. Methods A retrospective, observational study was conducted in ICUs of “ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII”, a large tertiary referral hospital in Northern Italy. We have retrospectively collected the microbiological data from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and tracheal aspirate (TA) of patients with COVID-19, hospitalized in ICUs from 22nd February 2020 to 31st May 2020 (Period 1), and without COVID-19, from 22nd February 2019 to 31st May 2019 (Period 2). We compared the prevalence and the antibiotic profile of bacterial and fungal species in the two time periods. Results The prevalence of Pseudomonas spp. shows a statistically significant increase from patients without COVID-19 compared to COVID-19 positive as well as the prevalence of Enterococcus spp. On the contrary, the prevalence of Gram negative non fermenting bacteria (GN-NFB), Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae showed a significant reduction between two periods. There was a statistically significant increase in resistance of Pseudomonas spp. to carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam and Enterobacterales spp. for piperacillin/tazobactam, in COVID-19 positive patients compared to patients without COVID-19. We did not observe significant changing in fungal respiratory isolates. Conclusions A changing pattern in prevalence and resistance profiles of bacterial and fungal species was observed during COVID-19 pandemic.

This paper deals with two subjects. The first one is the presentation of a Matlab App created for PMSMs (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors) parameters estimation, both in the electrical and in the mechanical energetic domains. The second one is the presentation of a generalized PMSM Simulink superblock equipped with a user-friendly interface allowing to select options and to input the model parameters. The Matlab App and the PMSM superblock can be easily interfaced with each other. Finally, two simulation case studies are reported for the PMSM superblock.

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain tumor in adults. Radiation, together with temozolomide is the standard treatment, but nevertheless, relapse occurs in nearly all cases. Understanding the mechanisms underlying radiation resistance may help to find more effective therapies. After radiation treatment, ATP is released into the tumor microenvironment where it binds and activates purinergic P2 receptors, mainly of the P2X7 subtype. Two main P2X7 splice variants, P2X7A and P2X7B, are expressed in most cell types, where they associate with distinct biochemical and functional responses. GBM cells widely differ for the level of P2X7 isoform expression and accordingly for sensitivity to stimulation with extracellular ATP (eATP). Irradiation causes a dramatic shift in P2X7 isoform expression, with the P2X7A isoform being down- and the P2X7B isoform up-modulated, as well as extensive cell death and overexpression of stemness and senescence markers. Treatment with P2X7 blockers during the post-irradiation recovery potentiated irradiation-dependent cytotoxicity, suggesting that P2X7B activation by eATP generated a trophic/growth-promoting stimulus. Altogether, these data show that P2X7A and B receptor isoform levels are inversely modulated during the post-irradiation recovery phase in GBM cells.

Abstract Parasites are important components of ecosystems and may contribute to the ecological aspects of their hosts and indicate the integrity of their environment. To identify the gastrointestinal helminths of the South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis, 52 animals found dead on the Rio Grande do Sul coast, Southern Brazil, were necropsied. All studied animals were parasitized, and 104,670 specimens of helminths from three phyla and 14 taxa were collected. Adult specimens represented five of the identified species: Contracaecum ogmorhini, Adenocephalus pacificus, Stephanoprora uruguayense, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, and Corynosoma australe; and one of the identified genera: Strongyloides sp. Immature forms represented the other eight taxa: Anisakidae gen. sp., Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova sp., Contracaecum sp., Tetrabothriidae gen. sp., Cestoda gen. sp., Corynosoma cetaceum, and Bolbosoma turbinella. The acanthocephalan C. australe was the most prevalent and abundant parasite, whereas Strongyloides sp. had the highest intensity. This is the first record of the nematode Anisakis sp., digenean S. uruguayense, and acanthocephalan B. turbinella in this host. Trophic generalist species such as A. australis can be good indicators of the composition of the helminth fauna of their ecosystems, indicating the presence of zoonotic parasites transmitted by the consumption of fish.

The framework of Representative Key Risks (RKRs) has been adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group II (WGII) to categorize, assess and communicate a wide range of regional and sectoral key risks from climate change. These are risks expected to become severe due to the potentially detrimental convergence of changing climate conditions with the exposure and vulnerability of human and natural systems. Other papers in this special issue treat each of eight RKRs holistically by assessing their current status and future evolution as a result of this convergence. However, in these papers, such assessment cannot always be organized according to a systematic gradation of climatic changes. Often the big-picture evolution of risk has to be extrapolated from either qualitative effects of “low”, “medium” and “high” warming, or limited/focused analysis of the consequences of particular mitigation choices (e.g., benefits of limiting warming to 1.5 or 2C), together with consideration of the socio-economic context and possible adaptation choices.In this study we offer a representation – as systematic as possible given current literature and assessments – of the future evolution of the hazard components of RKRs.We identify the relevant hazards for each RKR, based upon the WGII authors’ assessment, and we report on their current state and expected future changes in magnitude, intensity and/or frequency, linking these changes to Global Warming Levels (GWLs) to the extent possible. We draw on the assessment of changes in climatic impact-drivers relevant to RKRs described in the 6th Assessment Report by Working Group I supplemented when needed by more recent literature.For some of these quantities - like regional trends in oceanic and atmospheric temperature and precipitation, some heat and precipitation extremes, permafrost thaw and Northern Hemisphere snow cover - a strong and quantitative relationship with increasing GWLs has been identified. For others - like frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones and extra-tropical storms, and fire weather - that link can only be described qualitatively. For some processes - like the behavior of ice sheets, or changes in circulation dynamics - large uncertainties about the effects of different GWLs remain, and for a few others - like ocean pH and air pollution - the composition of the scenario of anthropogenic emissions is most relevant, rather than the warming reached. In almost all cases, however, the basic message remains that every small increment in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and associated warming will bring changes in climate phenomena that will contribute to increasing risk of impacts on human and natural systems, in the absence of compensating changes in these systems’ exposure and vulnerability, and in the absence of effective adaptation. Our picture of the evolution of RKR-relevant climatic impact-drivers complements and enriches the treatment of RKRs in the other papers in at least two ways: by filling in their often only cursory or limited representation of the physical climate aspects driving impacts, and by providing a fuller representation of their future potential evolution, an important component – if never the only one – of the future evolution of risk severity.

Using ensembles from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) under a high and a lower emission scenarios, we investigate changes in statistics of extreme daily temperature. The ensembles provide large samples for a robust application of extreme value theory. We estimate return values and return periods for annual maxima of the daily high and low temperatures as well as the 3-day averages of the same variables in current and future climate. Results indicate statistically significant increases (compared to the reference period of 1996–2005) in extreme temperatures over all land areas as early as 2025 under both scenarios, with statistically significant differences between them becoming pervasive over the globe by 2050. The substantially smaller changes, for all indices, produced under the lower emission case translate into sizeable benefits from emission mitigation: By 2075, in terms of reduced changes in 1-day heat extremes, about 95 % of land regions would see benefits of 1 °C or more under the lower emissions scenario, and 50 % or more of the land areas would benefit by at least 2 °C. 6 % of the land area would benefit by 3 °C or more in projected extreme minimum temperatures and 13 % would benefit by this amount for extreme maximum temperature. Benefits for 3-day metrics are similar. The future frequency of current extremes is also greatly reduced by mitigation: by the end of the century, under RCP8.5 more than half the land area experiences the current 20-year events every year while only between about 10 and 25 % of the area is affected by such severe changes under RCP4.5.