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Recently, natural filler reinforced polymer composites are important materials for various engineering applications. Hence, this present work focuses on utilization of coconut shell powder (CSP) as a filler in vinyl ester (VE) resin to produce particulate composite specimens. The particulate composite plates with various weights or filler contents from 5 to 30 wt% were fabricated, using compression molding technique. The fabricated composites were subjected to tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, heat deflection and swelling behavior tests to obtain their corresponding material properties. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was carried out on the coconut shell powder/vinyl ester (CSP/VE) composite specimens to investigate into the presence of their elements, in addition to the aforementioned tests. From the experimental results obtained, it was observed that the optimum mechanical properties of CSP/VE composites were obtained at 15 wt% of filler content, having tensile, flexural and impact strengths of 38.70, 105.13 MPa and 33.04 kJ/m2, respectively. Also, the heat deflection temperature (HDT) results varied from 158 (0 wt%, neat VE resin) to 171 oC along various percentages of filler contents. Lastly, the morphological study/analysis of the fractured CSP/VE composite specimens was conducted by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm the experimental data/results obtained. It was evident that CSP/VE composite structures could be potential substitutes for some synthetic composites. Also, they are suitable for various engineering applications in aerospace, electrical/electronics and automobile industries, based on their properties.

With high power density and promising possibilities for high energy density, the electrochemical capacitor has become an indispensable energy storage device to satisfy the future energy demands. Here in, we report on synthesis of graphene nanosheets (GNS) supported manganese sulfide (MnS) hybrid (GNS-MnS) nanocomposite by a simple, facile hydrothermal process. The resultant GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite with robust electronic amalgamation facilitates swift transfer of both ions and electrons across the interface between electrode surface and electrolyte ions than pristine MnS. Benefiting from the better conduction along with improved active sites of the MnS in GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite, a high ratio surface/near-surface reactions is dominated by high specific capacity even at high current rate. As such, the GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 792 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 along with better retention rate of 58% at 15 A g−1, is significantly higher than that of pristine MnS (423 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 and 37% retention at 15 A g−1). In addition, the fabricated symmetric GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite cell delivered a high energy density of 25 W h kg−1 and power density of 7160 W kg−1. Moreover, specific capacitance of 91.1% is retained after 15000th cycles with columbic efficiency of ∼100% at 20 A g−1. The remarkable electrochemical performance of GNS-MnS hybrid nanocomposite electrode demonstrated its potential as a key material for developing high energy supercapacitors.

The Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) was proposed to perform fast public-key digital signatures and thus replace the Elliptic-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm. Its key advantages over the latter include higher performance and straightforward, secure implementation for embedded devices. EdDSA algorithm is implemented over Galois Field. The operations like addition and multiplication in Galois field are different compared to normal addition and multiplication. Hence implementing EdDSA over Galois field provides more security compared to the conventional EdDSA signature. The basics of Galois Field and its application to store data is introduced. The finite field GF (pm) is an indispensable mathematical tool for some research fields such as information coding, cryptology, theory and application of network coding.

Introduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the frictional forces produced by three types of ligatures (conventional elastic ligatures, unconventional elastic ligatures, and tooth-colored ligature wire) on ceramic bracket and stainless steel brackets with 0.016 nickeltitanium (NiTi) archwire in the dry state. Materials and Methods: Twenty each stainless steel brackets and ceramic brackets (0.022 slot central incisor brackets) were mounted on the acrylic block. This assembly was mounted on the Instron machine with the crossheads moving upward at a speed of 10 mm/min in the upper jaw of the Instron machine, one acrylic block with hook and a straight length of 0.016 NiTi wire was attached to it. This wire was ligated to brackets with three different ligation methods. In each test, the brackets were moved a distance of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm across the central space, and the load cell readings were recorded on the digital display. The difference between the readings is noted. Results: Stainless steel brackets with 0.016 NiTi archwire ligated with conventional, unconventional, and tooth-colored ligation with the movement of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm shows that the tooth-colored ligation indicating least frictional force decay. Comparison of frictional forces (in newtons) between ceramic brackets and stainless steel brackets using 0.016 NiTi wire for a movement of 12 mm shows that stainless steel bracket with tooth-colored ligation produced least frictional force compared with ceramic bracket. Conclusion: Based on this study results, we can conclude that stainless steel brackets produce less frictional force compared to ceramic brackets. Similarly, tooth-colored ligatures can be preferred to reduce friction during leveling stage.

The study focuses on analyzing the compressive strength in usage of ceramic waste material as partial replacement of coarse aggregates. Concrete cubes were prepared for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% replacements and tested for optimum content for two grades of concrete mixes (G30 and G50). The optimum content of ceramic waste was found to be 15 and 20% by weight of coarse aggregates for G30 and G50, respectively. The compressive strength of the concrete waste containing geopolymer concrete was compared with control mix concrete and was found to have an increment of 13.5% in compressive strength comparatively. Also, it was observed that the compressive of the geopolymer concrete increased up to certain replacements with the increase in the percentage of waste materials, and it is found suitable to use the ceramic industrial waste for the concrete.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) power is a promising alternative to fossil fuel-based power because of its attributes such as omnipresence, abundant availability, absence of rotating parts, modular and low maintenance cost. Due to the low conversion efficiency and higher initial investments on PV systems, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is an essential requirement in grid-connected PV systems. MPPT in PV systems is a challenging task due to the nonlinear current–voltage (I–V) and power–voltage (P–V) characteristics. MPPT under partially shaded conditions (PSC) is further complicated due to the existence of multiple power peaks in the P–V curve. One of the prominent but cost-effective and feasible method of MPPT is the application of particle swarm optimization (PSO), and this scheme has been extensively reported in the literature. Recently, few more nature-inspired optimization techniques such as genetic algorithm (GA), firefly algorithm (FA) and artificial bee colony (ABC) are also implemented for MPPT. This chapter develops and analyses the performance of few popular nature-inspired optimization techniques towards MPPT. The procedure for implementation of each method is lucidly explained and computed MPPT curves along with qualitative and numeric data are presented. Experimental implementation is also included for completeness.

In tolerating errors there is the compaction of energy consumption and quality output will be get rid by approximate addition. The Data compression in images is the operation involves in the image compression. In this paper, a new architecture is introduced for the Non-Zeroing Bit Truncation method using XOR MUX Full adder. We are implementing this method in an application of image compression using the DCT method. We are calculating PSNR and MED Values for a compressed image using the proposed method which has acquired good improved values. This proposed work will introduce an approximate addition to using Truncation. Implementation of bit truncation in Image processing using the DCT concept. When comparing with the other methods of a Non zero bit truncation, the proposed method obtained good output values in terms of Area, Power, and Delay for 8bit, 16bit, 32bit, 64bit. The Proposed approach is simulated in Xilinx Vivado and implemented in Cadence RTL encounter to obtain Area, Power, and Delay. The DCT method for RGB and Gray Scale image is implemented using Matlab to calculate the PSNR and MED metrics.

The objective of this work is to explore the natural cellulosic fibers extracted from Nendran Banana Peduncle plants. This is the first time, the tests are carried out in the Nendran Banana Peduncle Fiber (NBPF) to measure the properties of the chemical, physical, mechanical, thermal (TGA/DTG), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) furnished in this work. The Weibull distribution analysis was adopted for the analysis of diameter, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the fiber. The XRD analysis for the NBPF shows that the crystallinity index of 53.3%and crystallinity size of 4.72 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis depicted that NBPF can withstand thermally up to 356 °C. FT-IR results proved the existence of different chemical compositions and their corresponding functional groups. AFM analysis revealed the surface of the fiber found as rough. From the results, it is concluded that NBPF utilized as a polymer matrix composite for manufacturing light load automotive components and construction equipment.

An advancement to the principles of friction stir welding is the friction stir processing, a technique for modifying the surface, which involves the modification of the local microstructure by refining the microstructure and through localized plastic deformation of the specimen material. The tool that is involved in the process consists of a rotating tool which has a shoulder and pin inserted into the single piece of material. The area which needs to be examined with this process is traversed by this tool in a desired direction. When the shoulder of the tool and the workpiece comes into contact with each other, with the tool traversing at a particular travelling speed and an optimal rotational speed, friction is developed between the two surfaces. This in turn increases the heat of the material to a limit where the material undergoes plastic deformation. Hence when such an exposure occurs localized plastic deformation and the thermal property increase leads to a drastic change in the local microstructure. Various properties have been examined when the material undergoes friction stir processing which involves the production of nanograin, the surface hardness increases followed by the the fatigue strength, wear property and tensile strength of the material. This review paper focuses mainly on the change in microstructure and mechanical properties of Aluminium alloys and their composites and the effect of FSP process through the study of the current trend and the development of FSP to various parameters.

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is a fusion welding process having side range of applications in current industry. The TIG welding process parameters plays a very significant role in estimating the quality of a welded joint. So appropriate selection of welding process parameters is very much necessary to attain weld joint with increased tensile strength value. In the work, experiments were carried out on Austenitic Stainless Steel (AISI 304L) using Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process. In this study Butt welded joints have been made by using three levels of current, gas flow rate and nozzle to work piece distance. The quality of the weld has been estimated in terms of ultimate tensile strength of the welded specimens L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi‘s experimental design method was utilized for optimization of welding current, gas flow rate and nozzle to work piece distance on welded joints.

The present work is dedicated to conduct a comparative study on identifying the effective turbulence model in terms of flow outlet velocity, error percentage, number of iterations and time coefficient using NACA0012 airfoil by considering Spalart – Allmaras as a reference model. The current study considers 12 different turbulence models including Spalart – Allmaras for obtaining the output characteristics individually. The turbulence models in existence such as Standard K epsilon, RNG K epsilon, Realizable variant of K epsilon, Standard K Omega, SST K Omega, BSL K Omega, Transition K KL Omega, Transition SST, Reynolds Stress Linear Pressure Strain , Reynolds Stress Quadratic Pressure Strain , Reynolds stress Stress Omega have been utilized for the evaluation and comparison. The NACA0012 airfoil is modelled using CATIA and the meshed model of the airfoil is analyzed using ANSYS FLUENT under standard boundary conditions. The results obtained have shown that the Standard K – epsilon model is found to have less error percentage in comparison to other turbulence models. The count over the number of iterations taken reveals that the models such as Standard K omega, SST K omega and BSL K omega has shown the least number of iterations compared to rest of the turbulence models for completing the analysis. The time coefficient calculation shows that Standard K omega and SST K omega ranks top by showing less time for conducting the analysis with 77.92 seconds and the maximum time was shown by the Reynolds’s stress models considered in the study. R. Allocious Britto Rajkumar | N. Mohammed Raffic | Dr. K. Ganesh Babu | V. Vignesh "Comparative Study of Cyberbullying Detection using Different Machine Learning Algorithms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30824.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/aeronautical-engineering/30824/comparative-study-on-effective-turbulence-model-for-naca0012-airfoil-using-spalart-%E2%80%93-allmaras-as-a-benchmark/r-allocious-britto-rajkumar

We report on a simple and facile synthesis of manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles by chemical co-precipitation method using 1 M NaOH as the oxidative solution. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by using various tools like powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of the resultant product was observed to be of spherical in shape with diameter of about 20–50 nm. The electrochemical performance of manganese ferrite nanoparticles was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with different electrolytes, such as 1 M LiNO3, 1 M Li3PO4 and KOH. In a three-electrode system, a maximum specific capacitance of 173, 31 and 430 F g−1 was attained corresponding to the electrolytes of 3.5 M KOH, 1 M LiNO3 and 1 M Li3PO4, respectively. Among these, 3.5 M KOH electrolyte medium exhibited excellent rate performance, evidently more than 60% of retention was observed at 10 A g−1 due to the synergistic activities, high surface accessibility and better electronic conductivity of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. In addition, the fabrication of symmetric cell using MnFe2O4 as an electrode materials with 3.5 M KOH as an electrolyte, exhibited maximum specific capacitance, high energy density and power density of 245 F g−1, 12.6 Wh kg−1 and 1207 W kg−1, respectively. Furthermore, the specific capacitance of 105% retained after 10,000 cycles at the high current density of 1.5 A g−1 and the coulombic efficiency of the all 10,000 cycles remains constant (∼98) which clearly displayed the excellent electrochemical stability of MnFe2O4 nanosphere (NS). Our results may pave the way for employing the low-cost co-precipitation method to fabricate advanced high energy storage and highly stable device with long cycle life.

This research article reports the activated flux tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding of alloy C-276. Microstructures of the welded joint were studied using optical and scanning electron microscope. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that segregation of Mo and W lead to the formation of the secondary phases. The microstructure results show that fine cellular structure was observed in the fusion zone. Studies using scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of secondary phases in the grain boundaries. Strength and ductility of the welded joint was evaluated using tensile test. It was inferred that the joint strength was almost matching to the strength of the base metal. It was deduced that the formation of the secondary phases had reduced the ductility and toughness of the weld joint.

The utility fit, structurally controlled development of down-scaled products is a great boon to new upcoming device functions for various applications. Fe nanoparticle decorated carbon fibers created through electrospinning offer advancement opportunities due to their capacity for tunable porosity with high surface to volume aspect ratio, which enables efficient accessibility, resulting in better performance in device applications. Here, we report on the synthesis of Fe nanoparticle anchored polymer (PVA) fibers created using electrospinning process followed by a carbonization process was performed different temperatures of 500, 600, and 700°C under inert (Ar) atmosphere. An annealing process allows formation of pristine Fe ions rather than oxide formation, and the polymer transforms into graphitate by abnormal decomposition in PVA, without changing its fibrous morphology. The fibrous structure with uniform distribution of Fe nanoparticles product was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, field-effect scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling electron microscopy and tunneling electron microscopy images.

The research article focused on the effect of wood sawdust as secondary filler reinforcement in Indian mallow fiber yarn mat reinforced with polyester composites. Composites were fabricated along t...

The ever-growing consumption of human population ends up in producing by-products that can be used again in its current form which is often called waste. With such an exponential rise in the generation of waste, waste management has become one of the key indicators of development. Waste is an inevitable part of our day to day life. In India an estimated 133,760 tons of municipal solid waste is generated daily. Our aim is to move towards a “Zero Waste Economy”, and that doesn’t mean no waste exists- it is a society where resources are fully valued, financially, and environmentally. It means we reduce, reuse and recycle all we can, and throw things only as a last resort. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the waste generation and disposal methods in one such rural village in Punjab and to understand the impact of these on the day to day life of the people living there. The methodology was employed, and data collection is conducted through interviews, observational studies and meetings with key community leaders. Results revealed various problems including improper disposal of household waste, open burning of non-biodegradable waste, open drainage system, contributing to village illness. An analysis has also been made on the type and quantity of waste generated in the village as a result of complete observation of the lifestyle of these villages. The paper thus presented gives a coherent idea on the current circumstance on waste management and sanitation in the village.

Water is a natural resource for sustaining life and environment. Effective and sustainable management of water resources is vital for ensuring sustainable development. In the transboundary basin of Punjab, management of water has not been considered as an integral part of water. People think that abundant resource doesn’t need to be managed. The source of water is from the ground. The ground water level may not be stable because of seasonal changes and due to over usage of ground water for production purposes in factories. Even though the ground water is available, due to inefficient and unregulated distribution system, it is not distributed properly to the houses causing water shortage. Especially, the crisis of water in village during morning chores is the live example of such situations. Lack of sanitation services makes the surroundings polluted and unhealthy place to live. Village people lack awareness about conservation of water. Certain measures should be taken to implement the water conservation methods. Water management is too fundamental, unsustainable if it cannot be upheld or defended. It needs the combined initiative and action of all, which makes sense about the socio-economic development. The proposed paper describes about the present water scenario, drinking water scenario, water management and challenges faced by people.

Water, is undoubtedly one of the most indispensable needs for the human population to survive. In India, almost 70% of the population reside in rural settlements and a large share of this population is often caught up in the gaping open traps of ignorance and lack-of-knowledge. According to the World Water Development Report 2018 by the UN, India is facing a stark water crisis with the report citing that over 40% of the renewable water sources in Central India would be withdrawn by 2050. Availability of water plays the role of a key indicator in the measure of a village’s prosperity and moreover it is an index of India’s development. As a part of the Live-in-Labs® the purpose of our study was to identify the most prevalent challenge that played the antagonizing role of holding back the development index in a small, destitute village tucked away in the northern part of Punjab, India by the name of Dodeneer. The paper aims at shedding light on the status of the key development indicators in the village, provide quantitative and qualitative measurables like the available resources in the village using a pragmatic approach to scrutinize the same and to propose a judicious solution to the pervasive challenge through an anthropocentric outlook. This paper would address the predominant water management issues of Dodeneer and also provide affable solutions to tackle the same and provide insights as to how Nature Based Solutions (NBS) would help address many of India’s water challenges while simultaneously delivering additional benefits vital to all aspects of sustainable development.

At present, the research studies in the composite materials are enduring to improve the mechanical and other necessary properties of materials. The need for advanced form of hybrid metal matrix composite has been used in aerospace, defence and numerous engineering applications due to its less weight, improved hardness and outstanding machining properties in wide range. This paper focuses on mechanical properties and influences of drilling parameters on the cast Al7075/B4C/BN hybrid composites. Liquid metallurgy technique is most preferable to blend the ceramic particle with matrix material with excellent dispersion qualities. CNC drilling machine is used to perform the experiments. TiN-coated carbide drill bit is used to conduct the experiments by varying the tool angle. While drilling, operation is performed and thrust force is measured by varying the machining parameters. Microstructure and elemental confirmation of the prepared composites are analysed using SEM with EDX mapping. Feed rate and point of angle are the most influencing parameters for thrust force and surface roughness of the prepared hybrid composites. An orthogonal array of L27 is selected to carry out the drilling operation. In addition, tensile properties and density of the prepared composites are also analysed.

Protection measures are essential to present day blockchain innovation ever, since they can exist short of empowered outsider, which implies that there may not be a disclosed trustworthy individual or group responsible for frameworks. Security of the present frameworks depends on estimating the firmness assumptions and large numbers of the benchmark cryptographic functions proven to be powerless for crucial monetary and a variety of applications against the approach of undeniable quantum machines. Upgrading blockchain innovation with the future of quantum states in a shared manner will enhance the degree of protection and security by-laws of physical science, which is never feasible from non-quantum data hypothetical perspectives. In this article, we propose a quantum-built way to deal with harness of security for a democratic application with the execution, utilizing Hyperledger Sawtooth.

This paper focuses on hybrid and twisted hybrid Indian mallow/roselle cellulosic fiber yarn mat reinforced polyester composites and effects of their wood sawdust filler. The composite materials were fabricated usingcompression moldingtechnique. There were four different combinations of hybrid yarn mat composite samples used, while the twisted hybrids were six. An evaluation of the hybrid and twisted hybrid mechanical properties for the single and double layer cases of the yarn mat was done with and without wood sawdust filler effects. The samples were tested at both warp and weft directions. From the results obtained at warp direction, it was observed that for the hybrid double layer case, longitudinal yarn mat with wood sawdust (filler) composite sampleexhibited better tensile, impact and flexural strength properties in comparison with other related composites of hybrid type reported in literature. Moreover, the modified twisted hybrid double layer composites with longitudinal yarn mat andwood sawdust fillersamplerecorded significantly greater improvement on the mechanical properties at warp direction, when compared with the hybrid double layer longitudinal yarn mat composites with wood sawdust filler and other reported similar hybrid composite materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was utilized to evaluate morphological internal damage (cracks) and fractured surfaces of the various tested composite samples. Based on their mechanical performances and for further practical evidence, these two types of eco-composites were used to effectively fabricate tri-wheeler auto-wheel hubs and ceiling fan blades, as applicable to automobile and electronics industries, respectively.

We are developed a new structural concrete member by completely replacing coarse aggregate, fine aggregate. A study of concrete made with expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads as aggregate was carried out. Here, Fly ash partially replaced by cement was found the compressive and tensile strength of EPS concrete and then compared to conventional concrete M20.Old construction technique is being more costly due to loading, so light weight concrete is used. This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation into the engineering properties EPS concrete.

Curing and compaction is found to be an essential role in construction to achieve better sustainability effect. But they are not in proper order by the performance of labours as it can be visualized from many construction sites. Descriptive made on natural item from the ground called Radish also termed as Raphanussativus, an innovative Self-Curing agent was developed and the designed percentage of the curing agent was incorporated in Self-Compacting Concrete is manifested in this paper. Here, the analysis was made for natural self-curing agent concoction with combination of water reducing and viscosity based admixtures like Super Plasticizers and Viscosity Modifying agent in the name Master Glenium Sky8233. The main genesis beyond the intention of radish as a Self-Curing agent is the region of bond water in and its effectual existence of hydroxyl and ether group in a chemical structure of radish family. The design grade of concrete was affixed as M40 and its conceived procedure for such modern concrete was merely based on trial and error and its final upshots were verified with the EFNARC specifications. Upshot from other curing agent such as Poly-Ethylene Glycol (PEG) and conventional methods are compared with the outcome from the innovative curing agent. The sample test outcomes have been given, which shower the behaviour of radish as an internal curing agent under a laboratory conditions. The agent used for robotic curing purpose at the start was inspected to probe its water holding capacity analysis. For the minute case, expository study was retrieved using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrum analyzer. Various tests were composed to scrutinize the workability properties, mechanical properties and durability property of the concrete. To decide the mechanical properties of concrete, tests such as compression test, split tensile test and flexural test and were regulated. Durability characteristics study on carbonation was overseen. Footprints proved that alike Poly-Ethylene Glycol (PEG), extract from radish is also a powerful curing agent and upswing the cement hydration and compressive strength, minimizes the shrinkage and tweaks the durability of concrete whereas the conventional methods necessitate improvement. Their outcomes are discovered to be bearable as per IS standards, EFNARC (European Standards) specifications and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) codal provisions.

The present work aims in creating the Finite Element Models for the conventional and the Cryogenic Orthogonal machining process. Finite Element Modelling (FEM) of the orthogonal machining operation was performed using DEFORM – 2D which is based on a modified Lagrangian formulation. Finite Element models were developed for various experimental conditions for both conventional and cryogenic orthogonal machining process. The response variables obtained from the models are cutting force, thrust force, temperature, shear stress, strain and strain rate. AISI 1045 steel is used as work material and for tool, tungsten carbide is used under various experimental conditions with the cutting speeds at 100 m/min, 150 m/min, 200 m/min and feeds at 0.07 mm/rev, 0.1 mm/rev, 0.14 mm/rev. A maximum temperature difference of 20.12% is obtained when conventional and cryogenic models were compared at a feed rate of 0.07 mm/rev and cutting speed of 150 m/min. cutting force and thrust force were higher for cryogenic model compared with that of the conventional model. Stress and Strain were distributed as expected to occur in the experiment.

The present research work aimed to characterize new natural cellulosic kusha fibers extracted from the kusha grass plants. The physical and chemical properties of kusha fibers such as cellulose content (70.58%), lignin (14.35%), wax content (1.52%), ash content (2.46%), moisture content (8.01%), and density (1.1025 g cc−1) were identified. An X-ray diffraction of kusha fibers confirms the presence of cellulose with a crystalline index of 55.4%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out to establish the certainty of using them as reinforcement fiber. Thermogravimetric analysis ensures thermal stability up to 357°C which is within the polymerization process temperature.

Natural fibers are one of the good alternative sources for replacing synthetic fiber and reinforcing polymer matrices because of their eco-friendly nature. This investigation deals with the extraction and characterization of new natural fiber from Indian mallow plant stem. The physico-chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of Indian mallow fibers (IMFs) were reported and compared with other natural fibers for the first time. Cellulose (78.22%), wax (0.47%), density (1.33 g/cm³), and tensile strength (979.83 MPa) were recognized in IMFs. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermo-gravimetric analysis confirmed that IMFs are rich in cellulose content and thermally stable with a crystallinity index of 72%.

Nanostructures of noble metals were immensely studied owing to their eminent salient features like morphology, controllable size dispersity and surface chemistry. Herein, we report a facile and eco-friendly route to synthesize gold nanoparticles (CGAuNPs) within a shorter period of time using the aqueous fruit extract of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. (CGFE) as a potential bioreductant to reduce Au 3 + ions into their nanoscale counterparts. Growth of CGAuNPs generates a shift in the color of reaction medium due to the excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) which produces an intense absorbance peak at 530 nm in UV–Visible spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the active role of water soluble phenolic compounds in achieving the reduction and stabilization of CGAuNPs. Additionally, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the synthesized CGAuNPs were anisotropic face centered cubic crystalline in nature, having an average size of 26 ± 11 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDAX) results were proved that the synthesized CGAuNPs were free from contaminants and they were stable, possessing negative electric charge without aggregation. On the other hand, in vitro antioxidant assays demonstrate that the aqueous CGFE and formulated CGAuNPs possess extraordinary antioxidant properties. Hemocompatibility assay depicts the safe nature of synthesized CGAuNPs for biomedical applications. Thus, the results of present study will be useful to synthesize AuNPs instantly via green chemistry route for its valuable applications in nanomedicine.

Introduction: The objective of the study was to measure the horizontal distance between the FA-WALA (Facial Axis Point-William Andrews and Larry Andrews) of posterior teeth in Angle's Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions and to assess the depth of the Curve of Spee, to find the correlation between intercanine FA and intercanine WALA and its significance. Material and Methods: Sixty pretreatment mandibular casts of patients with an age range of 18–35 years were included. A sample size of 20 was evaluated in Angle's Class I, Class II, and Class III, respectively. The WALA ridge and FA points were marked in the model and calibrated using the digital Vernier caliper. Results: There was an incremental increase in the horizontal distance from the FA-WALA in the posterior teeth. The mandibular intercanine FA-FA and intercanine WALA-WALA distance were greater in Angle's Class III group when compared to Angle's Class II. The Curve of Spee measurement was increased in Angle's Class II group, while Angle's Class III had a flat curve. Conclusion: The horizontal distance between FA-WALA increased incrementally in the posterior teeth in Angle's Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. In Angle's Class II malocclusion, the Curve of Spee measurement was increased and had a narrower mandibular arch.

The attraction towards cloud computing by industry and individuals increases everyday as the benefits and advantages are much reliable and convenient to user to make the process simple. Software and data giants like Google, Microsoft, and Apple are efficiently utilising the cloud features and the research towards improving its efficiency and utilisation is going on worldwide. Cloud computing has large computational data intensive task and by reducing the complexity of task scheduling the efficiency could be improved. This research identifies the issues the existing task scheduling model and provides an optimised scheduling algorithm. Conventional models such as particle swarm optimisation and PBEES algorithm are compared with proposed improved grey wolf optimisation model experimentally to achieve 96% of utilisation efficiency. This reduces the computation cost and provides high performance computing with reliability among the clients and service providers.

In general the problem-solving strategies used in heuristic approaches are different compared to conventional algorithms. They differ in handling the issues in different operating conditions thereb...

This study presented a novel utilization of biomass solid waste, named Polyalthia longifolia (Mast tree) seed as a reinforcement in a composite, using a compression molding technique. An attempt was made to reinforce vinyl ester matrix (VE) with Polyalthia longifolia seed filler (PLSF), ranging from 5 to 50 wt% loadings. Mechanical properties of the fabricated Polyalthia longifolia seed filler/vinyl ester (PLSF-VE) composite samples were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the PLSF-VE composite exhibited optimum mechanical properties at 25 % wt of filler loading; ultimate tensile strength and modulus were approximately 32.50 MPa and 1.23 GPa, respectively. The ultimate flexural, impact strengths and hardness were observed around 125 MPa, 31.09 kJ/m2 and 36.50, respectively. The heat deflection test and thermo-gravimetric analysis depicted that the PLSF-VE composites withstood up to 66 °C and 430 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the PLSF and its various composite samples were studied, using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Department of Network Systems and Information Technology, University of Madras, Chennai-600 025, India E-mail: ananthipradeep84@gmail.com Manuscript received online 27 August 2018, accepted 09 October 2018 Colour change in a chemical is an indication of one of several causes. The reaction of the chemical occurs with the addition of another organic or inorganic substance. To monitor a reaction as it takes place, during the transition of its molecular structural properties, colour change is a useful criterion. In industrial manufacture of chemicals through their formation with many a combination and technique, to arrive at the needed composition, colour change is a very useful criterion. An instrument that can detect instantly and record the changes in the colour of the reacting substance has been developed, which uses a Provotech sensor. Using an embedded controller, and an exhaustive software to sense the colour, it can report the parameters quantitatively from instant to instant; it is a very compact and simple one to use in the laboratories or in production. The artificially intelligent program can sense and report colours by names in addition to the more detailed quantitative colour space parameters. The controller could also initiate action to time a reaction to occur, to stop a reaction at the intended level by the sensing of the changes in hue, say from 640 nm to 650 nm. Though a simple and economical instrument, it provides useful colour value information during the transition phase of any reaction and reports the data to a computer in addition to a display on LCD of the hue, saturation and colour name, such as reddish purple.

This work deals with a detailed review on preparation, extract, use and efficiency of bio-diesel based Mahua plant oil. About 40 recent research papers that were based on the production, use and efficiency of Mahua Biodiesel were reviewed. The necessary information like the production of the mahua biodiesel from mahua oil using various methods, the properties of the biodiesel, its blends and diesel itself, the methods used for the preparation of blends, its performance and the exhaust emission – has been compiled and has been presented in the form of review paper. Indeed, the blends with added catalyst shows the better combustion and emission efficiency compare to diesel itself. So, this work helps the researchers to get an overall idea on different processes and techniques involved in extraction of mahua oil, use of mahua oil (blending with different proportion), several catalyst that can be added with bio-diesel and the best blend that gives better efficiency in terms emission.

In accordance with the necessity, there is an increase in demand for medical images in diagnostic applications, the use of proper enhancement methods are inevitable. Medical imaging is a challenging field where robust and cost-effective approaches are yet to be developed for screening of diseases. Regular screening for Malaria is necessary since it can be a life-threatening disease to the group of people. Thus risk management can be done with pre-diagnosis. The identification of malarial parasites is usually done based on the symptoms of the patients. In this conventional method, there is limited access to experts in microbiology and pathology particularly in rural area practice and this restricts the diagnostic facilities. This paper presents a novel automatic diagnosis of malaria through microscopic images with the help of image processing. The paper deals with the existing systems for malarial screening and the detection methods of the disease. The proposed system quantifies and classifies the red blood cells infected by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae in thin blood smears. The experimentation was conducted in MATLAB in which image acquisition, pre-processing including segmentation, classification and a combination of other image processing techniques were performed.