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The article raises the issue of validity of student evaluation of teaching at a university. We studied validity of fairness experience of students of the Faculty of General Medicine and other faculties of the Medical University. Based on the results of the study conducted in the Northern State Medical University, it has been have shown that teacher evaluation was not always biased and subjectively prejudiced.

© 2016 Ekaterina Vasilyeva et al.Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can be diagnosed at any age. There are two major patient groups based on diagnosis of this disease, before or after the age of 20 (juvenile/adolescent or adult), with disease progression in adults usually milder than in juvenile CD patients. Immune mechanisms have been suggested to play an important role in CD pathogenesis, with cytokines governing the development of the immune response. Upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in serum of juvenile and adult CD patients has been documented; still little is known about age-dependent differences in serum cytokine profiles of CD patients. We applied multiplex technology to analyze serum levels of 12 cytokines in juveniles and adults. We show that during the acute stage of the disease all CD patients have high serum levels of CXCL10, which remains upregulated during remission. Increased serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 during the acute stage was characteristic of juvenile CD patients, whereas adult CD patients had upregulated levels of GM-CSF and IFN-γ. Taken together, these results demonstrate age-dependent differences in cytokine profiles, which may affect the pathogenesis of CD in patients at different ages of disease onset.

In the article, the approach based on the authors' hypothesis is considered: the development of Russia has specific characteristics (on the one hand, its size, mentality and certain closed nature of its economy, on the other hand, the considerable dominating resource and human potential, and, as the result, its real role in the world economic community). The diagnostics of these characteristics (at the level of the individual's welfare and territory of accommodation) reveals crises, estimates threats to region socio-economic development at early stages and helps to evaluate the state of a region for 3-5 years. In other words, managers have time necessary for rapid response to the crisis phenomena and administrative mistakes, for decreasing the impact of the arising threats. The purpose of the article is to present the theoretical and methodological tools of the appearing threats recognition at their early stages, which allows to enter the crisis period with smaller losses. Computational experiments to classify the prior socio-economic crises have been conducted (9 possible options are considered), the trajectories of change of the main indicators of the individual's welfare and territory of residence influenced by various factors are digitized. On the basis of the proposed approach (named as the economic tomography), the attempt of the comprehensive assessment of the state of Russian typical representative regions is made. Рассмотрен подход, базирующийся на гипотезе, связанной с особенностями развития России, диагностика которых выявляет кризисы. Выделены модули благосостояния личности и территории проживания. Представлен теоретико-методологический и методический инструментарий распознавания на ранних стадиях появляющихся угроз, позволяющий с меньшими потерями входить в кризисный период. Проведены вычислительные эксперименты с целью классификации социально-экономических кризисов. Проанализировано состояние типопредставительных регионов России.

The article discusses an approach based on an original hypothesis related to the peculiarities of Russia’s development (on the one hand, its scale, the Russian mentality and a certain closeness of the economy; on the other hand, a significant dominant resource and human potential, and, as a consequence, a genuine role in the global economic community), the diagnosis of which (at the level of the well-being of individuals and inhabited areas) can be used to identify crises, provide an early assessment of threats to socio-economic development of regions as well as help to evaluate the state of the region over a 3 to 5 year period. In other words, in order to ensure that executives have enough time to mount a sufficiently rapid response to the crises and administrative errors and to reduce the impact of emerging threats. The aim of this paper is to present theoretical and methodological tools for the recognition of the early stages of emerging threats, allowing fewer losses to be experienced during the crisis period. Simulation experiments were carried out for the purpose of classifying previously occurring social and economic crises (9 possible variants were reviewed) and mathematically processed trajectories of change in the main indicators for the well-being of individuals and inhabited areas, taking the influence of various factors into account. On the basis of the authors’ proposed approach (referred to as economic tomography) an attempt is made to comprehensively assess the state of sample representative regions of Russia. The research has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project № 14–18–00574 'Information-analytical system "Anticrisis:" diagnostics of the regions, threat assessment and scenario forecasting for the preservation and strengthening of economic security and well-being of Russia').

Presently, the new austenitic materials for reactor internals worked out. To estimate their irradiation durability, instead of the traditional technology of preparation of irradiation coupon, it was applied imitation of irradiation damage by the irradiation in ion accelerators. Microstructural changes were examined using of method of precision preparation by focused ion beam in a scanning double-beam electron-ion microscope. Then the prepared samples was study in a transmission electron microscope. There has been developed and tested method of determining the bulk density of vacancy voids and their size distribution. Elemental and phase analysis of secondary phases has been performed . Obtained profiles of injected ions. В настоящее время разработаны новые аустенитные материалы для ВКУ. Для оценки их радиационной стойкости, вместо традиционной технологии пробоподготовки образцов-свидетелей, была применена имитация радиационного повреждения при облучении ионами в ускорителях. Микроструктурные изменения были исследованы с помощью методики прецизионного препарирования сфокусированным ионным пучком на растровом двулучевом электронно-ионном микроскопе, с последующим изучением приготовленных образцов на просвечивающем микроскопе. Разработана и опробована методика определения объемной плотности вакансионных пор и их распределения по размерам. Проведен элементный и фазовый анализ вторичных фаз. Получены профили распределения инжектированных ионов.

В статье оценивается удовлетворенность потребностей населения регионов России как характеристика благосостояния населения. В статье представлены и решены задачи, во-первых, методологического характера — раскрыто содержание и структура понятия «благосостояния населения». Во-вторых, методического аспекта — разработана методика оценки благосостояния населения. Методика агрегирует имеющуюся информацию о степени удовлетворения потребностей населения региона. Предлагается оценивать нормативным методом объем благ, необходимых для удовлетворения физиологических потребностей, и экспертным и статистическим методами — для удовлетворения более эластичных потребностей. Апробация методики проведена по 83 субъектам РФ. Приведено сравнение результатов с 2007 г., поскольку именно с этого года на федеральном уровне активно разворачивается политика, направленная на повышение благосостояния населения. The paper estimates the satisfaction of needs of population of the Russian regions as the characteristics of the welfare. Two tasks were solved. The first methodological task was to disclose contents and structure of the welfare. The second task was to develop a method of welfare evaluation. The method aggregates the information about the level of satisfaction of the needs of the regional population. The author proposes to assess the volume of benefits, required to meet the physiological needs, by standard way, and the volume of benefits, required to meet more elastic needs, by expert and statistical ways Testing method conducted in 83 federal subjects of Russia. The results are presented in the form of the rating. Comparison of results with the results 2007 is presented, since starting this year the welfare policies actively deployed at the federal level. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда в рамках проекта проведения научных исследований «Информационно-аналитическая система «Антикризис»: диагностика регионов, оценка угроз и сценарное прогнозирование с целью сохранения и усиления экономической безопасности и повышения благосостояния России», проект №14-18-00574.

In the article, the results of the research of correlation of welfare and public health of the population of Russia in the conditions of economic instability are presented. The review of performance indicators of development of public sentiments of society applied both in Russian and foreign practice is submitted. The concept content of the "social and psychological potential of a region" as an indicator of public health of the population is opened. On the basis of this concept, the potential pattern is created. The evaluation method of social and psychological potential of a region is developed, its main idea is an integrated assessment of both the potential of a region in general and its separate components. The assessment of the condition of potential in territorial subjects of the Russian Federation is given. Character and power of correlation between indicators of welfare and level of social and psychological potential of territorial subjects of the Russian Federation on the basis of development of correlation matrixes are revealed, also, the regional consistent patterns and tendencies are determined. © 2015 The Journal of Economic Theory. Представлены результаты исследования взаимосвязи благосостояния и общественного здоровья населения России в условиях экономической нестабильности. Раскрыто содержание понятия "социально-психологический потенциал региона" как индикатора общественного здоровья населения. Разработана методика оценки социально-психологического потенциала региона. Дана оценка состояния потенциала в субъектах Российской Федерации. Выявлены характер и сила взаимосвязей между индикаторами благосостояния и уровнем социально-психологического потенциала регионов на основе построения корреляционных матриц, а также установлены региональные закономерности и тенденции.