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This research analyzes the professional mobility and cultural change of young tseltals from Chiapas, Mexico, men and women, who study at the upper secondary level of Oxchuc, a municipality with important social changes since the fifties of the last century due to the policies of school education at the national level and that currently affect the professional aspirations of young people. The qualitative approach of the research was used, interviews with these young people and an analysis of categories in the tseltal language and identified in the field diary were also produced. This analysis was related to the theoretical concepts of cultural resignification (Molina, 2013), professional mobility (Bonnewitz, 2006), family strategies, capital mobilization (Bourdieu, 2002) and social agency (Sen, 2000a). It is concluded that there is a change of professional aspiration from parents to sons and daughters and a slow professional mobility that have generated a cultural change due to the school education of young people., En esta investigación se analiza la movilidad profesional y el cambio cultural de los jóvenes tseltales de Chiapas, México, hombres y mujeres, que estudian en el nivel medio superior de Oxchuc, municipio con importantes cambios sociales desde los años cincuenta del siglo pasado por las políticas de educación escolarizada a nivel nacional y que actualmente afectan la aspiración profesional de los y las jóvenes. Se empleó el enfoque cualitativo de la investigación, asimismo se produjeron entrevistas con estos jóvenes y un análisis de categorías en lengua tseltal e identificadas en el diario de campo. Este análisis se relacionó con los conceptos teóricos de resignificación cultural (Molina, 2013), movilidad profesional (Bonnewitz, 2006), estrategias familiares, movilización de capitales (Bourdieu, 2002) y agencia social (Sen, 2000a). Se concluye que existe un cambio de aspiración profesional de padres a hijos e hijas y una movilidad profesional lenta que han generado un cambio cultural debido a la educación escolarizada de los jóvenes.

Esta tesis recoge el estudio exhaustivo de algunas de las principales fuentes literarias, inglesas y francesas que tuvieron a Andalucía y a España como tema central. Comprendidas entre 1841 y 1866, estas contribuyeron a la construcción de los principales mitos románticos en torno a la mujer andaluza. La difusión de ciertos tipos, no solo a través de las letras sino de toda una serie de producciones artísticas de carácter visual, proyectaron un imaginario en torno a la mujer andaluza centrado en la exaltación de un arquetipo de belleza racial, indolente y cruel; una iconografía fraguada desde distintos espacios vinculados de manera directa a la raza, la clase y al ámbito del trabajo. De este modo, y tras reconocer la definición mítica y romántica de este cuerpo sur, el trabajo se introduce en la revisión crítica de la obra de tres autoras andaluzas contemporáneas, Pilar Albarracín, María Cañas y María Alcaide. Estableciendo una correlación entre pasado y presente, el objetivo final de la investigación busca analizar cómo las creadoras se sirven de dichas significaciones en un intento de arrojar soluciones a los problemas desprendidos de una identidad a la cual se adscriben y pertenecen. En su conjunto, estas conforman una voz emancipatoria frente a la hostilidad y violencia ejercidas, de manera simbólica y real, hacia la mujer andaluza; un ejemplo extensible que sirve aquí de síntesis para la comprensión de la necesidad y vigencia de sus discursos., This thesis includes exhaustive study of some of the main English and French literary sources that focused on Andalusia and Spain as their central theme. Covered between 1841 and 1866, these sources contributed to the construction of the main romantic myths around the Andalusian woman. The dissemination of certain archetypes, not only through literature but also through a whole series of visual artistic productions, projected an imagery around the Andalusian woman centered on the exaltation of a racial, indolent, and sensual archetype of beauty; an iconography forged from different spaces directly linked to race, class and the sphere of labor. In this way, and after recognizing the mythical and romantic definition of this southern body, the study delves into a critical review of the work of three contemporary Andalusian authors, Pilar Albarracín, María Cañas and María Alcaide. Establishing a correlation between past and present, the final objective of the research seeks to analyze how the creators use these meanings in an attempt to provide solutions to the problems arising from an identity to which they ascribe and belong. As a whole, they form an emancipatory voice against the hostility and violence that this identity has exercised, both symbolically and real, towards Andalusian women; an extensible example that serves here as a synthesis for understanding the necessity and validity of their speeches.

Contemporary societies are suffering, in many cases, processes of political polarization accompanied by other elements that are equally worrying for the democracies. The increasing presence of demagogic discourse in the political arena only hinders the proper functioning of institutions. Polarization, populism and demagogy are elements that work in coordination to provoke a considerable challenge to the democratic systems of half the world. Faced with this panorama, philosophy would be the best medicine. However, the gradual reduction of the humanities in the different levels of the educational system is becoming a real tour de forcefor the citizens that has to learn to resist the storm that drags with it the last cultural and democratic resistances. Philosophical skepticism could become the panacea for a situation such as the one we are suffering. It is not for nothing that this authentic vital andphilosophical position has been one of the few that has survived throughout the history of philosophy., Las sociedades contemporáneas están sufriendo, en muchos casos, procesos de polarización política acompañados de otros elementos igualmente preocupantes para el funcionamiento de la democracia. El aumento de la presencia del discurso demagógico en el ámbito político no hace sino dificultar el correcto funcionamiento de las instituciones. Polarización, populismo y demagogia son elementos que se presentan en contubernio, coordinadamente, para provocar un desafío considerable a los sistemas democráticos de medio mundo. Frente a este panorama, la filosofía sería la mejor medicina. Sin embargo, la paulatina reducción del espacio de las humanidades en los diferentes niveles del sistema educativo se está convirtiendo en un auténtico tour de force para la ciudadanía que tiene que aprender a resistir, parca en ropajes de pensamiento crítico, el vendaval tremendo que arrastra consigo las últimas resistencias culturales y democráticas. El escepticismo filosófico, esa vieja corriente de pensamiento que hace de la duda su instrumento y de la búsqueda constante su objetivo, podría convertirse en la panacea para una situación como la que estamos sufriendo. Por algo este auténtico posicionamiento vital y filosófico ha sido de los pocos que ha pervivido a lo largo de toda la historia de la filosofía.

The study of emotional intelligence has become highly relevant in the last three years since during the COVID-19 pandemic several agents that make up the educational structure were affected, these affectations had repercussions in different areas, one of them is in the educational field, which had different problems within the learning process, in schools several students have lowered their academic performance due to the confinement that was sustained for more than a year during the highest peak of the COVID-19 pandemic since no one was able to attend school, thus losing themselves in much of the knowledge they had to obtain. This paper inquiries about the way in which emotional intelligence influences academic performance during the pandemic since most of the students experienced different situations in their homes as well as different emotions that could influence their averages to drop, in this way forms, 43 students from the Emilio Portes Gil elementary school who are between 11 and 12 years old were sampled, being fulfilled through a quantitative approach, with a non-experimental, causal correlational research design, making an analysis in SPSS of the variables motivation and empathy., La inteligencia emocional tomó relevancia en los últimos años puesto que durante la pandemia COVID–19 se vieron afectados varios agentes que conforman la estructura educativa estas afectaciones repercutieron en diferentes ámbitos, uno de ellos es en el ámbito educativo que tuvo distintas problemáticas dentro del proceso de aprendizaje, en las escuelas varios alumnos han bajado su rendimiento académico por el confinamiento que se sostuvo por mas de un año durante el pico más alto de la pandemia COVID- 19 ya que nadie pudo asistir a la escuela perdiéndose así en gran parte de los conocimientos que debían obtener. En este trabajo se indaga sobre la manera en que influye la inteligencia emocional en el rendimiento académico durante la pandemia ya que la mayoría de los estudiantes experimentaron diferentes situaciones en sus viviendas así como también distintas emociones que pudieron influir en que sus promedios bajaran, de esta formas se tuvo como muestra a 43 alumnos de la escuela primaria Emilio Portes Gil que tienen una edad de entre 11 y 12 años, cumpliéndose por medio de un enfoque cuantitativo, con diseño de investigación no experimental, correlacional causal, haciendo un análisis en SPSS de las variables motivación y empatía.

Chitosan films enriched with aqueous nettle extract (Urtica dioica L.) were evaluated by measuring their solubility, equilibrium moisture, water vapor permeability, spectral and antioxidant properties, and microstructure. Nettle extract showed a significant effect on the analyzed film properties. The addition of nettle extract manifested a sharp decrease in water vapor permeability, decreasing from 5.64 · 10−11 to 2.22 · 10−11 g/m·s·Pa. The chitosan- nettle extract films exhibited a high free-radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Incorporation of nettle extract into the chitosan matrix was successfully carried out to obtain antioxidant films. The results obtained showed that the incorporation of nettle extract allowed obtaining chitosan films with antioxidant properties, including a total phenolic content up to 1.57 mg GAE/g film. Furthermore, the films with nettle extract boast an UV shielding ability with transmittance values close to zero in the UV region and a water solubility up to 1 %. The inherent biodegradability is also a strong advantage of the developed active films

The aim of this study was to develop an active slice separator based on a chitosan film with nettle extract (Ch_NE) for vacuum-packed Havarti cheese and to evaluate the changes during storage for 45 days at 5 °C. The active properties of the developed slice separator film were evaluated by measuring antioxidant and optical properties of the cheese and the film, as well as lipid oxidation of the cheese. The addition of nettle extract to chitosan films caused a decrease in mechanical properties such as tensile strength from 58.02 to 1.81 MPa and Young's Modulus from 1535.92 to 4.43 MPa, making them easy to apply and handle as slicing separators. Furthermore, the thermal properties of the films indicated their stability at temperatures commonly encountered during food heat processing. After 45 days of refrigerated storage, the Ch_NE slice separator demonstrated a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in cheese samples, indicating a 56% decrease in lipid oxidation compared to the control group. In conclusion, an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic and non-biodegradable slice separators have been successfully developed using chitosan, a by-product of the fish industry, enriched with an extract from nettle, a widely distributed wild plant.

La investigación se plantea como objetivo poner de manifiesto que las relaciones entre el arte, la arquitectura y la tecnología se hacen cada vez más estrechas y complejas. Así lo demuestran las propuestas del grupo de arquitectura NOX (Lars Spuybroek) o las admirables producciones artísticas multidisciplinares de Zaha Hadid, algunas junto a Patrik Schumacher. En ese sentido, partiendo de las dos obras parafraseadas en el título, la del pintor surrealista René Magritte titulada "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" (1929) y la del artista conceptual Joseph Kosuth "One and Three Chairs" (1965), ambas son una demostración de que asistimos a numerosos cambios operados en el arte contemporáneo, en el cual se cuestiona, no sólo las fronteras estancas entre disciplinas tradicionales, sino además y sobre todo el concepto de la propia obra artística y su manera de materializarse. Se trata, por lo tanto y mediante un estudio de casos, de analizar un arte basado en la innovación permanente y que se presenta a sí mismo como experiencia o evento artístico, si bien cada vez con connotaciones tecnológicas más evidentes y manifiestas. Así, por ejemplo, pueden citarse a grupos que supusieron una ruptura con la tradición académica, como Archigram o Superstudio, junto a otros muchos como Coop Himmelb(l)au, UNStudio, Research + Design, Emergent Architecture, Haque Design + Research, Hackitectura.net, InformationLab, Höweler +Yoon Archittecture/ MY Studio o Studio Arne Quinze. Pero cabe también mencionar a artistas y arquitectos como Gordon Matta-Clark, Olafur Eliasson, Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, Licht Kunst Licht, Vicente Guallart, J. Mayer H., Tom Kovac o Kengo Kuma, por citar tan sólo a unos cuantos. Todos ellos ejemplifican cómo el arte se convierte en tecnología, en una creciente e imparable ola creativa. // The aim of the research is to show that the relationships between art, architecture and technology are becoming increasingly close and complex. This is demonstrated by the proposals of the NOX

El huevo es una matriz compleja de micro y macronutrientes. Para comprender esta matriz, en esta tesis doctoral se han estudiado ovoproductos mediante espectroscopía, centrifugación y filtración de flujo tangencial aplicando inteligencia artificial. Los resultados se muestran en ocho publicaciones. Se han desarrollado algoritmos para cuantificar la composición de ovoproductos y clasificarlos según el sistema de cría de las gallinas. Además se han desarrollado modelos matemáticos para predecir los resultados de la centrifugación del huevo entero. Por último, mediante filtración de flujo tangencial se ha detectado el efecto quelante de las proteínas de la clara sobre las lipoproteínas de la yema.

The aim of this work was to develop a quick and cheap method for fraud detection in egg labels according to the four legal farming method of the EU. The plasma obtained from egg centrifugation was investigated for this purpose. Initial protein content in egg, plasma protein content, plasma colour parameters (L*, a* and b*) and plasma UV–VIS-NIR (Ultraviolet–Visible-Near-infrared) spectra were evaluated. The classification algorithms applied were SVM (Support-Vector-Machine), LDA (Linear-Discriminant-Analysis) and QDA (Quadratic-Discriminant-Analysis). The analysis of the protein content did not detect differences. Colour parameters and spectral measurements showed significant differences between eggs. Spectra analysis with QDA gave sensitivity of 100% in the calibration set. The validation set scored 87.5% sensitivity and 94.07% specificity using the visible spectra. This work established plasma spectral measurements combined with classification algorithms as a powerful tool to discriminate the four farming systems. This work presents a fast tool for the egg label control

Eggs are a compelling source of bioactive compounds. Membrane separation is a green technology that allow components to be obtained while preserving their biological activity. The objective of this study was to assess the application of membrane separation technology to egg products. Whole egg plasma, egg yolk plasma and egg white were tangential flow filtrated evaluating the effect of the pore size and membrane materials. Transmission of dry matter and proteins from feed to filtrate was noticed in all the processes. Nevertheless, cholesterol and carotenoids were not detected at filtrates from 750 kDa to 0.2 µm when mixed ester or polyethersulfone were the membrane materials. The interactions between egg yolk and egg white components difficult the separation. Cholesterol was part of low-density lipoproteins. These lipoproteins together with carotenoids were filtrated with modified polyethersulfone at a minimum pore size of 0.2 µm. High uncertainty was obtained due to low-density lipoproteins aggregation. Three kinds of aggregates can justify these results: low-density lipoproteins aggregated themselves, low-density lipoproteins bound to ovomucin and other smaller egg white proteins (<750 kDa), and low-density lipoproteins bound only to smaller egg white proteins. The detected chelate effect of egg white proteins could be important in vivo. Therefore, research should be led to assess the influence of cooking method and digestion of the different egg components on the bioaccessibility of nutrients and the generation of bioactive peptides. Moreover, the filtration processes analysed herein may be useful techniques for liquid food matrix studies

Membrane separation technology is achieving broad applications in research, food and pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the application of UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy to quantify the composition of the fractions obtained in a membrane separation process was assessed. An egg membrane filtration was employed as a case study to develop predictive models for a rapid determination of dry matter, protein and cholesterol composition in the feed and the fractions (retentate and filtrate). Whole egg plasma and egg yolk plasma obtained by centrifugation, and egg white were tangential filtrated using different pore size and membrane materials. Transmittance UV-VIS-NIR spectra showed significant differences between samples. Cholesterol, dry matter and proteins were predicted with UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy with good statistical significance (RPDEV over 3). UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric tools demonstrates to be an efficient green method for composition analysis in the membrane filtration process. It is reliable, non-destructive, quick and environmentally friendly. Moreover, it can be applied on-line for real-time quantitative compositional analysis

Las relaciones entre México y la Unión Europea ante la perspectiva de una liberalización comercial bilateral.

In the last decade, the Development Financial Institutions (DFI) had become key players in development finance complementing traditional aid flows of development agencies. Focusing on economic growth, DFI uses refundable financial instruments to support local private sector in less-developed countries. In Spain, the creation of FONPRODE opens new possibilities for work in financial cooperation, in a similar way as they have done for years DFI in Europe. This article intends to show some of the best practices of the DFI and draw lessons for the FONPRODE in the future., En la última década, las Instituciones Financieras de Desarrollo (DFI) se han convertido en actores esenciales en la financiación del desarrollo, complementando los flujos de ayuda tradicional de las agencias de desarrollo. Centradas en el crecimiento económico, las DFI utilizan instrumentos financieros reembolsables para apoyar al sector privado local en los países menos avanzados. En España, la creación del FONPRODE abre nuevas posibilidades para trabajar en cooperación financiera, de manera similar a como lo vienen haciendo desde hace años las DFI en Europa. Este artículo pretende mostrar algunas de las mejores prácticas de las DFI y extraer lecciones que sirvan para el FONPRODE en el futuro., Dans la dernière décennie, les Institutions Financières de Développement (DFI) sont devenus des acteurs clés du financement du développement, complémentant les flux d’aide des agences traditionnelles de développement. Se concentrant sur la croissance économique, les DFI utilisent des instruments financiers remboursables par le secteur privé local dans les pays le moins avancés. En Espagne, la création du FONPRODE ouvre de nouvelles possibilités pour la coopération financière, comme ils l’ont fait durant des années les DFI en Europe. Cet article vise à montrer quelques-unes des meilleures pratiques des DFI et tire des leçons qui servent pour l’avenir du FONPRODE.