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International audience; Recently, numerous urban conflicts against mobility infrastructure projects have arisen in Mexico City. These conflicts have been studied as citizenship expressions, due to the claim for public consultation of the urban projects, or as resistance against neoliberal urbanization. This paper explores the place of the financing structure, the public-private partnerships, privatizations and the “public interest” discourse of transport infrastructure and equipment in the public discourse of three opposition movements which occurred between 2010 and 2016. Although the projects coincide in being expressions of contemporary neoliberal urbanization, the conflicts mobilize another type of claims. Thus, it appears that critical questioning of how, why and in whose benefit is urban infrastructure constructed depends on the background of the actors in the conflict, history of previous mobilizations and the development of the conflict itself.; En años recientes se ha visto una proliferación de intervenciones urbanas en materia de movilidad en la Ciudad de México, así como conflictos por su construcción, los cuales se han estudiado como actos de ciudadanía, debido a la demanda por someter los proyectos a consulta, o como expresiones de resistencia a la urbanización neoliberal. En este estudio se explora el lugar que ocupan los esquemas de financiamiento y operación público-privados, la privatización de lo público, y el discurso de "utilidad pública" de los proyectos de infraestructura y equipamiento de transporte en los discursos de tres movimientos de oposición llevados a cabo entre 2010 y 2016. Si bien los proyectos coinciden en ser expresiones de la puesta en marcha de la urbanización neoliberal contemporánea, se encontró que las movilizaciones son motivadas por otras reivindicaciones. Así, parece que los cuestionamientos más críticos sobre cómo, por qué y en beneficio de quién se realizan las obras de infraestructura urbana son resultados contingentes del bagaje de los participantes, las historias de movilizaciones previas y el propio desarrollo del conflicto. Palabras claves: urbanización neoliberal, conflictos urbanos, movilidad urbana, análisis de discurso.

Associations between markers of liver and renal dysfunction and NRTI plasma exposure are ill-defined. As part of a large cohort study (POPPY), we analysed associations between ALT and eGFR results in people living with HIV on tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine (FTC), abacavir (ABC) and lamivudine (3TC). While we found no associations between NRTI concentrations and ALT, lower eGFR values were associated with greater TFV, FTC and 3TC exposure, whereas ABC showed no associations.

Objectives\ud We investigated whether differences in cognitive performance between people living with HIV (PLWH) and comparable HIV‐negative people were mediated or moderated by depressive symptoms and lifestyle factors.\ud \ud Methods\ud A cross‐sectional study of 637 ‘older’ PLWH aged ≥ 50 years, 340 ‘younger’ PLWH aged < 50 years and 276 demographically matched HIV‐negative controls aged ≥ 50 years enrolled in the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People over Fifty (POPPY) study was performed. Cognitive function was assessed using a computerized battery (CogState). Scores were standardized into Z‐scores [mean = 0; standard deviation (SD) = 1] and averaged to obtain a global Z‐score. Depressive symptoms were evaluated via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9). Differences between the three groups and the effects of depression, sociodemographic factors and lifestyle factors on cognitive performance were evaluated using median regression. All analyses accounted for age, gender, ethnicity and level of education.\ud \ud Results\ud After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, older and younger PLWH had poorer overall cognitive scores than older HIV‐negative controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). Moderate or severe depressive symptoms were more prevalent in both older (27%; P < 0.001) and younger (21%; P < 0.001) PLWH compared with controls (8%). Depressive symptoms (P < 0.001) and use of hashish (P = 0.01) were associated with lower cognitive function; alcohol consumption (P = 0.02) was associated with better cognitive scores. After further adjustment for these factors, the difference between older PLWH and HIV‐negative controls was no longer significant (P = 0.08), while that between younger PLWH and older HIV‐negative controls remained significant (P = 0.01).\ud \ud Conclusions\ud Poorer cognitive performances in PLWH compared with HIV‐negative individuals were, in part, mediated by the greater prevalence of depressive symptoms and recreational drug use reported by PLWH.

[ES] La falta de conocimiento en el ámbito de eficiencia energética en edificaciones, genera un consumo energético elevado destinado para la climatización interna, el cual puede disminuir en gran magnitud siguiendo técnicas constructivas energéticamente eficientes. Se realizará un trabajo investigativo para el país de Ecuador, aplicado para dos zonas de este, Sierra y Costa, ya que constan con valores climáticos muy variados ente ellos, como su temperatura, altura del nivel del mar, lluvia, radiación solar, entre otros. Utilizando un modelo de vivienda unifamiliar típico para cada zona, y softwares (Sketchup, Open Studio y Energy Plus), se realizará un caso de estudio, para los cuales se obtendrán valores de demanda energética (KWh/m2) para mantener una temperatura interna de confort, la cual puede estar entre 20oC y 25oC, variando parámetros de orientación, protección solar y aislamientos térmicos usualmente utilizados y presentes en el mercado nacional, para mejoras de cubierta, fachada y carpintería (ventanas, puertas, etc.), en el ámbito de eficiencia energética. Se planea estudiar soluciones desde las más sencillas y económicas, hasta los más eficientes y costosas, para realizar un análisis DAFO y concluir con las más aptas para dichas zonas con un manual eficaz para la eficiencia energética de la edificación., [CA] La falta de coneixement en l'àmbit d'eficiència energètica en edificacions, genera un consum energètic elevat destinat per a la climatització interna, el qual pot disminuir en gran magnitud seguint tècniques constructives energèticament eficients. Es farà un treball investigativo per al país de l'Equador, aplicat per a dues zones d'aquest, Sierra i Costa, ja que consten amb valors climàtics molt variats ens ells, com la seua temperatura, altura del nivell del mar, pluja, radiació solar, entre altres. Utilitzant un model d'habitatge unifamiliar típic per a cada zona, i softwares (Sketchup, OpenStudio i Energy Plus), es realitzarà un cas d'estudi, per als quals s'obtindran valors de demanda energètica (KWH/m2) per a mantindre una temperatura interna de confort, la qual pot estar entre 20oC i 25oC, variant paràmetres d'orientació, protecció solar i aïllaments tèrmics usualment utilitzats i presents en el mercat nacional, per a millores de coberta, façana i fusteria (finestres, portes, etc.), en l'àmbit d'eficiència energètica. Es planeja estudiar solucions des de les més senzilles i econòmiques, fins als més eficients i costoses, per a realitzar una anàlisi DAFO i concloure amb les més aptes per a aquestes zones amb un manual eficaç per a l'eficiència energètica de l'edificació., [EN] The lack of knowledge in the field of energy efficiency in buildings, generates a high energy consumption destined for the internal air conditioning, which can decrease in great magnitude following energy efficient construction techniques. A research work will be carried out for the country of Ecuador, applied for two areas of the east, Sierra and Costa, since they have very varied climatic values between them, such as their temperature, sea level height, rain, solar radiation, among others. Using a typical single-family housing model for each area, and software (Sketchup, OpenStudio and Energy Plus), a case study will be carried out, for which energy demand values (KWh/m2) will be obtained to maintain an internal temperature of comfort, which can be between 20oC and 25oC, varying orientation parameters, sun protection and thermal insulation usually used and present in the national market, for roof, facade and carpentry improvements (windows, doors, etc.), in the field Energy efficiency It is planned to study solutions from the simplest and most economical, to the most efficient and expensive, to perform a DAFO analysis and conclude with the most suitable for these areas with an effective manual for the energy efficiency of the building.

IntroductionDual point-of-care tests (POCTs) for detecting antibodies to HIV and syphilis have been developed for use with venous whole blood, serum/plasma or finger-prick capillary whole blood. Several tests are commercially available showing encouraging performance compared with ‘gold-standard’ reference tests in laboratory-based studies. However, data on their performance in the field are limited. This prospective cross-sectional study will conduct a clinic-based evaluation to assess the performance characteristics and acceptability to end-users of two dual HIV/syphilis POCTs for the screening of HIV and syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM), sex workers (SWs) and pregnant women (PW). This master protocol outlines the overall research approach that will be used in seven countries.Method and analysisMSM, SWs and PW presenting at clinic evaluation sites in high, low and middle-income countries will be enrolled. The (WHO preapproved) POCTs to be evaluated are SD Bioline HIV/Syphilis Duo (Abbott) and Dual Path Platform HIV-Syphilis Assay (Chembio). Finger-prick blood will be collected to perform POCTs and compared with laboratory results (venepuncture blood). Procedures will be carried out by trained healthcare staff and tests performed according to the manufacturers’ directions. Sample size was calculated based on local prevalence of HIV and syphilis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for each POCT will be calculated. The study is ongoing with recruitment expected to be completed in all countries by mid to late 2021.Ethics and disseminationThis core protocol was independently peer reviewed and approved by the Research Project Review Panel (RP2) of the WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research and by the WHO Ethics Review Committee (ERC). The protocol has been adapted to individual countries and approved by RP2, ERC and institutional review boards at each site. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and relevant conferences.

Background: The reported prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) varies widely in cohorts of people living with HIV (PLWH); this may partly be due to the use of different diagnostic criteria. Agreement between diagnostic criteria of CI, the optimal definition to use, and associations with patient-reported cognitive symptoms have not been fully investigated.Methods: Two hundred ninety PLWH aged >50 years and 97 matched negative controls completed a detailed assessment of cognitive function and three questions regarding cognitive symptoms. Age- and education-adjusted test scores (T-scores) determined if subjects met the following definitions of CI: Frascati, global deficit score (GDS) and the multivariate normative comparison (MNC) method.Results: PLWH were more likely than controls to meet each definition of CI (ORs were 2.17, 3.12 and 3.64 for Frascati, GDS and MNC, respectively). Agreement of MNC with Frascati and GDS was moderate (Cohen’s k = 0.42 and 0.48, respectively), whereas that between Frascati and GDS was good (k = 0.74). A significant association was found between all the three criteria and reporting of memory loss but not with attention and reasoning problems. The 41 (14 %) PLWH meeting all the three criteria had the lowest median global T-score (36.9) and highest rate of symptom reporting (42 %).Conclusions: Different CI criteria show fair diagnostic agreement, likely reflecting their ability to exclude CI in the same group of individuals. Given the lower overall cognitive performance and higher rates of symptom reporting in those meeting all three criteria of CI, further work assessing this as a definition of CI in PLWH is justified.

Syphilis is a resurgent sexually transmitted infection in the UK that is disproportionately diagnosed in patients living with HIV, particularly in men who have sex with men. Syphilis appears to present differently in patients with HIV, particularly in those with severe immunosuppression. Progression to neurosyphilis is more common in HIV coinfection and can be asymptomatic, often for several years. The presentations of neurosyphilis vary but can include meningitis, meningovascular disease, general paresis and tabes dorsalis. There is debate about the circumstances in which to perform a lumbar puncture, and the current gold standard diagnostics have inadequate sensitivity. We recommend a pragmatic approach to lumbar punctures, interpreting investigations and deciding when to consider treatment with a neuropenetrative antibiotic regimen.