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Flavescence dorée (FD) is the most important grapevine yellows, constituting a great threat in all major viticultural areas in Europe. The FD causal agent is an incidentally cited phytoplasma species termed 'Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis' (FDp), listed as a quarantine organism in Europe and mainly transmitted from vine to vine by the monophagous leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus. In the present study, the genetic variability of FDp identified in symptomatic plants located in a vineyard cv. Biancolella on the Ischia Island (Campania, Italy) was investigated. Our results unveiled for the first time the presence of FDp strains belonging to the subgroup 16SrV–C with a low genetic variability within map and rp genetic markers, reflecting an homogeneous genetic lineage of phytoplasma population examined in the present study. Phylogeny and nucleotide sequence analyses can also suggest the possible involvement of other insect vectors and plant hosts in the FD epidemiology on the Island. Further investigation to ascertain the presence of putative vectors and plant hosts representing inoculum sources should be carried out to reinforce the preliminary results obtained in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural products are essential for medicinal purposes in developing countries. Traditional and contemporary medicine utilized plant products as alternative treatments for parasitic diseases. Objectives: The purpose of the investigation is to analyze and assess the bioactive compounds in Vitis vinifera leaf extracts, as well as their effect on coccidiosis. Materials and methods: Several analytical techniques were utilized, such as infrared spectroscopy (IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we assessed the total phenol, tannin, flavonoid examination, and cytotoxicity of the plant extracts using an MTT assay and UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). Moreover, the samples' levels of antioxidant activity (measured with DPPH and ABTS) were analyzed. Results: The leaf extract's GC-MS study identified many bioactive elements linked to plant secondary metabolites. Further, the total phenol, tannin, and flavonoid were 160.217 ± 0.652, 65.872 ± 0.263, and 34.0463 ± 0.545 (mg TAE/g DW), respectively. It also contains these extracts with a high antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activity. This reflects the number of bioactive chemicals that are present in these extracts. Conclusions: The findings of this research discuss techniques in phytochemical analysis of Vitis vinifera leaf extracts and the identification of biologically active components that support and justify the utilization of grape leaves in folk medicine in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotic stress leads to enormous yield, quality, and economic losses in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). However, the crucial genes and underlying mechanisms in grapevine response to biotic stress are still not fully understood. Therefore, a meta-analysis was done using microarray expression data from 114 samples from five biotic stress investigations to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, 1005 DEGs yielded from the meta-analysis were subjected to further analysis using a combination of systems biology and machine learning algorithms. A total of 75 transcription factors (TFs) and 80 pathogen recognition genes (PRGs) were identified among the 1005 DEGs. The majority of upregulated PRGs belonged to a class of kinases (KIN), followed by the RLK, RLP, TRAN, N, and CK classes. Furthermore, the MYB and bHLH families had the highest number of up-regulated TFs in response to biotic stress. Their co-expression with biotic stress-related pathways highlights the crucial role of these families in the response to biotic stress in grapevine. Additionally, weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified six modules, three of which were upregulated and relevant to defense responses, photosynthesis process, and cell wall reinforcement. Using eight attribute weighting algorithms on the identified key genes, we prioritized eight genes with the highest relevance to both control and disease conditions. Our findings indicate that the transcriptome responses of grapevine plants to various biotic stimuli, including downy mildew, powdery mildew, grapevine leaf-roll-associated virus-3, and Bois noir phytoplasma, exhibit commonalities. These shared responses could serve as breeding targets for enhancing grapevine resistance to diverse biotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape is a type of fruit widely grown globally and in Türkiye thanks to its importance in human nutrition and diversity of usage areas. Türkiye has a long history of grape cultivation, and the genetic diversity of local grapes grown in some regions has still not been revealed. This study showed the genetic diversity between 60 local grape genotypes selected from north Central Anatolia and nine reference grape cultivars;10 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and 7 inter-primer binding site (IPBS) retrotransposon primers were used. The mean values of genetic diversity indices in ISSR and IPBS retrotransposon primers were calculated as expected allelic frequency (p) 0.476/0.195, observed allelic frequency (q) 0.524/0.805, number of effective alleles (Ne) 1.326/1.378, Shannon's information index (I) 0.308/0.367, expected heterozygosity (He) 0.199/0.232 and unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHe) 0.201/0.234, respectively. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and model-based STRUCTURE analysis divided the studied germplasm into two groups. However, local genotypes were not grouped per the regions where they grew. As a result of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis, the inter-population variation was determined to be 11%, and the intra-population variation was determined to be 89%. The mean genetic differentiation value (Fst) between populations was 0.303. The results showed that ISSR and IPBS retrotransposon primers effectively explained the genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Grape pomace from Vitis vinifera Asssyrtiko is an important sub‐product of the Greek wine industry. However, its accumulation is a serious problem with a negative environmental impact. Grape pomace is rich in bioactive compounds and its utilization for alternative uses, such as a fertilizer, is an interesting area of research. On the other hand, its high concentration of phenolic compounds inhibits germination processes. Therefore, there is a need to decrease the high phenolic level in grape pomace before it can be used as a fertilizer. The main objective of our study is the fast reduction of polyphenols in grape pomace, and more specifically catechin and epicatechin in Vitis vinifera Assyrtiko. For this purpose, Chlamydomonas reinhardii was used for polyphenol biodegradation in grape pomace extract. It is shown that the bioremediation proceeds very fast, while the final product has a high potential to be used as a soil conditioner. RESULTS: The results of this study identify that after 6 days of cultivation, C. reinhardtii was able to reduce the total polyphenolic amount by 43%, while catechin and epicatechin were decreased by 100%. In addition, it is shown that the final aqueous product is rich in minerals, such as sodium, phosphorus and potassium. CONCLUSIONS: Through this work we were able to develop a method that allows for the efficient decrease of polyphenols in grape pomace. C. reinhardtii biodegrades a sufficient amount of polyphenols in grape pomace with a high rate, while the product obtained 6 days after cultivation contains high concentrations of minerals and low levels of polyphenols. These results suggest that there is a great potential in using the Vitis vinifera Asssyrtiko biodegraded product as a soil conditioner. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There's a lack of studies on the structure–function aspect of linking non-structural carbohydrates to temperature, in particular phloem structure is yet a largely neglected subject. We studied gas exchange parameters and in parallel examined functional anatomy and non-structural carbohydrates status in leaf blades, petioles and branches in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevines grown under three temperature regimes (22/16 °C, 28/22 °C, 34/28 °C day/night). After two months of growth, water use efficiency was the highest at 34 ºC. The individual organs size became progressively smaller as the temperatures increased, and was the smallest at 34 ºC for branch and petiole diameter, and for leaf thickness. The relative xylem cross-sectional area was largely not influenced by the temperature regime. In contrast, phloem cross-sectional area was significantly increased at high temperature in branches and petioles, and became 30% higher at 34 ºC in branches compared to 22 °C. The leaves had the highest non-structural carbohydrates concentration compared to petioles and branches. Sucrose content exhibited a temperature-dependent increase both in branches and petioles, and to some extent also in leaves, while starch, fructose and glucose content did not exhibit any statistically significant temperature trends. In grapevine, sucrose is the main non-structural carbohydrate used for long-distance transport. Our results indicate temperature dependent increased investment in phloem development in parallel with increased main long-distance transported sugar (sucrose) accumulation. Phloem and xylem development were apparently uncoupled, implying a differential cambium activity for each tissue. Our study could have wide structural–functional implications in the ongoing climate change scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Featured Application: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of various vinification techniques, including prolonged maceration, pre-fermentation heating, and barrel aging, on the volatile aroma profile and sensory characteristics of Teran red wine. Teran (Vitis vinifera L.) is the most widespread red autochthonous variety in Istria, traditionally grown in the north Adriatic area, including the Croatian Istria viticultural subregion. As a key grapevine variety in viticulture across these regions, understanding the impact of the investigated techniques is crucial for enhancing its unique characteristics and market value. These insights can be directly applied by winemakers to optimize and tailor wine production processes, enhancing desirable aroma attributes and sensory qualities to meet specific market demands. The findings offer practical guidelines for producing wines with distinct and appealing aromatic profiles, aiding in product differentiation and improving overall wine quality. This study investigates the effect of prolonged maceration, pre-fermentation heating, and barrel aging on the volatile aroma profile and sensory characteristics of Teran wine. The vinification processes included a control treatment (7-day maceration, TM7-Y; Y—young wine), 10-day maceration (TM10-Y), 21-day post-fermentation maceration (TM21-Y), and 48-h pre-fermentation heating at 45 °C followed by 8-day maceration (TPHT-Y). All wines were then aged in oak barrels for six months, resulting in TM7-A, TM10-A, TM21-A, and TPHT-A wines (A—aged wine). Volatile compounds were extracted using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), while sensory profiles were evaluated using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). TPHT-Y and TM21-Y treatments reduced several groups of free volatile compounds while enhancing sensory properties, with TM21-Y wines notably exhibiting pronounced dried fruit notes, likely due to high β-damascenone concentrations. Conversely, TM10-Y and TM7-Y treatments resulted in significantly higher concentrations of the most volatile aroma compounds. Aging in oak barrels significantly increased the levels of particular free volatile compounds like C13-norisoprenoids, volatile phenols, furans, and lactones. It also enhanced sensory quality, with fruity aromas prominent across all treatments, and TM21-A and TPHT-A wines showing strong dried fruit, jam, and liqueur notes. This study offers valuable insights into tailoring wine aromas and sensory attributes through specific vinification techniques, contributing to a more refined approach to optimizing wine production. In conclusion, the findings highlight the importance of maceration and aging techniques in developing complex and desirable wine profiles, offering practical guidance for improving Teran wine quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the technological parameters, microbiological, and functional properties of juice from Solaris grapes grown under conventional and organic farming systems to assess how these cultivation methods influence juice quality. The one-year study focused on key aspects such as the levels of health-promoting polyphenols, the presence of mycotoxins, and pesticide residues. Organic grapes showed greater bacterial and fungal diversity, with significant differences in dominant genera. Sphingomonas and Massilia were the predominant bacteria across both systems, while Erysiphe was more common in conventional grapes, and Aureobasidium was abundant in both. Despite the presence of genes for mycotoxin production, no mycotoxins were detected in the juice or pomace. Organic juice exhibited significantly higher levels of polyphenols, leading to enhanced antioxidant properties and improved technological characteristics, including lower acidity and higher nitrogen content. However, residues of sulfur and copper, used in organic farming, were detected in the juice, while conventional juice contained synthetic pesticide residues like cyprodinil and fludioxonil. These findings highlight that while organic juice offers better quality and safety in terms of polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, it also carries risks related to residues from organic treatments, and conventional juice poses risks due to synthetic pesticide contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SO2-generating pads contain different concentrations of sodium metabisulfite, which absorbs water from the grapes' transpiration, releasing SO2 gas, and there are slow-(SlowSO2) and dual (DualSO2)-releasing pads (fast release in the first 48 h and slow for up to 60 days). The ultra-fast SO2-generating pad (FieldSO2) releases the SO2 quickly for up to 6 h, and it was designed to be used soon after the harvest and until the grapes' packaging. The goal was to study the effect of FieldSO2 associated with SlowSO2 and DualSO2 pads on gray mold incidence and physicochemical and appearance characteristics of 'Italia' table grapes. Grapes were harvested from a commercial vineyard in Parana, Brazil, in 2020 and 2021, and packaged in cardboard boxes, and the treatments were as follows: control (without SO2-generating pads); FieldSO2 + SlowSO2; and FieldSO2 + DualSO2. After 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days of cold storage (1 ± 1 °C), the grapes were assessed for gray mold incidence, mass loss, shattered berries, stem browning, and filamentous fungi on the surface. The use of FieldSO2 associated with SO2-generating pads is effective in controlling gray mold on 'Italia' table grapes, especially the treatment FieldSO2 + DualSO2, which provides the lowest incidence of the disease up to 90 days of cold storage, while the combination with SlowSO2 results in intermediate efficacy. Treatments combining these SO2-generating pads extend the postharvest shelf life of 'Italia' grapes, with few shattered berries, low mass loss and freshness of the rachis without impairing the bunch's appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil mulching is a useful agronomic practice that promotes early fruit maturation and affects fruit quality. However, the regulatory mechanism of fruit metabolites under soil-mulching treatments remains unknown. In this study, variations in the gene sets and metabolites of grape berries after mulching (rice straw + felt + plastic film) using transcriptome and metagenomic sequencing were investigated. The results of the cluster analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis of the metabolites showed a difference between the mulching and control groups, as did the principal component analysis results for the transcriptome. In total, 36 differentially expressed metabolites were identified, of which 10 (resveratrol, ampelopsin F, piceid, 3,4′-dihydroxy-5-methoxystilbene, ε-viniferin, trans resveratrol, epsilon-viniferin, 3′-hydroxypterostilbene, 1-methyl-resveratrol, and pterostil-bene) were stilbenes. Their content increased after mulching, indicating that stilbene synthase activity increased after mulching. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the turquoise and blue modules were positively and negatively related to stilbene compounds. The network analysis identified two seed genes (VIT_09s0054g00610, VIT_13s0156g00260) and two transcription factors (VIT_13s0156g00260, VIT_02s0025g04590). Overall, soil mulching promoted the accumulation of stilbene compounds in grapes, and the results provided key genetic information for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of grapevines has spanned millennia, leading to thousands of varieties through exchanges, mutations, and crosses between genotypes, as well probably as gene flow from wild populations. These varieties are typically categorized by regional origin and primary use, either for wine production or fruit consumption. France, within the Western European group, hosts many of the world’s renowned wine grape varieties. However, the historical development of cultivated grapevines in France and in the world remains poorly understood. This study applies morphometry on 19,377 charred and waterlogged archaeological grape pips to investigate the evolutionary history of grapevine in France over the last 10,000 years. The study compares seed outlines and lengths, corrected for taphonomic distortions, with a reference collection of 80 wild and 466 modern domestic grapevine accessions. Findings reveal a shift from wild grapevine exploitation to the expansion of domestic varieties around 600–500 BCE, coinciding with Mediterranean cultural influences and the introduction of eastern grape types. The identification of the East-Table group, a group of varieties of eastern origin for fruit consumption, indicates that grapes were also grown for food, especially in Mediterranean regions and near urban areas, alongside wine production. Early French viticulture featured a notable presence of Western European wine-type grapevines. The abundance of pips with wild-like morphology suggests early cultivation involved plants at an initial domestication stage and gene flow between introduced and wild grapevines. As viticulture spread northward, wild and Eastern morphotypes declined, leading to the dominance of Western European wine types in inner France during the Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interplanting crops is the best method to grow crops synergistically for better utilization of land and agro-resources. Grape (Vitis vinifera) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) have highly efficient agricultural planting systems in China, however, how soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial communities and metabolites affect the output of grape-potato interplanting remained unknown. In this study, we employed three planting patterns (CK: grape monocropping; YY: grape interplanted with potato (variety 'Favorita'); LS: grape interplanted with potato (variety 'Longshu7')) at two experimental sites i.e., the Huizhou (2022) site and the Qingyuan site (2023). The grape variety for all planting patterns was 'Sunshine Rose'. Soil samples (top 0-20 cm) at both sites were collected to observe the diversity of bacterial communities and soil metabolites. Our findings revealed that, compared with monocropping, the interplanted systems resulted in higher concentrations of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium and enhanced the activities of acid phosphatase, urease, and protease. The potato root exudates also altered the relative abundance of Bacillus, Kaistobacter, and Streptomyces in the rhizosphere. Among the soil metabolites, lipids and organic acids showed the most significant changes. Notably, 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid is the key differentially abundant metabolite involved in the regulation of linoleic acid metabolism pathways. The association analyses of the metabolome, microbiome, and soil physicochemical properties revealed that the interactions of microbes and metabolites resulted in differences in the soil nutrient content, whereas the interactions of 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid and Firmicutes improved the soil nutrient levels and bacterial composition in the interplanting systems. In summary, our findings demonstrated that intercropping grapes with potato 'Favorita' was better with respect to improving soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity, the diversity of soil bacteria, and soil metabolites without causing adverse impacts on grape yield. Overall, this study explained the physiological mechanisms by which soil microorganisms and metabolites promote potato growth in grape interplanting and provided new perspectives for the utilization of soil resources in vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study aimed to conduct a phytochemical screening of commonly known fruit red grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed methanolic extract through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for its health benefits and evaluate the pharmacological potentialities of the extract and its fractions against oxidation, inflammation, pain, and diarrhea. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic characteristics of methanolic extracts and various solvent fractions of V. vinifera were evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, membrane stabilizing, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Furthermore, the study assessed the effects of crude extracts (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of body weight) on pain relief and reduction of diarrhea in animals using methods such as tail immersion, the acetic acid-induced writhing technique, and a diarrheal mouse model induced with castor oil. Results: A total of 73 phytoconstituents were predominantly found in the seed extract based on the GC-MS analysis. Among the identified compounds, 9-octadecenamide (13.7%), and (9E,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoate (11.07%) are most abundant. Several notable constituents, such as gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, paromomycin, 4,6-cholestadienol, gamma-tocotrienol, 24-Propylidenecholest-5-en-3beta-ol, and alpha-tocopherol acetate, are also present. The methanolic extract of V. vinifera seed and its different solvent fractions showed promising antioxidant properties (IC50 = 1.19-17.42 µg/mL) compared to the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (IC50 = 20.46 µg/mL). Aqueous soluble fraction exerted inhibition of nearly 50% heat-induced hemolysis compared to the standard acetylsalicylic acid (42%). Besides, all the tested doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg bw) of the crude extract showed significant (P <.05) analgesic and antidiarrheal effects. Conclusion: The current findings endorsed the health benefits of V. vinifera by revealing potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects. Nevertheless, further in-depth analysis of the plant's chemical constituents and pharmacological effects on health is warranted for novel drug discovery from V. vinifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a traditional crop cultivated in Navarre (NE Spain). However, in some areas, it is grown without harnessing land suitability for its cultivation. This research was conducted to approach the pedological recognition of viticulture zoning (on the farm scale) in a traditional and distinct viticultural region: Olite (Navarre). As grape yield and grape quality in a given field are generally variable and do not coincide one way or another, 13 soil profiles were selected for pedological description and analysis in an attempt to recognise the importance of soil properties. For that purpose, 45 soil samples (corresponding to the different pedogenetic horizons of the 13 soil profiles) were collected to improve zonal vineyard estimations. The most notable characteristics of the studied soils were the presence of petrocalcic horizons, high stone fragments content, mainly loamy textures, high pH (between 8.24 and 9.24), high carbonate (between 19.1% and 90.0%), and active limestone contents (between 5.7% and 26.1%), and relatively low organic matter contents (<3.34%). Appreciable soil properties variability was detected from the results of this study and, therefore, variability in production and grape composition was expected. These results emphasise the spatial variability of the study area soils in a way that allows for the delineation of homogeneous viticultural zones. The results also provide the necessary information not only for viticultural zoning in the Navarre wine‐growing region, but also in wine‐growing regions with a Mediterranean continental climate. Hence, our findings will allow future viticultural management zones to be developed and specific practices to be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cold snaps during winter pose a significant challenge for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Taiwan. Such temperature stress can reduce antioxidant enzyme activity, burdening these enzymes and requiring additional support from non-enzymatic antioxidants. Grape extract (GE), rich in polyphenols, may enhance the antioxidant system in these fish. In a 60-day feeding experiment, various levels of GE (20, 30, and 40 g per kilogram of feed) were tested against a control group to assess their impact on growth, antioxidant-related gene expression, and cold tolerance. The findings demonstrated that the group receiving 20 g of GE per kilogram of feed (GE20) experienced higher improvements in weight gain, antioxidant gene expression, and cold tolerance, suggesting that GE at this concentration could serve as an effective dietary supplement to help Asian seabass withstand the stresses of cold temperatures during cold snaps. Cold snaps during the winter present a critical challenge for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in Taiwan, as sudden temperature drops significantly affect their growth and survival. This study explores the effects of dietary grape extract (GE) from Vitis vinifera on the growth performance, oxidative stress regulation, and thermal tolerance of this commercially valuable fish. Over a 60-day feeding trial, four dietary groups were tested: a control diet without GE and three diets supplemented with GE at 2% (GE20), 3% (GE30), and 4% (GE40) with commercial feed. The results demonstrated that GE supplementation positively influenced growth, with the GE20 group achieving the best weight gain and feed conversion ratio among all groups. The upregulation of the growth-related gene igf-1 in the liver of the GE20 group further supported its superior growth performance. Additionally, GE-fed groups showed increased expression of antioxidant-related genes sod1 and sod2 in the liver, while gpx1 exhibited a significant increase only in the GE20 group, indicating enhanced antioxidant defenses. Cat gene expression remained unchanged, and higher GE doses reduced the expression of gpx1, cat, and igf-1. Furthermore, GE supplementation improved cold tolerance in all treated groups compared to the control. These findings suggest that dietary GE at 20 g/kg is particularly effective in enhancing growth performance and cold tolerance in Asian seabass, offering a promising strategy for boosting fish health and adaptability in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autochthonous grape varieties of the Don Valley, situated in southern Russia, constitute a distinctive element of regional cultural heritage. These varieties have been adapted over centuries to the region's specific local climatic and soil conditions. For the most part, these varieties are not imported from other countries. They are closely related to varieties found in Crimea and the North Caucasus. In this study, we obtained the first complete, unfragmented sequences of the chloroplast genomes of eight autochthonous varieties from the Don Valley and one from Crimea. We also performed a comparative analysis of their genomic features. The size of Vitis vinifera chloroplast genome sequences varied from 160,925 to 160,991 bp, depending on the cultivar, with a uniform GC ratio of 37.38%. Each genome consists of four subregions: a single copy region (LSC) ranging from 89,158 to 89,336 bp, a small single copy region (SSC) ranging from 19,070 to 19,073 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) in the range of 26,292 to 26,353 bp. The chloroplast genomes of the studied V. vinifera varieties contained 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. The sequence divergence analysis has enabled the identification of four highly variable regions, which may be utilized as potential markers for phylogenetic analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of 58 to 61 SSRs and multiple long repeated sequences in the chloroplast genomes of these varieties. The phylogenetic analyses of the sequences obtained and complete chloroplast genomes available from public databases indicated that the majority of autochthonous V. vinifera varieties do not have a direct origin from any European variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil water balance (SWB) in woody crops is sometimes difficult to estimate with one-dimensional models because these crops do not completely cover the soil and usually have a deep root system, particularly when cropped under rainfed conditions in a Mediterranean climate. In this study, the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act) is estimated with the soil water balance model SIMDualKc which uses the dual-Kc approach (relating the fraction of soil cover with the crop coefficients) to improve the estimation of the water requirements of a rainfed vineyard, using data from a deep soil profile. The actual basal crop coefficient (Kcb act) obtained using the SIMDualKc model was compared with the Kcb act estimated using the A&P approach, which is a simplified approach based on measurements of the fraction of ground cover and crop height. Spectral vegetation indices (VIs) derived from Landsat-5 satellite data were used to determine the fraction of ground cover (fc VI) and thus the density coefficient (Kd). The SIMDualKc model was calibrated using available soil water (ASW) measurements down to a depth of 1.85 m, which significantly improved the conditions for using an SWB estimation model. The test of the model was performed using a different ASW dataset. A good agreement between simulated and field-measured ASW was observed for both data sets along the crop season, with RMSE < 12.0 mm and NRMSE < 13%. The calibrated Kcb values were 0.15, 0.60, and 0.52 for the initial, mid-season, and end season, respectively. The ratio between ETc act and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was quite low between veraison and maturity (mid-season), corresponding to 36%, indicating that the rainfall was not sufficient to satisfy the vineyard's water requirements. VIs used to compute fc VI were unable to fully track the plants' conditions during water stress. However, ingestion of data from remote sensing (RS) showed promising results that could be used to support decision making in irrigation scheduling. Further studies on the use of the A&P approach using RS data are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In viticulture, pathogens like the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of downy mildew, can cause severe yield loss and require extensive application of plant protection chemicals. Breeders are generating pathogen-resistant varieties exploiting American and Asian wild Vitis germplasm as sources of resistance. Several loci mediating resistance to P. viticola have been identified in the past but may be overcome by specifically adapted strains of the pathogen. Aiming to find and characterize novel loci, a cross population with Vitis amurensis ancestry was investigated searching for resistance-correlated quantitative trait loci (QTL). As a prerequisite, a genetic map was generated by analyzing the 244 F1 individuals derived from a cross of the downy mildew susceptible Vitis vinifera cultivar 'Tigvoasa' and the resistant V. amurensis pBC1 breeding line We 90-06-12. This genetic map is based on the information from 627 molecular markers including 56 simple sequence repeats and 571 rhAmpSeq markers. A phenotypic characterization of the progeny showed a clear segregation of the resistance traits in the F1 population after an experimental inoculation of leaf discs with downy mildew. Combining genetic and phenotypic data, an analysis for QTL revealed a major locus on linkage Group 9 that correlates strongly with the resistance to downy mildew. The locus was mapped to a region of about 80 kb on the PN40024 (12x.V2) grapevine reference genome. This genomic region co-localizes with the formerly identified locus Rpv10 from the grapevine cultivar 'Solaris'. As we found different allele sizes of the locus-linked SSR markers than those characterizing the known Rpv10 locus and differences in the sequence of a candidate gene, it was regarded as a haplotype variant and named Rpv10.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piceatannol is a naturally occurring hydroxylated analogue of the stilbene phytoalexin resveratrol that can be found in grape fruit and derived products. Piceatannol has aroused great interest as it has been shown to surpass some human health-beneficial properties of resveratrol including antioxidant activity, several pharmacological activities and also bioavailability. The plant biosynthetic pathway of piceatannol is still poorly understood, which is a bottleneck for the development of both plant defence and bioproduction strategies. Cell cultures of Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay, when elicited with dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), lead to large increases in the accumulation of resveratrol, and after 120 h of elicitation, piceatannol is also detected due to the regiospecific hydroxylation of resveratrol. Therefore, an ortho-hydroxylase must participate in the biosynthesis of piceatannol. Herein, three possible types of resveratrol hydroxylation enzymatic reactions have been tested, specifically, a reaction catalyzed by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome, P450 hydroxylase, a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase and ortho-hydroxylation, similar to polyphenol oxidase (PPO) cresolase activity. Compared with P450 hydoxylase and the dioxygenase activities, PPO displayed the highest specific activity detected either in the crude extract, the particulate or the soluble fraction obtained from cell cultures elicited with MBCD and MeJA for 120 h. The overall yield of PPO activity present in the crude extract (107.42 EU) was distributed mostly in the soluble fraction (66.15 EU) rather than in the particulate fraction (3.71 EU). Thus, partial purification of the soluble fraction by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, dialysis and ion exchange chromatography was carried out. The soluble fraction precipitated with 80% ammonium sulphate and the chromatographic fractions also showed high levels of PPO activity, and the presence of the PPO protein was confirmed by Western blot and LC-MS/MS. In addition, a kinetic characterization of the cresolase activity of partially purified PPO was carried out for the resveratrol substrate, including Vmax and Km parameters. The Km value was 118.35 ± 49.84 µM, and the Vmax value was 2.18 ± 0.46 µmol min−1 mg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PIWI, from the German word Pilzwiderstandsfähig, meaning "fungus-resistant", refers to grapevine cultivars bred for resistance to fungal pathogens such as Erysiphe necator (the causal agent of powdery mildew) and Plasmopara viticola (the causal agent of downy mildew), two major diseases in viticulture. These varieties are typically developed through traditional breeding, often crossbreeding European Vitis vinifera with American or Asian species that carry natural disease resistance. This study investigates the transcriptional profiles of exocarp tissues in mature berries from four PIWI grapevine varieties compared to their elite parental counterparts using RNA-seq analysis. We performed RNA-seq on four PIWI varieties (two red and two white) and their noble parents to identify differential gene expression patterns. Comprehensive analyses, including Differential Gene Expression (DEGs), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), and tau analysis, revealed distinct gene clusters and individual genes characterizing the transcriptional landscape of PIWI varieties. Differentially expressed genes indicated significant changes in pathways related to organic acid metabolism and membrane transport, potentially contributing to enhanced resilience. WGCNA and k-means clustering highlighted co-expression modules linked to PIWI genotypes and their unique tolerance profiles. Tau analysis identified genes uniquely expressed in specific genotypes, with several already known for their defense roles. These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine resistance and suggest promising avenues for breeding strategies to enhance disease resistance and overall grape quality in viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant consequence of climate change is the rising incidence of wildfires. When wildfires occur close to wine grape (Vitis vinifera) production areas, smoke-derived volatile phenolic compounds can be taken up by the grape berries, negatively affecting the flavor and aroma profile of the resulting wine and compromising the production value of entire vineyards. Evidence for the permeation of smoke-associated compounds into grape berries has been provided through metabolomics; however, the basis for grapevines' response to smoke at the gene expression level has not been investigated in detail. To address this knowledge gap, we employed time-course RNA sequencing to observe gene expression-level changes in grape berries in response to smoke exposure. Significant increases in gene expression (and enrichment of gene ontologies) associated with detoxification of reactive compounds, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and cell wall fortification were observed in response to smoke. These findings suggest that the accumulation of volatile phenols from smoke exposure activates mechanisms that render smoke-derived compounds less reactive while simultaneously fortifying intracellular defense mechanisms. The results of this work lend a better understanding of the molecular basis for grapevines' response to smoke and provide insight into the origins of smoke-taint-associated flavor and aroma attributes in wine produced from smoke-exposed grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of grape stems, a by‐product of the grape processing industry, as a source of valuable bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, has gained attention in recent years. This study aimed to investigate different eco‐friendly extraction methods for obtaining polyphenols from grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Bidaneh Sefid) stems, focusing on green solvents and innovative techniques. Four extraction methods were tested, involving the use of water and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as green solvents, along with maceration, microwave, ultrasound, and reduced‐pressure techniques. High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI‐MS/MS) was used to characterize and quantify the bioactive compounds in the extracts. A total of 29 polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and stilbenes, were detected. Among the four extraction methods tested, methods 1 (water + microwave + ultrasound + atmospheric pressure) and 2 (water + microwave + ultrasound + reduced pressure) were found to be the most effective. Our study demonstrated that using water and PEG as green solvents, combined with techniques like microwave, ultrasound, and reduced pressure, effectively extracted both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds from the grape stems. These findings suggest that further exploration of these methods could lead to the development of value‐added products from grape stems, emphasizing the significance of green extraction techniques for the recovery of polyphenols from winemaking by‐products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is critical to use a population of the pathogen that contains different strains to determine the resistance of grapevine varieties to the downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola in a specific region. This study tested six local grape varieties (Çavuş, Kalecik Karası, Müşküle, Papaz Karası, Sultana and Yapıncak), eight Turkish registered varieties (Barış, Bozbey, Güzgülü, Özer Karası, Reçel Üzümü, Tekirdağ Çekirdeksizi, Trakya İlkeren and Yalova İncisi) and seven varieties of foreign origin (Cabernet Sauvignon, Cardinal, Chardonnay, Cinsault, Isabella, Semillon and Gamay) using detached leaf and leaf disc assays with pathogen populations collected from vineyards. There was a significant correlation for disease severity between the two assay methods. No sporulation was observed on the varieties Çavuş and Isabella in both assay methods. The variety Yapıncak had very low disease severity (2.00%) in the leaf disc assay, and the pathogen did not sporulate on this variety in the detached leaf assay. Cluster analysis was performed to determine the resistance level of the varieties against the pathogen, as different disease severities were observed in some varieties depending on the test method used, and the 21 varieties were classified into four clusters. Barış, Bozbey, Cardinal, Çavuş, Isabella, Semillon and Yapıncak in Cluster I exhibited the lowest disease severity mean (2.88%), while those in Cluster 3, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Güzgülü, Papaz Karası and Yalova Incisi, had the highest disease severity mean (56.75%). These varieties in Clusters 1 and 3 were considered highly resistant and highly susceptible, respectively. Leaf hair density, as reported in official variety descriptions, did not associate with reduced disease severity in the two assays. This study assessed the response of grapevine varieties to the P. viticola population in the region for the first time. The highly resistant and resistant varieties identified will provide new material for breeders and contribute to the improvement of organic viticulture in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the evolution of seed morphology and, in turn, the evolution of cultivars across time and space is of fundamental importance to agriculture and archaeology. The identification of ancient and modern grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars is essential for understanding the historical evolution of grape cultivation. Grape seed morphology provides valuable information to explore the evolution of grape cultivars over time and space. The main aim of our study was to build a comprehensive regional database of grape seed morphological traits from modern and archaeological wine cultivars and wild grape species. We aimed to identify which seeds of modern grape cultivars exhibited morphological similarities to archaeological cultivars. This study focused on fifteen distinct modern types of seeds and two archaeological samples from the Byzantine-to-Early Medieval period. We acquired digital images of seeds using a flatbed scanner. For each sample, 100 seeds were randomly selected, and morphometric data on each seed were gathered using ImageJ. Differences among the seed cultivars were investigated using linear discriminant analysis. Archaeological seeds were found to be more similar to cultivated V. vinifera cultivars rather than V. sylvestris populations. Among the cultivated cultivars, Sangiovese and Tosta antica resulted to be cultivars most similar cultivars to the archaeological ones. The morphometric analysis of grape seeds proved to be a valuable resource for investigating the evolution of vine cultivars throughout history. Combining image analysis techniques with genetic data will open new perspectives for studying the origins of and variations in grape cultivars, contributing to the conservation and enhancement of viticultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of bioactive compounds from byproducts of V. vinifera and C. sinensis using the Taguchi methodology. Moreover, the flavonoid content and the subsequent evaluation of the antioxidant potential through three different assays (ABTS∙+ radical inhibition, ferric-reducing power (FRAP), and OH• radical inhibition) were determined. Furthermore, the potential of these metabolites to inhibit the α-amylase enzyme and their protective effect to inhibit the hemolysis due to oxidative processes was assessed. In addition, functional group analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The Taguchi L9 statistical model enabled the increase in bioactive compound yields by evaluating factors such as particle size, temperature, time, and solvent concentration. The samples were found to contain flavonoid-type compounds, which translated into their ability to inhibit free radicals (ABTS∙+ and OH•) and act as reducing agents (FRAP). They exhibited inhibitory effects on the α-amylase enzyme involved in the assimilation of starch and its derivatives, along with providing over 50% protection to erythrocytes in the presence of free radicals generated by AAPH. Furthermore, FTIR analysis facilitated the identification of characteristic functional groups of phenolic compounds (O–H, C–H, C=C, C–C, C=O). These findings suggest that the analyzed byproducts can effectively serve as sources of bioactive compounds with potential applications in the formulation of functional foods and medicines. However, it is necessary to conduct compound identification and toxicity analysis to ensure the safety of these bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpenoids have tremendous biological activities and are widely employed in food, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. Using synthetic biology to product terpenoids from microbial cell factories presents a promising alternative route compared to conventional methods such as chemical synthesis or phytoextraction. The red yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa has been widely studied due to its natural production capacity of carotenoid and lipids, indicating a strong endogenous isoprene pathway with readily available metabolic intermediates. This study constructed several engineered strains of R. mucilaginosa with the aim of producing different terpenoids. Monoterpene α-terpineol was produced by expressing the α-terpineol synthase from Vitis vinifera. The titer of α-terpineol was further enhanced to 0.39 mg/L by overexpressing the endogenous ratelimiting gene of the MVA pathway. Overexpression of α-farnesene synthase from Malus domestica, in combination with MVA pathway rate-limiting gene resulted in significant increase in α-farnesene production, reaching a titer of 822 mg/L. The carotenoid degradation product β-ionone was produced at a titer of 0.87 mg/L by expressing the β-ionone synthase from Petunia hybrida. This study demonstrates the potential of R. mucilaginosa as a platform host for the direct biosynthesis of various terpenoids and provides insights for further development of such platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi infection, especially derived from Plasmopara viticola, causes severe grapevine economic losses worldwide. Despite the availability of chemical treatments, looking for eco-friendly ways to control Vitis vinifera infection is gaining much more attention. When a plant is infected, multiple disease-control molecular mechanisms are activated. PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors) and particularly RLKs (receptor-like kinases) take part in the first barrier of the immune system, and, as a consequence, the kinase signaling cascade is activated, resulting in an immune response. In this context, discovering new lectin-RLK (LecRLK) membrane-bounded proteins has emerged as a promising strategy. The genome-wide localization of potential LecRLKs involved in disease defense was reported in two grapevine varieties of great economic impact: Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. A total of 23 potential amino acid sequences were identified, exhibiting high-sequence homology and evolution related to tandem events. Based on the domain architecture, a carbohydrate specificity ligand assay was conducted with docking, revealing two sequences as candidates for specific Vitis vinifera–Plasmopara viticola host–pathogen interaction. This study confers a starting point for designing new effective antifungal treatments directed at LecRLK targets in Vitis vinifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ecklonia maxima (EM) foliar applications impacted leaf area in Cabernet Sauvignon. • EM application increased sugars, organic acids and phenolics. • Fungal and bacterial communities on the leaf and berry surfaces varied during berry development. • Botrytis cinerea and Erysiphe necator prevalence decreased on the leaf and berry surfaces on EM treated grapevines. Biostimulants and biofertilisers are considered environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fertilisers, plant growth regulators and crop improvement products. Broadly, plant biostimulants are expected to improve nutrient use efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, quality traits and availability of nutrients in the soil or rhizosphere. While there has been increasing interest in the use and benefits of seaweed extracts in wine grape cultivation, limited research has been conducted on Ecklonia maxima (EM), a seaweed specie indigenous to South Africa. In this study EM seaweed extract (Kelpak ®) was applied on Cabernet Sauvignon as a foliar spray in one season at three grapevine phenological stages: one week before flowering (E-L 18), berry set (E-L 27) and at véraison (E-L 35), on irrigated and non-irrigated vines. The effects on grapevine physiology, grape berry and wine metabolites and microbiota (leaf, berry and must) were evaluated. Grapevine physiology was not influenced by the applied treatments. Leaf area was positively influenced by the EM foliar applications which resulted in improved sugars and organic acids accumulation during ripening. Similar trends were observed in phenolics accumulation in the fruit during ripening. There were large differences in the bacterial and fungal communities on the leaf and berry surfaces from pea-size to harvest. Furthermore, Botrytis and Erysiphe grapevine pathogens were decreased in the leaves and berries (from véraison to harvest) with EM applications. Overall, our study suggests that the use of foliar EM products is beneficial in increasing grape and wine metabolites and the symbiotic microbiota during the ripening period and to ensure sustainable viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An urgent challenge posed by climate change in warm grapevine-growing areas is accelerated ripening, which leads to rapid sugar accumulation while phenolics and aroma traits lag behind. Techniques that enable selectively delaying the sugar accumulation process without affecting the accumulation of secondary metabolites are essential. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of apical-to-cluster defoliation, manually applied in 2019 at the onset of veraison (D1) or 20 days later (D2), which removed about 30–40% of the pending total leaf area without altering the cluster microclimate compared with a non-defoliated control (C). Ripening trends, vegetative growth, yield components, and the final grape and wine composition, as well as wine sensorial attributes, were assessed. Although both treatments significantly lowered the final leaf area-to-yield ratio (0.80–0.90 m2/kg) compared with the 1.35 m2/kg recorded in the C vines, only D1 reduced the final total soluble solids (TSS) at harvest (2 °Brix less than C). However, the total anthocyanins were similarly limited, and titratable acidity (TA) did not differ from the C vines. The D1 wine was deemed similar to that made from control plants. Conversely, D2 failed to delay ripening, yet the D2 wine was deemed superior in terms of olfactory intensity, body, fruitiness, balance, and overall preference. Although the study was conducted over a single season, the results are robust enough to conclude that the timing of defoliation—i.e., the level of TSS concurrently reached by the C treatment—is crucial to achieving specific effects. Early defoliation appears valid for postponing ripening into a cooler period, making it quite interesting in warm–hot areas with a very long growing season; a much later defoliation, likely due to the interaction between mean canopy age and more light filtering from above the cluster zone, can elevate the quality of and appreciation for the final wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an examination of the outlooks and practices held by past and present Negev desert viticulturists vis-à-vis their environs, the article offers insights into how the wine sector can bolster its response to current climate adversity. The discussion fuses bio-archaeological research on the evolution of ancient grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera) in the Negev with an extensive ethnographic inquiry into the ongoing wine revival in arid southern Israel. Ancient DNA analysis of relic grape material led to the identification of an historical Negev viticulture lineage. The findings provide a temporal framework for contextualizing tphe interrelated anthropological data obtained on contemporary dryland viticulturalists and wine makers in Israel. Since the climate in the Negev has remained relatively stable over the last several millennia, it makes for an apt point of comparison via which to gauge the outlooks held by both historical and modern viticulturalists towards the local landscape. We suggest enacting two evidence-based adjustments to counter ecological instabilities: the holistic revival and applied renewal of historical cultivars, and the attendant agronomic routines that sustained their growth in the past. A more nuanced understanding of the unique terroir arid viticulturalists are operating in, together with the learned incorporation of the hardy genetic traits of age-old cultivars, will benefit wine growers to attune their responses to the array of challenges wrought by climate change on the wine industry. It is therefore our hope that the research methodologies and heritage-oriented horticultural perspectives we present in this paper will prove beneficial to broader wine growing regions (pax-Mediterranean and beyond) who are fortunate to likewise possess their own rich viticultural histories and lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined the influence of various storage conditions on Thompson seedless (Vitis vinifera) grapes quality. Research method: Grapes were stored under four conditions: control (room temperature i.e., 20-22°C, no SO2), T1 with SO2 sheets at room temperature i.e., 20-22°C, T2 with SO2 sheets in cold storage at 1°C and T3 without SO2 sheets in cold storage at 1°C. Changes in acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), total anthocyanin content, total phenols, sugars (glucose and fructose), transresveratrol, decay %, weight loss % and antioxidant activity were monitored over 60 days. Findings: The findings revealed a synergistic effect between SO2 and cold storage. Grapes stored with both SO2 sheets and cold storage (T1) exhibited the slowest decline in anthocyanin, phenols and antioxidant activity of 211.06 mg/L, 2102.39 mg/L and 7.19 mM DPPH, respectively after 60 days. T1 grapes found to have slower reduction in sugars and transresveratrol concentration i.e., 15.47 to 15.37 g/100mL and 695 to 516 µg/g, respectively compared to control samples 15.47 to 14.81 g/100mL and 695 to 500 µg/g, respectively. Research limitations: The study focused solely on storage conditions of Thompson seedless variety grapes, limiting the generalizability of the findings to different grape varieties and maturity levels. Originality/value: These results highlighted the importance of proper storage techniques, particularly the combined use of SO2 and cold storage, for maintaining grape quality and extending shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent interest in plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (ENs) has surged due to their therapeutic potential, which includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. These properties are attributed to their cargo of bioactive metabolites and other endogenous molecules. However, the properties of ENs isolated from plant cell cultures remain less explored. Methods: In this investigation, grape callus-derived ENs (GCENs) were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation techniques. Structural analysis through electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blotting confirmed that GCENs qualify as exosome-like nanovesicles. Results: These GCENs contained significant amounts of microRNAs and proteins characteristic of plant-derived ENs, as well as trans-δ-viniferin, a notable stilbenoid known for its health-promoting properties. Functional assays revealed that the GCENs reduced the viability of the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the GCENs exhibited negligible effects on the viability of normal human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, indicating selective cytotoxicity. Notably, treatment with these GCENs led to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and triggered apoptosis in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Conclusions: Overall, this study underscores the potential of grape callus-derived nanovectors as natural carriers of stilbenoids and proposes their application as a novel and effective approach in the management of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the application of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in oenology as a natural tool to obtain wine diversification and higher quality has aroused great interest. In this work, three Metschnikowia pulcherrima strains, isolated from a vineyard, were characterised through the evaluation of their main oenological properties, antimicrobial activity, and specific enzymatic activities (β-glucosidase, β-lyase, polygalacturonase, and protease). The M. pulcherrima strains did not produce any inhibition against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while they were able to exert an antimicrobial action against some unwanted bacteria and yeasts frequently present in grape must and potentially causing the alteration of wines. After this preliminary screening, M. pulcherrima AS3C1 has been selected to be used in the winemaking of red grape Vitis vinifera cv. Aglianico on a pilot scale. The effect of the sequential inoculation of M. pulcherrima AS3C1 with a commercial strain of S. cerevisiae was verified using for comparison a single inoculum with S. cerevisiae and a spontaneous fermentation. Our results showed a higher concentration of anthocyanins and catechins in wines obtained by the sequential inoculation of M. pulcherrima AS3C1 and S. cerevisiae. On the basis of the data obtained, M. pulcherrima AS3C1 possesses an enzymatic profile and some oenological properties that could contribute positively to the definition of the chemical composition of wines, suggesting its possible use for red winemaking processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-altitude and cold climate regions such as São Joaquim, in Santa Catarina, Brazil, a recent wine-growing region, are characterized by wines with pronounced acidity, ideal for sparkling wine production. The cultivars with potential for producing sparkling wines in this region were unknown. This research evaluates quality sparkling wines from Ribolla Gialla, Riesling Renano, Solaris, Sangiovese, Canaiolo Nero, Chardonnay, and Pinot Noir. The study considered the phenological, productive, and qualitative performance of these varieties in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons. Ribolla Gialla, Riesling Renano, and Sangiovese, with later bud break and better productive aspects, are the best viticultural adaptations for the region. Riesling Renano maintains higher acidity. Sparkling wines from Solaris, Chardonnay, and Ribolla Gialla showed the most balanced chemical parameters. Sangiovese produced sparkling wine with the highest aroma intensity and toasted notes. Considering phenological, productive, and qualitative parameters, Riesling Renano, Ribolla Gialla, and Sangiovese are the most promising varieties for sparkling wine production in São Joaquim. Quality sparkling wines can be produced in this region using varieties different from those traditionally used in Brazil, enhancing the diversity of Brazilian viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of vintage and cultivar on the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity of wines made from the white wine cultivar 'Solaris' and the red wine cultivar 'Zilga' (both with skin maceration). The second goal was to describe the polyphenolic profile of 'Solaris' wine and compare it with that of 'Zilga' wine. Spectrophotometric methods were employed to determine the total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the polyphenol composition. The total polyphenol content and the antioxidant activity of 'Solaris' wine differed significantly from that of 'Zilga' wine in the experimental years from 2021 to 2023. Significant differences between the wines also occurred on average over the years, with a significantly higher total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity obtained for the red wine of 'Zilga'. However, both wines were similarly influenced by vintage over the three-year experimental period. The antioxidant activity showed a high correlation with the total polyphenol content. The polyphenolic profile of 'Solaris' wine differed notably from that of 'Zilga' wine. While 'Solaris' wine exhibited lower levels of phenolic acids and flavonols, the content of the flavanols was significantly higher, even double that of 'Zilga' wine. Among the flavanols, there was a remarkably high content of catechin and epicatechin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitis vinifera L., commonly known as grapes, is one of the most widely cultivated crops worldwide, with over 80% used for wine production. However, the winemaking process generates substantial residues, including grape pomace (GP), wine lees, and wastewater, which can pose significant environmental and economic challenges. Among these, GP stands out not only as a waste product but also as a rich source of polyphenols—bioactive compounds with recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent advancements have expanded the application of GP-derived extracts, particularly in the health and food industries, due to their potent bioactive properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the valorization of GP, focusing on its phenolic composition and therapeutic potential. It evokes innovative, environmentally friendly extraction techniques and integrated methods for the chemical analysis of these valuable compounds. Additionally, the health benefits of GP polyphenols are explored, with recent experimental findings examining their metabolism and highlighting the key role of gut microbiota in these processes. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the biological activity of GP extracts and underscore their growing significance as a high-added-value product. By illustrating how winemaking by-products can be transformed into natural therapeutic agents, this review emphasizes the importance of sustainable development and eco-friendly waste management practices, significantly contributing to the advancement of a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asynchronous ripening is a significant challenge in winemaking. Green berries reduce alcohol and pH while increasing acidity. Green berries are rich in bitter and astringent compounds, with an unknown impact on wine quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of harvest date and vineyard location on the polyphenolic composition of Plavac Mali wines in Dalmatia, Croatia. Experiments were conducted in two locations, Split and Zadar, producing fifteen wines per location from four harvest dates (H1–H4), including green berry wines from H1. The first harvest date occurred 27 days after véraison (DAV) and the last at 69 DAV, corresponding to overripeness. Green berry wines of H1 had low alcohol content up to 4.4% (v/v) in Split. Epigallocatechin was the main flavonoid in those wines, followed by dimer B1 in Split and catechin in Zadar. Green wines from Split had a higher concentration of phenolic acids, flavan-3-ol monomers and dimers. Wines of H3 had the highest concentration of malvidin-3-O-glucoside. With a later harvest date, a dramatic decrease in catechin and dimers was observed in wines from Split, and a decrease in epicatechin, epigallocatechin and dimer B1 in those from Zadar. The final expression of the physiochemical and polyphenolic composition of Plavac Mali wine is determined by the dynamics of harvest date, location and their interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims. Rootstocks are widely used in the viticulture industry to manage biotic stress, particularly the infestation of phylloxera, and to improve tolerance to abiotic stress. Grafting grapevines to rootstocks affects the berry quality and may influence the wine composition. This project investigated the impacts of 14 different rootstocks on the berry and wine chemical properties, phenolic profile, and volatile profile of grafted Vitis vinifera L. cv Pinot noir MV6. Methods and Results. This study was conducted at a commercial vineyard located in Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, Australia. The scions of V. vinifera L. cv Pinot noir clone MV6 were grafted onto 14 rootstocks, including 101‐14 Millardet et de Grasset (101‐14 Mgt), 1103 Paulsen, Selection Oppenheim (SO4), 110 Richter, Schwarzmann, 5C Teleki, 3309 Couderc (3309C), Merbein 5489, Merbein 6262, Merbein 5512, C20, C29, C113, and C114, with own‐rooted vines acting as the control group. Berries were collected at harvest in the 2020 and 2021 vintages for small‐scale winemaking. The pH, titratable acidity, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of both the berries and wine were measured using conventional chemical analysis. The phenolic composition of the wine over the two vintages was identified and quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS) and HPLC with diode‐array detection (HPLC‐DAD). The volatile composition was measured by headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Grafting Pinot noir onto 3309C caused a reduction in the berry and wine pH without affecting the titratable acid. Several rootstocks, such as 1103 Paulsen, SO4, Schwarzmann, and 5C Teleki, reduced the total phenolic content (TPC) in both the berries and wine of Pinot noir. Conversely, Merbein 5489 increased the berry and wine TPC by 15% and 63%, respectively, compared to ungrafted Pinot noir MV6. A similar tendency was also found in the condensed tannin content (CTC), where Merbein 5489 increased the berry and wine CTC by 35% and 112%, respectively, compared to ungrafted vines. Several rootstocks, such as 3309C and Merbein 6262, increased the wine anthocyanin content (especially malvidin 3‐O‐glucoside), which may contribute to enhanced colour intensity. The concentrations of several ethyl ester compounds in wine responsible for the fruity aroma, including ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl butanoate, were significantly higher in scions grafted to Schwarzmann, 3309C, Merbein 5489, and C29, compared to scions grafted to 101‐14 Mgt, 1103 Paulsen, and ungrafted vines. This suggests that rootstock plays an important role in altering the texture and flavour of Pinot noir wine. Conclusions. Grafting Pinot noir to any rootstock in this study caused changes in the phenolic and volatile content of Pinot noir wine, likely affecting the perceived wine quality. Wine from Pinot noir grafted onto Merbein 5489, in particular, with relatively high CTC and anthocyanin content, as well as higher concentrations of volatile compounds contributing to the fruity aroma, represents an attractive option for grafting Pinot noir MV6 in cool climates. Significance of the Study. The present study provides results reflecting the impacts of grapevine rootstocks on Pinot noir berry and wine composition, supporting rootstock selection for Pinot noir. The findings offer guidance to vignerons in choosing suitable rootstocks to manage berry and wine acidity, phenolic accumulation and composition, and volatile profile, thereby improving the wine quality. Furthermore, the results could guide future studies in understanding the roles of rootstocks in regulating the metabolic pathways of phenolic and volatile production in the berries of grafted Pinot noir at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic covering (PC) is used to speed up the ripening and harvesting of grapes while also shielding grapevines from unfavourable climatic conditions. This study aimed to determine how PC induced abiotic stress on covered vines and assess the role of brassinosteroids (Brs) in alleviating these impacts. The results showed that PC caused a substantial rise in soluble sugar, MDA, proline, total phenol, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) and decreased insoluble sugars and carbohydrates in ‘Superior' seedless grape leaves. Applying Brs at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mg/l twice during the berry development stages (pea and veraison) enhanced the plants’ ability to withstand PC-induced stress. The concentration of 3 mg/l Brs elevated some metabolic activities, including insoluble sugar, total carbohydrates, proline, and total phenol. Additionally, it increased the antioxidant enzyme activity. Meanwhile, 2 mg/l appeared to be the most effective concentration in achieving the highest cluster and berry weight, enhanced total soluble solids (TSS) and firmness, and reduced weight loss over shelf life. In conclusion, applying Brs could be a promising strategy to alleviate the adverse effect of abiotic stress on table grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of the interaction between the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea and grape berries (Vitis vinifera spp.) can result in the formation of either the preferred noble rot (NR) or the loss-making grey rot (GR), depending on the prevailing climatic conditions. In this study, we focus on the functional gene set of V. vinifera by performing multidimensional scaling followed by differential expression and enrichment analyses. The aim of this study is to identify the differences in gene expression between grape berries in the phases of grey rot, noble rot, and developing rot (DR, in its early stages) phases. The grapevine transcriptome at the NR phase was found to exhibit significant differences from that at the DR and GR stages, which displayed strong similarities. Similarly, several plant defence-related pathways, including plant-pathogen interactions as hypersensitive plant responses were found to be enriched. The results of the analyses identified a potential plant stress response pathway (SGT1 activated hypersensitive response) that was found to be upregulated in the GR berry but downregulated in the NR berry. The study revealed a decrease in defence-related in V. vinifera genes during the NR stages, with a high degree of variability in functions, particularly in enriched pathways. This indicates that the plant is not actively defending itself against Botrytis cinerea, which is otherwise present on its surface with high biomass. This discrepancy underscores the notion that during the NR phase, the grapevine and the pathogenic fungi interact in a state of equilibrium. Conversely the initial stages of botrytis infection manifest as a virulent fungus-plant interaction, irrespective of whether the outcome is grey or noble rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In viticulture, choosing the most suitable rootstock for a specific scion cultivar is an efficient and cost-effective way to increase yield and enhance the physicochemical characteristics of the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of the 'BRS Tainá' grapevine on different rootstocks under the conditions of the Sub-Middle São Francisco Valley. The main experimental factor consisted of eight rootstocks (IAC 313, IAC 572, IAC 766, 101-14 MgT, Paulsen 1103, Ramsey, SO4, and Teleki 5C), arranged in randomized blocks with four replicates. The experiment was conducted over four production cycles, from 2021 to 2023, in a commercial crop area in Petrolina, PE, Brazil. There were significant effects of rootstocks for the yield and number of bunches per plant, as well as berry length and firmness. 'BRS Tainá' achieved the highest yield (22.2 kg per plant) when grafted onto the Paulsen 1103 rootstock, which was superior to the yield on 101-14 MgT, IAC 313, and IAC 572 rootstocks. The highest number of bunches (88) was obtained with 'BRS Tainá' grafted on Paulsen 1103, while the lowest number (63) was obtained on IAC 572; both these rootstocks were not significantly different from the other rootstocks. For all scion–rootstock combinations, the mean values for soluble solid (SS) content, titratable acidity (TA), and the SS/TA ratio were similar to those previously described for 'BRS Tainá', meeting the commercialization standard. The results for the yield and number of bunches per plant indicate the suitability of grafting 'BRS Tainá' on Paulsen 1103 under the semi-arid tropical conditions of the São Francisco Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-application of N and Fe can improve wine grape composition and promote the formation of flavor compounds. To understand the effects of foliar co-application of N and Fe on wine grape quality and flavonoid content, urea and EDTA-FE were sprayed at three different developmental stages. Urea and EDTA-Fe were sprayed during the early stage of the expansion period, at the end of the early stage of the expansion period to the late stage of the veraison period, and during the late stage of the veraison period. The results demonstrated that the co-application of urea and EDTA-Fe, particularly N application during the late stage of the veraison period and Fe application during the early stage of the berry expansion period (N3Fe1), significantly improved grape quality. Specifically, the soluble solid content of berries increased by 2.78–19.13%, titratable acidity decreased by 6.67–18.84%, the sugar-acid ratio became more balanced, and yield increased by 13.08–40.71%. Further, there was a significant increase in the relative content of amino acids and flavonoids. In conclusion, the application of Fe and N fertilizers at the pre-expansion and late veraison stages of grapes can significantly improve the quality and yield of berries; ultimately, this establishes a foundation for future improvement in the nutritional value of grapes and wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses significant challenges to the grapevine cultivation for wine production. In the last years, the occurrence of extreme weather events such as intense heat waves and prolonged period of drought increased sunburn damage with negative consequences to yield and berry composition. Short-term adaptation strategies are urgently needed to mitigate these effects. In this light, our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of zeolite application on the canopy and irrigation during ripening on sunburn damage, yield, and berry composition in cv. Sangiovese (Vitis vinifera L.). Over 3 years (2021-2023), canopy management and irrigation treatments were arranged in a strip-plot design. Canopy management treatments included leaf removal on the cluster zone, with and without zeolite application, and no defoliated control; irrigation treatments comprised irrigation from berry softening and no irrigation. Both zeolite application and irrigation reduced sunburn damage, thus mitigating yield loss. Regarding berry composition, zeolite application did not alter the main parameters whereas irrigation led to reductions in sugar and anthocyanin concentrations. These findings suggest that zeolite application and irrigation during ripening represent promising and cost-effective solutions for grape growers facing climate changeinduced challenges. However, further studies are necessary to optimize timing of irrigation to avoid detrimental effects on anthocyanin accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil is the basis of the existence of fruit tree and soil nutrients plays a crucial role in plant growth and berry quality. To investigate the characteristics and interrelationships between soil nutrients and berry quality in Cabernet Gernischet vineyards, this study focused on seven representative vineyards in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains. Fifteen soil physicochemical factors and 10 berry quality factors were measured, followed by variation analysis, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression (MLR), partial-least squares regression (PLSR), principal component analysis (PCA), and systematic cluster analysis. We identified the main soil nutrient indicators influencing berry quality and developed linear regression equations. Utilizing PCA, a comprehensive evaluation model for berry quality was constructed, which enabled the calculation and ranking of integrated berry quality scores. The results indicated that soil nutrients in the vineyards of the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains are relatively deficient and alkaline. The coefficient of variation for soil nutrient factors ranged from 3.19 to 118.08% and for berry quality factors 2.41-26.37%. Correlation analysis revealed varying degrees of correlation between soil nutrient indicators and fruit quality indicators. PCA extracted four principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 91.506%. Based on the scores of these components and their corresponding weights, a comprehensive model for evaluating the quality of Cabernet Gernischet berries was established. The vineyards were ranked from the highest to the lowest combined scores as Zhenbeibu (ZBB), Yuquanying (YQY), Dawukou (DWK), Beihaizi (BHZ), Shuxin (SX), Huangyangtan (HYT), and Hongde (HD). These findings provide insights into soil nutrient management and comprehensive quality assessment of vineyards in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains. In conclusion, this study offers a theoretical foundation for vineyard managers to enhance grape berries quality through soil nutrient management. This will aid in the diagnosis of vineyard soil nutrition and the efficient use of fertilizers, with critical practical and theoretical implications for the meticulous management of vineyards and the production of high-quality wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary. Sixty-five samples of grapevine from commercial vineyards in the Rasina district of Serbia were tested for the presence of grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV), using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Fourteen samples of the grapevine varieties ‘Red Globe’, ‘Victoria’ and ‘Preobraženje’ were infected with GPGV. All the infected plants showed symptoms of leaf chlorotic mottling, puckering, and deformation, stunting, and reduced yields. The coding regions of the movement and coat protein (MP/CP) and a region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) domains of eight virus isolates were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of these genom- ic regions showed high nucleotide similarity among the Serbian GPGV isolates. This study is the first to describe genetic diversity of GPGV isolates in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L) are a recommended fibrous food, advised to be consumed in quantities of 300g – 400g per capita per day. Grapes are popular due to their delicious, sweet, and fresh taste, and their high nutritional content, especially vitamins C and A. However, grapes are climacteric fruits that quickly deteriorate and contain tannins, which can impart an astringent, bitter, and cloudy taste if not processed into juice. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on grape juice processing to extend its shelf life and enhance the quality of the juice. The method used in this research is an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of 5 treatments with one factor. The treatment variations are: 250 ml grape juice with 0% egg white (albumin), 250 ml grape juice with 7.2% egg white (albumin), 250 ml grape juice with 14.4% egg white (albumin), 250 ml grape juice with 21.6% egg white (albumin), and 250 ml grape juice with 28.8% egg white (albumin). An organoleptic test on the grape juice was conducted using a preference or hedonic test on each variable: color, aroma, taste, and viscosity. The results of these 5 treatments were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if there were significant differences between treatments, they were further tested with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results of adding egg white to grape juice processed into grape juice were analyzed with the following average values: color with an average value ranging from 2.20 (A) to 3.40 (E), aroma with an average value ranging from 2.07 (A) to 3.60 (B), taste with an average value ranging from 2.20 (A) to 4.20 (C), and viscosity with an average value ranging from 1.93 (A) to 4.33 (C). This research shows that the best formulation for making grape juice (Vitis vinifera L) with the addition of 36 ml or 14.4% egg white (albumin), 250 grams of grapes, 500 grams of granulated sugar, and 2500 ml of distilled water has the highest score of 15.19 compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can perform significant functions within sustainable agricultural ecosystems, including vineyards. Increased AMF diversity can be beneficial in promoting plant growth and increasing resilience to environmental changes. To effectively utilize AMF communities and their benefits in vineyard ecosystems, a better understanding of how management systems influence AMF community composition is needed. Moreover, it is unknown whether AMF communities in organically managed vineyards are distinct from those in conventionally managed vineyards. Methods and Results In this study, vineyards were surveyed across the Marlborough region, New Zealand to identify the AMF communities colonizing the roots of different rootstocks grafted with Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir in both conventional and organic systems. The AMF communities were identified based on spores isolated from trap cultures established with the collected grapevine roots, and by next-generation sequencing technologies (Illumina MiSeq). The identified AMF species/genera belonged to Glomeraceae, Entrophosporaceae, and Diversisporaceae. The results revealed a significant difference in AMF community composition between rootstocks and in their interaction with management systems. Conclusions These outcomes indicated that vineyard management systems influence AMF recruitment by rootstocks and some rootstocks may therefore be more suited to organic systems due to the AMF communities they support. This could provide an increased benefit to organic systems by supporting higher biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the significant fruit trees cultivated in Iraq. During 2018-2019, severe leaf spot symptoms were observed commonly on grapevine in Al-Hussainiya district, Karbala province, Iraq. In order to identify the etiology of this disease, symptomatic leaf samples were collected randomly. The associated fungus was isolated, purified and identified as Alternaria alternata according to its morphological characteristics and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The pathogenicity assay using Koch's postulates approved that the isolated A. alternata was pathogenic on grapevine leaves. The current study represents the first record of A. alternata causing leaf spots on grapevine in Karbala province, Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]