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In order to facilitate the selection of high-yielding ’trešnjevac’ bean variety adapted to Serbian agro ecological conditions, local populations and a foreign (control) variety have been examined in terms of several traits of agronomic importance. Significant variability was found among the tested accessions and between the two seasons of experiment in terms of all investigated traits. Yield per plant correlated positively to pod weight, seed weight, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant. Out of 13 examined populations, six over-yielded check variety in both seasons. The population with high and the most stable yield (P-36, 22.2 g/plant) would be a valuable starting material for breeding ’trešnjevac’ bean variety.

Čovek je u cilju obezbeđenja što većeg profita po jedinici površine, doveo do degradacije zemljište, vode i vazduha, koji su osnovni činioci opstanka čoveka na planeti Zemlji. Isti cilj doveo je i do stvaranja novih sorti kojima se postižu značajno veći prinosi, ali koje su izgubile neke od osnovnih nutritivnih karakteristika. O starim sortama i populacijama se nije vodilo računa. Čovek je potpuno zapostavio značaj genetičkih resursa, kao osnove izvora varijabilnosti. Danas se shodno donetoj zajedničkoj poljoprivrednoj politici Evropske unije do 2020. ponovo vraća izvornim vrednostima i prednost se daje malim i srednjim gazdinstvima, održavanju biodiverziteta, alternativnim izvorima energije. Kao osnova održive poljoprivrede navodi se sistem organske proizvodnje, koja upravo i koristi stare sorte. U cilju sprečavanja genetičke erozije prikupljaju se stare sorte i populacije na različitim nivoima. Uvek se polazi od lokalne zajednice. S tom pretpostavkom su organizovane sakupljačke ekspedicije u okviru projekta „Za vojvođanskog paora“ na teritoriji Fruške gore. Među prikupljenim uzorcima brojni su lukovi (Allium sp.) značajni u ishrani po visokom sadržaju antimikrobnih i antioksidantnih materija, selenu i sumporu, kao i vitaminu C, posebno u mladom lišću. Od lukova posebno su interesantni genotipovi belog luka (Allium sativum) sa visokim sadržajem suve materije. Najbrojnije prikupljene lokalne populacije su iz grupe mahunjača (Fabaceae), pre svega pasulj (Phaseolus vulgaris) značajan zbog visokog sadržaja belančevina i vlakana. U baštama se gaje i čuvaju vrste koje su gotovo prestale da se gaje u našim predelima, bob (Vicia faba) i sastrica (Lathyrus sativus). Lokalne populacije boba imaju nizak sadržaj fitinske kiseline, a rezultati nekih istraživanja ukazuju na njegov značaj u dijeti i kod nekih autoimunih oboljenja. Sastrica, zajedno sa boranijom, ima mesto u dijetalnoj ishrani kod šećerne bolesti. U baštama se radije gaje lokalne populacije nego novostvorene sorte salate (Lactuca sativa), tikava (Cucurbita sp.), paradajza (Solanum lycopersicum) peršuna (Petroselinum crispum), mirođije (Anethum graveolens), po svedočenju uzgajivača zbog boljeg ukusa i dobre tolerancije na agroklimatske uslove. Sačuvane su i populacije lobode (Atriplex hortensis), maka (Papaver somniferum), lana (Linus usitatissimum) za ishranu ljudi, jurgete (Lagenaria sp.). Posebno su interesantne populacije kukuruza (Zea mays) namenjene kuvanju u fazi mladog zrna tokom leta i suvog zrna zimi, takođe za hranu ljudima. Ekspedicija je prikupila i sedam različitih genotipova lekovitog i začinskog bilja za koje je poznato da je bogato eteričnim uljima koja su snažni antimikrobni agensi i prečišćavaju organizam od štetnih materija.

Uloga organske poljoprivrede, bez obzira da li govorimo o proizvodnji, preradi, distribuciji ili potrošnji jeste da podrži i poboljša zdravlje ekosistema i organizama od najmanjih, u zemljištu, do ljudi, u cilju proizvodnje hrane visokog kvaliteta. Prema IFOAM-u, organska poljoprivreda kombinuje tradiciju, inovacije i nauku u korišćenju zajedničke životne sredine, uz promociju odnosa pravičnosti i dobarog kvaliteta života za sve učesnike. Složenost, ali i prednost organske proizvodnje povrća leži u brojnosti povrtarskih vrsta koje se mogu koristiti u ishrani. Lukovi, kao prve domestifikovane povrtarske vrste, nalaze svoje mesto u organskoj poljoprivredi, u proizvodnji i potrošnji. Rod lukova (Allium) objedinjuje višegodišnje i dvogodišnje zeljaste biljke sa dobro razvijenim ili nerazvijenim lukovicama koje se odlikuju specifičnim ukusom i mirisom. Allium-i su taksonomski spečifičan i bogat rod koji, prema savremenim klasifikacijama, uključuje više od 700 vrsta. Lukovi obuhvataju vrste čiji je areal uspevanja do 60o s.g.š. a na jugu do tropa, što je rezultat sposobnosti vrsta da se prilagode različitim ekološkim uslovima. Raznovrsnost lukova se ogleda u načinu proizvodnje (seme, rasad, sadni material), različitim oblicima proizvodnje (bašta, njiva, zaštićen prostor) i različitom vremenu proizvodnje (rana prolećna, prolećna, letnja, jesenja i zimska) kao i različitim načinima korišćenja.

Seed of old varieties is an important source of genetic variability and plants adaptability. Broad genetic diversity is the base for successful breeding processes and adaptations to various environmental conditions and pathogens. In last five to six decades disappearance of old cultivars has been accelerated, mainly due to introduction of new cultivars based on principles of modern genetics into agricultural production. There was a cessation of cultivated plants previously used, and agricultural production and human diet is based on four main crops: wheat, corn, rice and potatoes. Large arable areas have been planted with single genotype of newly created cultivars resulting in great genetic impoverishment, especially, of the most cultivated plants. In that way, certain traits, particularly those connected with high yield, have been favored. Thus, the maintenance and evaluation of old cultivar’s seeds have been recognized as extremely important for all of humanity and its future. The research presented in this paper has been conducted on the territory of southwestern Fruska gora Mt. as a part of the project „Za Vojvodjanskog paora” (2011-2012) financed by Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development, Republic Serbia. Considering the extreme importance of Fruska gora Mt. for Vojvodina Province and the ongoing Master Plan for the mountain’s Sustainable Development, idea of the project was to collect seeds and planting material of crops, vegetables and wild plants and to examine the state of the mountain’s genetic resources. Of all the collected samples during the project, 14 samples of snap beans and 21 samples of beans have been analyzed in this paper. For all the accessions, 1000-seed mass, seed color, seed shape and phaseolin type was determined. Seed color was determined visually. Based on the ratios of: (i) seed length and seed width, and (ii) seed thickness and seed width, collected seed samples were classified into five basic groups of seed shape: round, ellipsoid, cylindrical, semi-flat and kidney-shaped. Seeds of collected bean samples have three, while snap bean seeds have four different shapes, and none of them was round. Seed coats of bean accessions were of five different colors, while in the snap bean group seed coats were of three different colors. Seeds of collected bean and snap bean accessions were predominantly white and cylindrical in shape. Mass of 1000 seeds ranged between 104.9 and 634.96 g. Averaged 1000-seed mass of bean accessions was 379.44g. Snap beans had smaller seed, with 247.98 g of 1000-seed mass in average. T phaseolin type dominated, while S type of phaseolin was present in six bean samples, and in snap bean accessions numbered NK2/12 and NK40/12. T phaseolin type was mostly present in seeds of snap beans that were white, while no significant correlation between seed color and phasolin type was determined in the beans.

For higher productivity heavy doses of fertilizers and other agrochemicals are applied. This has led to the emergence of a movement forward specified farming concept based on the traditional farming philosophy known as organic systems. These systems do not use synthetic chemicals and in the long run way be more sustainable than inorganic and conventional farming. The purpose of this study was to investigate microbial abundance in rhizosphere and yield of bean and soybean in conventional and organic system growing. The trial was set up on chernozem soil at the Bački Petrovac experiment field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. Soil samples of rhizosphere were collected under conventional management and organic management. Samples for microbiological analyses were taken at two dates (1st June and 18th July). Soil microbial abundance was significantly greater in organic farming growing compared with conventional. The total number of microorganisms, number of ammonifiers, azotobacter, actinomycetes and fungi was higher in rhizosphere in organic production of bean than in rhizosphere of bean in conventional production. Similar results were obtained in rhizosphere of soybean in organic production compared to the conventional. Beside the higher of examined groups of microorganisms in rhizosphere of soybean, the higher number of celulolytic actinomycetes was obtained, too. The number of nodules on root of soybean in organic production was three times higher than in conventional. Grain yield was higher in conventional production than in organic, while in organic production greater yield quality, protein and oil content, was obtained.

Genetic differentation of 167 P. vulgaris accessions from five South east European countries was performed using 13 SSR markers. Analysis included 21 accessions from Bosnia and Herzegovina, 15 accessions from Croatia, 73 accessions form Macedonia, 38 accessions from Serbia and 20 accessions from Slovenia. Calculated mean number per locus was 9.8. The average polymorphic information convent over all loci reached value of0, 710 where the most informative locus was GATS91 (0, 926). Analysis of variance showed only 8 % genetic variability among accessions of P. vulgaris from different countries which indicates their coordinates explains cumulatively 77% of genetic variability. Beased on genetic distance, UPGMA clustering method and BAyesian clustering analysis the accessions from five countries are generally didided into four genetic groups.

The onion is a widely distributed vegetable crop, which takes an important place in the vegetable production in Serbia. The traditional planting method is the one from sets. Old cultivars and populations and, in recent years, foreign cultivars are grown. The large variety of genotypes, including both domestic populations and cultivars, comprises the significant gene pool of this region. The onion collection of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad is based on the populations and cultivars from the territory of the former Yugoslavia. This paper reviews 30 onion genotypes on the basic IPGRI descriptors (ANNEX I). Variability of the reviewed characteristics was determined by PC analysis. High variability values have been established for bulb skin color, bulb flesh color, bulb hearting and bulb skin thickness. The genotypes varied in bulb skin color as well as in bulb flesh color from white to dark violet. These two characteristics had the largest impact on clustering, with a single genotype being heterogeneous exactly for these two characteristics. Crni luk je široko rasprostranjena povrtarska vrsta, čija proizvodnja zauzima značajno mesto u setvenoj strukturi povrća u Srbiji. Tradicionalni način ove proizvodnje je iz arpadžika, gde su zastupljene stare sorte, populacije i sve prisutniji strani sortiment. Bogatstvo genotipova crnog luka, kako gajenih domaćih populacija tako i sorata, predstavlja značajan gen fond sa ovog područja. U Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, osnovu kolekcije čine domaće populacije i sorte koje se gaje u širem region, sa prostora bivše Jugoslavije. U radu su prikazane osnovne osobine 30 genotipova crnog luka prema deskriptoru IPGRI (ANNEX I.). Varijabilnost ispitivanih osobina je utvrđena PC analizom, gde je ustanovljena visoka varijabilnost za boju lukovice, boju sočnih listova lukovice, broj gnezda i debljinu listova lukovice. Genotipovi su imali boju lukovice od bele do tamno ljubičaste, a takođe i boja sočnih listova. Ove dve osobine su imale najveći uticaj na grupisanje genotipova, tako su formirane dve grupe, uz izdvajanje jednog genotipa koji je heterogen upravo za ove osobine.

Teritorija na obe strane granice karakteriše se velikim procentom nezaposlenog stanovništva (Vojvodina oko 24%, Dél-Alföld oko 10%), kao i onih koji žive od socijalne pomoći od kojih značajan broj živi u seoskim sredinama. Siromaštvo je u seoskim sredinama dva puta veće nego u gradovima (Srbija: 9.8%, Mađarska: 4.3%). Visoka stopa nezaposlenosti u regionu izazvana je niskim nivoom obrazovanja stanovništva i većinskim starijim stanovništvom koje u proseku poseduje 500 do 1000 m2 zemljišta odličnog kvaliteta. Zemljište se obrađuje samo za potrebe domaćinstava (oko 75% površine zemljišta). Uz društvene prilike koje je uzrokovala visoka stopa nezaposlenosti i starenje stanovništva, ovi problemi su osnov društvene, ekonomske, kao i brige za očuvanje životne sredine cele zajednice. Negativan trend gubitka malih poljoprivrednih poseda se nastavlja zbog izdavanja poseda velikim komercijalnim proizvođačima, pograničnih migracija i napuštanja ruralnih sredina. Rezultat ove situacije je velika količina neobrađene visoko kvalitetne zemlje. Postoji takođe problem niske stope efikasnosti korišćenja ovih poseda, pa je jedan od izazova i promena načina razmišljanja (novi trendovi).

The territory on both sides of the border is characterized by a high percentage of the unemployed people (Vojvodina about 24%, Dél-Alföld about 10%) and those living on welfare, of which a significant number lives in rural areas. Poverty in rural areas is twice higher than in urban (Serbia: 9.8%: 4.3%). High unemployment in the region is caused by low educational category of the population, and elderly households which possess 500 to 1000 m2 of land (in average) with excellent quality. This land is not cultivated or it is cultivated for their needs (about 75% of land). in addition to the social issues created by high unemployment rate and ageing population, these problems represent social, economic and environmental concerns for the overall community. Also negative trend of small farms disappear because they lease their land to the large commercial producers, coursing migrations and leaving rural areas deserted. As a result of this situation, there is a large amount of uncultivated, high quality land. Also, there is the problem of using these backyards at low efficiency so it is the one of the challenges to change their way of thinking (new trends).

The objective of this study was to assess genotype by environment interaction for seed yield per plant in rapeseed cultivars grown in Northern Serbia by the AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) model. The study comprised 19 rapeseed genotypes, analyzed in seven years through field trials arranged in a randomized complete block design, with three replicates. Seed yield per plant of the tested cultivars varied from 1.82 to 19.47 g throughout the seven seasons, with an average of 7.41 g. In the variance analysis, 72.49% of the total yield variation was explained by environment, 7.71% by differences between genotypes, and 19.09% by genotype by environment interaction. On the biplot, cultivars with high yield genetic potential had positive correlation with the seasons with optimal growing conditions, while the cultivars with lower yield potential were correlated to the years with unfavorable conditions. Seed yield per plant is highly influenced by environmental factors, which indicates the adaptability of specific genotypes to specific seasons. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação genótipo x ambiente para rendimento de grãos por planta em cultivares de canola cultivadas no norte da Sérvia, pelo modelo AMMI (modelo de efeitos principais aditivos e interação multiplicativa). O estudo foi composto por 19 genótipos de canola, analisados em sete anos por meio de ensaios de campo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. O rendimento de grãos por planta das cultivares testadas variou de 1,82 a 19,47 g ao longo das sete estações, com média de 7,41 g. Na análise de variância, 72,49% da variação do rendimento total foi explicada pelo ambiente, 7,71% por diferenças entre os genótipos e 19,09% pela interação genótipo x ambiente. No biplot, as cultivares com alto potencial de rendimento genético tiveram correlação positiva com as estações do ano com condições favoráveis de crescimento, enquanto as cultivares com menor potencial de rendimento foram correlacionadas aos anos com condições desfavoráveis. A produção de grãos por planta é altamente influenciada por fatores ambientais, o que indica adaptabilidade de genótipos a estações de cultivo específicas.

A rapidly increasing area under organic crop production and difficulties in weed control impose the need for improvement of non-chemical methods for weed control, such as flaming. The objective of this study was to determine a tolerance of bean, pepper and four weeds to intrarow flaming. Field trials were conducted in 2010 at two locations (Rimski Šančevi and Srbobran, Serbia). Flaming machine was constructed by modifying inter-row cultivator, and eight propane doses (0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 kg/ha) were tested. Bean and pepper plants exhibited increased susceptibility to increased propane doses, and pepper proved more susceptible to flaming than bean. Weed species Chenopodium album and Setaria viridis were more sensitive to flaming than Portulaca oleracea, and Sorghum halepense from rhizome. Doses of propane that reduce the fresh biomass of studied weeds by 90-95%, caused unacceptable reduction in seed yield of beans and pepper fruits compared to untreated controls. U poljskim ogledima tokom 2010. godine ispitivana je osetljivost pasulja, paprike i četiri vrste korova na primenu plamena. Za ova ispitivanja korišćen je prototip uređaja nastao modifikacijom četvororednog međurednog kultivatora, na koji su dodati rezervoari sa propanom, gasne instalacije i plamenici. Sagorevanjem rastućih doza propana u zoni redova (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 kg/ ha), utvrđen je neprihvatljiv intenzitet oštećenja useva i smanjenje prinosa, pri čemu je paprika ispoljila veću osetljivost od pasulja. Korovske vrste Chenopodium album i Setaria viridis su bile osetljivije na primenu plamena od Portulaca oleracea i Sorghum halepense iz rizoma. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da je za visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju ispitivanih korova (90-95%) neophodno primeniti veće količine propana od količina koje su prouzrokovale prihvatljiva oštećenja biljaka paprike i pasulja. Iz ovih razloga, neophodno je nastaviti ispitivanja u cilju povećanja selektivnosti ove metode suzbijanja korova u paprici i pasulju.

Pasulj je jednogodišnja biljka iz porodice Fabaceae, rod Phaseolus, velike hranljive vrednosti. Najpoznatija je i najrasprostranjenija mahunarka u svetu i kao povrtarska kultura ubraja se u grupu zrnastih mahunarki. Neutralan ukus otvara mu niz mogućnosti kombinacije sa različitim namirnicama i začinima, a dostupnost tokom cele godine njegovu široku primenu pri kuvanju. Pasulj zauzima značajno mesto u ishrani stanovništva u regionu. Svojim specifičnim biohemijskim sastavom, preko hrane, obezbeđuje glavnu esencijalnu biološku materiju za normalan rast, razvoj i obavljanje rada. Veoma je bogat proteinima (i preko 20%). Belančevine pasulja su kvalitetne po svom aminokiselinskom sastavu i vrlo slične proteinima mesa, a njihova svarljivost (iskoristivost) je izuzetno visoka, preko 50%. Sastavljene su od visokog procenta esencijalnih aminokiselina. Pasulj spada u namirnice koje su izuzetno bogate ugljenim hidratima (skrob, šećeri, dijetetska vlakna), koji se, zajedno sa proteinima i lipidima, ubrajaju u osnovne nutrijente, koji su neophodni za normalan rast, razvoj i funkcionisanje organizma. Ne može se zanemariti ni bogatstvo ove namirnice mineralima i vitaminima. Ali, što je verovatno manje poznato široj javnosti, namirnice iz familije leguminoza sadrže i određene, tzv. antinutrijente (antinutritivne materije), među kojima treba svakako spomenuti saponine, inhibitore enzima, fitinsku kiselinu i druge. U radu će se dati prikaz dela rezultata dobijenih višegodišnjim istraživanjima na Tehnološkom fakultetu u Novom Sadu, u saradnji sa Naučnim institutom za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Daće se osvrt na osnovne komponente hemijskog sastava, kao i neka zapažanja dobijena upoređivanjem sirovina dobijenih uzgojem u konvencionalnim uslovima i uslovima organske proizvodnje.

The paper discusses garlic production in the Vojvodina province over a 50-year period (1956-2005) through an analysis of harvested areas, average yields, and total production. The average area planted to garlic in Vojvodina during the said period was 1,714 ha, or about 2% of the overall acreage in vegetables. Most (99.14%) of the garlic production in the province was carried out by individual farmers. In 50-year period, the average yields of garlic vary between 1,998 kg per ha (2005) and 5,501 kg per ha (1959). The variation of the average yield (CV = 18.50%), indicating that the overall garlic production in the province was unstable, which was largely due to the limiting environmental factors. . U radu su izvršene analize požetih površina, prosečno ostvarenih prinosa i ukupne proizvodnje belog luka u Vojvodini za pedesetogodišnji period (1956-2005). Prosečne površine pod belim lukom u Vojvodini u analiziranom periodu su 1.714 ha, što čini oko 2% površina pod povrćem. Glavni nosioci ove proizvodnje su seljačka gazdinstva sa prosečnim učešćem od 99,14%. U pedesetogodišnjem periodu prosečno ostvareni prinosi belog luka variraju u intervalu od 1.998 kg/ha (2005) do 5.501 kg/ha (1959). Variranje prosečnih prinosa (CV = 18,50%), ukazuje i na nestabilnost ukupne proizvodnje belog luka, što je velikim delom uslovljeno limitirajućim faktorima spoljne sredine. .

The Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad has 51 newly developed, high-yielding vegetable cultivars, which can be grown in any of our country's vegetable-growing regions throughout the year and both indoors and outdoors. In addition to the newly developed cultivars and hybrids, the Institute produces the basic and commercial seeds and processes, tests for quality, packages and distributes domestic and domesticated cultivars alike. The Institute's offer of vegetables totals more than 90 cultivars of various vegetable species. Povrće ima veliki značaj u ishrani ljudi bilo da se koristi u svežem, prerađenom ili konzervisanom stanju, a pored toga ostvaruje visok dohodak po jedinici površine što obezbeđuje i visoku akumulaciju. Sortiment povrća Instituta možemo svrstati u dve grupe i to: odomaćene i domaće sorte i sortne populacije i novostvorene sorte i hibridi. Do sedamdesetih godina dvadesetog veka selekcija povrća, u Institutu, bazirala se na iskorišćavanju lokalnih populacija i stvaranju sorti individualnom selekcijom iz istih. Na taj način stvorene su sorte povrća, koje su dugi niz godina predstavljale osnovu povrtarske proizvodnje. Od sedamdesetih godina u stvaranju sorti povrća, primenjen je metod hibridizacije, odnosno metod kombinacijskog ukrštanja, što je dalo veću mogućnost u stvaranju sorti otpornijih na patogene, ranostasnijih, bolje aklimatizovane našim agroekološkim uslovima gajenja i boljeg iskorišćavanja genetskog potencijala rodnosti. U Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo stvoreno je 51 sorta i hibrid od 14 različitih vrsta povrća, koje je Komisija za priznavanje sorti registrovala zaključno sa 2008. godinom. U Odeljenju za povrtarstvo se proizvodi seme 25 različitih povrtarskih vrsta, a u okviru njih se nalazi oko 90 novostvorenih ili odomaćenih sorti i hibrida.

Over the last ten years in Serbia, garlic has been produced on about 9,000 ha annually. Although this makes Serbia a major European producer of the crop in terms of area planted, the total production of garlic in the country is still very low. The increase of average yield and production of garlic in Serbia requires the introduction of modern varieties and the use of certified planting material. The present paper discusses the main biological characteristics of garlic, with special emphasis on the principles of planting material production. The advancement and expansion of garlic production in Serbia could make garlic one of the country's major exports to European markets. Proizvodnja belog luka u Srbiji u poslednjih deset godina se organizuje na oko 9000 ha, tako da smo prema zasađenim površinama značajni evropski proizvođači, ali ukupna produkcija je veoma niska. Da bi se povećala proizvodnja, a samim tim i prosečan prinos neophodno je uvođenje savremenog sortimenta uz korišćenje deklarisanog sadnog materijala. U radu su prikazane osnovne biološke specifičnosti belog luka, sa posebnim osvrtom na principe proizvodnje sadnog materijala. Unapređenjem i proširenjem ove proizvodnje beli luk bi postao značajan proizvod u izvozu na evropsko tržište.

Vegetables comprise a fairly large number of crop species differing phenotypically and genotypically as well as in how they are grown and used. The main task of vegetable production is increased production of quality vegetables. In this context, breeding is of special importance as the basis for the development of new and improved cultivars and hybrids. Breeding of vegetables has always had as its goal the development of cultivars with increased genetic potentials for yield for the purpose of increasing total vegetable production and the quality of human nutrition. In the last few decades, new techniques have been added to the list of traditional methods of breeding and developing new vegetable cultivars. The new methods of vegetable selection have focused on resolving the issues of early maturity, heterosis, inheritance of certain traits, resistance to diseases and pests, and so on. The vegetable cultivars developed at the Institute have been designed not only to have a high genetic potential for yield but also to be able to satisfy the requirements of the discerning vegetable market in terms of appearance and taste as well as to be well-adapted to the domestic agroecological conditions. The Institute's vegetable program has released on the domestic and foreign markets a range of cultivars intended for fresh use, processing and canning that can be successfully grown year round both indoors and outdoors. Povrće je skup većeg broja biljnih vrsta koje se međusobno razlikuju kako po fenotipu i genotipu tako i po načinu gajenja i korišćenja. Osnovni zadatak u proizvodnji povrća jeste povećanje proizvodnje kvalitetnog povrća. Od posebnog značaja za takav vid povećanja proizvodnje jeste selekcija kao osnova stvaranja novih i boljih sorti i hibrida. Oplemenjivanje povrtarskih biljaka imalo je za cilj, u prošlosti i sadašnjosti, stvaranje soti većeg genetskog potencijala rodnosti, a za povećanje ukupne povrtarske proizvodnje, za bolju i kvalitetniju ljudsku ishranu. U poslednjih nekoliko decenija tradicionalni načini oplemenjivanja i stvaranja novih sorti prošireni su uvođenjem novih tehnika. Korišćenjem savremenih metoda oplemenjivanja kod povrtarskih biljaka rad je usmeren na rešavanja pitanja ranostasnosti, heterozisa, nasleđivanja pojedinih osobina, otpornosti prema bolestima i štetočinama, itd. Pored stvaranja sorti visokog genetičkog prinosa, vodilo se računa i o tome da sorte svojim izgledom i ukusom zado- voljavaju zahteve probirljivog tržišta povrća i da su prilagođene našim agroekološkim uslovima gajenja. Stvoren je određeni sortiment povrća priznat u zemlji i inostranstvu, a može uspešno da se gaji tokom cele godine na otvorenom polju i u zaštićenom prostoru namenjen korišćenju svežem, prerađenom i konzervisanom stanju.

Several species of Fusarium are causal agents of onion rot in field and storage. Most prevalent are F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and F. solani, and recently F. proliferatum, a toxigenic species. Most frequently isolated fungi in our field experiments were F. solani and F. proliferatum with different pathogenicity. Certain differences in antagonistic activity of Trichoderma asperellum on different isolates of F. proliferatum and F. solani have been found in in vitro study in dual culture, expressed as a slower inhibition of growth of the former, and faster of the latter pathogen. Antagonistic abilities of species from genus Trichoderma (T. asperellum) are important, and have already been exploited in formulated biocontrol products in organic and conventional production, in order to prevent soil borne pathogens inducing fusarium wilt and rot. The importance of preventing onion infection by Fusarium spp., possible mycotoxin producers, has been underlined. Fuzariozna trulež luka najčešće je prouzrokovana vrstama Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae i F. solani, a i odskora i toksikogeni F. proliferatum u našim uslovima gajenja i čuvanja luka u skladištima. Utvrđena je najveća učestalost F. proliferatum i F. solani na lukovicama iz polja. Razlike izolata u patogenosti ispoljile su se u različitom uticaju na klijanje lučica, izduživanje klice i intenzitet propadanja. Utvrđena je različita antagonistička aktivnost Trichodrema asperellum na izolate F. proliferatum i F. solani, sporija inhibicija u slučaju prvog i izražena u slučaju drugog patogena u in vitro ogledima. Antagonistička svojstva vrsta iz roda Trichoderma se iskorišćavaju za formulaciju bioloških preparata primenjivih u organskoj i konvencionalnoj proizvodnji, u prevenciji oboljenja luka koja prouzrokuju zemljišni paraziti, pre svega fuzarioznog uvenuća i truleži. Istaknut je značaj bioloških preparata u zaštiti zdravstvene bezbednosti proizvođača i potrošača, s obzirom da su ovi patogeni potencijalni producenti mikotoksina.

The vegetable breeding program at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops is aimed at development of cultivars whose characteristics meet market demands, processing industry, green market, intensive production and food standards, and which are fully adapted to the local agroclimatic conditions. Owing to a long experience and rich genetic material used in breeding program, the cultivars developed at Institute fully meet the above demands. The paper reviews main characteristics of the vegetable cultivars registered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia during 2007: the aestival-type cabbage cultivar Orion, the watermelon cultivar Danka and the string bean cultivar Resava. Orion and Resava had been selected from local populations and they combine superior market quality, high nutritive value and high and stable yield. Danka is a hybrid combination which is superior to the standard in earliness and sugar content. Oplemenjivanje povrća u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo ima za cilj stvaranje sorti koje po svojim osobinama zadovoljavaju zahteve tržišta, industrijske prerade, zelene pijace, zahteve intenzivne proizvodnje i ishrane ljudske populacije, a prilagođene su našem agroklimatskom području. Zahvaljujući dugogodišnjem oplemenjivačkom radu i bogatom genetskom materijalu povrća u Institutu stvorene su sorte koje u potpunosti zadovoljavaju sve ove zahteve. U ovom radu su iznešene glavne karakteristike sorata povrtarskog bilja priznatih od strane Ministarstva za poljoprivredu, šumarstvo i vodoprivredu republike Srbije u 2007. godini, i to kupusa Orion; lubenica Danka i boranija Resava. Orion, u tipu letnjeg kupusa i boranija Resava, nastali su izborom iz odomaćenih populacija i u sebi spajaju najbolje tržišne kvalitete, nutritivne vrednosti i stabilne i visoke prinose. Lubenica Danka je nastala iz hibridne kombinacije, a ima kraću vegetaciju od standarda kao i veći sadržaj šećera.

The experiment with effects of different pre-irrigation soil moisture on onion bulb yield and evapotranspiration (ET), produced by seeding, was established at field conditions at the Rimski Šančevi Experiment Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The experiment was conducted in 2005/2007 under sprinkler irrigation conditions on a calcareous chernozem on loess terrace. The experiment included irrigation variants with pre-irrigation soil moisture of 60%, 70% and 80% of FWC (Field Water Capacity), and non-irrigated check control. Two varieties of onion, Alek and Kupusinski jabučar were tested. Onion bulb yield of irrigated variants, on average, (35.498 t ha-1) was statistically higher than those in the non-irrigated control (15.551 t ha-1). The highest bulb yield was obtained in the variant with pre-irrigation soil moisture of 60% of FWC (36.651 t ha-1), statistically different compared with yield obtained with pre-irrigation soil moisture of 70% of FWC (34.274 t ha-1), but without differences compared with pre-irrigation soil moisture of 80% of FWC (35.569 t ha-1). The values of soil moisture of 60 and 80% of FWC are the lower limit of optimum soil moisture, or the technical minimum (TM) when onion, produced by seeding, is grown on soil with medium mechanical texture. The quantity of water used for ETP of 482,7-493,8 mm, on average, in the variants of pre-irrigation soil moisture of 60 and 80% of FWC, may be considered as the water requirement of onion, when grown under climatic conditions of the Vojvodina Province. There were no significant differences between two tested varieties. Obtained yield (31.979 t ha-1) in warmer 2006 was statistically different than the yield obtained in rainy and slightly colder 2005 (29.324 t ha-1). There were no significant differences between 2005 and 2007 on the one hand and 2006 and 2007 on the other (30,511 t ha-1). Trogodišnja eksperimentalna istraživanja uticaja različite pred-zalivne vlažnosti zemljišta na prinos i evapotranspiraciju (ET) crnog luka, proizvedenog direktnom setvom, izvedena su na Oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem lesne terase. U ogledu su bile zastupljene varijante navodnjavanja kišenjem sa predzalivnom vlažnošću zemljišta 60%, 70% i 80% od PVK (poljskog vodnog kapaciteta) i nenavodnjavana, kontrolna varijanta. Ispitivane su dve sorte crnog luka Alek i Kupusinski jabučar. Utrošak vode na ET crnog luka na navodnjavanim varijantama i kontrolnoj varijanti bez navodnjavanja utvrđen je bilansiranjem utrošene vode iz predvegetacionih rezervi zemljišta, padavina u toku vegetacije i norme navodnjavanja. Prinos lukovica crnog luka, u proseku (35,498 t ha-1), na svim varijantama navodnjavanja bio je statistički visoko signifikantno veći u odnosu na uslove prirodne obezbeđenosti biljaka vodom (15,551 t ha-1). ET crnog luka na varijantama navodnjavanja kretala se u proseku u intervalu od 475,1-493,8 mm, a na kontrolnoj varijanti bez navodnjavanja bila je 345,3 mm. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u prinosu između ispitivanih sorata (Alek, 30,708 - Kupusinski jabučar 30,315 t ha-1). U toploj 2006. godini, sa padavinama od 396,2 mm u periodu vegetacije ostvareni su statistički signifikantno veći prinosi (31,979 t ha-1) u odnosu kišnu i hladniju 2005. godinu (29,324 t ha-1). Između 2005. i 2007. godine, odnosno 2006. i 2007. (30,511 t ha-1) godine nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika u prinosima crnog luka.

Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola detection on artificially inoculated bean seeds was investigated. The method of the International Seed Federation - ISF (2006) was used. It includes bacteria extraction from seeds, isolation on semiselective media and checking the pathogenicity of investigated isolates. For verification of results, quick new methods of investigation were used (ELISA test and PCR). The results show that semiselective media MT (Milk Tween Agar) and MSP (Modified Sucrose Peptone Agar) can be appropriate for isolation of this bacterium. Pathogenicity of the investigated isolates was confirmed on cotyledon leaves of bean. ELISA test and PCR confirmed that all investigated isolates and reisolates belong to the bacterium P.s.pv. phaseolicola. U radu je ispitivana mogućnost utvrđivanja prisustva bakterije Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola sa veštački inokulisanog semena pasulja. Korišćena je metoda International Seed Federation (ISF), koja uključuje ekstrakciju bakterija iz semena, izolaciju na poluselektivne podloge i proveru patogenosti dobijenih izolata. U cilju potvrde rezultata korišćene su brze savremene metode identifikacije (ELISA test i PCR). Rezultati dobijeni tokom rada pokazuju da su poluselektivne podloge MT (Milk Tween Agar) i MSP (Modified Sucrose Peptone Agar) pogodne za izolaciju ove bakterije. Patogenost odabranih izolata dokazana je na kotiledonim listovima pasulja. Primenom ELISA testova i PCR, potvrđeno je da svi ispitivani izolati i reizolati pripadaju bakteriji P.s.pv. phaseolicola.

The Indo-European languages form the largest and the most widely distributed linguistic family in the world today. There is an extensive vocabulary common to all Slavic languages, including numerous words related to legumes. A large number of annual legumes were domesticated in the regions inhabited by Indo-European tribes, such as faba bean, pea, lentil, vetches and vetchlings. The Primitive Slavic *bob'', was derived from the Primitive Indo-European root *bhabha, denoting something swelling. There are Slavic languages with two words for lentil, with one of them derived from the Primitive Indo-European root *s(w)okw-, meaning juice, and another from the Primitive Indo-European root *lent- and *lent-s-. The Primitive Slavic *gorch'' has its root in the Primitive Indo-European *ghArs-, being one of the words denoting a leguminous plant. The Primitive Slavonic word for grain *zt''rno, has its origin in the Primitive Indo-European *ger[a]n- and *gran meaning both grain and to mature. .

One of the main goals of the programmes related to genetic resources of annual forage legumes is the conservation of a remarkable genetic variability of these crops in the form of collections of accessions of diverse origin and status, it is estimated that there is more than 800,000 accessions of annual legumes in the centres and institutes such as ICARDA, ICRISAT, VIR, 1PK i IPGR (Table 1). The work on genetic resources of annual forage legumes in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops has been carried out together with breeding. The Annual Forage Legumes Collection of the Institute contains 1,460 accessions of 16 genera and 67 species. The highest value of the collection lays in its utilization in developing new cultivars. Characterization of the accessions is aimed at seed shape, seed coat colour cotyledon colour and flower colour, as well as at the traits characteristic for single species, such as leaf type in pea. There have been carried evaluations of yield and chemical composition of forage and grain yields and resistance to pests, diseases, low temperatures and drought. Jedan od osnovnih ciljeva programa vezanih za genetičke resurse jednogodišnjih krmnih mahunarki jeste očuvanje izuzetne genetičke varijabilnosti osobina ove grupe biljaka. Procenjuje se da, u zbirkama centara i instituta, kao što su ICARDA, ICRISAT, VIR, IPK i IPGR, postoji više od 800000 uzoraka jednogodišnjih mahunarki. Rad na genetičkim resursima jednogodišnjih krmnih mahunarki u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu odvijao se uporedo sa oplemenjivanjem. Zbirka jednogodišnjih krmnih mahunarki Instituta sastoji se od 1460 uzoraka 16 rodova i 67 vrsta. Najveća vrednost Zbirke nalazi se u njenom korišćenju u stvaranju novih sorti. Karakterizacija uzoraka Zbirke usmerena je na oblik semena, boju semenjače, boju kotiledona i boju cveta, kao i osobine svojstvene pojedinim vrstama, kao što je tip lista kod graška. Takođe, vrši se i evaluacija prinosa i hemijskog sastava krme i zrna i otpornosti na bolesti i štetočine kao i dejstvo niskih temeperatura i suše.

The experiment with effects of different pre-irrigation soil moisture on onion bulb yield, produced from seed, was established at field conditions at the Rimski Sancevi Experiment Field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The experiment was conducted in 2005-2006 under sprinkler irrigation conditions on a calcareous chernozem on loess terrace. The experiment included irrigation variants with pre-irrigation soil moisture of 60%, 70% and 80% of FWC (field water capacity), and non-irrigated check control. Two varieties of onion, Alek and Kupusinski jabucar were tested. Onion bulb yield of irrigated variants were statistically higher than those in the non-irrigated control (18.2781 ha-1). The higest bulb yield, in average was obtained in the variant with pre-irrigation soil moisture of 60% of FWC (37.5 t ha-1), statistically different compared with yield obtained with pre-irrigation soil moisture of 70% of FWC (33.91 ha-1), but statistically higher then the yield of pre-irrigation soil moisture of 80% of FWC (32.8 t ha-1). There were no significant differences between two tested varieties. Obtained yield (32.0 t ha-1) in wormer 2006 was statistically different than the yield obtained in rainy and slightly colder 2005 (29.3 t ha-1). Eksperimentalna istraživanja uticaja različite predzalivne vlažnosti zemljišta na prinos lukovica crnog luka proizvedenog direktnom setvom u cilju utvrđivanja tehničkog minimuma vlažnosti za ovu biljnu vrstu izvedena su na RJ Ogledno polje Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem lesne terase. U ogledu su bile zastupljene varijante navodnjavanja kišenjem sa pred za livnom vlažnošću zemljišta 60%, 70% i 80% od PVK (poljskog vodnog kapaciteta) i nenavodnjavana, kontrolna varijanta. Ispitivane su dve sorte crnog luka, Alek i Kupusinski jabučar. Ostvareni su statistički visoko signifikantno veći prinosi crnog luka na svim varijantama navodnjavanja u odnosu na uslove prirodne obezbeđenosti biljaka vodom. Najveći prinosi crnog luka, u proseku (37,53 t ha-1), postignuti su na varijanti navodnjavanja sa predzalivnom vlažnošću zemljišta 60% od poljskog vodnog kapaciteta (PVK), statistički signifikantno veći u odnosu na varijantu sa predzalivnom vlažnošću zemljišta 70% od PVK (33,93 t ha-1), odnosno visoko signifikantno veći u odnosu na varijantu 80% od PVK (32,87 t ha-1). Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u prinosu između ispitivanih sorti. U toplijoj, 2006. godini, sa manje padavina ostva reni su signifikantno veći prinosi (32,0 t ha-1) u odnosu na kišnu i nešto hladniju 2005. godinu (29,3 t ha-1).

The onion in Vojvodina occupies on average 6,669 ha, which is 0.43% of plough land of Province. With average yield of 8.0 t/ha about 54,000 tons of onion has been produced in Vojvodina in last ten years (1996-2005). The total production has been decreased. That is a consequence of areas decreasing (growth rate-2.29%), since yields are characterized by modest positive trend (growth rate 0.94%). The share of small agricultural households’ production in total production is 92%. Thus, characteristics of these households have to be taken into account in order to improve this production. Proizvodnja crnog luka se u Vojvodini organizuje u proseku na 6.669 ha, što zauzima 0,43% oranica. U poslednjih deset godina (1996-2005) uz prosečan prinos od 8,0 t/ha u Vojvodini se proizvede nešto manje od 54.000 tona crnog luka. Ukupna proizvodnja se smanjuje kao rezultat opadanja površina (stopa-2,29%) jer prinose karakteriše blagi trend porasta (stopa 0,94%). Dominantno učešće u ukupnoj proizvodnji imaju seljačka gazdinstva (92%) stoga je neophodno uvažavati njihove specifičnosti u cilju daljeg unapređenja ove proizvodnje.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L) represents one of the most important protein sources for both human consumption, mainly in the form of immature pods and immature grains, and animal feeding, mostly in the form of mature grains A small-plot trial has been carried out at the Rimski Sancevi Experiment Field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops during 2005 and 2006, including ten faba bean genotypes of diverse geographic origin from the Annual Forage Legumes Collection of the Forage Crops Department (Tab. 1). All genotypes were sown in early March, with a crop density of 55 plants nr2, and were harvested in the stage of full maturity of the first pods. There were significant differences in all monitored characteristics between the ten examined genotypes at the levels of 0.05 and 0.01 (Table 2). Grain yield measured after the harvest and at a moisture content of 14 %, in average varied between 3670 kg ha-1 in Tanagra and 6860 kg ha-1 in B-413. Straw yield, determined on the basis of grain yield per plant and plant mass of the samples taken before the harvest, in average ranged from 3518 kg ha-1 in Tanagra to 6690 kg ha-1 in B-413. Harvest index, calculated as a ratio between grain yield per plant and plant mass, in average varied from 0.60 Mammoth and 0.59 in Petite Windsor to 0.44 in PP 1 and Debek. Potential grain crude protein yield, determined on the basis of grain yield and an average value of grain crude protein content in faba bean of 325 g kg-1, in average ranged between 1193 kg ha-1 in Tanagra and 2230 kg ha-1 in B-413. Potential straw crude protein yield, determined on the basis of straw yield and an average value of straw crude protein content in faba bean of 99 g kg-1, in average ranged from 348 kg ha-1 in Tanagra and 374 kg ha-1 in Petite Windsor to 714 kg ha-1 in B-412. Faba bean has a considerable potential for grain production, with grain yields at the same level as protein pea and grain crude protein yields of more than 1500 kg ha-1, and can respresent an excellent additional protein feed to soya bean meal. Although less rich than grain, faba bean straw can be a source of protein for various purposes. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Institute for Agrobotany in Tapioszele, Hungary, the Fodder Crops and Pastures Institute in Larissa, Greece, the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, the national Plant Germplasm System, USA, and the Institute of Plant Production Piest'any in Piest'any, Slovakia, as donors of the Annual Forage Legumes Collection. Mikroogled, izveden tokom 2005. i 2006. godine na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima, uključio je deset genotipova boba (Vicia faba L) različitog geografskog porekla. Prosečan prinos zrna varirao je između 3670 kg ha-1 kod genotipa Tanagra i 6860 kg ha-1 kod genotipa B-413. Najviši prosečni prinos slame utvrđen je kod genotipa B-413 (6690 kg ha-1), dok je najniži prinos slame utvrđen kod genotipa Tanagra (3518 kg ha-1). Genotipovi Mammoth i Petite Windsor odlikovali su se značajno višim žetvenim indeksom u odnosu na ostalih osam ispitivanih genotipova boba (0,60 i 0,59). Prosečne vrednosti ostvarivog prinosa sirovih proteina zrna, kretale su se od 1193 kg ha-1 kod genotipa Tanagra do 2230 kg ha-1 kod genotipa B-413. Najviši prosečni prinos slame utvrđen je kod genotipa B-412 (714 kg ha-1), dok je značajno niži prinos sirovih proteina slame utvrđen kod genotipova Tanagra i Petite Windsor (348 kg ha-1 i 374 kg ha-1).

Our investigation was aimed towards determination of the presence and distribution of economically the most harmful bean virus in Vojvodina in 2006 (Bean common mosaic virus). Some 262 samples from Vojvodina grouped according to symptom types were collected during 2006: type A symptom: dark green nerves edgings; type B symptom: mosaic in the form of chlorotic and green areas slightly wrinkled; type C symptom mosaic in the form of green and yellowish smeared areas, and type D symptom: dark green cap shaped leaves. Viruses were identified using DAS ELISA test according to the instructuions given by the antiserum producer (LOEWE Biochemica GmbH, Germany). On the basis of the obtained results it was concluded that BCMV virus was found in 35% of tested plants. The greatest plant infection was found in Čonoplja (66%), and the most common symptom type was B. Chosen bean leaf samples were tested using method of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT - Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction). Four sets of BCMV specific primers were used for each sample testing. Determination of BCMV virus as a member of Potyviridae family was comfired by PCR reaction, and by obtaining specific fragments of certain basic pairs. Set of primers specific for Russian and NL-3D strains were used to prove that determined viruses did not belong to the above mentiond strains. Tokom 2006. godine prikupljeno je 262 uzorka, sa 22 lokaliteta, koji su grupisani po tipu simptoma: simptom tipa A: tamno zeleno obrubljivanje nerava; simptom tipa B: mozaik u vidu hlorotičnih i zelenih površina, sa blagom naboranošću; simptom tipa C: mozaik u vidu zelenih i žućkastih razlivenih površina i simptom tipa D: tamno zelena klobučavost listova. Serološka identifikacija virusa izvršena je DAS ELISA testom uz korišćenje komercijalnog seta antiseruma virusa BCMV, kompanije LOEWE Biochemica GmbH, Nemačka. BCMV konstatovan je u 35% testiranih biljaka. Najveći broj zaraženih biljaka zabeležena je u Čonoplji (66%) a najčešći tip simptoma bio je tip simptoma B. Odabrani izolati testirani su RT-PCR metodom. Svaki uzorak testiran je sa četiri seta BCMV specifičnih prajmera. PCR reakcijom, dobijanjem specifičnih fragmenata određenih baznih parova potvrdila se determinacija virusa BCMV, kao i pripadnost ovog virusa familiji Potyviridae. Sa setom prajmera specifičnim za sojeve Russian i NL-3D dokazalo se da determinisani virusi ne pripadaju pomenutim sojevima.

In all of its work on vegetables thus far, the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad has been keeping pace with the latest advancements in vegetable genetics and breeding using all the newest methods to make its work in this field easier, faster, safer and more successful. The Institute workers have been making sure that the vegetable cultivars they develop not only produce high yields but also that they meet the requirements of the highly discriminating vegetable market in their appearance and flavor as well as that they are adapted to our country agroecological conditions and economical in their consumption of all agricultural inputs. They have developed and released home and abroad a range of vegetable cultivars that make it possible to increase the production of high-quality vegetables and grow vegetable cultivars suitable for fresh use, processing and canning all year round outdoors as well as indoors. The range includes domestic and domesticated varietal populations as well as newly developed cultivars and hybrids. The Institute vegetable cultivars and specific recommendations for their successful production have been presented at the Seminar of Agronomists hosted by the Institute as well as at many other scientific and technical meetings. Tokom dosadašnjeg rada na genetici i oplemenjivanu povrća u Naučnom institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo praćen je napredak u toj oblasti i korišćene sve savremene metode radi olakšavanja, ubrzavanja i činjenja tog rada sigurnijim i uspešnijim. Sem o stvaranju sorata visokog prinosa vodilo se računa o tome da sorte svojim izgledom i ukusom zadovoljavaju zahteve probirljivog tržišta povrća, da su prilagođene našim agroklimatskim uslovima i ekonomične u potrošnji svih inputa u proizvodnju. Stvoren je sortiment povrća priznat u zemlji i inostranstvu koji daje mogućnost povećanje proizvodnje kvalitetnog povrća i gajenje tokom cele godine na otvorenom polju i u zaštićenom prostoru namenjen korišćenju u svežem, prerađenom ili konzervnom stanju. Ovaj sortiment čine domaće i odomaćene sortne populacije i novostvorene sorte i hibridi. Sorte i specifični saveti za njihovu uspešnu proizvodnju prezentovani su na Seminarima agronoma novosadskog Instituta i mnogobrojnim drugim naučnim i stručnim skupovima.

As a result of the great biological diversity of the cultivated vegetable crop species, there are many different methods of vegetable production, each with its own accompanying growing technology. The intensive development of vegetable growing that began in 1975 triggered a parallel development of research closely tied with the needs of vegetable production. Today vegetable production takes the forms of year-round field production intended for various types of processing, field production intended for the fresh market, intensive garden production, and indoor vegetable production. Research conducted as part of developing environmentally-friendly ways of field vegetable production has resulted in the development of methods for the mechanized covering of soil with black biodegradable foil, while early vegetable production is carried out by covering the plants with materials known as agrotextiles, in which case the best results are achieved by combining mulching and direct covering of plants. Indoor vegetable production has gone through the largest amount of technical and technological change and is a form of industrial vegetable production on different substrates using controlled and programmed mineral nutrition as well as microclimate regulation using different materials for light and temperature regulation. The importance of vegetables comes not only from their role as food and medicine (as a medicinal supplement and part of folk medicine) but also from their aesthetic value, as today they are part of horticultural management of gardens and green spaces. For each of the above methods of growing, an adequate cultivar range was tested and the quality of the end product and its nutritive value were monitored. Growing of a larger number of vegetable crop species and the use of secondary products of crop growing has led to the development of environmentally-friendly growing methods, which are part of sustainable development. The transition from conventional to sustainable production leads through production based on principles of good agricultural practice (GAP). All research results are important for the development of different production technologies. Today, they are the most important segments of modern technologies, including the GIS system of precision satellite-guided production, which, along with the use of the latest technical solutions, must guarantee economic gain and environmental safety. Proizvodnju povrća, intenzivnu, kompleksnu granu biljne proizvodnje odlikuje više načina gajenja većeg broja biološki i genetski različitih vrsta. Od tradicionalnog baštenskog gajenja danas se povrtarstvo razvilo u tržišni oblik proizvodnje, u koji je uključen odgovarajući sortiment uz primenu naučnoistra- živačkih rezultata koji su tesno vezani za različite oblike proizvodnje povrća. Danas se proizvodnja povrća odvija u okviru njivske proizvodnje namenjene različitim oblicima prerade, za svežu pijacu, baštenske proizvodnje i proizvodnje u zaštićenom prostoru. U okviru ekoloških načina proizvodnje kako na otvorenom tako i u zaštićenom prostoru, primenjuju se najsavremenjia tehničko tehnološka rešenja, kojima se osigurava ekonomska dobit i ekološka sigurnost.

In this paper harvested areas under the dry bean in the period 1954-2003 has been analyzed. An analysis covers the wole period, but also certain decades of analyzed period. Dry bean has been cultivated on average area of about 8,000 ha. That is 0.5% of total province’s arable area and about 10% of area under vegetable production. The family farms, which cultivate dry bean on the average area of the about 7,550 ha have the dominate role in the organization of the production. Their participation in the total area is 92% and thus these farms give main feature of dry bean production in Voivodina Province. Harvested areas under the dry bean in Voivodina are characterized by significant stability. That is on the first place consequence of the high stability of the family farms’ area. Taking into consideration agro technical characteristics of this crop and the fact that domestic supply does not meet needs of domestics consumers can conclude that rate of growth of 1.48% which was established in the last decade of analyzed period is not satisfactory. U radu se analiziraju požete površine pasulja u periodu od 1954-2003. godine Analiza obuhvata period u celini kao i pojedine dekade ispitivanog perioda. Pasulj se u Vojvodini gaji na prosečnoj površini od oko 8 000 ha što je 0,5% ukupnih oraničnih površina Pokrajine, odnosno nešto manje od 10% ukupnih površina pod povrćem. Dominantno mesto u organizovanju proizvodnje imaju seljačka gazdinstva koja pasulj gaje na prosečnoj površini od oko 7 550 ha. Ova gazdinstva sa prosečnim učešćem od 92% u ukupnim površinama daju obeležja proizvodnje u Vojvodini. Imajući u vidu agrotehnička svojstva ovog useva i činjenicu da ukupna proizvodnja ne zadovoljava domaće potrebe sigurno je da utvrđena stopa rasta u poslednjoj dekadi ispitivanog perioda od 1,48% ne odražava zadovoljavajući nivo rasta prosečnih površina pod pasuljem u Vojvodini.

Because of the biological particularities of vegetables, different methods are used to produce seeds of different vegetable species. The large number of vegetable species, differences in their reproduction coefficients, and the considerable necessity for human labor all make vegetable seed production diverse and specific as well as profitable. This is what makes vegetable seed production such an important part of the Institute activities, which have a large influence on the volume, quality and development of vegetable seed production in the country. Importantly, almost 90% of our country vegetable seed production (with the exception of potato) takes place in the province of Vojvodina. The Institute organized production of vegetable seeds contributes to the overall success of this activity at the national level and provides growers with seeds of over 80 vegetable cultivars and hybrids, encompassing 28 different vegetable species in total. Vegetable seed production is diverse and species-specific. Some vegetable species reproduce vegetatively, some by generative propagation, while some do it both ways. An important issue that must not be overlooked when producing vegetable seeds is that of spatial isolation, as some species are self-pollinated, while others are open-pollinated or facultative. Based on the acreage sown in 2004, the annual demand for vegetable seeds (excluding potato) in Serbia is around 19,000 tons. The Institute produces around 30 different vegetable species, including more than 80 cultivars and hybrids. In addition to producing seeds of high seed categories (super elite and elite), the Institute also produces commercial seeds (original and certified) for the domestic and foreign markets. Biološke specifičnosti povrća uslovljavaju različite metode pri proizvodnji semena. Brojnost vrsta, razlike u koeficijentu razmnožavanja i značajno učešće ljudskog rada čine proizvodnju semena povrća raznolikom, specifičnom ali i profitabilnom. Stoga je semenarstvo povrća toliko značajna naučna i stručna oblast delovanja ali i uticaja Instituta na nivo i kvalitet proizvodnje i razvoj semenske proizvodnje povrća u zemlji. To je značajno i zbog činjenice da se skoro 90% semenske proizvodnje povrća odvija u Vojvodini (izuzev krompira). Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo organizovanom proizvodnjom doprinosi uspešnoj proizvodnji semena povrća i obezbeđuje proizvođače semenom od 28 povrtarskih vrsta, što uključuje preko 80 sorata i hibrida povrća. Proizvodnja semena povrća je specifična i raznovrsna. Neke vrste se razmnožavaju vegetativno, druge generativno, a neke na oba načina. U ovoj proizvodnji se mora voditi računa o prostornoj izolaciji, s obzirom na način oplodnje, jer su neke samooplodne, druge stranooplodne ili fakultativne vrste. Na osnovu zasejanih površina u Srbiji 2004 godine, godišnje potrebe za semenom povrća iznose oko 19000 tona (sem krompira). Naučni institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo se bavi proizvodnjom od oko 30 povrtarskih vrsta, što uključuje preko 80 sorata i hibrida. Pored proizvodnje visokih kategorija semena (superelite i elite), proizvodi se i komercijalno seme (originali i prva sortna reprodukcija) za potrebe domaćeg prometa i izvoza.

The Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad has 44 newly developed, high-yielding vegetable cultivars, which can be grown in any of our countries vegetable growing regions, throughout the year, and both indoors and outdoors. In addition to the newly developed cultivars and hybrids, the Institute produces the basic and commercial seeds and processes, tests for quality, packages and distributes domestic and domesticated cultivars alike. The Institutes offer of vegetables totals more than 80 cultivars of various vegetable species. Povećanje prinosa i kvaliteta plodova povrća u najvećoj meri zavisi od sortimenta koji se gaji, agroekoloških uslova u proizvodnom regionu i primenjenog nivoa tehnologije proizvodnje. U zadnjih pedeset godina najveći doprinos u povećanju prinosa povrća dale su nove sorte i hibridi. Kako sa aspekta većeg potencijala za rodnost, tako i poboljšanom otpornošću na ekonomski značajne bolesti i štetočine.U radu su prikazane sorte i hibridi povrća Naučnog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, koje su adaptibilne za proizvodnju u našoj zemlji. Takođe, dat je prikaz proizvodnih rešenja, koje bi trebalo primeniti u cilju postizanja značajnijeg povećanja ukupne povrtarske proizvodnje.

Vegetable breeding at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad has as its objective the development of cultivars with characteristics that meet the requirements of the market, industrial processing, the green market intensive production and human nutrition and are adapted to our country's agroclimatic region. Thanks to the many years of breeding work and a richness of vegetable genetic materials, the Institute has managed to develop vegetable cultivars that fully satisfy all the above requirements. Discussed in the present paper are the main characteristics of vegetable cultivars approved in 2004 by the Serbian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, namely the cabbage cultivars NS-Futoški, the onion cultivars Alek and the bean cultivars Levač. The late cabbage NS-Futoški and the Tetovac-type bean Levač have been developed by selection from domesticated populations and combine outstanding market and nutritional qualities with high and stabla yields. NS-Futoski is an earlier cultivars than Futoški and has a smaller and more compact head (Tab. 2). The onion Alek has an elongated bulb well wrapped in outer leaves and weighs about 100 g (Tab. 4). It is intended for direct sowing and suitable for increased stand densities during production. The bean Levač is the first domestic tall bean genotype developed as a result of breeding work. According to its grain qualities, white seed coat color, and flat- or kidney-shaped grains weighing over 550 g, it is a Tetovac-type bean. (Tab. 5). Oplemenjivanje povrća u Naučnom institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo ima za cilj stvaranje sorti koje po svojim osobinama zadovoljavaju zahteve tržišta industrijske prerade, zelene pijace, zahteve intenzivne proizvodnje i ishrane ljudske populacije, a prilagođene su našem agroklimatskom području. Zahvaljujući dugogodišnjem oplemenjivačkom radu i bogatom genetskom materijalu povrća u Institutu stvorene su sorte koje u potpunosti zadovoljavaju sve ove zahteve. U ovom radu su iznešene glavne karakteristike sorti povrtarskog bilja priznatih od strane Ministarstva za poljoprivredu šumarstvo i vodoprivredu republike Srbije u 2004. godini, i to kupusa NS-Futoški; crni luk: Alek; te pasulj: Levač. NS-Futoški, u tipu kasnog kupusa i Levač, u tipu Tetovca, su nastali izborom iz odomaćenih populacija i u sebi spajaju najbolje tržišne kvalitete, nutritivne vrednosti i stabilne i visoke prinose. Alek, sa lukovicama izduženog oblika, namenjen je direktnoj setvi i prilagođen povećanim gustinama proizvodnje.

Garlic quality is comprised of bulb yield components and dry matter content Garlic has the highest dry matter content of all vegetable crops. Clove mass as a yield component, along with dry matter content, is the basis for determining garlic quality for food industry and seed production purposes alike. Predominant in our country’s garlic production are domestic ecotypes which give lower yields than cultivars resulting from breeding. In the present paper, we studied the divergence of garlic ecotypes by analyzing their dry matter content and clove size. The study lasted three years and involved 48 garlic ecotypes (18 autumn and 30 spring ones). Using hierarchical clustering, a very low variability of dry matter content was found in the autumn ecotypes. Differences in clove mass were very pronounced so four ecotype groups were formed that differed in the number of ecotypes as well as in the value of this trait. The spring garlic ecotypes were very heterogeneous in terms of bulb mass and dry matter content and were accordingly divided into six and five groups, respectively.

A diallel cross, including reciprocals, of seven divergent cabbage cultivars was examined for the combining ability in the lengths of inner and outer stems. These properties affect the appearance and quality of the plant, both of the head alone and of the whole plant. The cultivars Kbose, Ditmar and SM-30, i.e. cultivars Pourovo cervene, Kopenhaski and SM-IO were good general combiners for the length of the inner stem, i.e. the length of the outer stem, respectively. According to these results it can be concluded that high heterosis may be obtained by increasing the number of cultivars possessing high GCA values in the crossing pattern. This would produce combinations with the largest number of desirable genes. In this study, heterosis for the length of the outer stem occurred as many as 30 times while heterosis for the head diameter occurred only 18 times. U radu je upotrebljeno sedam divergentnih sorti kupusa, pri čemu su ukrštene dialelno sa recipročnim ukrštanjima. Od ispitivanih svojstava, u ovom radu su prikazana dužina unutrašnjeg kočana i dužina spoljašnjeg kočana. Oba svojstva utiču na izgled i kvalitet biljke, bilo same glavice, ili čitave biljke. U radu su proučene kombinacione sposobnosti kod ova dva značajna svojstva. Kao dobri opšti kombinaton kod dužine unutrašnjeg kočana pokazale su se sorte Kbose, Ditmar i SM-10, a kod dužine spoljašnjeg kočana Pourovo červene, Kopenhaski i SM-10. Iz toga se može zaključiti da se veće vrednosti heterozisa mogu dobiti, ako je u ukrštanje uključen veći broj sorti sa visokim OKS vrednostima. Ovim bi dobili kombinacije sa najviše poželjnih gena. U ovom radu heterozis se najviše puta pojavio kod dužine spoljašnjeg kočana (čak 30 puta), a najmanje kod prečnika glavice (18 puta).

The parsley cultivars NS Molski and Aster were among the newly released vegetable cultivars registered by the Federal Commission for Variety Approval in 2003. They out yielded the standards in a series of long-term multilocation trials and have also performed well with regard to the rest of the traits tested in the trials. NS Molski is a medium late cultivar with a semi-erect rosette around 20 cm tall. The root is white and smooth and weighs about 150-160 g, on average. Root length is around 17 cm, while the neck and middle of the root have diameters of 5-6 and about 3 cm respectively. The root is beet-shaped and has around 6.2% of sucrose and about 18.6% of dry matter. The cultivar has a growing season of approximately 170 days and is intended for fresh consumption and industrial processing for dried use. Because of its characteristics, the roots of this cultivar are suitable for machine-lifting. Aster is a bean genotype with medium large grains of white color shaped as elliptical cylinders. It has determinate growth habit and a stem height of over 40 cm. Its tolerance to dominant bean diseases (bacterial, viral, anthracnose) during the growing season in the field is satisfactory. Aster forms its first pods at a height of around 20 cm, matures uniformly, has high resistance to pod cracking and is suitable for two-phased machine-harvesting. It has a highly delicious taste, meaning it has retained the outstanding flavor of the domestic population it originated from while improving other characteristics necessary for modern intensive bean production. We think that these newly released cultivars of parsley and bean with their good yields and outstanding taste will find a place in commercial agricultural production. Oplemenjivanje povrća u Naučnom institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo ima za cilj stvaranje sorti koje po svojim osobinama zadovoljavaju zahteve tržišta i poljoprivredne proizvodnje prilagođene našem agroklimatskom području. Zahvaljujući dugogodišnjem oplemenjivačkom radu i bogatom genetskom materijalu povrća u Institutu stvorene se sorte koje u potpunosti zadovoljavaju sve ove zahteve. U ovom radu su iznesene glavne karakteristike sorti povrtarskog bilja priznatih od strane Savezne komisije u 2003. godini i to peršun NS Molski i pasulj Aster.

The legume family is comprised of a highly diverse set of plant species essential to animal and human nutrition. The introduction of effective strains of nodule bacteria during bean sowing increases nitrogen fixation and enables these plant species to be grown even on less fertile soils. This paper has studied the effects of inoculation and fertilization on nitrogen fixation parameters in the bean variety Belko. Sowing was done by hand and the seeds were inoculated using the microbiological fertilizer NS-Nitragin which contained a mixture of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Phaseoli strains specific to bean as a crop species. Both the bean genotype and NS-Nitragin fertilizer used originate from the Institute. Plant dry matter mass and nitrogen content were determined at flowering, while grain dry matter mass per plant, number of pods formed, and grain number per pod were measured at physiological maturity. The basic agrochemical soil analyses were performed just before sowing, at flowering and at physiological maturity. Plant nitrogen was determined according to Kjeldahl. The trial was established at the Rimski Šančevi Experiment Field and the trial treatments were as follows 1) 0 kg/ha + HR + 50 kg/ha N every three years; 2) 50 kg/ha + HR + 50 kg/ha N every three years; 3) 100 kg/ha + HR + 50 kg/ha N every three years; 4) 50 kg/ha + HR + 50 kg/ha N every three years; 5) 200 kg/ha + HR + 50 kg/ha N every three years; 6) 250 kg/ha + HR + 50 kg/ha N every three years; 7) 0 kg/ha; 8) 100 kg/ha; and 9) 200 kg/ha. No NPK mineral fertilizers were incorporated and the phosphorus and potassium rates were the same (80 kg/ha P2O5 and K2O) in all of the treatments. In treatments 1 through 6 harvest residues (HR) were incorporated by plowing under, and every three years 50 kg/ha N were added after wheat. In treatments 7, 8 and 9 harvest residues were removed. Each treatment consisted of an inoculated and a noninoculated version. The study results showed that inoculation had a positive effect on the symbiotic association parameters concerned, i.e. the plant length, dry matter mass, pod number per plant, grain number per pod and plant nitrogen content of the inoculated plants from all of the treatments were on average greater than those of the noninoculated ones. The different fertilization treatments had different effects on the effectiveness of the symbiotic association as well. The amount of nitrogen fixed ranged from 13.68 to 68.97 kg N/ha, averaging 23.31 kg N/ha. No nitrogen fixation occurred in treatments 5 and 9. U radu je ispitan uticaj inokulacije i đubrenja na parametre azotofiksacije kod sorte pasulja Belko. Ogled je izveden na oglednim poljima Naučnog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo. Inokulacija semena je izvršena sa mikrobiološkim đubrivom NS-Nitraginom za pasulj. Genotip pasulja Belko i NS-Nitragin poreklom su iz Instituta. U fazi cvetanja i u fazi fiziološke zrelosti urađena je i osnovna agrohemijska analiza zemljišta. U obe faze analizirana je masa biljke (nadzemni deo, koren i kvržice), sadržaj azota u biljci, masa zrna po biljci, broj formiranih mahuna i broj zrna po mahuni. Inokulacija je uticala na povećanje sadržaja humusa i sadržaj ukupanog azota u zemljištu u većini kombinacija đubrenja. U proseku na svim varijantama đubrenja kod inokulisanih biljaka veća je masa suve materije biljke (korena nadzemnog dela i zrna), broj mahuna po biljci, broj zrna po mahuni i sadržaj azota u biljci.

The objective of this paper was to study the effects of several microbiological fertilizers (NS-Nitragina, Azotobaktera, BactoFil A and B Phylazonit MC) on biological and agrochemical soil properties in order to determine if these preparations can provide conditions suitable for increased plant production. Three trials were established at the Rimski Sančevi Experiment Field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad during 2002. In two of them (the ones with soybean and bean), the seed was inoculated with various microbiological fertilizers, whereas in the check treatment, it was not. The third trial involved maize (the NS-640 hybrid (FAO 600)) and various fertilization levels accompanied by the application of the microbiological fertilizer BactoFil A. The results of the study show that microbiological fertilizers influence the relative abundance of the various microbial groups studied depending both on the genotype and the type of inoculation. The use of microbiological fertilizers in the soybean and bean trials increased the total number of microorganisms and the abundance of free nitrogen-fixers, azotobacters, actinomycetes, and microorganisms affecting the release of inorganic phosphates in the soil. The various inoculation treatments of soybean increased the dry matter mass nodule number per plant, pod number per plant, grain number per plant and grain weight. The largest grain yields were obtained using double inoculation with NS-Nitragin (N+N) and the microbiological fertilizer NS-Nitragin and an Azotobacter mixture (N+A) and the lowest using BactoFil B. With beans, NS-Nitragin and Phylazonit MC produced the greatest effect both on grain yield and the parameters of nitrogen fixation and there was also an increase in nodule number, grain weight, dry matter mass, while the smallest grain yield was found in the treatment with the Azotobacter mixture. Our results showed that there was an increase of yield in all of the fertilization treatments in the maize trial relative to the control. However, when only barnyard manure plus the recommended dosage of BactoFil A were used the increase was 55%, whereas the same treatment with no fertilization produced an increase of 47%. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita uticaj mikrobioloških đubriva (NS-Nitragina, Azotobaktera, BactoFila A i B, Phylazonit MC) na biološke i agrohemijske osobine zemljišta kako bi se došlo do zaključka da li ovi preparati mogu da obezbede pogodne uslove za veću produkciju biljaka. Na osnovu rezultata bioloških ogleda može se zaključiti da mikrobiološka đubriva utiču pozitivno na biogenost zemljišta. Najveći prinos zrna soje ostvaren je kod dvostruke inokulacije soje sa NS-Nitraginom (N+N) i uz primenu Azotobaktera. Kod pasulja najveći efekat je bio kako na prinos zrna tako i na paramètre azotofiksaeije, na varijantama sa NS-Nitraginom i Phylazonitom MC, a najmanji sa dodatim Azotobakterom. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je na svim varijantama đubrenja kukuruza došlo do povećanja prinosa u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu. Na varijanti bez dubrenja ali uz primenu preporučene količine BactoFila A dobiveno je naveće povećanje prinosa zrna kukuruza (47%). Na varijanti gde je đubreno samo sa stajnjakom uz preporučenu dozu BactoFila A povećanje prinosa bilo je 55%.

In the year 2000, the Federal Variety Commission registered seven new vegetable cultivars developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops: two pepper varieties - Krušnica (sweet pepper) and Plamena (slightly hot); the determinate tomato variety Knjaz; the salad-type cucumber Tajfun; two cultivars of garlic - Bosut and Labud; and the white bean cultivar Balkan. All these newly released cultivars have significantly outyielded the standard cultivars in trials lasting three years. They have also outperformed the standards with regard to the other morphological characteristics, such as fruit mass, fruit length, pericarp thickness, grain mass, dry matter content, bulb mass, clove mass, and others. Oplemenjivanje povrća u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo ima za cilj stvaranje sorti koje po svojim osobinama zadovoljavaju zahteve tržišta, industrijske prerade, zelene pijace, zahteve intenzivne proizvodnje i ishrane ljudske populacije. Zahvaljujući dugogodišnjem oplemenjivačkom radu i bogatom genetskom materijalu povrća u Institutu, stvorene su sorte koje u potpunosti zadovoljavaju sve ove zahteve. U ovom radu su iznesene glavne karakteristike sorti povrća priznatih od strane Savezne komisije u 2000 godini. To su paprike: Krušnica i Plamena; paradajza: Knjaz; beli luk: Bosut i Labud; krastavca: Tajfun te pasulj: Balkan.

As the spring garlic does not bear seed, it is multiplied vegetatively, by cloves. Clove mass varies within a single bulb, in dependence of bulb distribution on the stem and type of branching. Studying the effect of the size of planted cloves on bulb mass, clove size, clove number and yield, we found significant differences among cloves of different sizes. The interactions genotype/year and year/size were pronounced only for clove mass because clove mass is directly correlated to yield. It means that clove mass, regardless of genotype, changes in dependence of climatic conditions in the course of growing season. The absence of other interactions is an indication that the studied characteristics are stable. Furthermore, it is an indication that clove size, as well as genotype, affect the studied characteristics. . Beli luk je vrsta koja se razmnožava vegetativno. U semenskoj proizvodnji se koriste čenovi. U radu su ispitivane četiri frakcije čenova korišćenih za sadnju kod četiri genotipa u dve godine ispitivanja. Analiziranje uticaj sadnog materijala na prinos, masu lukovice, masu čenova i broj čenova. Najviši ostvareni prinos u obe godine ispitivanja je sadnjom čenova treće frakcije kod sva četiri genotipa. Sadnjom čenova najveće mase povećala se značajno masa lukovice, masa čenova i broj čenova. Ustanovljena je značajna interakcija između godine i krupnoće čenova na prinos. .

Genetic analysis of head mass and usable part of head in cabbage, was done in a dialle cross 7 x 7. We calculated additive (D) and dominant (H1 and H2) components of genetics variance, propor­tion of genes with positive and negative effects in parents varieties (H2/4H1), average degree of domi­nance (H1/D)l/2, dominance effect (h2), number of groups of genes controlling certain traits (k) and narrow-sense (h2a) and broad-sense (h2b) heritability. In the inheritance of head mass, where super-dominance was observed, the nonadditive component of variance was significant and the distribution of dominant and recessive genese was uneven. In the case of the usable portion of the head, the additive component of variance was smaller than the dominant one and dominant alleles predominated over re­cessive ones. Super-dominance played the most important role in the expression of this trait as well. Genetička analiza mase glavice i korisnog dela glavice je urađena na osnovu dialelnog ukrštanja 7x7 uključujući recipročna. Računali smo aditivnu (D) i dominantnu (H1 i H2) komponentu varijanse, udeo gena sa pozitivnim i negativnim efektima kod roditelja (H2/4H1), prosečan stepen dominacije (H1/D)l/2, dominantni efekat (H2, broj grupa gena odgovornih za ista svojstva (k), kao i herilabilnost u užem i širem smislu (h2a, h2b). U nasleđivanju mase glavice neaditivna komponenta varijanse je bila značajna, raspored dominantnih i recesivnih gena je bio nejednak, a u nasleđivanju mase glavice radi se o super-dominaciji. Kod korisnog dela glavice aditivna komponenta varijanse je manja od dominantne, dominantni aleli su preovlađivali nad recesivnim, a u ekspresiji ovog svojstva glavnu ulogu je imala superdominacija. .