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Eosinophilic leukocytosis can be attributed to a number of clinical conditions such as parasitic infection, allergies, and neoplasms. Parasitic infection is the main cause of eosinophilia; however, a marked leukocytosis with hypereosinophilia secondary to Trichuris trichiura in adults has not been previously reported. We describe a case of a 39-year-old man who presented with fever and diarrhea. The investigation revealed a white blood cell (WBC) count of 20.69 × 109/L with an absolute eosinophil count of 12.44 × 109/L. Fecal microscopic examination demonstrated T. trichuria eggs. The WBC count returned to normal following treatment with albendazole. The literature pertaining to hematological findings associated with Trichuris trichiura is explored in this report. This case highlights that a significant elevation of leukocyte count with hypereosinophilia can be one of the manifestations of trichuriasis infection in adults. Empirical treatment with anti-helminthic agents may play a role in suspected cases to avoid severe complications, such as Trichuris dysentery syndrome.

In Colombia, the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis varies throughout its regions, social classes, and living conditions. We performed a cohort study (2017–2018) on children from 1–10 years old in El Cedro, Ayapel, Colombia. We tested a convenience sampling of those who accepted and signed the consent form. The National Intestinal Parasite Survey was applied; feces and water source sampling were tested for coprological and microbiology analysis, respectively. Education and pharmacologic treatment to the minor and co-inhabitants were performed. After the recruiting, we followed up at 7 and 12 months. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM® SPSS22. Participants 47, 61,7% male, average age 5,7 years. The caretakers had a low educational background. The monthly income of 72,3% of households was < USD 87. The coprological test showed 61,7% with at least one type of parasite; 32,2% with two or more. Trichuris trichiura was the most frequent. Water sources were positive for Escherichia coli. The population tested showed a high frequency of parasitic infection. We did not find a reduction of intestinal parasitosis with education and pharmacologic treatment at the end of the follow-up. It must be necessary to impact social determinants of public health to achieve intestinal parasitosis control.

Background. Globally, over 600 million school children are living with intestinal parasites. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among school children in Ethiopia and the Amhara region is 52% and 51%, respectively. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of IPIs among primary school children in Dera district, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to February 2020. The study used a structured pretested questionnaire and stool tests to obtain epidemiological and disease data. Data were analyzed using appropriate univariate and multivariable logistic regression methods by statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25.0. Results. Of the 382 students who were examined for IPIs, 238 (62.3%) (61.8% males, 62.8% females) were positive for one or more IPIs. One hundred thirty-six (35.6%), 98 (25.7%), and 4 (1.05%) were single, double, and triple infections, respectively. Out of the nine species of IPIs detected, Entamoeba sp. was the predominant species (29.6%) followed by hookworm (21.7%), Schistosoma mansoni (11.3%), Taenia sp. (9.2%), Giardia lamblia (5.2%), and Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, and Enterobius vermicularis (4.2%) each, and Trichuris trichiura (0.5%). Family size greater than five (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.004, 3.13), open field school waste disposal (AOR = 15.88; 95% CI: 1.91, 132.1), and lack of knowledge about intestinal parasitic infection (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.2) were the independent risk factors associated with the overall prevalence of IPIs. Conclusions. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was high in the Dera district. Health education, extending school-based deworming, and mass treatments are recommended.

In regions where sanitary conditions are poor, prophylactic administration of antiparasitic drugs is common and affects the prevalence of intestinal parasites, in spite of the environmental maintenance of their life cycle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic infections, patient lifestyles, health conditions and environmental sources of contamination. One hundred seventy two children and adolescents, 5 to 15 years of age of both sexes were analyzed. Data were obtained through epidemiological questionnaires, parasitological examinations using Paratest®, IgG testing for Entamoeba histolytica, and analysis of sources of contamination in living areas. The study detected a prevalence of 45.9% (79/172) parasitic infections, of which 62.0% (49/79) Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar complex; 46.8% (37/79) Entamoeba coli; 27.8% (22/79) Giardia intestinalis; 12.7% (10/79) Endolimax nana; 10.1% (8/79) Hymenolepis nana; 8.9% (7/79) Ascaris lumbricoides and 2.5% (2/79) Trichuris trichiura. Out of the 49 samples positive for Entamoeba histolytica complex, there was only one case of antibodies to E. histolytica. The children’s life habits demonstrated inadequate food hygiene practices. These insufficient sanitary parameters revealed a general lack of information in face of an alarming situation regarding sewage and other sources of environmental contamination in 20% of the areas. The high prevalence of protozoan infections despite chemoprophylaxis, with environmental sources of contamination/risk, inadequate health conditions and the general apathy of the population suggest the ineffectiveness of current preventive practices. Thus, it is advisable that control actions include protozoa as therapeutic targets and, above all, health education as a routine practice to prevent the long-term continuance of this vicious cycle. KEY WORDS: Parasitic infections; chemoprophylaxis; environmental sources.

Background/ Aims: WHO has reported up to 90% of children from poor communities with inadequate hygiene and sanitation prone to any soil transmitted helminths (STHs) infection. In Malaysia, the indigenous community (Orang Asli) are prone to STH infections due to poor living condition and lack of awareness of STHs infection. Previous studies reported that the control of human STH infection relies on preventive chemotherapy using single-dose albendazole. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of single-dose albendazole against STH infections among Orang Asli related to the prevalence and intensity of infections. Methodology: Fecal samples were collected and it were concentrated by floatation technique (using the standard salt-sugar solution). Next, identification of the helminth type and helminth burden of STHs was performed before and after the albendazole treatment. Submit the completed abstract via ICMST 2022 webpage Results: After one-month post-treatment, the cure rate (CR) for Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides was found to be 11.6% and 35.0%, respectively. Moreover, there was no heavy infection for both STHs during the post-treatment of albendazole. Conclusion: This study indicated that a single dose of albendazole showed higher cure rate efficacy in A. lumbricoides compared to than T. trichiura. However, both species had decreased egg burden post-treatment with albendazole. Future study in recommended in using double albendazole dose to reduce the helminth burden in this community.

Ascaris lumbricoides, the roundworm, and Trichuris trichiura, the whipworm, are human intestinal nematode parasites; both are soil-transmitted helminths, are often placed together in an epidemiological context and both remain neglected despite high prevalence. Our understanding of parasitic disease continues to be enhanced through animal models. Despite the similarities between whipworm and roundworm, there are key differences between the two species and these have influenced the application of their respective animal models. In the case of T. trichiura, the fact that a murine equivalent, T. muris completes its life cycle in a mouse model has greatly enhanced our knowledge of whipworm biology, pathogenicity and immunology. In contrast, A. lumbricoides and its porcine equivalent, Ascaris suum, lack a rodent model in which the life cycle is completed. However, evidence continues to accumulate demonstrating that mice represent useful models of early Ascaris infection, a key stage of the life cycle. The use of mouse models for both Ascaris and Trichuris has a long history with early pioneers discovering fundamental aspects of each parasite's biology. Novel technologies and perspectives, as outlined in this special issue, demonstrate how through the prism of mouse models, we can continue to explore the similarities and differences between roundworms and whipworms.

Background Intestinal parasitic infections are amongst the most common infections worldwide and have been identified as one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality among disadvantaged populations. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and to identify the significant risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections in Laghouat province, Southern Algeria. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 623 symptomatic and 1654 asymptomatic subjects. Structured questionnaires were used to identify environmental, socio demographic and behavioral factors. Stool specimens were collected and examined using direct wet mount, formalin-ether concentration, xenic in vitro culture and staining methods. Results A highly significant difference of prevalence was found between symptomatic (82.3%) and asymptomatic subjects (14.9%), with the majority attributable to protozoan infection. The most common species in the symptomatic subjects were Blastocystis spp. (43.8%), E. histolytica/dispar (25.4%) and Giardia intestinalis (14.6%) and more rarely Enterobius vermicularis (02.1%), Teania spp. (0.6%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.2%), while in asymptomatic population Blastocystis spp. (8%), Entamoeba coli (3.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (2.5%) were the most common parasites detected with no case of helminth infection. Multivariate log-linear analysis showed that contact with animals was the main risk factor for transmission of these protozoa in both populations. Furthermore, living in rural areas was significantly associated with combined protozoan infection in the asymptomatic population, whereas, in the symptomatic population an increasing trend of protozoan infection was detected in the hot season. In addition, Blastocystis spp. and G. intestinalis infection were found to be associated with host sex and contact with animals across the study period. Conclusions Based on these results, several strategies are recommended in order to effectively reduce these infections including good animal husbandry practices, health education focused on good personal hygiene practices and adequate sanitation.

Background: Soil-transmitted helminth infection (STH) is a parasite infection that involves humans being infected with roundworms by route of soil contamination. One billion individuals are infected with worms, including 568 million school-age children. Helminthiasis in elementary school-aged children was not documented in Musi Rawas Regency. This study's goal was to identify if not wearing footwear increases the incidence of parasitic infection.Methods: The research was a cross-sectional survey, followed by statistical analysis. The study involved elementary school-aged students in Tuah Negeri District, Musi Rawas Regency, in 2021 and at least 200 participants. This study sample consisted of 108 with a purposive sampling method. This study utilized questionnaires and stool examinations using the Kato Katz method. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.Results: Positive helminth infections amounted to 37,1% of the total (n=108). STH was comprised of 17.6% Ascaris lumbricoides, 9.3% Trichuris trichiura, and 25.9% hookworms. The finding of this research demonstrated a substantial (p = 0.000) relationship between the use of footwear and the advent of parasites. The logistic regression analysis results revealed that the most critical variable influencing the incidence of helminthiasis was not wearing any footwear.Conclusions: The study's findings suggest a correlation between footwear use and the risk of worm infection; as a result, it was recommended that children be thoroughly educated on personal hygiene, specifically footwear use, when using the bathroom.

Objective: Pathogenic species of protozoa and helminth cause intestinal parasitosis, which continues to be a significant community well-being issue in many regions of the world, especially in pastoral regions of developing countries like Nepal. The study focused on determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and the associated risk factors among the people of the Chepang community of the Saktikhor area in the Chitwan district. Materials and Methods: A transversal study was conducted between May 2017 and October 2017, with a total of 125 participants. The fecal samples were examined using a wet media (saline media, iodine preparation), concentration and sucrose flotation method. The association between risk factors and parasitic prevalence was evaluated using the Pearson’s chi-square test. Results: The general prevalence of intestinal parasite infection was 52%. Infections with soil-borne helminth were more common than those with cestodes and protozoa. Common intestinal parasites included Ascaris lumbricoides (69.23%), Trichuris trichiura (9.23%), Hookworm (7.69%), Strongyloides stercoralis (4.62%), Hymenolepis nana (6.15%), Taenia sp. (6.15%), and Entamoeba coli (9.23%). High prevalence of infection was observed among male (53.96% ) participants and those aged over 20 years (69.44%). Pearson's chi-square test revealed a substantial relationship between prevalence of parasite and age group (P=0.0452), hand washing material (P

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) including the hookworms Necator americanus and Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris trichiura affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide and are estimated to have caused 1.9 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). With the concerted effort in expanding and improving targeted mass drug administration (MDA) programs over the past decade, along with decreasing prevalence, infections in several endemic areas tend to be of low intensity. Conventional microscopy-based methods recommended for the detection of STH in parasitological surveys have been shown to be less sensitive in these low-intensity settings. As communities progress towards STH elimination through MDA and improved sanitation, there is a pressing need for highly sensitive techniques that detect the true prevalence of STH to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing programs and interventions. Molecular methods that involve analysis of DNA rather than the morphology of the organism are highly sensitive and specific, allowing for both quantitation and species discrimination. The following review discusses different sample collection strategies, pre-processing steps, DNA extraction platforms, and nucleic acid detection methods available for diagnosis and surveillance of STH. We have contrasted the utility of these molecular tools against conventional microscopy-based methods currently used in most endemic settings. While the detection methods are primarily qPCR based, several newer technologies have also become available along with automation and increased throughput, making these molecular tools increasingly cost-effective and potentially amenable for use in low-resource settings.

Background. Malaria and helminth infections are major public health issues in sub-Saharan Africa including Cameroon. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria and helminth coinfection among children in the Douala Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (HGOPED) in Douala, southwestern Cameroon. Material and Methods. The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study that took place from January to July 2020 where 203 children were involved. Blood samples were collected from the children and thick blood smears were prepared and examined microscopically for malaria parasites. Stool samples were also collected and examined through the Kato-Katz technique for the identification of helminth eggs. Demographic and socioeconomic data and information of participant’s knowledge on the transmission of malaria and helminth infections were collected with the use of a well-structured questionnaire. Results. The overall prevalence of P. falciparum infection was 28.8%, while the overall prevalence of helminth was 9.36%. The only species of helminth identified were Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura with a prevalence of 4.26% and 2.95%, respectively, and mixed infection of both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura with a prevalence of 1.47%. Coinfection of malaria and helminth was observed with a prevalence of 6.90%. Associations of malaria-helminth coinfection with age groups, parent’s educational level, type of latrine, and source of water factors were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05 ), while the prevalence of the coinfection with respect to parent’s occupation, presence of stagnant water around homes, washing of hands after using the toilet, and washing of fruits before eating was statistically significant ( p < 0.05 ). Conclusion. The findings suggest that helminths and malaria infections tend to occur in children. Not washing hands after using the toilet, not washing fruits before eating, the presence of stagnant water around homes, and parents’ occupation were found to be strongly associated with coinfection. Health education on the importance of better sewage disposal, draining of stagnant water around homes, and other sanitary practices is recommended.

Liquid wastes are known to be highly contaminated and pose great public health risk, especially when indiscriminately discharged to the environment. The parasitological and bacteriological survey of liquid wastes from Naze industrial clusters in Owerri metropolis was carried out. Sewage wastewater and laundry wastewater were used as study samples. 100mls each of the samples were collected from the drainage sites with sterile screw-capped specimen bottles, and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The liquid wastes were filtered and the filtrates were used for the analysis. Parasitological analysis employed Zinc Sulphate Centrifugal Flotation Technique and Modified Ziel-Nielsen stain (Acid-Fast Staining). Parasitic ova, cysts, larva and oocysts isolated were identified using standard morphological and taxonomic keys. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques and biochemical characteristics where necessary. Parasites such asAscaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Schistosoma mansoni, Hymenolepsis nana, Entamoeba histolytica, Gardia lamblia, Balantidium coll and Isospora belliwere isolated from the liquid wastes. Bacteria species isolated includedErwinia amylovora, Listeria monocytogens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris.The results showed that the most prevalent parasite and bacteria isolated wereAscaris lumbricoides49(37.6%) andSalmonella typhi(3.38x104CFU/mL) respectively. These potentially pathogenic parasites and bacteria detected in these liquid wastes, pose serious threat to public health. Interventive measures such as public health education, adequate drainage and waste disposal system, regular and monitored environmental sanitation, and provision of safe and portable water supply to the study area, are recommended.

Background: Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STHs) remain a public health problem. Infections are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Aim: This study was to investigate the prevalence and intensity of STH infections, the prevalence of STH mixed infections in relation to age and sex, and to identify the risk factors associated with STH infections among pupils in Omogho and Awa rural communities in Orumba North Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Study design: The study was a cross-sectional survey of faecal samples collected from 453 randomly selected pupils from four primary schools. Duration of study: The study was conducted between June and September 2017. Materials and methods: The faecal samples were examined by direct smear and formol ether concentration techniques. Questionnaires based survey was done to determine the risk factors of STH among the pupils. Results: The overall prevalence of STH infections was 44.2%. Among the schools, Primary School, Awa had the highest prevalence (17.0%) while Daughters of Mary Mother of Mercy Primary School, Omogho, had the least prevalence (5.3%). Others were Community Primary School, Omogho (12.8%) and Community Primary School, Awa (9.1%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of STH infections among the primary school pupils (p = 0.36, p > .05). Ascaris lumbricoides (17.2%) was highest while Strongyloides stercoralis (2.0%) was the least prevalent. Other STHs observed were hookworms (15.9%) and Trichuris trichiura (9.1%). Pupils who do not practice proper hygiene had highest infections. A total of 149(32.9%) who do not wash hands after the use of toilet had more infections than 51(11.3%) who wash their hands. There was significant difference on prevalence of STH with responses on hygiene practices (p = 0.00, p < .05). Conclusion: Absence of good toilet facility and adequate water supply in the schools made it difficult for the pupils to practice good hygiene. An integrated control of STH which should include provision of adequate toilet facilities for pupils, piped drinking water, chemotherapy and health education is recommended.

Worm disease is still one of the health problems in Indonesia. Personal hygiene such as playing in the school ditch, on the ground, playing dirty and some children do not use footwear, long nails and the habit of not washing their hands with soap before and after playing, thereby increasing the risk of intestinal worms in children. This study aims to determine the percentage and types of intestinal nematode worm eggs that infect elementary school children grades 1 and 2 Raudathul Jannah Foundation, Penraujan Private Elementary School, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency. The method used in this study was direct stool examination. Based on the results of the examination of 48 samples of elementary school students in grades 1 and 2, it was found that 3 samples were positively infected with intestinal nematode worm eggs with a percentage of 6.25% and there were 2 types of worm eggs that infect, namely Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Where sample (S 12) was infected with Trichuris trichiura worm eggs, sample (S 37) was infected with Ascaris lumbricoides worm eggs and sample (S 46) was infected with both types of worm eggs, namely Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura.

Intestinal helminthiasis among pupils is a major impediment to their well-being and development. This 2-year study determined how home-grown school feeding programme (HGSFP) impacted on pupils’ school attendance and created opportunity for more children to assess interventions geared towards the prevention and possible elimination of intestinal helminthiasis. Faecal samples were collected from 1677 consented pupils and examined for helminths using Kato–Katz technique. Pupils were treated with 40 mg Levamisole (anti-helminthic) and re-examined. Structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to determine anthropometric indices and risk factors. A 6% prevalence rate which was not significant with respect to sex or age was observed. Helminth parasites observed were Ascaris lumbricoides (4.4%), Trichuris trichiura (0.8%), Hookworm spp. (0.2%), and Taenia spp. (0.5%). Two pupils (1.98%) recorded high intensity of infection (epg) while 98.02% had light infection. Ascaris lumbricoides voided following treatment were 290. The Body Mass Index (BMI) indicated that infected pupils had lower values (14.6317) compared to uninfected pupils (19.2003). The HGSFP significantly improved school attendance by 30%. Lack of knowledge about transmission (P = 0.0004), hand hygiene (P = 0.01) and usage of toilet (P = 0.01) were risk factors observed. Intestinal helminthiasis remains a public health problem among pupils because environmental and behavioural risk factors persist. HGSFP improved school attendance and created opportunity for more inclusive participation of school-aged children for deworming. This has great potential in fast-tracking the elimination of intestinal helminthiasis. The present study consequently advocates the need to sustain HGSFP in schools.

Efficacy and safety of moxidectin and albendazole compared to ivermectin and albendazole co-administration in adolescents infected with Trichuris trichiura: a randomized controlled trial

Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) are public health problems in communities which lack basic social amenities with poor hygienic conditions. Studies were carried out to determine the prevalence and effect of schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminths infection on labour input on rice production in 9 rice-growing communities of Ogun State. Parasitological examinations of urine and faecal samples, and structured questionnaires were conducted on 243 consented individuals from May 2009 to March 2010. The results showed an overall prevalence of 17% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 12% for hookworms, 2% for Trichuris trichiura, 1% for Schistosoma haematobium and 1% for Schistosoma mansoni. A. lumbricoides and hookworms were more prevalent in Agbajege (25%), and varied in the other 8 communities. T. trichiura was prevalent in three communities, Agbajege (5%), Akodu (4.2%), and Moloko-Asipa (4.8 %); S. haematobium was prevalent only in Ayedere (2.6%) and Lufoko (8%), while S. mansoni was prevalent only in Moloko-Asipa (9.5%). Infections among the gender were varied as 26.3 % of males and 33.8 % of females had an overall prevalence of: A. lumbricoides (16.8%), hookworms (11.8%), T. trichiura (1.6%), S. haematobium (1.1%) and S. mansoni (1.1%). On frequency of infection to incapacitation per year, 45% of respondents were incapacitated 1-2 times, 27% 3-4 times and 19% were incapacitated more than 4 times. Understanding the effect of these two diseases will not only improve the health status of residents but also increase their productivity and ensure food security.

Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic worm that is of considerable clinical relevance. Indeed, it may persist asymptomatically for many years, but can lead to potentially fatal dissemination when the host's immune status is impaired. As commonly employed stool microscopy techniques (e.g. Kato-Katz thick smear) fail to detect S. stercoralis, the epidemiology is poorly understood. In 2013, we conducted a cross-sectional household survey in the district of Mimika in Papua, Indonesia. A total of 331 individuals, aged 1 month to 44 years, had a single stool sample subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for S. stercoralis diagnosis. The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection was 32.0% (106/331 individuals); higher than any of the three main soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, 23.9%; Trichuris trichiura, 18.4%; and hookworm, 17.2%). Amongst the S. stercoralis-infected individuals, 73.6% were concurrently infected with another helminth, with hookworm being the most frequent co-infection (27.4%). Fourteen percent of the S. stercoralis infections had low cycle threshold values on real-time PCR, which may indicate a higher infection intensity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age ≥5 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 5.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1-10.8) was significantly associated with S. stercoralis infection. There is a need for in-depth clinical and diagnostic studies to elucidate the public health impact of S. stercoralis infection in Indonesia.

The success of the anti-helminth mass treatment use Albendazole makes detection of soil transmitted helminth infections even more difficult to do microscopically. It is hoped that the molecular method was able to help increase the detectability of Soil Transmitted Helminth infection. The research aimed is to evaluate effectiveness of Albendazole administration in Bali, to identify the presence of β-tubulin gene as molecular diagnosis of STHs infection among children who treated by Albendazole. This study is a cross-sectional study that recruits elementary school children aged 6-12 years as subjects. Stool examination was carried out using the Kato-Katz technique, then followed by a molecular method using the B-tubulin gene as the target gene. The results showed that only 1 sample out of 140 examined using Kato-Katz was positive for Trichuris trichiura. 30 samples were then extracted from the faeces and performed Polymerase Chain Reaction. A total of 4 positive samples detected the B-tubulin Ascaris lumbricoides gene and 1 positive sample of the B-tubulin Trichuris trichiura gene. In conclusion, albendazole is still effective to treat STH infection, the molecular method has a higher detectability than the microscopic method.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections is high in developing countries, especially in school children. STH infections can lead to anemia. AIM: The aim of the study was to observe the correlation between STH infections and anemia cases in primary school children. METHODS: Analytical observation with a cross-sectional method was carried out by retrieving data from the health service unit in Talawi. Research samples were primary school children, grouped into STH infected and uninfected groups. The data were analyzed using continuity correction and Fisher’s exact tests. RESULTS: From 384 research subjects, 35.9% children were infected with STH and 22.5% of them suffered from anemia. The prevalence of STH infections was consisted of 76.8% Trichuris trichiura, 10.9% Ascaris lumbricoides, 0.7% hookworms, and 11.6% had mixed infections. Anemia was significantly correlated to STH infections and the intensity of T. trichiura infection (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 4.5 (2.3–8.6) and 3.6 (1.2–10.9) respectively). CONCLUSION: Anemia was positively correlated with STH infections and the intensity of T. trichiura infection.

Zoonotic pathogens are among the most important causes of ill health all over the world. The presence of these pathogens in free ranging baboons may have significant implications for humans. In Kenya, the encroachment of wildlife habitats has led to increased interaction between humans and wildlife especially non‐human primates. The current study therefore aimed at investigating any possible zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths of olive baboons (Papio anubis) at the human–wildlife interface in two park borders and a ranch in Kenya, namely, Tsavo West National Park, Tana River Primate Reserve and Mutara Ranch, Laikipia, Kenya. One hundred and forty‐seven baboons were used in the study. They were trapped in the wild, sampled for stool marked and then released back to the wild. Gastrointestinal (GIT) helminths identified were Strongyloides, Oesophagostomum, Enterobius spp and Trichuris Trichiura from all the three sites while Schistosoma mansoni was only detected from Tsavo baboons and with very low incidence (2.1%). The prevalence of these parasites varied among the sites but significant difference in prevalence was only noted in Strongyloides and Oesophagostomum (p, Baboons harbor Schistosoma mansoni which is infectious to humans. Humans can be infected through sharing of water resources, eating left overs since their fecal waste contaminate water and food. Control of the schistosomiasis in human population alone will still be a challenge if possible zoonotic sources are not looked at.

Soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura) infect about one-fifth of the world’s population. The currently available drugs are all highly efficacious against A. lumbricoides. However, they are only moderately efficacious against hookworm and poorly efficacious against T. trichiura. Oxantel, a tetrahydropyrimidine derivative discovered in the 1970s, has recently been brought back to our attention given its high efficacy against T. trichiura infections (estimated 76% cure rate and 85% egg reduction rate at a 20 mg/kg dose). This review summarizes the current knowledge on oxantel pamoate and its use against T. trichiura infections in humans. Oxantel pamoate acts locally in the human gastrointestinal tract and binds to the parasite’s nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), leading to a spastic paralysis of the worm and subsequent expulsion. The drug is metabolically stable, shows low permeability and low systemic bioavailability after oral use. Oxantel pamoate was found to be safe in humans, with only a few mild adverse events reported. Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of this drug against T. trichiura and suggest that oxantel pamoate is more efficacious against T. trichiura than the currently recommended drugs, which makes it a strong asset to the depleted drug armamentarium and could help delay or even prevent the development of resistance to existing drugs. We highlight existing data to support the use of oxantel pamoate against T. trichiura infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40265-021-01505-1.

Helminth infections are prevalent in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). This study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal helminthiasis in remote mountainous villages of northern Lao PDR. During the dry season in January 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 3 remote mountainous villages in Oudomxay province, Lao PDR. Villagers older than 18 years of age who agreed to submit stool samples or undergo an interview, were recruited. Stool samples from 198 individuals were examined by the Kato-Katz method, and a questionnaire surveyed 161 individuals among them. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with the intestinal helminthiasis. An overall prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis was 75.8%. Hookworm infection was the most common (63.1%), followed by Opisthorchis viverrini/minute intestinal flukes (17.7%), Taenia spp. (15.2%), Trichuris trichiura (2.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.0%). Questionnaire analysis revealed sex (male) and absence of latrine to be significant risk factors for hookworm infection and consumption of raw meat for taeniasis. These results suggest that the mountainous area in northern Lao PDR has a different composition of helminth infections from other studies conducted in Lao PDR; a high prevalence of hookworm infection and taeniasis and low prevalence of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides infections were observed. Also, liver flukes or intestinal flukes were similarly prevalent in the mountainous area.

The spiking rate of occurrence of food-borne parasitic diseases in developing countries calls for continuous public health surveillance. This study evaluated how consumption of unwashed vegetables serves as transmission routes for parasites. Two hundred vegetables (cabbage, carrot, tomato, cucumber, and green pepper) samples from Ikoko, Oja oba, Eyin Ogbe and Ojomu markets in Owo and Oja-Oba, Shasha, Nepa and Ijomu markets within Akure were examined for parasites using sedimentation techniques from April to July, 2019. Results revealed a cumulative positive prevalence rate of 61.5% for parasites. Cabbage had the highest prevalence of 87.5% and the least prevalence of 30% amongst the carrots. The food-borne protozoa and helminths parasites of different developmental stages (cysts, eggs and larvae) recovered in this study were Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Strongyloides stercorali, Taenia spp., Enterobius vermicularis, Toxocara spp., Vampirolepis nana. The most common parasite was A. lumbricoides(21.3%) while the lowest prevalence rate was observed in Toxocara spp. and Vampirolepis nana(0.5%). It was observed that vegetables sampled from Owo markets appear to be more contaminated with most of the isolated parasites than samples from Akure markets with a significant difference (p>0.05). From the high parasitic load, there is the need for monitoring the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in the study areas as residents in the areas are at risk of contracting intestinal parasitic infections through consumption of raw salad vegetables. Keywords: Parasite, vegetable, prevalence, Akure, Owo

Background: Schistosomiasis is endemic in Nigeria and three species; Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma intercalatum have been reported in Niger Delta, Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis in rural communities of Bayelsa State, Nigeria.Methodology: Four rural homogeneous communities; Otuegala, Immiringi, Otuesega, and Ibelebiri in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria, were randomly selected for the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to each participant in their native language and used to collect participant’s biodata and swimming history. Stool samples collected from all participants were examined qualitatively by wet preparation and after formolethol concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software and results presented in proportion and tables.Results: A total of 829 participants (age range 1 - 80 years) were recruited for the study. Helminth ova were identified in the stool samples of 218 (26.3%) participants. Among 380 males examined, 82 (21.6%) were infected, while out of 449 females examined, 138 (30.3%) were infected. The ova of seven helminths identified and their frequency of occurrence were; S. intercalatum 86 (10.4%), Ascaris lumbricoides 53 (6.4%), S. mansoni 35 (4.2%), Trichuris trichiura 22 (2.6%), hookworm 20 (2.4%) and Taenia spp 2 (0.2%). Schistosoma haematobium was identified in non-urine contaminated stool sample of an eight-year old boy. A total of 11 (1.3%) participants had double infections, affecting 7 (63.6%) females and 4 (36.4%) males, with the commonest combination being S. intercalatum and A.lumbricoides 6 (0.7%), followed by S. intercalatum and hookworm 4 (0.5%), and S. mansoni and hookworm 1(0.1%).Conclusion: S. intercalatum was the most prevalent intestinal helminthic infection in this study, which is a rare finding in most epidemiological investigations. The affinity of Schistosoma species to establish double infections with hookworm and other intestinal helminths should be taken into account during chemoprophylaxis. Keywords: Schistosomiasis, Chemoprophylaxis, Prevalence, Rural Population

Our previous research on coprolite specimens from the mummies of Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910 CE) has revealed various species of parasite eggs. Herein, we added 2 new helminthic cases of human remains from Joseon-period graves in the Republic of Korea (Korea). The organic materials precipitated on the hip bones of 2 half-mummied cases (Goryeong and Gwangmyeong cases) were collected, rehydrated, and examined by a microscope. In the sample from Goryeong-gun (gun=County), ova of Trichuris trichiura, Clonorchis sinensis, and Metagonimus spp. were detected, and eggs of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides were found from the sample of Gwangmyeong-si (si=City). By adding this outcome to the existing data pool, we confirm our previous estimates of Joseon-period parasite infection rates. The overall rates of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and C. sinensis decreased dramatically from Joseon to the modern period. In Goryeong mummy specimen, we also found Metagonimus spp. eggs that has rarely been detected in archaeological samples so far.

Nine hundred million people are infected with the soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura (whipworm). However, low single-dose cure rates of the benzimidazole drugs, the mainstay of preventative chemotherapy for whipworm, together with parasite drug resistance, mean that current approaches may not be able to eliminate morbidity from Trichuriasis. We are seeking to develop new anthelmintic drugs specifically with activity against whipworm as a priority, and previously identified a hit series of dihydrobenzoxazepinone (DHB) compounds that block motility of ex vivo Trichuris muris. Here we report a systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationship of the anthelmintic activity of DHB compounds. We synthesised 47 analogues, which allowed us to define features of the molecules essential for anthelmintic action, as well as broadening the chemotype by identification of dihydrobenzoquinolinones (DBQ) with anthelmintic activity. We investigated the activity of these compounds against other parasitic nematodes, identifying DHB compounds with activity against Brugia malayi and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. We also demonstrated activity of DHB compounds against the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, a parasite that causes schistosomiasis. These results demonstrate the potential of DHB and DBQ compounds for further development as broad-spectrum anthelmintics.Author summaryAround a billion people are infected by the soil transmitted helminths Ascaris, hookworm and whipworm. In the case of whipworm, the benzimidazole drugs, which are distributed to school children in affected areas, have low cure rates. This means that finding an improved treatment for whipworm is a priority. We previously identified five DHB compounds in a screen for new compounds active against whipworm. Here we systematically dissect these molecules, making 47 modified versions of the compounds. This allowed us to define the features of these compounds that are important for activity against whipworm. We also demonstrate activity of DHB compounds against other parasitic nematodes, and against Schistosoma mansoni, a trematode parasite. These results show the potential for further development of DHB compounds as broad-spectrum anthelmintics.

Similar infectious agents may be shared among human and nonhuman primates due to their close proximity. Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the main diseases which can be transmitted between human and nonhuman primates. It is vital to understand the potential transmissions of gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) and monitor their prevalence in free-ranging populations. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and diversity of the GIP of Semnopithecus vetulus in Sri Lanka from December 2017 to April 2019. Fresh fecal samples (N = 78) were collected and analyzed using fecal floatation technique and direct iodine mounts. Of these, 55% contained at least one species of GIP (helminths: N = 18 protozoans: N = 30). Multiple infections were recorded in 12% of the samples testing positive for parasites. The most prevalent helminth was Trichuris trichiura (15%). A significant relationship was found between the prevalence of T. trichiura and troop size. There were also significant differences in the prevalence of T. trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides with habitat type. Compared to the forest dwelling populations sampled, those dwelling in urban and suburban habitats receive higher solar radiation, daytime temperatures and disturbance from humans. These conditions can be expected to influence GIP infection rates. S. vetulus living in continuously degrading habitats face a significant threat from GIP infections. Continuous and improved parasitological surveillance is needed to help monitor the conservation status of wildlife and to secure human health.

Trichuriasis known as whipworm infection caused by Trichuris trichiura, is a highly prevalent soil-transmitted helminthiasis in low- and middle-income countries located in tropical and subtropical areas and affecting approximately 360 million people. Children typically harbour the largest burden of T. trichiura and they are usually co-infected with other soil-transmitted helminth (STH), including Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm. The consequences of trichuriasis, such as malnutrition and physical and cognitive growth restriction, lead to a massive health burden in endemic regions. Despite the implementation of mass drug administration of anthelminthic treatment to school-age children, T. trichiura infection remains challenging to control due to the low efficacy of current drugs as well as high rates of post-treatment re-infection. Thus, the development of a vaccine that would induce protective immunity and reduce infection rate or community faecal egg output is essential. Hurdles for human whipworm vaccine development include the lack of suitable vaccine antigen targets and animal models for human T. trichiura infection. Instead, rodent whipworm T. muris infected mouse models serve as a major surrogate for testing immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccine candidates. In this review, we summarize recent advances in animal models for T. trichiura antigen discovery and testing of vaccine candidates, while providing an overall view of the current status of T. trichiura vaccine development.

O caráter endêmico em algumas regiões do Brasil para doenças causadas por enteroparasitos ainda é bastante evidenciado e poucas ações têm sido apresentadas pelos órgãos governamentais para mudar esse quadro. Considerando que a população infantil é a mais acometida por doenças parasitológicas, o presente estudo analisou amostras de fezes de estudantes de uma escola pública do município de São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brasil e desenvolveu atividades educativas e de conscientização junto à população em estudo. A pesquisa foi de natureza descritiva, privilegiando uma abordagem interpretativa. Amostras de fezes dos participantes foram coletadas no período de abril a junho de 2019, após assinatura de um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido pelos pais ou responsáveis. O material foi encaminhando ao Laboratório de Parasitologia e Hematologia Clínica do Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo e analisado pelo método de sedimentação espontânea. De um total de 52 frascos coletores distribuídos na escola, entre os indivíduos que concordaram em participar da pesquisa, 22 amostras (42,31%) foram recolhidas. Destas, 8 (36,36 %) estavam positivas para cisto de protozoários e ovos de helmintos. O comensal Entamoeba coli (12,5%) e os parasitos Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (62,5%) e Trichuris trichiura (25%) foram os mais prevalentes. Os resultados permitem compreender a relevância necessidade da aplicação de medidas de educação sanitária e de investimentos no serviço público, a fim de minimizar os processos de transmissão parasitária, principalmente em regiões que apresentam precariedades sociais.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) among school-age children in the Cagayan Valley, the Philippines, assess their level of awareness on the disease, and determine predisposing factors of the disease. Methods: A total of 478 Grades III-V school-age children in Pamplona and Sanchez-Mira School Districts in the Cagayan Valley answered the questionnaire assessing their knowledge, attitude, and practices on STH, subjected to anthropometric measurements, and provided faecal samples for parasitologic assessment (direct smear, Kato-Katz, and formol-ether concentration techniques). Results: The participants of the study, with 55.86% females, were 8 to 14 years old. Their nutritional status was assessed ‘normal’ (84.31%), ‘severely wasted’ (6.49%), ‘wasted’ (5.23%), ‘overweight’ (2.72%), and ‘obese’ (1.26%). The prevalence of infection with at least 1 STH species was 25.99% in Pamplona and 19.40% in Sanchez- Mira. Overall, the prevalence of heavy intensity was 7.11% for Ascaris lumbricoides and 1.67% for Trichuris trichiura. All hookworm infections had light intensities. The majority of the school-age children had a low score in the KAP test. In knowledge of STH, ‘stunted growth as a symptom of infection’ was associated with a lower risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 0.448; 95% CI 0.212, 0.945; P=0.035) while ‘playing with soil as a mode of transmission’ was associated with an increased risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 2.067; 95% CI 1.014, 4.212; P=0.046). In attitude towards STH, ‘I think I have intestinal worm now’ was associated with a higher risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 1.681; 95% CI 1.061, 2.662; P=0.027). Conclusions: The prevalence rate of Ascaris lumbricoides among the school-age children in the Cagayan Valley shows the need to further intensify intervention in the area to meet the threshold set by the World Health Organization. The identified predictors of infection, which concerns the school-age children's knowledge and attitude toward STH, can be used in augmenting intervention programs in the future.

Penyakit cacingan masih sering dijumpai di Indonesia. Seseorang lebih mudah terinfeksi cacing usus pada usia sekolah daripada usia dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas obat Albendazol 400mg dosis tunggal terhadap infeksi cacing usus pada anak yang positif terinfeksi cacing usus di Sekolah Dasar Negeri Cilincing 06 Jakarta Utara. Pemeriksaan mikroskopis mengunakan metode Kato Katz dengan memakai tinja yang segar. Prinsip dari metode Kato Katz yaitu pemberian cellophane tape yang sudah direndam terlebih dahulu dengan malachite green selama 24 jam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental pre-post study. Pengambilan responden penelitian dengan metode simple random sampling dan analisis data menggunakan program IBM Statistical Product for Sosial Science (SPSS) versi 23.0. Kejadian infeksi cacing usus sebelum dilakukan pengobatan dari 82 siswa, terdapat 5 siswa (6,1%) yang positif terinfeksi cacing usus dengan rincian Ascaris lumbricoides 3,7%, Trichuris trichiura 2,4%. Murid yang positif terinfeksi cacing usus diberikan pengobatan Albendazol 400 mg dosis tunggal, didapatkan hasil sesudah pengobatan yaitu prevalensi untuk Ascaris lumbricoides 0%, Trichuris trichiura 1,2%. Analisis data secara statistik menggunakan uji Mc Nemar dan didapatkan hasil p value > 0,05. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan tidak terdapat perubahan yang signifikan dan bermakna dari hasil sebelum dan sesudah pengobatan Albendazol 400 mg dosis tunggal.