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This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on women's labor force participation in 14 Arab countries from 1991 to 2021. Theoretically, FDI supports gender equality by creating more jobs for women, providing them with better working conditions, and increasing their wages relative to those provided by local firms. It also does this via increasing the demand for labor and technological spillovers. Unlike previous studies, we utilize likelihood-based panel cointegration and multivariate analysis to examine cointegration between the variables, considering cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that FDI inflows boost women's participation in the labor force in nearly half of the sample countries. Policywise, the findings imply that FDI inflows can assist central governments in achieving better gender development and equality through either higher female labor demand or sustainable labor practices and gender-equal norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2023 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel to Claudia Goldin "for having advanced our understanding of women's labour market outcomes". This paper surveys Goldin's contributions, analysing women's labour force participation from the late 1700s through to the present. To document women's participation in the workforce, Goldin uncovered rich data from varied sources, from government reports and city directories to health surveys and university registration cards. She combined these data with economic theory to identify the factors affecting women's employment and to explore how we might achieve gender equity today. Her work has had an immense influence on how we understand the labour market, household decision‐making, and gender inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asia Minor Studies is the property of Asia Minor Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With globalisation and international trade, remittances and migration significantly influence economic activities, yet their impact on tourism income and gender-specific employment remains under-researched. This study uses autoregressive distributed lags and Granger causality to examine the effects of remittances and migration on tourism income and employment in South Africa. Three models are established as follows: for aggregate employment, male employment, and female employment, each with equations for tourism income and employment. Key findings from this study indicate that remittances significantly drive tourism income in both the short and long run across all models. Conversely, employment negatively impacts tourism income, hinting at sectoral trade-offs. Migration positively affects tourism income in the short run for male and aggregate models but is insignificant for female employment. Remittances boost male employment in both the short and long run, whereas their impact on female employment is significant only in the long run. Causality analysis shows a bidirectional relationship among employment indicators, with unidirectional causality from remittances to migration and from migration to income. This study recommends policies to support remittance inflows and their productive use in tourism, along with targeted interventions to reduce gender disparities in employment and promote equitable economic opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Abant Social Sciences / Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Journal of Abant Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effort to close the gender gaps in employment is one of the priorities worldwide to help address the disparity that exists between men and women in terms of rights and opportunities and to grow the economy in a sustainable way. Several academics and international organizations are interested in understanding its evolution, as well as the reasons and consequences of its existence. In this sense, the crisis alters the labor markets, affecting male and female employment ratios to varying degrees. To determine the foundations and consequences of the COVID‐19 in the labor sphere: we first discuss the most relevant international analysis of employment in pre‐and post‐COVID‐19 times. Second, we synthesize the state of the art of the most relevant literature on gender gap in employment and its drivers, especially those related to the impact of the coronavirus. To achieve this, we revised 731 papers since 1989 until January 2024. The reports of different organizations, as well as scientific studies indicate that the coronavirus has represented a setback for female empowerment. This is evident in higher rates of destroyed employment due to the pandemic impact on more feminized sectors, and women have assumed greater responsibilities at home compared to males. With a sample of 394 articles published between 2020 and January 2024, we employed a bibliometric approach to understand the evolution of scientific research on the subject. Our results provide a theoretical and conceptual framework that facilitates academic progress in understanding gender inequality, as well as practical guidance in identifying gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the lives and labour dynamics of domestic workers in Delhi, focusing on their work in planned colonies and residence in jhuggi jhopri (JJ) clusters, or squatter settlements. Through narratives and in-depth interviews, it explores the complex interplay between these women's employment and the broader urban landscape. The study investigates the intergenerational journey of domestic workers, tracing their migration from rural areas to urban centres in search of better opportunities. Further, it unpacks the realities of exclusion faced by domestic workers, residing in JJ clusters, which often lack legally secured tenure rights and access to basic amenities. The article examines the systematic flow of labour from JJ clusters to nearby planned colonies, where domestic workers play a crucial role in the functioning of households. Despite contributing significantly to the urban workforce, domestic workers remain in the shadows of planned development, enduring informality and inadequate legal protections. Through an interdisciplinary approach, this research highlights the socio-spatial dynamics that confine domestic workers to their settlements and restrict their mobility options. By understanding the intricate relationships between gendered work and urbanisation, this study aims to contribute to the creation of more inclusive and equitable urban spaces, shelter and employment in Delhi and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to show how critical moments in recent world history – the Covid-19 pandemic, the fourth industrial revolution, and migration crises – have affected employment in social enterprises and, more broadly, in the third sector. Design/methodology/approach: Analyses of international reports of global agencies, analysis of international studies on labour markets, analyses of situation of social enterprises from Poland in the perspective of historical institutionalism. Findings: Precariousness in the labour market will be one of the most critical challenges of modern times. Informal jobs will grow at the same rate as formal employment as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Although recent estimates suggest a return to informal employment for both women and men, the most severe effects of the pandemic will play out along pre-existing lines of inequality and marginality, causing the most severe consequences for those who were already most vulnerable to them. Social implications: In the biggest risk of job insecurity are the social groups of less developed economies, where the economic downturn resulting from the pandemic is forcing a shift in corporate strategies toward cost-cutting and the search for labor savings. The global challenges of today's world mean that further research on the impact of exogenous shocks on job insecurity should be conducted. Originality/value: Analysis of modern exogenous shocks in perspective of historical institutionalism (important for scientific theory with applied aspects for social and economic practice). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 lockdown measures exacerbated the struggles of societies with existing inequalities. Given that women are generally the most vulnerable in times of pandemics and associated economic downturns, the study seeks to understand the struggles that female farmers experienced during the COVID-19 crisis and their survival responses and livelihood enhancement. To do this, we organized six women’s focus group discussions and interviewed 145 women farmers in communities within Builsa South and Ada (in Ghana) where farming is one of the major occupations for women. The findings reveal that the pandemic severely disrupted women’s access to farm inputs, markets, and farming activities amidst the absence of COVID-19 relief funds. Consequently, female farmers had to adopt multiple alternative livelihood strategies to meet their basic needs. But, the nature of the adaptation strategy adopted depended on the intersections of gender, household characteristics and remittance flows. Female farmers from migrant households with larger household sizes temporarily migrated as an alternative livelihood strategy compared to those from non-migrant households and with smaller family sizes. This distributional consequence of COVID-19 is important for government agencies to carefully consider when forming future response policies to pandemics in general and the rural agricultural sector specifically since it has implications for food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an in-depth examination of gender differences in informal employment and its time evolution in Brazil, uses an LSTM model to quantitatively predict gender differences in informal employment and its evolution in Brazil, and explores the deeper reasons that lead to gender differences in informal employment based on labor market segmentation theory and gender role theory. The predictive analysis shows that Brazilian male and female informal employment will show a slight downward trend from the fourth quarter of 2023 to the third quarter of 2026, and that male informal employment is generally higher than that of females throughout the time series. In addition, market segmentation theory reveals that the structural segmentation of the informal employment market as a peripheral component of lower wages and social security affects the sexes differently, while gender role theory further expands on socio-cultural expectations of men's and women's behaviors and occupational choices, highlighting the reinforcement of gender differences by these structural barriers. Ultimately, the study makes policy recommendations to promote gender equality and improve the conditions of informal employment in support of the sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on interviews and focus groups from Conakry, the capital city of the Republic of Guinea in West Africa, this article examines how people talk about women working in male-dominated skilled trades alongside women's accounts of their work experiences in those sectors. We find that the idea of women doing gender atypical work, whom we call "crossovers," evokes widespread admiration. They are unanimously described as brave and virtuous, contrasted with women who rely on money from relationships with men. However, this celebration falters in the workplace, where crossovers often experience paternalism and harassment. Building on theories of both gender beliefs and femininities, we attribute this discrepancy to the differential threats to the gender order that are posed by accommodating crossovers at work versus speaking positively about them. Working together requires men to confront actual women's unexpected capabilities, while rhetorically celebrating crossovers may in fact reify stereotypes about most women and fail to fundamentally undermine men's authority. Crossovers can serve as sources of inspiration for an alternative gender order, but we find that professed admiration for "exceptional" groups of women has both limitations and risks. We conclude by suggesting that the subversive potential of admiration for gender atypical behavior must be empirically examined, rather than assumed, with attention to why such women are seen as admirable as well as how this admiration is borne out in social interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the lines between leisure and work have become increasingly indistinct, gaming has evolved from a purely recreational pastime to a productive endeavor, leading to a shift from players as consumers to players as laborers. Inspired by "women's work" studies and audience commodity theory, this research takes League of Legends (LoL) as a case to analyze how player interactions, as labor, create value within free-to-play (F2P) massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs). This article employs a combination of political economic, and critical analysis to demonstrate how free-to-play games monetize player interactions within them. It also proposes a pattern for understanding the exploitation of players' labor in three phases: the labor process, remuneration settlement, and consumption. Thus, this study contributes to the digital labor debate by combining the notions of "women's work" and digital labor and extending audience commodity theory into the domain of video games. It also enriches the scholarly conversation on the monetization strategies of video games and free-to-play commodities, emphasizing the unrecognized labor inherent in player interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, involuntary part-time (IPT) employment has become a more and more pressing issue in Europe, especially in the southern countries, where IPT today constitutes most part-time employment. Using INAPP-PLUS data and different discrete choice model estimations, this paper aims to shed light on the factors that explain the IPT growth in Italy, focusing on what influences the IPT status at the individual, household and labour market levels. The main hypothesis is that what influences the IPT work derive from a combination of workers' individual, household, and job characteristics which may engender limited power during the bargaining process. The empirical results, based on gender-specific models, highlight that characteristics associated with the IPT status significantly changed over time, reporting a convergent path between the gender profiles of IPT employment. However, IPT employment for women still appears to be mainly originated from the gendered division of domestic and care tasks, while this phenomenon seems to be mainly driven by the labour demand side for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of mainly being in different labour force statuses on women's happiness levels in Türkiye. Other predictors include educational level, household income and what makes one the happiest. Ordered logistic regression models are used by implementing a pseudo‐panel approach. Findings demonstrate that unemployed women are less likely to be happier relative to women in paid work. There is a statistically significant higher likelihood for housewives to report being happier compared to employed women throughout the years for the same cohort, which could be associated with the (socially structured) fulfilment brought about by the conformity to traditional gender roles in a context where these norms are widely adopted, and concurrently the circumstances diminishing working women's happiness at home and in the job market. The probability to report being very happy is the highest for highly educated housewives who have a high level of household income, yet it decreases over time for the cohort observed. Findings refer to the importance of enhancing the well‐being of women in paid work via supporting equal domestic division of labour patterns and improving their conditions in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Occupation is an important risk factor for lung cancer. This knowledge is mainly based on studies conducted on men, with the results being generalized to women. Aims We aimed to identify the relationship between different occupations and lung cancer in women. Methods Pooling study in which data were pooled from six case–control studies conducted at 13 Spanish hospitals and 1 hospital in Portugal. Each woman's longest held job was coded as per the ISCO-08. Results were adjusted for age, smoking, and exposure to residential radon. Results The study population comprised 1262 women: 618 cases and 644 controls. The reference group were white-collar workers. The adjusted multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of developing lung cancer among teaching professionals (odds ratio [OR]: 4.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.73–11.02), cooks (OR: 3.59; 95% CI 1.52–8.48), domestic cleaners and helpers (OR: 2.98; 95% CI 1.54–5.78), homemakers (OR: 2.30; 95% CI 1.26–4.21) and crop farmers, livestock farmers and gardeners (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.11–3.81). For adenocarcinoma, the highest risk was observed in teaching professionals, and for small-cell carcinoma, the highest risk was observed in cooks. Higher risks were observed for small-cell carcinoma compared to other histological types. Conclusions Some occupations may be associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in women and this risk could vary by histologic subtype; however, further research is needed to confirm these associations. In any case, protection measures must be implemented in the workplace aimed at reducing the risk of lung cancer among women workers, and more studies exclusively focused on women are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the effect of export diversification on income inequality in Central Africa through the employment channel. The sample consists of 9 countries over the period 2000–2019. A quadratic regression is applied to a panel data model using the random effect and the two stages least squares methods. The results show that export diversification increases income inequality in Central Africa. However, this effect is non-linear with the form of an inverted U. Increasing the number of wage workers reduces the marginal effect of export diversification on income inequality while increasing the number of unpaid workers increases this effect. Moreover, diversification is less likely to reduce income inequality when it increases male employment than when it increases female employment. The effect of diversification on income inequality remains non-linear in an inverted U-shape for CEMAC countries' members (CEMAC: Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States) and oil-producing countries, while it is non-linear in a U-shape for non-CEMAC countries and non-oil-producing countries. We recommend that Central African countries promote the diversification of exports while encouraging new productive activities to generate more paid jobs and to favor female employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine and understand the motherhood decisions of career-oriented women who are well-educated, well-paid, and up the corporate ladder in Türkiye. A qualitative research design was preferred due to the nature of the study and in-depth interviews and descriptive content analysis were employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 career-oriented working mothers. The findings of the study have revealed that mothers regret many decisions they made to protect their careers, jobs and families (mainly babies) during this process. In addition, for all of these women, the motherhood decision appeared to be a trade-off between their career goals and motherhood wishes, at least for a period of time. Some have given up on their career progress for a certain period, some have faced the negative attitudes of the institutions they work for, like "ignoring their motherhood experience and their babies", and others have been forced to pretend as if they were "not mothers" so that their careers would not be impaired. The study also concluded that women who struggle with the difficulties of being a mother in organizational life support each other more with a silent coalition which we call "a motherhood coalition". Future research may focus on the reproductive decision processes and motherhood experiences of blue-collar women, as they can be quite different from career-oriented white-collar women's experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women in the workforce in China are facing rising anxiety and depression, often leading to emotional eating, which detrimentally affects their health, work, and family interactions. In this study we explored the link between physical activity and emotional eating among working women in China. Using snowball sampling, we conducted a survey with 466 women aged between 18 and 55 years who were employed in organizations in Changsha City, China. We constructed a structural equation model using Amos 26.0 to test our hypotheses. Results showed that women's body anxiety positively impacted their emotional eating, and self-discipline had a negative association with emotional eating. Body anxiety and self-discipline mediated the relationship between physical activity and emotional eating, emphasizing the significance of self-discipline in curbing emotional eating. These findings are crucial for the government, employers, communities, and families, highlighting the need to prioritize the emotional well-being of women in the workforce, bolster their motivation, and encourage them to engage in physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the gendered division of paid, unpaid, and total work in contemporary India. We explore this division of work through an analysis of India's first large-scale time use survey, conducted in 2019. Our findings reveal that the distribution of paid, unpaid, and total work is highly gender-biased. We also found that rural women bear relatively more burden of total work than urban women; whereas, urban men bear relatively more burden of total work than rural men. We observed striking gender differences in the paid, unpaid, and total work burden across the key household and individual-level characteristics of age, marital status, presence of children, income status and employment status. Compared to all other categories, married employed women belonging to the working age cohort (15–59) bear the highest burden of total work in India, and hence are left with the least available free time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though understudied, dysmenorrhea, a painful cramping sensation occurring near and during menses, is the most prevalent gynecological disorder among women of reproductive age, affecting 50– 90% of the global population. Contributing factors of this disorder include poor medical assessment, lack of consciousness, gender bias, moderate to high levels of stress, and depression and anxiety. Among school students and healthcare trainees, dysmenorrhea contributes to short-term absenteeism, lower productivity, creativity, and job performance. Among medical trainees, dysmenorrhea has been found to impact daily activities to a disabling degree in nearly one third of instances, resulting in difficulties in relationships and even self-isolation. Dysmenorrhea further produces substantial global economic losses and higher healthcare costs. To begin to alleviate the extensive issue of dysmenorrhea, we must increase awareness to fully understand its prevalence, risk factors, and potential for effective, affordable, and accessible treatments. Concurrently, our clinical environment must adopt a standard description and assessment tool to prevent, measure, and monitor dysmenorrhea, while on a global scale, we must develop and widely disseminate nationwide labor regulations that address the workforce impact due to the effects of dysmenorrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accounts of contemporary youth often take increased variability in the young adult life course for granted. However, we lack studies examining variability in the labour market domain during the rapid globalization of the three most recent decades. Employing the theoretical concepts of differentiation and de-standardization, cross-cohort change is evaluated for young adults in Norway, separately by gender and social origin. Using high-quality registry data (N  = 1,081,702), 20 complete birth cohorts are followed from age 22 to 31, spanning the years 1993–2017. Adding to the theoretical discussion of life-course change, variability is evaluated alongside changes in the specific valued content of trajectories—denoted as the quality of labour market attachment. Results show modestly declining trajectory variability. Simultaneously, the quality of male and female labour market attachment changes in opposing normative directions. Female trajectories remain more complex and insecure than men's but show improvements across the 1990s. Among men, especially those of low social origin, labour market trajectories become more precarious. Results challenge the common notion that young adults generally go through increasingly insecure school-to-work trajectories. Instead, findings indicate that social origin interacts with historical time in differing ways among men and women, producing intersectional patterns of continuity and change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the effects of offshoring on female employment in a developing country as a recipient. We utilise unique data on outsourcing revenues from Indonesia's manufacturing plants. After correcting for offshoring's endogeneity through an instrument variable, we find substantial positive effects on the share of female workers, primarily driven by the increase in female workers without adversely affecting male employment. These positive effects are evident in production occupations but not in non‐production ones. Furthermore, these effects are more pronounced in industries with a sizeable low‐educated workforce, low‐technology sectors or light industries. Finally, we find that international outsourcing, rather than domestic outsourcing, is the key factor for female employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic consequences of divorce and separation for women are commonly associated with the chronic strain model, according to which women's losses are large and persistent. This research note shifts the focus to a crisis model highlighting women's potential of, and routes to, recovery from initial losses. Drawing on German Socio-Economic Panel data (1984–2021) on women in marital and cohabiting unions (N ∼ 27,000 women, N ∼ 3,400 divorces and separations), we use fixed-effects regression models and event-history models to analyze changes in equivalized monthly household income and poverty risk across the process of divorce and separation. Results show that most women recovered from their initial economic declines. Although initial losses were common and often sizable, large fractions of women eventually returned to or exceeded the household income expected in the absence of divorce and separation. Recovery was facilitated by the "traditional" route of repartnering and the "modern" route of women mobilizing their productive skills. Both routes appeared more important than the absence of barriers, such as children in the household. We conclude that for the majority of women, the economic consequences of divorce and separation are better described as a temporary crisis than as a chronic strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Necmettin Erbakan University Journal of the Faculty of Political Science / Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Necmettin Erbakan University Journal of The Faculty of Political Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Women employment in India neither resonate with economic growth and nor with their rising educational levels. Women work participation (WWPR) rather is on a consistent decline and this is observed more strikingly in its rural areas. The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) of 2017-18, shows only 16.5 per cent women are engaged in the workforce at the National level which is in stark contrast to their male counterparts (52.1 per cent). The declining WWPR has also impacted women's employment composition. The present paper attempts to study the level of women work participation and their status of employment along with industry sections at national level and in state of Haryana in particular. The study is based on various rounds of Employment Unemployment Survey, conducted by National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). The result shows that women work participation in the state of Haryana is very low (9.5 per cent, PLFS, 2017-18). The employment status of women has also undergone change with decline in self- employment over a period of 3 decades. The rise in casual labour employment status of rural women is a cause of concern. In urban areas, the decline in self-employment is coupled with fluctuations in regular and casual work, reflecting a complex interplay between job availability and women's economic roles. The spatial variations and underlying causes have also been discussed for 2017-18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the declining birth rate in Taiwan, the proportion of middle-aged and older women returning to the workplace has increased, and they have become an important human resource in the job market. The purpose of this study is to examine the experiences of middle-aged and older women from career disruption to re-employment. In this study, eighteen middle-aged and older women were interviewed in order to understand their re-employment process. The study found that the reasons for the career interruptions and re-employment of middle-aged and older women were all family related. Difficulties in restarting a career included age discrimination, lack of ability, and opposition from family members. By using selection, optimization, and compensation theory, people could successfully return to work in the face of these difficulties. The strategies used were as follows: knowing one’s own expertise and interests, having relevant certificates and professional experience, adjusting one’s attitude to start again, continuous learning and empowerment, and obtaining workplace support. The results of this study can serve as a reference for employment service centers in assisting middle-aged and older female job seekers and as a basis for the government and relevant units to formulate policies to promote the re-employment of middle-aged and older women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Financial Politic & Economic Reviews / Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar is the property of Journal of Financial Politic & Economic Reviews / Finans Politik & Ekomomik Yorumlar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This document summarizes the work of Claudia Goldin, who was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in 2023 for her research on women's labor market outcomes. Goldin's research emphasizes the impact of institutional structures and technology on perpetuating gender inequality in earnings. However, some critics argue that her analysis relies too heavily on neoclassical assumptions and overlooks the inefficiencies and unfairness of current institutional structures. Additionally, Goldin's focus on college-educated career women may divert attention from other dimensions of inequality. While her research is valuable, it may not fully address the intersections of inequality and may not contribute to more equitable economic development. The document also provides contact information for Nancy Folbre, a Professor emerita of Economics and Director of the Program on Gender and Care Work at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. [Extracted from the article]

The adjusted headcount ratio from the multidimensional poverty measures has been used in cross-sectional research on the labour market to study the cumulative aspects of multiple job deprivations. This article takes advantage of the decomposition property of this method to develop a dynamic model for examining and understanding the transitions between precarious employment dimensions and index changes from a longitudinal perspective using panel data from Chile. Evidence produced by this method shows multidimensional precarious employment traps in women, while men suffer greater deprivations in the social protection dimension despite economic growth and the overall decrease in the multidimensional deprivation index. Both results would not be evident if only a cross-sectional analysis were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of labor shortages, particularly in the post-COVID-19 labor market. It acknowledges that there is no universally accepted definition of a labor shortage, but it refers to a situation where the demand for workers exceeds the available supply. The article highlights the lack of data on job vacancies by occupation, making it difficult to measure specific shortages. It provides information on job vacancy rates in the United States, the euro area, and the United Kingdom, showing an increase during the pandemic but a recent decline. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of critically evaluating employer claims about labor shortages. It also discusses the factors influencing labor shortages, such as wages, working conditions, skill requirements, and barriers to entry. The text mentions that certain industries, like IT, skilled trades, and healthcare, may experience more prevalent shortages. It further explores the impact of worker characteristics, such as skill preferences and spatial mismatches, on labor shortages. The text also addresses systemic issues related to matching job seekers with vacancies. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the factors contributing to labor shortages in the United States. It notes that the labor market has improved for less educated workers, with decreasing unemployment rates for those without a high school diploma. The gap in unemployment rates between those with a bachelor's degree or higher and those with less education has also decreased. Additionally, the gap between black and white unemployment rates has narrowed. The article suggests that while there may be concerns about labor shortages during periods of economic strength, a [Extracted from the article]

Gender equality in the labor market remains a difficult challenge in Latin America and recent literature shows that child penalties play an important role in explaining these gaps. While policies to address gaps related to parenthood were introduced in recent decades, evidence of its effects is still scarce. This paper presents comparable evidence on the adoption of family leaves legislation in 15 Latin American countries and discusses its relationship with the evolution of the gender gaps in the labor market and the prevailing gender norms. We document that from 2000 to 2019 almost all countries increased the weeks covered by maternity, paternity, or parental leaves. Following a similar approach to that of Olivetti and Petrongolo (2017), we exploit the variations over time and control for country and year-fixed effects to study the relationship between the extension of family leaves and women's outcomes. We find that these policies are successful in increasing female employment and reducing employment gaps in countries departing from a worse situation in terms of leave coverage or with more traditional perceptions of gender roles. On the other hand, for countries with more egalitarian gender perceptions, our results suggest that the extension of family leaves contributes to reduce the income gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal of Music Sciences (OJOMUS) is the property of Online Journal of Music Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Occupation segregation explains a significant portion of the gender wage gap, with women working in lower paid female‐dominated occupations. We examine how childhood and adolescent exposure to gender biased norms about work influence this occupational sorting. We document that early life exposure to traditional gender role attitudes, which view women's role as caretakers, increase women's likelihood of employment in care occupations and decrease the likelihood for men, thereby increasing the gender care occupation gap. A decomposition of the factors affecting this sorting shows that a primary channel is through differences in the choice of post‐secondary field of study or major. Our results suggest that traditional gender role attitudes may work to segment the labor market for men and women and contribute to the gender wage gap. This suggests that more egalitarian gender role attitudes which increase the share of men entering care occupations would increase wages for both men and women, lowering the gender wage gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although conservative parties in developed countries are becoming more positive about women's labor force participation, serious economic gender gaps persist in some conservative welfare regimes. By focusing on Japan as a most-likely case, this article reexamines the view that emphasizes conservative parties' preference for traditional gender roles as a key factor contributing to policies that negatively affect gender equality. Analyses using text data from parliamentary statements reveal that parties' preference for class equality, held by both conservative and leftist parties, contributes to a tax policy that suppresses women's labor force participation. The findings illuminate a tradeoff between class and gender equality and provide implications for how conservative welfare regimes can achieve higher levels of economic gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is one of the ASEAN countries that is lagging behind others in terms of women's employment level. The main reason for the lack of women in the workforce is childbearing. This study investigates the relationship between childcare matters (availability, education, quality, and cost of childcare) and mothers' participation in the labour market. Besides, this research examined whether financial assistance relates to mothers' employment participation. With the purposive sampling technique, the questionnaires were distributed through the online platform. Of the 513 respondents who had completed the survey, 394 were working, and 119 were not working. Besides, 276 (53.8%) respondents send their children to a registered childcare centre and 101 (19.7%) to an unregistered childcare centre. Besides, 136 (26.5%) respondents personally attend to the care of their children; this includes those who alternate child-rearing responsibilities with their partners due to differing work schedules. The binary logistic regression analysis found that childcare availability and childcare cost were significant, while childcare education and childcare quality were not. With positive and significant results, bootstrap analysis established that financial assistance is a mediator between the cost of childcare and a mother's participation in the labour market. Based on the current situation in Malaysia, where financial assistance for childcare is limited and not comprehensive, this study suggests that the government increase the financial assistance provided. In addition, it is appropriate to conduct a study to provide evidence for the extent to which the existing financial assistance can help increase the participation of mothers in and continue to increase in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of socioeconomic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of Covid-19, with a focus on gender segregation between two groups of women and men. The data for this article were gathered through the administration of questionnaires. SPSS software was utilized to analyze the regressions related to the status of income, savings, and employment. The investigation encompasses a statistical population of 1093 individuals, of which 523 are women and 570 are men at the 95% confidence level, the results of the regression analysis indicate that households with more members, tenants, and older individuals have all experienced a decline in income and savings, with males being disproportionately affected. Enhancing socioeconomic status, education, and income class has the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of Corona. Specifically, women experience a greater reduction in damage than males in this regard. Among different jobs, self-employed jobs were disproportionately impacted by Corona than government and salaried positions. Given the significance of employment in both the public and private sectors within Iranian society, it was deliberated in this domain. In this regard, females have incurred a greater number of occupational injuries and losses than males. Hence, it can be asserted that employed women hold occupations that are more precarious in nature compared to employed men, and in times of emergencies such as the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, they will endure a greater degree of occupational harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reveal the relationship between the number of femicide in Turkey, the female unemployment rate, the male unemployment rate, and inflation. The contribution of the study to the literature is that it estimates the relationship between femicides and macroeconomic variables with a method that incorporates the count data. The dataset was analyzed by using the INGARCH model, one of the most popular approaches for count time series data. This model is particularly attractive for dealing with serial dependence and over-dispersion. The findings revealed that an increase in the female unemployment rate and a decrease in the male unemployment rate increases the number of femicide. In addition, it was observed that the number of femicide in the previous month had a negative effect on the current month's number. Increasing the employment rate of women, and women's economic freedom generally, are essential factors in reducing femicide. To prevent femicides, policymakers should aim to increase women's employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this research, we test the hypothesis that promotion‐focused eagerness does not yield the same evaluative benefits in the workplace for women as it does for men. Regulatory focus theory suggests that promotion‐focused eagerness potentially casts a person in a favorable light in the eyes of superiors. Nevertheless, we propose that promotion‐focused eagerness violates the prescriptive gender‐stereotypical expectations that people have of women. The gender deviance (i.e., not acting in line with gender expectations) that occurs when a woman is promotion‐focused causes this woman to pay a "gender tax" that a promotion‐focused man does not pay. First, we conducted two experiments wherein managers (N = 127) or students (N = 236) evaluated qualified fictional job applicants: in both experiments, compared with an identical male applicant, the promotion‐focused female job applicant was valued less, as evidenced by a lower starting salary offer. Second, in a dyadic study (N = 474 dyads), male employees' promotion focus was positively associated with their manager's evaluations of them, whereas female employees' promotion focus was not. Our results show that promotion‐focused women are not valued as positively as their male counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adds to the literature studying the substitution and complementarity between corruption and the shadow economy by focusing on the differential effects of various informal employment categories, by gender (informal employment by men vs. women) and across industries (informal employment in the agriculture vs. non‐agriculture sectors). Using cross‐national data, we find evidence of complementarity between corruption and informal employment, after accounting for possible simultaneity. This complementarity holds across different informal employment categories, with some quantitative differences. These findings have policy relevance for the coordination of anti‐corruption and anti‐underground‐economy policies, and whether such policies should be sector specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article, "Nobel Lecture: An Evolving Economic Force" by Claudia Goldin, explores the increasing role of women in the global economy. It discusses the historical evolution of women's labor force participation and highlights the factors that have contributed to the rise of women in the workforce. The article also addresses the issue of the gender pay gap and proposes solutions to reduce it. It emphasizes the importance of shared responsibilities in the home and societal changes to support gender equity. Overall, the article provides insights into the complexities of women's economic participation and the challenges they face in achieving equal opportunities. [Extracted from the article]

This article by Natalia Danzer, Sebastian Garcia-Torres, Max Steinhardt, and Luca Stella examines whether female politicians make different decisions compared to their male counterparts. The authors investigate whether school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic were less frequent in countries where women had more influence on policy. They analyze data on school closures and female representation across 28 European countries and conduct a textual analysis of German parliamentary records. The study finds that a higher representation of women in politics is associated with a reduction in the share of school closures. However, the authors acknowledge the limitations of their research design and caution against drawing definitive conclusions. They also suggest that future research could explore the impact of female representation on mitigating the inequality exacerbated by school closures. [Extracted from the article]