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Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) have been used in perovskite solar cells due to its high electron transport. In this work, a modified sequential method has been used to fabricate more uniform CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite film with lamellar structure ascribed to the use of the mixture solution of N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). The optimized solar cell exhibits an efficiency of 6.63%. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterizations have been carried out to obtain the morphology and crystal structure of the perovskite and ZnO NRs. The uniform perovskite film prepared on the ZnO NRs paves a way to increase the carrier mobility, resulting in higher efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

The economic crisis in 2008 dealt a heavy blow to the developed countries and even the whole world. The long-term stable growth of the western economy was broken, and it is mired into the so-called "high-income trap". This paper argues that the reasons why developed countries fall into the "high income trap" can be summarized as three aspects: internal factors, external factors and fundamental reasons. On this basis, this paper analyzes the response strategies and effects of developed countries, in order to provide a reference for our country to be a high-income country while maintaining sustained and stable economic growth.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of miR-138 in regulating Th2 type immune response by targeting OX40 ligand (Ox40L) in vitro. Methods: Serum samples of patients were used to explore the clinical parameter. Wistar rats were used to establish a murine model of asthma. The dual-luciferase report assay was used to detect the regulation of miR-138 on the expression of OX40L. RT-PCR was used to detect miR-138 and OX40L mRNA expression. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and Western blot were used to analyze target protein expression. Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry (FCM) were used to cytokines detection. Results: The level of miR-138 was found to be negatively correlated with the expression of OX40L (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with FEV1 (P < 0.05). Higher miR-138 and reduced expression of OX40L were observed in dendritic cells (DCs) separated from rat bone marrow. Typically, OX40 and OX40L in asthma group were determined and the results indicated that the two parameters upregulated in compared with healthy control, while the expressions of them were suppressed by over-expression of miR-138. Furthermore, the up-regulation of Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and the down-regulation of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were induced by over-expression miR-138 and meanwhile the decrease of Th1/Th2 was reversed by overexpression of miR-138. Conclusion: In this study, we revealed that miR-138 might regulate Th2-type immune response by down-regulating the OX40L expression in asthma.

Setosphaeria turcica, a serious fungal plant pathogen that causes northern corn leaf blight, is a filamentous, heterothallic ascomycete. STK1 gene, cloned from S. turcica, encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that is homologous to Hog1 inSaccharomyces cerevisiae and other MAP kinases related to osmoregulation in filamentous fungi. Its encoded protein, Stk1, contains all the conserved domains that characterize Hog1-homologues. STK1 expression restores the S. cerevisiae hog1 null mutant phenotype in the complementation test under salt and oxidative stress. The signal transduction pathway may be similar between S. turcica and S. cerevisiae, in which STK1plays a key function in resistance to environmental stress. Transformants with STK1 are more tolerant of 1 M NaCl than the wild-type strains based on the growth rate test and determination of intracellular glycerol concentration. Key words: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Setosphaeria turcica.

We use a difference in difference model to examine the impact of central winter heating on air pollution in China. The estimation includes how does the winter heating affect (i) air quality, and (ii) hazard level of pollutants. Our data are daily Air Quality Index (AQI) records in mid-November when the heat is turned on and mid-March when heat is turned off in over 150 cities. Both Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Ordered Logit model show that winter heating contributes significantly to air pollution, especially in the period when central heating is switched on. The central heating causes 51.3% higher AQI, and the air is 13% more likely to be hazardous to the sensitive group (hazard level=3). Northern cities are more polluted than southern ones. It is also found that air quality in cities with higher GDP per capita is better; population, number of cars and electricity used by industry also contribute to air pollution.