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The Holocene Storegga tsunami, 8120–8175 cal a bp, resulted in run‐up heights of up to 3–6 m around mainland UK and coincided with a suggested large population decline in the coastally focused Mesolithic population in Northern Britain. At Howick, Northumberland, the site of a Mesolithic settlement, a nearby sediment deposit may be of tsunamigenic origin, but this is uncertain. Here, a numerical model was used to simulate the Storegga tsunami in Northumberland. Two scenarios of relative sea‐level change, and a third incorporating high tide, were simulated with mortality estimated within the intertidal zone for the Mesolithic sites in the region. The results showed that only with the addition of high tide could the sediment deposit site have been inundated by the tsunami. At Howick, mortality estimates varied but were up to 100% within the resource‐rich intertidal zone. The tsunami inundated a large area and would have led to the loss of key resources such as hazelnuts prior to the winter months. These combined effects would have probably been replicated throughout coastal settlements in Northern Britain, possibly leading to the contemporary population decline estimated to have occurred at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the characteristics of seismic waves and tsunamis recorded simultaneously by the ocean-bottom observation networks, the coupling between the solid Earth and the ocean has to be modeled in the presence of gravity. However, previous coupled simulations adopted approximate equations that did not fully incorporate the effects of gravity. In this study, we derived correctly linearized governing equations under gravity and compared them with those of previous studies. Numerical experiments were performed for a two-dimensional P-SV wavefield, using the finite difference method (FDM). To validate the accuracy of the calculated tsunamis, we computed the theoretical tsunami dispersion relation using a propagator matrix and compared it with our results and those of previous studies. We found that our proposed method provided more accurate results than those of previous studies, particularly in the short-period band. We also investigated the applicability of the proposed method to distant tsunamis by examining the difference between calculated and theoretical tsunami phase velocities in the long-period band. The proposed formulation provides accurate results that properly incorporate gravity into the simultaneous simulation of seismic waves and tsunamis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent destructive landslide tsunamis, such as the 2018 Anak Krakatau event, were fresh reminders for developing validated three-dimensional numerical tools to accurately model landslide tsunamis and to predict their hazards. In this study, we perform Three-dimensional physical modelling of waves generated by subaerial solid-block landslides, and use the data to validate two numerical models: the commercial software FLOW-3D HYDRO and the open-source OpenFOAM package. These models are key representatives of the primary types of modelling tools—commercial and open-source—utilized by scientists and engineers in the field. This research is among a few studies on 3D physical and numerical models for landslide-generated waves, and it is the first time that the aforementioned two models are systematically compared. We show that the two models accurately reproduce the physical experiments and give similar performances in modelling landslide-generated waves. However, they apply different approaches, mechanisms and calibrations to deliver the tasks. It is found that the results of the two models are deviated by approximately 10% from one another. This guide helps engineers and scientists implement, calibrate, and validate these models for landslide-generated waves. The validity of this research is confined to solid-block subaerial landslides and their impact in the near-field zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to build a computer model to detect built-up land in the identified tsunami hazard zone based on Sentinel 2A imagery using the normalized built up area index (NBI), urban index (UI), normalize difference build-up index (NDBI), a modified built-up index (MBI), index-based builtup index (IBI) algorithms, optimized with machine learning Random Forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGboost) algorithms and the spatial patterns are predicted using the ordinary kriging (OK) method. Testing of the accuracy of the classification and optimization results was performed using the Kohen Kappa and overall accuracy functions. The results of the study show that a built-up land consisting of open land and water, settlements, industry areas, and agriculture and tourism areas can be identified using the parameters of built-up indices. The accuracy testings that were performed using overall accuracy and Kohen Kappa methods show that classification and prediction are highly accurate using XGboost machine learning, namely >91%. This study produces a novelty of finding, namely a computer model to detect and predict the spatial distribution of built-up land in 4 scales, i.e., very low, low, high, and very high based on NBI, UI, NDBI, MBI, IBI data extracted from Sentinel 2A imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Indonesian Civil & Environmental Engineering / Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Lingkungan is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Indonesian Civil & Environmental Engineering / Jurnal Teknik Sipil & Lingkungan is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nias Island is presently being confronted with a substantial and imminent threat of a tsunami. However, the level of knowledge of the communities on Nias Island regarding earthquake and tsunami hazards is limited. This study aims to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among the communities residing on Nias Island with respect to the hazard of tsunami. This study adopted a community participation method derived from a social inductive study. Data were collected from field observations and in-depth interviews with 210 communities. Data were analysed using a descriptive table form for comprehensive examination. The results showed that the majority of communities lacked comprehensive knowledge regarding both the sources of tsunamis and estimated times of arrival (ETAs) for tsunamis. The findings also indicated a lack of regular disaster evacuation drills or simulations conducted by the government in the area. Moreover, there is a prevailing belief among the communities that God will prevent loss of life in the event of a tsunami. This belief is concerning because of its potential contribution to a fatalistic attitude towards disasters, potentially resulting in inadequate preparedness. The findings of this research confirm previous research that found that people living on small islands in Indonesia have very limited knowledge of the tsunami hazard. Contribution: These findings highlight the important role of the government to carry out substantial efforts aimed at enhancing the resilience of communities residing in small islands. Currently, small islands receive less attention in efforts to reduce disaster risk.

No abstract available.

Evidence for the Storegga tsunami, which was generated by one of the world’s largest submarine slides, is well documented in Scotland, but the southerly extent of tsunami inundation in the UK is far more uncertain. Here, we combine new sedimentological, geochemical, microfossil, and ground-penetrating radar datasets to investigate the origins of two sand beds at Budle Bay, Northumberland. The lower of these two sand deposits is a fine- to medium-grained sand that fines upwards, is dominated by fragmented marine diatom taxa, and is characterised by elevated calcium concentrations. Two radiocarbon dated samples provide minimum age constraints on the timing of the deposition of the lower sand at around 8120–8380 cal yr BP. It is tentatively interpreted as being deposited by the Storegga tsunami. The upper sand bed is generally finer grained than the lower sand, and the calcium concentrations are considerably lower. One hypothesis is that the upper sand was deposited by the 1953 CE storm surge, but additional chronological control is required to test this interpretation. Our findings highlight the challenges associated with differentiating between storm and tsunami deposits and confirm the localised nature of preservation of Storegga tsunami deposits.

Tambakrejo Beach in Blitar Regency is classified as an area that is very vulnerable to tsunami catastrophes. Many researchers have conducted studies on regions impacted by the tsunami. However, more studies into the link between the outcomes of social and spatial studies still need to be carried out because these are two different perspectives with different parameters and variables. The novel approach in this research involves delineating tsunami-affected areas and assessing population capacity in coastal regions. The hazard maps and livelihood asset variables using grid cells of a specific size have been used to identify risk levels. The grid cells used are 50 m2 × 50 m² so that they are expected to represent the minor units on the face of the earth, such as buildings, assets, property or land parcels, for capacity assessments or measuring the level of threat to disasters and are no longer based on regional administrative boundaries. Contribution: The research results show that using grid cells to analyse areas affected by the tsunami can provide excellent and informative results. Research findings at the research location regarding community preparedness in facing tsunamis show that communities at risk of being affected by the tsunami need to increase their capacity because the majority of communities in coastal areas, especially in the Sidorejo sub-village, have been identified as having low capacity according to several livelihood asset parameters such as financial capital in income. By increasing individual capacity, it is hoped that society will be able to avoid the threat of tsunami waves better.

Abstract The 1 January 2024 Noto-Hanto (Noto Peninsula) earthquake (MJMA 7.6) generated strong ground motion, large crustal deformation and tsunamis that caused significant damage in the region. Around Noto Peninsula, both offshore submarine and partially inland active faults have been identified by previous projects: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) and Japan Sea Earthquake and Tsunami Research Project (JSPJ). We inverted the tsunami waveforms recorded on 6 wave gauges and 12 tide gauges around Sea of Japan and the GNSS data recorded at 53 stations in Noto Peninsula to estimate the slip amount and seismic moment on each of active faults. The results show that the 2024 coseismic slips were 3.5 m, 3.2 m, and 3.2 m on subfaults NT4, NT5 and NT6 of the JSPJ model, located on the northern coast of Noto Peninsula and dipping toward southeast. A smaller slip, 1.0 m, estimated on NT8 on the southwestern end of the 2024 rupture, may be attributed to its previous rupture during the 2007 Noto earthquake. The total length of these four faults is ~ 100 km, and the seismic moment is 1.90 × 1020 Nm (Mw = 7.5). Almost no slip was estimated on the northeastern subfaults NT2 and NT3, which dip northwestward, opposite to NT4–NT5–NT6, and western subfault NT8. Aftershocks including the MJMA 6.1 event occurred in the NT2–NT3 region, but they are smaller than the potential magnitude (Mw 7.1) those faults can release in a tsunamigenic earthquake. Similar features are also found for the MLIT model; the 2024 slip was only on F43 along the northern coast of Noto Peninsula, and northeastern F42 did not rupture, leaving potential for future event. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background The Mediterranean Sea is a region characterized by high seismic activity, with at least 200 tsunami events recorded from the fourth century to the present twenty-first century. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand past tsunami events, earthquake–tsunami generation, tsunami recurrence periods, tsunami vulnerability zones, and tsunami hazard mitigation strategies. Therefore, gaining insights into future trends and opportunities in Mediterranean Sea tsunami research is crucial for significantly contributing to all relevant aspects. This study aims to assess such trends and opportunities through a scientometric analysis of publications indexed by Web of Science from 2000 to 2023. Results Based on a selection of 329 publications, including research articles, review articles, book chapters, and conference papers, published between 2000 and 2023, Italy has the highest number of publications and citations in this field. The number of publications has increased significantly, especially after the 2004 Indian Ocean, 2011 Tohoku, and 2018 Palu tsunamis. According to the keyword analysis, the terms “tsunami”, “earthquake”, “hazard”, “wave”, “Mediterranean”, “coast”, and “tectonic” were the most frequently used in these publications. Research themes consist of four classifications: motor themes, such as seismic hazard; specific but well-developed themes, like tsunamiite; emerging or disappearing themes, for example, climate change; and general or basic themes, such as equations and megaturbidite. The number of publications related to the motor theme classification continued to grow throughout 2000–2023. Topics from 2011–2023 are more complex compared to 2000–2010, characterized by the emergence of new keywords such as evacuation planning, risk reduction, risk mitigation, building vulnerability, coastal vulnerability, climate change, probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (PTVA-3 and PTVA-4). However, topics that were popular in the 2000–2010 period (e.g., paleotsunami deposits, earthquake, and tsunami propagation analysis) also increased in 2011–2023. Conclusions Research topics with high centrality and density such as seismic hazard will continue to develop and prospect. The cluster network of this topic includes seismoturbidites, sedimentary features, tsunami modeling, active faults, catalog, and historical earthquakes.

Paseban Beach is an area that has the potential for a tsunami hazard. In analyzing the tsunami hazard, accurate data and methods are essential. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a tsunami hazard analysis using the nesting method to obtain precise modeling results. This study utilizes the Delftdashboard and Delft3D-Flow programs. The modeling of the 1994 Banyuwangi tsunami results show that the validation stage has an accuracy of 7.94%, which means it is very accurate. The tsunami modeling using the 8.7 Mw megathrust earthquake showed the tsunami wave height in Paseban Beach reached 10,25 meters with 46 minutes arrival time. The length of the tsunami inundation was measured to be 2.96 km, with a run-up height of 2.98 meters.

Desde la década del noventa, la ciudad de La Serena, capital de la Región de Coquimbo, ha presentado un continuo proceso de expansión urbana, siendo especialmente notorio en la zona costera. El cambio de uso del suelo fue muy rápido, desde el agrícola a condominios, hotelería y construcciones en altura, predominantemente. La expansión urbana en la costa ha incrementado la exposición ante amenazas naturales, como marejadas y tsunami. En relación a tsunamis, existen estudios que desarrollan proyecciones sobre la ocurrencia potencial de terremotos tsunamigénicos, con foco cercano. Ello constituye un escenario crítico que permite hacer un replanteamiento de la planificación ante riesgos, como también de la infraestructura crítica ante la respuesta. En este contexto, se realiza una evaluación del funcionamiento de las vías de evacuación existentes, además de la relación con diversas variables territoriales asociadas, bajo una perspectiva multidimensional y multiescalar, utilizando Sistemas de Información Geográfico y trabajo de campo, para lograr un escenario o modelo territorial, que permita priorizar acciones y así, aportar a la planificación de la emergencia y a la gestión de riesgos de desastres a nivel local.

Although flooding hit the entire part of Chennai, Tamil Nadu some 3 years ago, the quality of water is still found to be worse because of major inundation in these areas. The current inspection deals with the physico-chemical analysis of the groundwater samples collected from 10 locations in Neelangarai and Triplicane areas in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and assessed using the Heber Water Quality Index (HWQI) in the post-tsunami circumstances. The factors examined were pH, fecal coliform, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity. In addition to these parameters, pointers like electrical conductivity and salinity were also taken into consideration. The overall HWQI outcomes for all the trials in the Neelangarai area were determined between 65.02 and 72.25 and the Triplicane area was 66.64–70.71, which suggests that all the samples are medium to good in quality and could be used for human consumption. HIGHLIGHTS The present study was carried out to check the quality of groundwater along the coastal areas of Chennai which has proved beyond doubt that these waters taken from tsunami-affected areas are drinkable unless they are treated well.; The analysis of groundwater quality of water samples of these areas needs some degree of treatment for high salinity before consumption.;

Indonesia, located in the zone of “Ring of Fire,” has a high tsunami risk, specifically from those induced by earthquakes. The 2004 Aceh Tsunami and the 2006 Pangandaran Tsunami demonstrated that tsunamis could cause major damage to coastal areas. The Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (Ina-TEWS) typically relies on buoys connected to satellites, transmitting information about 5 minutes after the tsunami earthquake begins. Though Indonesia relies on this system, many buoys have gone missing, emphasizing the need for a faster and more reliable backup early warning system. This study proposes a new early warning system by integrating maritime wireless communication between vessels in the open sea and coastal radio stations in the Pangandaran coastal area by using VHF and HF radio communication systems. 200 Gross Tonnage (GT) fishing vessels equipped with the VHF radio communication system are used for the first signal propagation option. The HF radio communication system is applied as a second option, for when there is a hop number limit. Three scenarios of tsunami numerical modeling were carried out using Delft3D and Delft Dashboard based on the earthquake and fault parameters from PUSGEN. The output from this study is the propagation time of VHF and HF signals of the early warning system for each scenario, which was less than 1 minute. The development of an early warning system based on maritime wireless communication is expected to be a part of Indonesia’s tsunami mitigation system in place of buoys.

Tsunamis pose a significant threat to the construction of Nuclear Power Plants. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study regarding the potential threat of tsunamis and mitigation measures using detailed data at prospective locations. This assessment is a prerequisite for effective environmental impact planning and analysis. To determine the suitability of a prospective location, careful consideration of natural factors, including earthquakes as triggers for tsunamis, is essential. The main objective of this tsunami research is to assess the level of safety of potential locations against tsunami hazards and develop appropriate mitigation strategies. This research uses the Cornell Multigrid Coupled Tsunami (COMCOT) tsunami modeling technique. This modeling approach utilizes topographic and bathymetric data obtained through extensive field surveys. In addition, this research aims to determine the maximum tsunami height in the inundation area and identify potential tsunami hazards arising from various scenarios related to the active tectonic potential of the Philippine Manila Trench. The Bengkayang Gosong Beach area and West Kalimantan are among the candidate locations that may be affected with the estimated tsunami height being between 0.48 meters and 0.62 meters. The tsunami arrival time was between 9 hours 10 minutes to 9 hours 24 minutes. These findings play an important role in conducting comprehensive risk assessments for nuclear power plant development, ensuring that necessary steps are taken to reduce potential hazards associated with tsunamis.

This document is an editorial titled "Enabling people-centered risk communication for geohazards" published in the journal Frontiers in Earth Science. The editorial discusses the challenges of communicating science about natural hazards to the public and stakeholders in order to reduce the impact of these hazards. It highlights the difficulties of communicating in the presence of uncertainty and limited resources, and emphasizes the need for two-way and people-centered risk communication. The editorial also provides a summary of 13 articles included in the research topic, which cover various aspects of risk communication for geohazards, including tsunami risk perception, earthquake early warning systems, social media strategies, misinformation, and citizen science. The articles analyze these challenges and propose innovative solutions to improve risk communication. [Extracted from the article]

The 1 January 2024 Noto-Hanto (Noto Peninsula) earthquake (MJMA 7.6) generated strong ground motion, large crustal deformation and tsunamis that caused significant damage in the region. Around Noto Peninsula, both offshore submarine and partially inland active faults have been identified by previous projects: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) and Japan Sea Earthquake and Tsunami Research Project (JSPJ). We inverted the tsunami waveforms recorded on 6 wave gauges and 12 tide gauges around Sea of Japan and the GNSS data recorded at 53 stations in Noto Peninsula to estimate the slip amount and seismic moment on each of active faults. The results show that the 2024 coseismic slips were 3.5 m, 3.2 m, and 3.2 m on subfaults NT4, NT5 and NT6 of the JSPJ model, located on the northern coast of Noto Peninsula and dipping toward southeast. A smaller slip, 1.0 m, estimated on NT8 on the southwestern end of the 2024 rupture, may be attributed to its previous rupture during the 2007 Noto earthquake. The total length of these four faults is ~ 100 km, and the seismic moment is 1.90 × 1020 Nm (Mw = 7.5). Almost no slip was estimated on the northeastern subfaults NT2 and NT3, which dip northwestward, opposite to NT4–NT5–NT6, and western subfault NT8. Aftershocks including the MJMA 6.1 event occurred in the NT2–NT3 region, but they are smaller than the potential magnitude (Mw 7.1) those faults can release in a tsunamigenic earthquake. Similar features are also found for the MLIT model; the 2024 slip was only on F43 along the northern coast of Noto Peninsula, and northeastern F42 did not rupture, leaving potential for future event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tsunamis are a significant coastal hazard that pressurise sediment pore water, which can potentially induce liquefaction, enhance erosion and scour, and undermine the stability of beach sediments supporting natural and built infrastructure in the coastal nearshore environment. Tsunami-induced pressurisation of pore water is attributed to (a) mechanical pressurisation associated with the soil skeleton's tendency to contract or expand around the soil's pore fluid under the changing overlying water weight and (b) seepage of tsunami water into and out of the sand bed. The pore fluid compressibility, which is influenced by air entrainment due to water table fluctuations caused by the tides, can significantly influence development of stabilising and destabilising hydraulic gradients during tsunami runup and drawdown, respectively. Previous work has effectively assumed a constant air content in sand beds and neglected (a) the compression and dissolution of entrained air that influences the pore fluid compressibility and (b) the interaction between saturated sediment underlying sediment with entrained air. By considering the gas kinetics influencing the pore fluid compressibility in a seepage–deformation model, the effect of different pore fluid compressibility assumptions, thickness of sediment with entrained air, initial degree of saturation and tsunami wave properties (height and duration) were studied. The thickness of sediment containing entrained air, the assumed pore fluid compressibility assumption and subtle differences in the initial degree of saturation can significantly influence the predicted maximum depth and duration of tsunami-induced liquefaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of near‐field tsunamis and an extreme hurricane provide further evidence for a great precolonial earthquake along the Puerto Rico Trench. The models are benchmarked to brain‐coral boulders and cobbles on Anegada, 125 km south of the trench. The models are screened by their success in flooding the mapped sites of these erratics, which were emplaced some six centuries ago. Among 25 tsunami scenarios, 19 have megathrust sources and the rest posit normal faulting on the outer rise. The modeled storm, the most extreme of 15 hurricanes of category 5, produces tsunami‐like bores from surf beat. In the tsunami scenarios, simulated flow depth is 1 m or more at all the clast sites, and 2 m or more at nearly all, given either a megathrust rupture 255 km long with 7.5 m of dip slip and M8.45, or an outer‐rise rupture 130 km long with 11.4 m of dip slip and M8.17. By contrast, many coral clasts lie beyond the reach of simulated flooding from the extreme hurricane. The tsunami screening may underestimate earthquake size by neglecting trees and shrubs that likely impeded both the simulated flows and the observed clasts; and it may overestimate earthquake size by leaving coastal sand barriers intact. The screening results broadly agree with those from previously published tsunami simulations. In either successful scenario, the average recurrence interval spans thousands of years, and flooding on the nearest Caribbean shores begins within a half‐hour. Plain Language Summary: Has a tsunami ever resulted from fault rupture on or near the tectonic plate boundary north of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands? Although no such tsunami is known from five centuries of written history, a sea flood some six centuries ago stranded coral heads hundreds of meters inland on Anegada, the northernmost of the British Virgin Islands. Here, using numerical models, we ask whether this pre‐Columbian flood was a near‐field tsunami or an outsize hurricane. The modeled storm waves produce tsunami‐like bores but flood a minority of the coral clasts. Twenty‐five tsunami scenarios differ in their success in flooding, to depths of 1 and 2 m, the mapped sites of 171 brain‐coral clasts. The successful tsunami scenarios correspond to great Puerto Rico Trench earthquakes larger than magnitude 8.0, either on a gently inclined plate boundary or on a steep fault within the incoming oceanic plate. The earthquake recurrence interval in either case lasts thousands of years, but catastrophic flooding on near‐source islands begins within a few tens of minutes. Key Points: In simulations for a low Caribbean island, near‐field tsunamis account for coral boulders and cobbles that an extreme hurricane does notAt all these clasts, flow depths are >1 m for great earthquakes along the Puerto Rico Trench, both on the outer rise and on the megathrustThe tsunami in either case reaches many shores within an hour of the parent earthquake [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of rubble-mound (RM) breakwaters along coasts across the world highlights the importance of understanding their behavior during natural disasters such as tsunamis. The failure of these breakwaters during tsunamis can have far-reaching consequences, potentially causing damage to coastal infrastructure and loss of life. Many breakwaters failed during past tsunamis. Despite this, studies on the behavior of RM breakwaters during tsunamis are minimal. The present study thus attempts to elucidate the behavior of RM breakwater subjected to a tsunami. Furthermore, efforts were made to develop effective countermeasures that can safeguard the breakwater against tsunamis. To the end, a novel technique of using geogrids for reinforcing the RM is proposed. This study could be a pioneering application of geogrids as reinforcing elements in RM breakwaters to mitigate damages from tsunamis. Geogrid layers are provided on both the seaside and harborside to mitigate tsunami-induced damage to the breakwater. In addition, a crown wall (with shear keys) is also introduced to prevent the scouring of the crest and sheet piles from preventing excess seepage through the seabed. Physical model tests, analytical studies and numerical simulations were carried out to assess the performance of the proposed countermeasures by comparing it with the behavior of conventional RM breakwater during the tsunami. The tsunamis can overflow the breakwater, potentially exceeding its design limits. Hence, provision was made in the study for overflow, where the breakwater may overflow by the tsunami. It was observed that excess seepage through the body of the breakwater and the scouring of the crest were significant factors that led to the failure of RM breakwaters under tsunami overflow. A novel reinforced model was proposed to address these issues. This model effectively withstood tsunami-induced damages without significant deformations, demonstrating its potential as a reliable solution. In the past, tsunamis have caused significant damage to several rubble-mound breakwaters, leading to devastating impacts on coastal communities. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami are two well-known examples of the destructive power of tsunamis. A significant number of breakwaters across the globe are of the rubble-mound type, and finding a practical solution to make them resilient against tsunamis could protect many coasts against future tsunamis. This study proposes novel reinforcing techniques to make the rubble-mound breakwater tsunami-resilient. These techniques include adding geogrid layers on either side, providing a crown wall (with shear key) at the top, and inserting two sheet piles into the seabed at either end of the rubble-mound breakwater. Perhaps, this is the first-time geogrids were used on rubble-mound breakwaters to mitigate tsunami-induced damages. The reinforcing elements were chosen for their practicality in the real world. These elements can be practically applied to make existing and future breakwaters tsunami resilient. The study found that the proposed reinforced model, particularly Reinforced model III, remained intact without significant deformation even under a 15-m high tsunami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores temporal variations in seismic data, interplanetary parameters, and geomagnetic indices during the 2015 Coquimbo earthquake. We employ wavelet transform techniques to investigate potential coupling mechanisms between the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere (LAI), even during geomagnetically disturbed periods. Our analysis is strengthened by evaluating geomagnetic data and all-sky images within a 2000–3000 km radius of the epicenter. We explore the post-Chilean earthquake seismogenic perturbations in the upper atmosphere on September 16–17, 2015. Coseismic and post-seismic events emerge in the Brazilian region 1–3 hrs after the earthquake onset. The co-occurrence and subsequent response of these disturbances to seismic events suggest their seismogenic nature. Additionally, we utilize geomagnetic storm and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) indices to differentiate magnetic fluctuations arising from solar storms during seismic events. While our study detects magnetic disturbances associated with seismic activity, distinguishing them from the effects of solar storms in the geomagnetic records or all-sky images remains challenging. These observations prompt further investigation into the intricate interplay between geomagnetic and ionospheric disturbances and their connection to seismic and geomagnetic storm activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The past offers important lessons with regard to facing the future with greater awareness. In this context, school plays a key role in spreading knowledge of natural phenomena and in promoting behavior change. Together with researchers, teachers can be strong allies to build more resilient future citizens. The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) school training activities provide tools to prepare for the next earthquake and/or tsunami. Approximately 5000 students, from both middle schools (ISCED 2) and high schools (ISCED 3), were involved in active learning activities based on a flipped-up approach during specific online scientific events during the pandemic. Online lab activities were conducted during European Researchers' Night ("Earthquakes: history teaches us the future: researchers for a day with experimentation in didactics for ESL") and during both World Water Day 2021 and World Earth Day 2021 ("Tsunamis: history teaches us the future researchers for a day with experimentation in didactics for ESL"). These two Episodes of Situated Learning (ESL) experiences triggered students' interest, favoring remote learning, developing life skills, and focusing on historical seismic studies of both past earthquakes and tsunamis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several rubble mound breakwaters (RMB) were damaged and even collapsed during the past tsunamis. The main reasons for the failure of the breakwaters occurred due to the combined effects of seepage and scouring. Limited articles are available dealing with the behaviour of RMB during the tsunami. Furthermore, few available articles are related to developing countermeasures for the RMB against tsunamis. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the study to determine the exact behaviour of the RMB under the action of the tsunami. In addition, the main aim of the present study is to develop countermeasures to make the breakwater tsunami resilient. The present study proposes a novel geosynthetics-reinforced RMB to mitigate tsunami-induced breakwater damage. Based on the available information, this is the first time geosynthetics have been used in the RMB to mitigate tsunami-induced damage. Geogrid layers, geobags, sheet piles and crown walls (with shear keys) are adopted as countermeasure elements against the tsunami. Since the height of a tsunami can exceed its design tsunami height, tsunami waves were allowed to overflow the breakwater in physical model tests. Comparative analyses between the reinforced and unreinforced RMB were performed by conducting physical model tests, analytical tools, and numerical simulations. • Past tsunamis have caused damage and even collapse of rubble mound breakwaters. • A novel reinforcing technique is proposed to make tsunami resilient breakwater. • Reinforcements include geosynthetics, sheet piles and crown wall with shearkey. • Geosynthetic reinforced breakwater remained undamaged during the tsunami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data fluktuasi ketinggian permukaan air laut akibat longsoran suatu daerah sangat penting dalam menganalisis dampak yang ditimbulkan pada suatu daerah yang rawan terjadi tsunami longsoran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sistem pengukuran ketinggian air pada model tsunami yang disebabkan oleh longsoran, serta untuk menyelidiki ketinggian gelombang air akibat longsoran dengan variasi sudut bidang miring. Untuk mengembangkan sistem pemantauan ketinggian gelombang air pada model tsunami digunakan Arduino Uno dan Sensor Ultrasonik HC-SR04 untuk mengukur durasi waktu gelombang ultrasonik memantul dari permukaan air, sehingga dapat diketahui jarak berdasarkan cepat rambat bunyi di udara. Silinder pejal digelindingkan pada sebuah bidang miring sebagai pemicu awal gelombang pada air. Ketinggian gelombang akan terukur pada empat buah sensor yang diletakkan di atas permukaan air. Add-ins Data Streamer pada Aplikasi Microsoft Excel digunakan untuk merekam data hasil pengukuran dari perangkat arduino. Pada sudut kemiringan 15,32° diperoleh kecepatan rata-rata 111,18 cm/s dengan ketinggian gelombang rata-rata 0,42 cm. Pada sudut kemiringan 16,86° diperoleh kecepatan rata-rata 113,33 cm/s dengan ketinggian gelombang rata-rata 0,64 cm. Pada sudut kemiringan 18,43° diperoleh kecepatan rata-rata 132,22 cm/s dengan ketinggian gelombang rata-rata 0,83 cm. Dari hasil perhitungan ketinggian rata-rata gelombang air yang terukur akan cenderung meningkat pada variasi kemiringan sudut 15,32° hingga sudut 18,43°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Little Andaman Island face exploitation masked as development through the implementation of policies and schemes, which ultimately deplete and degrade its natural resources. Additionally, the island is also susceptible to frequent natural disasters and the adverse effects of climate change, compounding environmental challenges. The main aim of this study was to assess the dynamic changes in the landscape of Little Andaman during the years 1976, 1989, 2010, 2014, and 2022 using satellite data. Thematic maps of the area were generated using visual interpretation techniques. The study revealed that the dominant land cover in Little Andaman was forests, which gradually decreased from 622.79 km2 in 1976 to 579.6 km2 in 2022, resulting in an overall loss of 43.1 km2 over 47 years. On the other hand, settlements, including built-up areas and agriculture, nearly doubled in size from 18.9 km2 in 1976 to 36.60 km2 in 2022. Mangroves, in contrast, exhibited stable coverage, with an area of approximately 31 km2 in 1976, showing minor fluctuations until 2022. Plantations experienced an increase from 19.37 km2 in 1989 to 22.28 km2 in 2022. Water bodies also expanded gradually, reaching 10.4 km2 in 2010 and maintaining a consistent size until 2022. In the meantime, degraded forests and degraded mangroves showed minimal changes over the years. The study identified a range of factors contributing to these changes, with a particular focus on tsunamis, climate change, and government policies and schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While 80% of tsunamis are related to earthquakes, recent examples of the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai (2022) tsunami as well as others from the Kick'em Jenny (2015), Saint Vincent (2021), and La Palma (2021) eruptions have sparked renewed reflection on how a tsunami warning system could also handle non-seismic tsunami events. A warning system is usually based on intrinsic and automatic detection by an instrumental network. In the case of tsunamis generated by earthquakes, it is the data from seismic stations and pre-established location and magnitude criteria that trigger actions from the Tsunami Service Providers (TSP, i.e., regional centers for threat information). Realtime sea level data then help constrain forecasts and determine the end of the threat. However, tsunamis generated by volcanic events are different from those induced by earthquakes in terms of source, detection, messaging, and modeling. In the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions, the UNESCO/IOC Intergovernmental Coordination Group for Tsunami and other Coastal Hazards Warning Systems created a task team to develop tsunami procedures in the case of a volcano crisis. We present here the recent progress of the task team. A bulletin is proposed to be issued by volcano observatories to the Tsunami Service Providers in the case of a potentially tsunamigenic volcano event. Derived from a Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA) bulletin, this proposed VONUT bulletin, (Volcano Observatory Notice for tsUnami Threat), is under construction in collaboration with Caribbean volcano observatories and the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, the TSP for the Caribbean. It was tested during the annual tsunami exercise CARIBE WAVE 2023, which includes testing the communications between the Tsunami Service Provider and nationally designated tsunami authorities. However, much more work is required to get a full operating warning system, as volcano scenarios and subsequent tsunami waves remain highly challenging to model and scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-level coastal boulder field at Whalers Way, southern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, occurs at elevations of 20–30 m above present sea-level on a gently seaward-sloping, karst-weathered calcrete-capped structural bench, formed on the Upper Pleistocene Bridgewater Formation and underlying Carnot Gneisses (Archean–Paleoproterozoic Sleaford Complex). More than 1000 ex situ boulders, cobbles and pebbles of gneiss and mafic igneous rocks, as well as fragments of calcrete, occur within the boulder field and cover an area >6000 m2. All the crystalline rock clasts are derived locally from bedrock outcrops along the adjacent coastline, where metasedimentary granulite-facies of the Carnot Gneisses crop out along shore platforms and their backing cliffs, close to present sea-level. The boulder field is younger than Marine Isotope Sub-Stage 5a (MIS 5a; ca 80 ka) based on amino acid racemisation 'whole-rock' analyses of calcarenite of the Bridgewater Formation, which forms the calcrete bench on which the boulder field rests. The boulder field wraps around the western extremity of cliff-top dunes dated at 18–17 ka by optically stimulated luminescence, implying that the boulder deposit post-dates the formation of the cliff-top dunes. Given that the clasts in the boulder field show minimal weathering rinds, sea-level during the Last Glacial Maximum was some 125 m lower than present and that between 80 and 7 ka ago, sea-level never attained present levels within the region, emplacement of the boulder field by a high-energy wave event in the Holocene highstand, following the 7000 years BP culmination of post-Glacial sea-level rise, is suggested. Storm waves, rather than a tsunami, most likely explain the emplacement of the boulder field. Amino acid racemisation and optically stimulated luminescence dating suggest a Holocene age younger than 7000 years for a high-level (20–30 m above present sea-level) coastal boulder field at Whalers Way, Eyre Peninsula, southern Australia. Gravity-influenced sedimentation, tectonic uplift and glacial action (relict Permian or Cretaceous glacigene sediment) fail to explain the origin of the enigmatic boulder deposit. The boulder deposit formed by storm waves, rather than a tsunami origin, following the 7000 year BP culmination of post-Glacial sea-level rise and onset of the Holocene sea-level highstand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kamaishi in Iwate Prefecture has suffered devastating damage on several occasions, including the 1896 Meiji Sanriku tsunami, the 1933 Showa Sanriku tsunami, the 1945 naval bombardment during W.W. II and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Each time, the city has recovered. This paper explores the history of reconstruction planning and urban development in Kamaishi and how the city's landscape and urban space have been shaped by disaster and reconstruction. In the Kamaishi area in modern times, temples, shrines and public facilities have been moved and new infrastructure has been developed repeatedly, after each disaster. The accumulated reconstructions have generated a landscape in which the city is centred on wide streets that form a vertical axis connecting the coast and the highlands. The need to evacuate has been woven into the urban space of Kamaishi through repeated experiences of disaster and reconstruction. In the reconstruction that took place after the Great East Japan Earthquake, new layers and facilities were added for commercial recovery and residential reconstruction, but the underlying intention was to build a network of evacuation routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters affect economic activities and welfare of small‐scale producers in developing countries, but may also offer opportunities to reinvest in productive asset, economic capital, and new technologies for future economic prospects. This paper investigates the impacts of a livelihood recovery project that provided access to finance and rehabilitated communal infrastructures in the coastal communities of Tamil Nadu, India which were severely affected by the 2004 tsunami. We replicate the project's eligibility criteria to build the counterfactual to identify control households based on the validation of secondary data and administrative records. Using data from a carefully designed primary survey, we estimate the impacts of providing access to finance and rehabilitating communal infrastructures on economic and livelihood outcomes. Results indicate positive and significant impacts on income, asset and food security. These impacts are mainly driven by improved access to finance provided and participation in groups. Findings highlight the importance of ensuring access to finance for sustainable economic recovery among small‐scale producers, particularly in the aftermath of natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present an optimization method for determining a cost‐effective sparse configuration for tsunami gauges to realize the reconstruction of high‐resolution wave height distribution throughout the target region based on the concept of super‐resolution. This optimization method consists of three procedures. First, we generate time series data of tsunami wave heights at synthetic gauges by conducting numerical simulations of various earthquake and tsunami scenarios at the target site. Next, we apply proper orthogonal decomposition to the synthetic tsunami data to extract the spatial features of the wave height distribution. Finally, according to these spatial features, an optimization process is performed to determine a sparse configuration of synthetic gauges. In the optimization, the optimal gauges are sequentially selected from the set of synthetic gauges to reconstruct the wave height distribution with the highest accuracy. Targeting hypothetical Nankai Trough earthquakes and tsunamis, we determine the optimal configuration near Shikoku and demonstrate the wave height reconstruction capability of the approach by comparing the performance of networks with optimally and randomly placed gauges. The results indicate that coastal gauges contribute more to improving the reconstruction accuracy and that a configuration with 21 optimal gauges has satisfactory performance. In addition, we assess the performance of the existing NOWPHAS network installed in the Shikoku region and find that the reconstruction performance of the existing network is equivalent to that of the optimal gauge network. Plain Language Summary: This study introduces a method of optimizing the sparse locations where actual tsunami gauges should be installed to obtain information on tsunami wave heights at any given point. By optimizing the locations of the observation points, it is possible to extend observations recorded at only a small number of points to obtain a good approximation to data at other points where the tsunami was not directly observed. First, numerical simulations are performed based on assumed earthquake and tsunami scenarios to generate synthetic time series data of tsunami waves. Then, by applying proper orthogonal decomposition to the obtained synthetic data, the characteristics of the tsunami wave height distribution are extracted. Finally, these characteristics are used to perform optimization by sequentially selecting the best gauges from among a set of candidate points to reconstruct wave height information for the entire target area, thereby determining the placements of a limited number of gauges. In a numerical demonstration example simulating a Nankai Trough earthquake and tsunami, the placement of gauges off the coast of Shikoku is optimized, and it is shown that the wave heights at arbitrary points over the entire area can be reproduced using data from at least 21 optimally placed gauges. Key Points: An optimization method implementing a greedy algorithm is presented to design a cost‐effective observational network of tsunami gaugesHigh‐resolution information about tsunami wave height is constructed from sparse observations based on the concept of super‐resolutionThe optimization process considering the existing observation network locations identifies their sufficiency or deficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters are sudden and unexpected events that occur as a result of natural processes and often have a significant impact on people, animals, and plants, often resulting in material and emotional losses. Two of the most devastating disasters are floods and tsunamis. After these disasters, search and rescue operations to identify flooded areas are very important to save the lives of affected people and to ensure the health and safety of rescue workers. In this study, a novel semantic segmentation model called Flood Area Segmentation Network (FASegNet) was proposed to guide search and rescue teams in disaster areas to speed up search and rescue operations after natural disasters such as floods, high tides, and tsunamis. The obtained results were compared with common image segmentation models used in various fields. It was found that the developed model achieved higher accuracy rates with fewer parameters. When tested with the "Flood Area" and "Water Body" datasets without pretraining and data augmentation, FASegNet achieved mIoU accuracy of 84.3% and 84.5% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Videos are commonly used in disaster prevention education or communication. Some consider behavioral recommendations to have more motivating content than hazard mechanisms; these, however, have not been empirically tested. Perception of hazard risk is mediated by risk-sensitive and risk-scrutiny attitudes, but which attitude the videos influence has not been examined. In Experiment 1, we created sets of videos for two types of content and relevant control videos, and their effects on four motivation measures of the self-oriented model (i.e., self-relevance, attention, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention) were examined in the online survey. In Experiment 2, we compared the intervention effects of disaster prevention and control videos on the pre-post change of two types of attitudes using a scenario-based tsunami evacuation decision-making task. Consequently, disaster-prevention videos (vs. control videos) facilitated the four motivation measures irrespective of the content type and increased the risk-sensitive attitude during the evacuation decision-making from the tsunami. The revealed facilitatory effect of the videos on motivational and risk-sensitive aspects of evacuation response appears to be congruent with previously advocated advantages of videos or films. The current finding offers insights into the process and mechanism of the effect of disaster prevention videos, providing a robust empirical basis for promoting their use in disaster prevention education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In decision making related to protective action against hazard risk, scrutinization of hazard-related information seems favorable for accurate risk evaluation. It is, however, unknown how such a risk-scrutiny attitude is related to sensitivity in risk perception or the difference in the types of information (e.g., sensory vs. numerical). Furthermore, how these attitudes are related to evacuation-prone individual factors, which may inform the psychological mechanisms of these attitudes, remains unknown. To address these questions, we conducted an online experiment (n = 1,200) using evacuation decision-making task with 40 earthquake scenarios where tsunami risks were manipulated using sensory or numerical information. Factor analysis identified risk-sensitive attitude, risk-scrutiny attitude, and sensitivity to sensory (vs. numerical) information. Risk-sensitive attitude was positively related to a evacuation-prone trait, that is emotion regulation, while risk-scrutiny attitude was negatively related to another evacuation-prone trait, leadership. The results demonstrated the independence of risk-scrutiny attitude from risk-sensitive attitude, as well as their independence from information types. Importantly, our results supported the notion that the suppression of optimistic bias is critical for risk-sensitive attitude and that the motivation to resolve the cognitive dissonance may underlie the risk-scrutiny attitude and delayed protective response. The current results have implications for psychological theories of protective decision making and development of disaster communication and education systems for tsunami and potentially other types of disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 8 October 2023, mysterious tsunamis with a maximum wave height of 60 cm were observed in Izu Islands and southwestern Japan, although only seismic events with body‐wave magnitudes mb 4–5 have been documented to the west of Sofugan volcano. To investigate the source process, we analyze tsunami waveforms recorded by an array network of ocean bottom pressure gauges. Stacked waveforms of pressure gauge records suggest recurrent arrivals of multiple wave trains. Deconvolution of the stacked waveforms by tsunami waveforms from an earlier event revealed over 10 source events that intermittently generated tsunamis for ∼1.5 hr. The temporal history of this sequence corresponds to the origin times of T‐phases estimated by an ocean bottom seismometer and of the seismic swarm, implying a common origin. Larger events later in the sequence occurred at intervals comparable to the tsunami wave period, causing amplification of later phases of the tsunami waves. Plain Language Summary: On 8 October 2023, mysterious tsunamis hit Izu Islands and southwestern Japan, reaching up to 60 cm in height, although only small‐to‐moderate seismic events were reported in the region. To resolve how the mysterious tsunami waves were generated, we analyze the waves recorded by a tsunami observation network off the southwestern coast of Japan. We find that the tsunami waves were intermittently produced by repetitive source events for approximately 1.5 hr, and the wave amplification happened because the inter‐event times matched the wave periods. These abnormal submarine events excited significant oceanic acoustic waves, as well as measurable tsunamis, which provides valuable information to further study what took place in the ocean. Key Points: On 8 October 2023 (UTC), enigmatic tsunamis up to ∼60 cm were recorded along broad Japanese coasts without large earthquakesAnalysis of stacked tsunami waveform data shows >10 events intermittently caused tsunamis for ∼1.5 hr with T‐phase and seismic excitationLarger events later in the sequence occurred with intervals similar to the wave period, amplifying the tsunami waves in the later phase [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2004-tsunami affected the South Andaman coast experiencing dynamic changes in the coastal geomorphology making the region vulnerable. We focus on pre-and post-tsunami shoreline and Land Use Land Cover changes for the period 2004, 2005, and 2022 to analyse the dynamic change in hazard. We used GEBCO bathymetry data to calculate Run-up (m), arrival times (Min), and inundation (m) at 13 different locations using the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake source parameters. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System is used for the shoreline change estimates. The Landsat data is used to calculate shoreline and LULC change in five classes, namely Built-Up Areas, Forests, Inundation areas, Croplands, and water bodies during the above period. We examine the correlation between the LULC changes and the dynamic change in shoreline due to population flux, infrastructural growth, and Gross State Domestic Product growth. India industry estimates the Andaman & Nicobar Islands losses exceed INR 10 billion during 2004 that would see a five-fold increase in economic loss due to a doubling of built-up area, a three-fold increase in tourist inflow, and a population density growth. The unsustainable decline in the forest cover, mangroves, and cropland would affect sustainability during a disaster despite coastal safety measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】We conduct a survey to assess the number of staff who will be able to come to the hospital in the event of a Nan-kai Trough earthquake.【Method】We surveyed 2,052 hospital faculty and staff using the ANPIC®, a safety confirmation system's questionnaire function to assess the number of staff who could come to the hospital 24 hours after a tsunami disaster.【Results】 Responses were obtained from 1,155 individuals (56.3%). Out of these, 801 respondents (69.4%) indicated that they could come to the hospital, while 224 individuals (19.4%) reported that they could not come to the hospital due to lack of transportation. As for the time necessary to get to the hospital, 602 individuals (52.1%) responded within one hour.【Discussion】The results of this study suggests that securing transportation to the hospital was an issue. Furthermore, the co-occurrence network analysis of free-text responses revealed the strongest relationship with the presence of children, emphasizing the importance of support for family members. The results of this study are considered to contribute as a partial aid in ensuring personnel availability immediately after a disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructing the magnitude and recurrence time of tsunamis, one of the most destructive and unpredictable natural hazards impacting coastal communities, is essential. While major tsunamis are the most studied due to their disastrous impact, small/medium tsunamis (SMTs) are much more frequent and can still significantly impact the coast. Therefore, SMTs potentially provide an extensive archive of information preserved in the geological record. Analyzing the deposits of small/medium paleo‐tsunamis (SMPTs) opens a window into when their direct observation was unavailable. However, deposits of SMPTs are often degraded, traditional sediment deposition inversion models might fail. Recent research has shown that Deep Neural Networks (DNN) can effectively reconstruct the flow conditions of major tsunamis from their deposits. We evaluate the effectiveness of this approach in reconstructing the characteristics of a recent medium size tsunami (2006 Java) and of a medium paleo‐tsunami (1929 Grand Banks). We successfully reconstruct the flow characteristics of the 2006 Java event and show that an inversion of comparable quality is possible for the 1929 Grand Banks tsunami, despite greater uncertainties due to the deposit degradation. Our research shows that Machine Learning has the potential to unseal the meaning of data of thousands SMPTs. Plain Language Summary: While large tsunamis are more destructive than small/medium ones, the latter are more frequent and represent a greater sample for scientists investigating tsunamis. While machine learning was previously applied to invert the well constrained deposits of giant tsunamis, we test here for the first time that approach to characterize older tsunamis for which deposits are degraded and direct observation limited or non‐existing. We successfully extract the properties of the 1929 Grand Banks tsunami (Newfoundland) and compare the quality of the results with the recent and well known 2006 Java tsunami. Key Points: For the first time, Neural Networks are applied to extract the characteristics of medium sized tsunamisThe method is sufficiently robust to extract paleo tsunami parameters from highly degraded deposit dataNeural Networks can provide as good or better accurate and reliable inversion results compared to traditional approaches [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]