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In recent years, micro-direct methanol fuel cells (μDMFC) with high energy density, environmental protection features, rapid start-up, mild operating conditions, and convenient fuel storage have become a research hotspot. Some difficulties must be overcome in order to realize the application of the μDMFC as one of the newest types of portable energy. Currently, water management is one of the main problems researched in the field of μDMFC. Therefore, we propose a new cathode water-feedback structure to alleviate the hazards of water flooding. We designed a new catholic support layer with stainless-steel fiber felt as the base material and carried out hydrophobic treatment on the exterior of the cathode. The influence of this composite material on the cathodic water management system is investigated, and the design scheme of this new structure is verified. Effective water management is verified by comparing photographs of the water flooding phenomenon on the cathode side. By analyzing the polarization curves and discharging curves, we demonstrate the contribution of the novel hydrophobic structure to the performance of the μDMFC.

Water in architecture of India played an important role in the culture. Indians developed the traditional hydro engineering to conserve Rain water, Ground water, river, and other natural resources. It could be seen since earliest times. Stepwells were first used as an art form by the Hindus and they influenced many other structures, Mughal Gardens are the examples of the incorporation of water in the design of Architecture. The designs of the gardens are of the medieval Islamic Period. Kaliadeh Mehel near Bheravgarh Fort at the bank of River Kshripa. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) is well known and one of the most famous historical landmarks of Madhya Pradesh, it is the fusion of Hindu – Persian architecture. The palace has the exclusive designed water system.

Michigan's current water management system is highly decentralized and based more on jurisdictional than watershed boundaries. There is both environmental and economic justification to examine alternate water resource management approaches given the current system's potential for inefficiency and redundancy. Our research addresses a central question: How might an integrated watershed governance system be applied in Michigan, where jurisdictional authority and political will are fragmented both horizontally across agencies and vertically across scales? We identify the key challenges facing Michigan's current approach to managing water resources and then describe two alternatives, referred to as Integrated Watershed Commissions (IWCs), which would coordinate water resource management and decision making on a watershed basis. The first alternative represents a relatively radical departure from the state's current structure, an “unconstrained” vision for comprehensive watershed management, which is not bound by the state's present political and management limitations. The second alternative, a more conservative or “constrained” vision for watershed coordination, operates primarily within Michigan's existing governance structures, and therefore includes mostly incremental change. For each alternative, we propose watershed boundaries and management structures, and discuss possible benefits and caveats. We also identify plausible next steps that can be taken in the near future, short of IWC implementation, that may catalyze water management reform and enhance coordination and collaboration in managing water resources in Michigan.

Early School Leaving (ESL) has a negative impact in the European educational systems. Despite the fact that ESL is a result of a long process of school failures, it seems that part of it has to do with specific educational practices. Furthermore, the latest studies show that the adoption of the educational Robotics (ER) could help regain the student's interest in school. In this article, the authors present a teaching approach using Educational Robotics. Within the RoboESL Erasmus project, that aims to encourage the weaker students to maintain a positive attitude towards school and at the same time promote creative thinking, teamwork and problem solving. The activity examines the optimization problem of the irrigation process by designing and implementing a fully automated system based on the Arduino Uno platform. Students are motivated to take responsibility for their own learning and understand how knowledge itself is constructed, while trying to find solutions to technical issues related to the irrigation problem. They are encouraged to try different approaches to learning and to take responsibility for their own educational progress.

Distributed energy generation is a challenge in urban areas. Conventional solar systems cannot be installed in cities (rooftop space is limited) and there is need for innovative, dual-purpose designs like BIPV, car-ports and solar walkways. Smart cities of the future would rely heavily on this philosophy. One such system design is presented in this paper that incorporates several novel concepts - solar panels on an elevated structure that generates electricity and provides shelter to pedestrians from the environment, takes care of module cleaning by an automated water management system and harvests rain water. The use of micro-inverters increases energy generation from the system and also reduces issues with shading and pedestrian safety. A pilot of the proposed design is being commissioned at a favourable location in India and analysis of the data obtained will form the basis of future development of solar system design for constrained urban spaces.

This study analyses the water management system in Southern California through the lens of complexity theory as it responds to system stressors and shock caused by severe and sustained draught. The study is grounded on the thesis that self-organization in the complex space of the water governance system creates the capacity to absorb spatial shock, and through this absorption process the space experiences resiliency. This paper identifies the attributes of spatial complexity of the Southern California metropolitan water management system, and analyses a spatial shock case that ignited stakeholder action that nurtured, promoted and furthered resiliency within the system.

This article was studied and designed to merge the IoT (Internet of Thing) technology in an agricultural technology. The IoT technology will use the sensor and transducer technology to measure and record agricultural parameters for monitoring and controlling many orchards automatically and simultaneously. All measured data (such as ambient temperature, pressure of water supply system, water level in a clarifier, water quality for watering, and etc.) will be send via 3G into the internet network and shown on user smart phone. Therefore, any users will be able to monitor their farm status from anywhere all the time. The experimental result verifies that this proposed water management system can actually work following controller’s conditions and all data can be sent via the internet network in real time.

International audience; The Greater Angkor region, in northwestern Cambodia, was home to several successive capitals of the Khmer Empire (9th to 15th centuries CE). During this time, the Khmer developed an extensive agricultural and water management system characterized by top-down state-sponsored hydraulic infrastructure. Archaeological evidence now shows that the well-documented state temples and water management features formed the core of an extended settlement complex consisting of many thousands of ponds, habitation mounds, and community temples. These community temples are difficult to date, and so far, the lack of chronological resolution in surface archaeological data has been the most significant challenge to understanding the trajectory of Angkor's growth and decline. In this paper, we combine heterogeneous archaeological datasets and create diachronic models of the landscape as it was developed for agricultural production. We trace the foundation of new temple communities as they emerge on the landscape in relation to the construction of extensive state-sponsored hydraulic infrastructure. Together, these two forms of water management transformed over 1000 km 2 of the Greater Angkor Region into an elaborate engineered landscape. Our results indicate that, over time, autonomous temple communities are replaced by large, state-sponsored agricultural units in an attempt by the state to centralize production.

The current state of surface water quality is stable, but it is characterized by a number of problems that collectively call into question the effectiveness of the current water management system in the country. Over a long period of time, the volume of pollutants entering the uncontrolled, mainly diffuse, runoff to water bodies determines the unsatisfactory quality of natural waters and the poor environmental condition of water bodies. This is a consequence of the imperfection of the current water management system.

Traditional agriculture-based orchards often encounter quality problems that do not meet the market demand. Technology development is required for increasing the quality of the production and reducing the production costs. The objective of this research is to develop an automated water management system to improve production in orchards and implementing them in the field. The proposed water management system contains the equipment for water supply systems, automatic measurement, and control systems. The system was developed first inside a demonstration fruit garden. Afterward, a set of water management systems was installed in the mangosteen and durian gardens of farmers, and the system was controlled via mobile phones. The results are promising and showed that the proposed system might be useful for reducing production costs by reducing labor, water, and electricity costs. Moreover, the farmers were able to produce a higher amount of quality products in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province.

Water has always been considered as a physically scarce resource, particularly in North Africa, Central Asia, West Asia, among others. On the other hand, the current water management system is facing substantial difficulties due to the depletion of resources, the complexity of regulation, as well as the increasing demand of water in society. This article attempts to show the possibility of using blockchain technologies in managing scarce resources, such as water, to address environmental sustainability. Those applications could consolidate the seamless integration of the existing water management system through keen agreements which dwell on the blockchain and take into account automated work processes. It is expected that the implementation of blockchain technology will ensure trust, transparency, and accountability among individuals and other economic actors.

Several factors such as user's behavior and user's use of water causes waste of water. Moreover, lack of information or monitoring of a water pipeline system hinders knowledge on the current state of the system. With this, proper management of water would lessen such problem. This paper focuses on the development of a water management system which transmits water pipeline data such as volumetric flow rate and pressure through a wireless sensor network. Three (3) modules comprise the system, namely sensor nodes, base station, and mobile application. Each module communicates in coordination with the other modules to enable the system's monitoring and management capabilities. The system is managed through a mobile application which provides the user about the information on a faucet's activities, water consumption, pressure and leak monitoring.

Conservation of water has become an essential in the current world due to the swelling stress on the world's total consumable water, which has been affected by the inexorable rise in the usage and other multiple factors. This study focuses on micro factors that occur in household water usage, which leads up to a significant impact collectively. Waste of water is primarily due to the careless usage, leakages, and the overflow of the overhead tanks in households. “Smart Water Buddy” is a system that monitors water usage with IoT devices and uses machine learning to identify water leaks and abnormal usages, which helps to optimize the usage.

The following research proposes the development of a semiautomatic water management system for small farmers based on low cost sensors integrated in an automatic decision rule system to activate a water pump for irrigation. This proposal will allow small farmers to access more efficient technologies regarding water management of their farms, generating sustainable economic benefits for the producer. In addition, this proposal will improve the level of technological literacy of the farmer, reducing the gap in the adoption of new technologies. The results indicate that it is possible to develop a system that integrates low cost sensors for irrigation management given that they showed a high correlation with traditional ones (Decagon EC-5), therefore, they would allow to efficiently manage intrapredial irrigation of small farmers.

In order to mitigate the effects caused by harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens contained in ships’ ballast water, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments established the obligation to implement on board a ballast water management system as well as operational limits of depth and distance while sailing off the coast. This piece of work analyses, having as a reference the Strait of Gibraltar, the main provisions of this Convention applicable to the discharge of ballast water, as well as the general practice established in the Regional Agreement for the management of ballast water in the Mediterranean Sea. This paper also analyses the methodology that Spain should follow in case that the country pondered the possibility of designating a maritime zone for the transfer of ballast water in this geographical area.

The prehispanic site of Tiwanaku, located in northeastern Bolivia, was the focus of many studies during the past few decades. However, much of the site remains unexplored, leaving many questions unanswered about the location of dense archaeological deposits, the nature of urban organization, and water management strategies—specifically those located in the eastern sector of the Akapana Pyramid. Orthophoto mosaics and Digital Elevation Models derived from drone imagery helped identify archaeological features and anthropogenic mounds. New magnetic survey produced with a cesium gradiometer was merged with previous surveys (fluxgate and cesium gradiometer). The integration of maps and plans from six areas of a previous archaeological investigation within a common Geographical Information System helped relate geophysical anomalies to archaeological features. Our results demonstrate a high level of urban organization associating monumental buildings to open ritual spaces and to densely populated areas during Tiwanaku IV (500–800 CE) and V (800–1100 CE). The complexity of the urban organization is also demonstrated by landscape modifications such as a complex water management system and at least three terraces that augmented the monumentality of the Akapana Pyramid This interdisciplinary approach, innovative in Bolivia, provides new insight into one of the most significant archaeological sites in the Andes.

The intention of this project is to develop a smart irrigation and water management system for conventional farming. The project is conducted mainly to improve the irrigation scheduling and also to solve the over watering and under watering issues in traditional irrigation system. These problems can be solved by implementing soil moisture sensor as a smart component in the irrigation system. Smart irrigation system with the implementation of sensory-based system will be able to provide a proper irrigation scheduling, by monitoring the soil and weather condition of the farm. In this project, the sensory system consists of soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor and light intensity sensor, which basically used to monitor soil moisture level, temperature level, and light intensity level at the separate test area. Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller will process the data from these sensors and a proper irrigation scheduling will be developed based on the data collected. Type of irrigation system that been used in this project is a sprinkler system because it has high uniformity of water distribution to the plant, which able to spread water efficiency and further optimize the water usage during irrigation process. Ultrasonic sensor is also implemented in the system to measure the amount of water used in each irrigation process performed. An offline data storage will be implemented in this project using a micro SD card module, which all the essential information such as sensory system readings and the amount of water used will be recorded and stored into a micro SD card. Thus, it allows user to monitor their farm’s condition, and also gives a better view on what is really happening at their farm.

Knowledge plays an essential key role in the policymaking process for interpreting the available information, defining policy issues at stake and evaluating possible solutions – especially in complex policy issues like water management. However, for city-regions, knowledge is often a scarce resource due to the small size of the policy community, context-specific issues, limited availability of resources and experts, as well as the challenge of addressing complex issues that are often supra-local. This paper explores which patterns of local knowledge promote policy change and learning. Starting from the ‘policy paradigm’ concept, a cognitive–evolutionary approach is applied to analyse Brussels’ water management policy, which aims to address the major challenge of flooding. The variety of knowledge by local actors, the role of the policy paradigm of the local policymaking community in vetting information and evaluating alternative solutions, and the importance of local governments for retaining knowledge, are the main dimensions to understanding policy change and learning. City-regions benefit from direct contacts between actors facilitating exchange of knowledge, while supra-local decisions (e.g. EU directives) and local accidents can also trigger major changes. Based on my findings, policymakers tend to rely on technocratic patterns using already available knowledge, mainly whether decentralisation reshapes the policymaking community. While a technocratic pattern determines only minor changes and institutional instability undermines policy learning, policy entrepreneurs and participative patterns can promote major changes and learning if they are able to engage in dialogue with the dominant policy paradigm.

This paper describes a research finding on the dynamics of water management in decentralization era using a case study in Tajuk Village, Semarang Regency. The case study shows the change of water management system in the village. Water-based conflict was often happened due to inequity of water distribution to the community. Water management changes when Pamsimas (Program Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat) program enters the village, a program established by central government in cooperation with local government as an implementation of decentralization. In the beginning, the program invites pro and con among villagers. The pro side argues that the program can solve community’s problem on the inequity of water distribution, while the conside argues that the public should not pay to water which is their own asset. Finally, the program was implemented when all community members were convinced that they themselves who will manage and decide the price of water in the village.Kata kunci: pengelolaan sumber daya air, konflik, desentralisasi, Pamsimas

Beginning in 2002, Kenyan water governance transitioned from a monocentric, top-down system to one exhibiting traits of polycentricity. In this paper, we investigate the changes made to water policy following the 2002 reform, outcomes produced in a collection of community- and catchment-level user groups in the Mount Kenya region, and the conformance of these changes and outcomes with principles of polycentricity. A new framework is used to capture the complex institutional arrangements and interactions existing before and after the polycentric transformation. Unlike many previous polycentricity studies, the present research focuses primarily on the outcomes of the polycentric shift and determines if these correspond to predictions from polycentricity theory. We utilize survey data collected in 2013 from water managers, as well as archival research to interrogate congruence with principles of polycentricity. This study contributes to the broader discussion on polycentricity in two fundamental ways: (i) It documents the functioning of a water management system following a top-down imposed polycentric reform, and (ii) It empirically inspects whether these polycentric reforms have produced benefits predicted by polycentricity theorists, such as experimentation by local water users, increased collective action, and improved coordination between levels of management.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield performance of irrigated lowland rice variety “PSB Rc18” grown at different spacing applied with varying levels of organic fertilizer under unflooded water management system, and to evaluate the profitability of growing lowland rice using wide spacing adopting the System Rice Intensification (SRI) and organic fertilizer under unflooded water management system during the vegetative growth period. Lowland rice can be productively grown under unflooded water management system during the vegetative stage using organic fertilizer at the rate of 15 t ha-1 at 40 cm x 40 cm planting distance. Application of 15 t ha-1 organic fertilizer enhanced heading and maturity and produced more productive tillers than the control. However, application of organic fertilizer applied at 15 t ha-1 resulted in lower net income ( Php 11,932.00) compared to 7.5 t ha-1 (Php 14,457.00) because of higher input cost. In this option, if the raw materials of producing organic fertilizers are available, and the farmers need not buy any of those, application at 15 t ha-1 is more profitable because of higher yield of 3.92 t ha-1 than at 7.5 t ha-1 with only 3.05 t ha-1.

The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted by IMO (International Maritime Organization) on 13 February 2004. Fifty-seven ballast water management systems were granted basic approval of active substance by IMO, among which thirty-seven systems were granted final approval. This paper studies the maximum allowable dosage of active substances produced by ballast water management system using electrolysis which is an approved management system by IMO. The allowable dosage of active substances by electrolysis system is proposed by TRO (Total Residual Oxidant). Maximum allowable dosage of TRO is a very important factor in the ballast water management system when using the electrolysis methods, because ballast water management system is controlled with the TRO value, and the IMO approvals are given on the basis of the maximum allowable dosage of TRO for the treatment and discharge of ballast water. However, between various management systems approved TRO concentration of maximum allowable dosage showed large differences, ranging from 1 to 15 ppm, depending on the management systems. The discrepancies of maximum allowable dosage among the management systems may depend on whether a filter is used or not, the difference in the specifications of the electrolysis module, the kind of the tested organisms, the number of individual organisms, and the difference in the water quality, etc. Ship owners are responsible for satisfying the performance standard of the IMO convention in the ports of each country therefore need to carefully review whether the ballast water management system can satisfy the performance standard of the IMO convention or not.

Ballast water in ship operation is essential for a safe voyage. However ballast water can contain unwanted organisms that are the cause of disturbing the ecosystem by the transfer of potential invasive species. To prevent the destruction of the environment, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship`s Ballast Water and Sediments(BWM Convention) was adopted in 2004. BWMS (Ballast Water Management System) has been developed to prevent the transportation of organisms to another region in order to fulfill the requirements IMO (International Maritime Organization) regulations. Nowadays there are about 50 approved Ballast Water Management Systems of various types globally. The most common BWMS types are UV (Ultra Violet), Electrolysis and Ozone. Among these types there are many difficulties in determining the optimum type of BWMS which can be suitable for the user and designer`s requirements. The main objective of this research is to select the best BWMS type by using AHP. To apply AHP, the most important criteria for the BWMS development are derived by users and designers. From our results, we can give a guide BWMS type to the developers of BWMS.

This work aims to develop integrated water resources management (IWRM) and conduct an IWRM implementation assessment based on the study area's indicators. In this way, we have adopted a participatory approach for IWRM indicators development. As for assessing implementation at the local level, a survey was conducted among water sector actors in the study area to collect opinions regarding their management mode. In terms of results, four categories of indicators were developed in consultation with participating stakeholders, and an assessment of IWRM implementation was carried out. This assessment shows that the current management system is generally medium and that there is a difference between stakeholders regarding their capacity to IWRM implement. Some needs were identified for the majority of stakeholders to meet the requirements of integrated water management fully. The final target is to apply the IWRM in Meknes city as a case study that will eventually allow us to evaluate the water management system developed based on these indicators.

Intelligent water platform is based on cloud computing and big data to build a comprehensive water management system. The system can analyze and process massive water information in a timely manner through cloud management, and make corresponding processing results to assist decision-making suggestions, so as to manage the whole production, management and service process of water system in a precise and dynamic way, so as to reach the intelligent state.

The article gives the reason for the formation of Lake Aydarkul, according to which Lake Aydarkul began to form, starting from the catastrophically high year of 1969 - as a result of the discharge of 21 cubic kilometers of Syrdarya waters from the Shardara reservoir. The area of the lake system reached 2000 km2, salinity of water – 2 – 4 g/l. In the next decade, there was a drop in the water level in the lakes and deterioration in its quality. By 1978, the depth decreased from 25 to 20 meters, and salinity increased to 7-8 g/l. An analysis of the available materials devoted to this problem showed that the water surface of Aydar and Tuzkan lakes extends from west to east for more than 180 kilometers, and the adjacent chain of Arnasay lakes stretches from north to south for more than 70 kilometers. The reason for the salinity of Aydarkul was indicated - before the commissioning of the Shardara reservoir, salt lakes were located on the site of the lakes, and only in the Tuzkan Basin fed by the Kly River was a shallow salt lake. The problem can be solved by transporting an additional volume of water to the lower reaches of the Amudarya, which will improve the ecological situation in the Aral Sea region, provide, over time, the formation of fresh lakes and create a water management system Syrdarya - Aydarkul - Zarafshan - dead lakes - Amudarya. This system can serve the broad development of fisheries, and also contribute to the opening of new agricultural areas of the republic, while creating several hundred new jobs. A method is recommended for solving an important national economic task of the industry. It is proposed that for the formation of the water system Syrdarya – Aydarkul - Zarafshan - “dead lakes” – Amudarya – Priaralye, it is necessary to design and build the main canal with several sections of a length of about 250 km, each of which communicates with the lake of the above system, will provide gravity communication of three large rivers of the Aral Sea basin. It is proposed to design the main canal with improved lining, which will provide high efficiency, which, in turn, will reduce the filtration coefficient and contribute to an increase in water intake for the needs of the national economy, expansion of irrigated areas and the development of fisheries in the region, and improvement of the ecological situation in the Aral Sea region.

An efficient water management system placed a great emphasize in the water distribution network efficiency. Water pipeline leakages is one of the prominent issues in water distribution network that has caught the interest to most researchers. A lot of research and studies have been conducted in the past few decades in addressing this issue with the objectives of detecting and localizing the leakages accurately and efficiently. Detecting the pipeline leakages is the first step and for a complete solution the detection must follow with the leakage localization. This paper reviewed some of the localization techniques that has been proposed, explored and studied. Each technique is reviewed and discussed, where challenges are highlighted. A localization technique using vibration sensor is also proposed.

A serious drop in ensuring the water quality in the distribution system is a factor that affects public health. This could lead to increase in biological and non-biological contents, change in colour and odour of the water. These contaminants cause a serious threat to the whole water ecosystem. The conventional methods of analyzing the water quality require much time and labour. So there is a need to monitor and protect the water with a real-time water quality monitoring system in order to make active measurements to reduce contamination. The growth of the technology had helped in developing efficient methods to solve many serious issues in real time. Internet of things (IoT) has achieved a great focus due to its faster processing and intelligence. This paper focuses on discussing the architecture, applications and need of IoT in water management system.

In the era of IoT, automation is one of the essential attribute. This increases comfort and convenience in the lives of people. We would like to provide this in the domain of water management. Our motive is to help the readers understand the importance of using water judiciously and equipping them with the knowledge of the functioning of water management system which is done by using Internet of Things (IoT). We also discuss about how this project is the future of sustainable management of water in residences.

Subak is a Balinese social organization that regulates irrigation systems in traditional ways. Monitoring of river flow using remote sensing technology has been expected to determine new irrigation channels. In this study, we conducted water body extraction using remote sensing technology based on water indices at Yeh Unda river, Bali. Landsat 8 OLI satellite images were used as the main dataset. We used Enhanced Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (EMNDWI) based on Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) that has been introduced as the conventional method to extract water bodies. Experimental results from the proposed method was compared to the results of MNDWI method. The proposed method was able to detect narrow river with brown water color, although there is a bit of missed detection caused by distraction on surrounding areas like trees, bushes and shadow. The results of the extraction at the selected area show that EMNDWI is a viable method for segmentation of river with brown water colors and narrow bodies. The results of water body extraction may be used by Subak officers to build a new water management system traversed by the Yeh Unda river and to analyze overflowing in the river.

The physical characteristics and geographical isolation of mountain ecosystems in Himachal Pradesh has contributed towards a practice of cooperation and development of traditional knowledge among local communities. Over the centuries these traditional knowledge has been used to manage resource scarcities and adapt to vulnerabilities by the local population for over many generations. This paper describes one of such traditional ‘Farmers Managed Irrigation System' (FMIS) practice, Kuhl, it's an open channel irrigation system to capture and transfer fresh snowmelt water from the glaciers to the agricultural fields in the valley. The characteristic of the local water management institution (structure, participation, process and governance) has been studied to understand their performance and success in managing water rights over the centuries. Lastly, the paper discusses the relevance of traditional water management against the backdrop of climate change, present status and issues related to the continuance of the Kuhl system and recommendations thereof.

我国现有的多部门分工负责的治水体制，有历史局限性，也有客观必然性，在一定程度上调动了各利益相关方案参与治水行为。但目前山水林田湖管理分割，导致水治理体制过分破碎化；职责交叉过多且权责不统一，制度衔接不够，尤其缺乏高效协商机制；统筹不够，没有形成合力，这是水治理体制改革需要着力解决的核心问题。本文对我国水治理体制历史沿革、存在的问题进行了分析研究，提出了7项改革思路。 The existing water management system of division of labour with individual responsibility that many departments are in charge of in our country, has historical limitations and also the objective necessity, which to a certain extent mobilizes various stakeholders schemes involved in water conservancy. But now the division management of mountains, waters, forests, fields, and lakes, results in excessive fragmentation of water management system; many overlapping responsibilities as well as rights and liabilities not unified, not enough cohesion, especially the lack of efficient coordination mechanism; not enough plan as a whole, leading to no join forces, which is the core problem of water management system reform. In this paper, the history of water management system and the existing problems are analyzed; meanwhile seven reform trains of thought are put forward.

During most of the rainy season in 2014, the Southeast of Brazil – including the Cantareira reservoir system – received below-normal rainfall. The main cause leading to that heavy lack of rain was an intense, persistent and anomalous highpressure system blocking moisture flow from the Amazon and the development and passage of cold front systems and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, which are responsible for rainfall in this region during summer. This blocking system lasted for 45 days, which is extremely rare. Low rainfall amounts coupled with an increased demand for water and an inefficient water management system led to the so-called “water crisis” during 2014, which extended into 2015