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104. Role of VEGF in small bowel adaptation after resection: the adaptive response is angiogenesis dependent

Author

Parvadia, Jignesh K., Keswani, Sundeep G., Vaikunth, Sachin, Maldonado, Arturo R., Marwan, A., Stehr, Wolfgang, Erwin, Christopher, Uzvolgyi, Eva, Warner, Brad W., Yamano, Seichii, Taichman, Norton, and Crombleholme, Timothy M.

Subjects
Vascular endothelial growth factor -- Research, Gastrointestinal mucosa -- Research, Intestine, Large -- Surgery, Intestine, Large -- Research, Physiological research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Previous work in our group has demonstrated that mouse salivary gland has the highest concentration of salivary-derived VEGF protein compared with other organs and is essential for normal palatal mucosal wound healing. We hypothesize that salivary VEGF plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa following small bowel resection (SBR). Thirty-five 8- to 10-wk-old C57BL/6 female mice were divided into seven treatment groups: 1) sham (transaction and anastomosis, n = 5); 2) SBR (n = 8); 3) sialoadenectomy and small bowel resection (SAL+SBR, n = 8); 4) sialoadenectomy and small bowel resection with EGF supplementation (SAL+SBR+EGF, n = 9); 5) sialoadenectomy and small bowel resection with VEGF supplementation (SAL+SBR+VEGF, n = 9); 6) sialoadenectomy and small bowel resection supplemented with EGF and VEGF (SAL+ SBR+VEGF+EGF, n = 6); 7) selective inhibition of VEGF in the submandibular gland by Ad-VEGF-Trap following small bowel resection (Ad-VEGF-Trap+SBR, n = 7). Adaptation was after 3 days by ileal villus height and crypt depth. The microvascular response was evaluated by CD31 immunostaining and for villus-vessel area ratio by FITC-labeled von Willebrand factor immunostaining. The adaptive response after SBR was significantly attenuated in the SAL group in terms of villus height (250.4 [+ or -] 8.816 vs. 310 [+ or -] 19.35, P = 0.01) and crypt depth (100.021 [+ or -] 4.025 vs. 120.541 [+ or -] 2.82, P = 0.01). This response was partially corrected by orogastric VEGF or EGF alone. The adaptive response was completely restored when both were administered together, suggesting that salivary VEGF and EGF both contribute to intestinal adaptation. VEGF increases the vascular density (6.4 [+ or -] 0.29 vs. 6.1 [+ or -] 0.29 vs. 5.96 [+ or -] 0.20) and villus-vessel area ratio (0.713 [+ or -] 0.01 vs. 0.73 [+ or -] 0.01) in the adapting bowel. Supplementation of both EGF and VEGF fully rescues adaptation, suggesting that the adaptive response may be dependent on VEGF-driven angiogenesis. These results support a previously unrecognized role for VEGF in the small bowel adaptive response. sialoadenectomy; small bowel resection; VEGF; EGF

Published
2007

105. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling modulates apoptosis via p38[alpha] MAPK-dependent activation of Bax in intestinal epithelial cells

Author

Sheng, George, Guo, Jun, and Warner, Brad W.

Subjects
Apoptosis -- Research, Epithelial cells -- Research, Cellular control mechanisms -- Research, Intestine, Large -- Surgery, Intestine, Large -- Research, Cell research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that the proapoptotic protein Bax plays an important role in the elevated enterocyte apoptosis that occurs during the intestinal adaptation response to massive small bowel resection (SBR). Additionally, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation prevents SBR-induced enterocyte apoptosis. The present study aims to delineate the relationship between EGFR activity and intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. Treatment of model intestinal epithelial cells (RIEC-18) with both a selective EGFR inhibitor (ZD1839) and EGFR small interfering RNA knockdown resulted in a dramatic increase in apoptosis, accompanied by rapid phosphorylation of p38[alpha]. Concurrently, Bax underwent conformational changes consistent with activation and transloeated to mitochondria. In contrast, EGF stimulation enhanced cell survival by attenuating p38[alpha] phosphorylation, Bax conformational change, mitochondrial trafficking, and apoptosis. These results demonstrate that that diminished EGFR activity initiates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis through p38[alpha]-dependent Bax activation in intestinal epithelial cells. These finding provide mechanistic insight into the role that EGFR signaling plays in the regulation of enterocyte apoptosis following massive intestinal loss. intestinal adaptation; short bowel syndrome

Published
2007

108. Roles for [p21.sup.waf1/cip1] and [p27.sup.kip1] during the adaptation response to massive intestinal resection

Author

Stehr, Wolfgang, Bernal, Nicole P., Erwin, Christopher R., Bernabe, Kathryn Q., Guo, Jun, and Warner, Brad W.

Subjects
Apoptosis -- Research, Messenger RNA -- Research, Gene expression -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

The magnitude of gut adaptation is a decisive factor in determining whether patients are able to live independent of parenteral nutrition after massive small bowel loss. We previously established that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) [p21.sup.waf1/cip1] is necessary for enterocyte proliferation and a normal adaptation response. In the present study, we have further elucidated the role of this CDKI in the context of [p27.sup.kip1], another member of the Cip/Kip CDKI family. Small bowel resections (SBRs) or sham operations were performed in control (C57/BL6), [p21.sup.waf1/cip1]-null, [p27.sup.kip1]-null, and [p21.sup.waf1/cip1]/[psup.27kip1] double-null mice. Morphological (villus height/crypt depth) alterations in the mucosa, the kinetics of enterocyte turnover (rates of enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis), and the protein expression of various cell cycle-regulatory proteins were recorded at various postoperative times. Enterocyte compartment-specific mRNA expression was investigated using laser capture microdissection. Resection-induced adaptation in control mice coincided with increased protein expression of [p21.sup.waf1/cip1] and decreased [p27.sup/kip1] within 3 days postoperatively. Identical changes in mRNA expression were detected in crypt but not in villus enterocytes. Adaptation occurred normally in control and [p27.sup.kip1]-null mice: however, mice deficient in both [p21.sup.waf1]/cip1] and [p27.sup.kip1] failed to increase baseline rates of enterocyte proliferation and adaptation. The expression of [p21.sup.waf1/cip1] protein and mRNA in the proliferative crypt compartment is necessary for resection-induced enterocyte proliferation and adaptation. The finding that deficient expression of [p27sup.kip1] does not affect adaptation suggests that these similar CDKI family members display distinctive cellular functions during the complex process of intestinal adaptation. cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor: enterocyte proliferation; apoptosis

Published
2006

112. Contributors

Author

Adams, Mark C., primary, Adibe, Obinna O., additional, Adler, Jeremy, additional, Adzick, N. Scott, additional, Albanese, Craig T., additional, Andrews, Walter S., additional, Applebaum, Harry, additional, Arca, Marjorie J., additional, Aronson, Daniel C., additional, Azizkhan, Richard G., additional, Baird, Robert, additional, Barnett, Sean, additional, Barnhart, Douglas C., additional, Barsness, Katherine A., additional, Bartlett, Robert H., additional, Baskin, Laurence S., additional, Beasley, Spencer W., additional, Bentz, Michael L., additional, Billmire, Deborah F., additional, Boulanger, Scott C., additional, Brandt, Mary L., additional, Brock, John W., additional, Brown, Rebeccah L., additional, Btaiche, Imad F., additional, Busuttil, Ronald W., additional, Caldamone, Anthony A., additional, Caniano, Donna A., additional, Caty, Michael G., additional, Chardot, Christophe, additional, Chung, Dai H., additional, Cilley, Robert E., additional, Colon, Nadja C., additional, Columbani, Paul M., additional, Coran, Arnold G., additional, Cotton, Robin T., additional, Cowles, Robert A., additional, Cox,, Charles S., additional, Dassinger, Melvin S., additional, Davidoff, Andrew M., additional, Davidson, Richard S., additional, Coppi, Paolo De, additional, Dicken, Bryan J., additional, Didelot, William, additional, DiFiore, John W., additional, Dillon, Patrick A., additional, Dillon, Peter W., additional, Donahoe, Patricia K., additional, Duchossois, Gina P., additional, Dunn, James C.Y., additional, Dutta, Sanjeev, additional, Eaton, Simon, additional, Ehrlich, Peter F., additional, Eichelberger, Martin R., additional, Elden, Lisa M., additional, Eliason, Jonathan L., additional, Emil, Sherif, additional, Escobar, Mauricio A., additional, Falcone,, Richard A., additional, Fallat, Mary E., additional, Farmer, Diana L., additional, Farmer, Douglas G., additional, Faro, Albert, additional, Fisher, Michael J., additional, Fishman, Steven J., additional, Fitzgerald, Tamara N., additional, Flake, Alan W., additional, Foglia, Robert P., additional, Ford, Henri R., additional, Franklin, Andrew, additional, Frischer, Jason S., additional, Fuller, Stephanie M.P., additional, Gandhi, Sanjiv K., additional, Garcia, Victor F., additional, Gatti, John M., additional, Gauderer, Michael W.L., additional, Geiger, James D., additional, Georgeson, Keith E., additional, Gingalewski, Cynthia A., additional, Glassberg, Kenneth I., additional, Glick, Philip L., additional, Gonzales, Kelly D., additional, Grikscheit, Tracy C., additional, Grosfeld, Jay L., additional, Groth, Travis W., additional, Gruessner, Angelika C., additional, Gruessner, Rainer W.G., additional, Gutierrez, Ivan M., additional, Guzzetta,, Philip C., additional, J. Hall, Jason, additional, Hamilton, Thomas E., additional, Harmon, Carroll M., additional, Harrison, Michael R., additional, Hayes-Jordan, Andrea, additional, Hays, Stephen R., additional, Healey, John H., additional, Hendren, W. Hardy, additional, Hering, Bernhard J., additional, Herndon, David N., additional, Hirose, Shinjiro, additional, Hirsch, Jennifer C., additional, Hirschl, Ronald B., additional, Hoganson, David M., additional, Holcomb, George W., additional, Höllwarth, Michael E., additional, Horn, B. David, additional, Huddleston, Charles B., additional, Hutchinson, Raymond J., additional, Hutson, John M., additional, Hyun, Grace, additional, Inge, Thomas H., additional, Jaksic, Tom, additional, Jea, Andrew, additional, Kaefer, Martin, additional, Kang, Kuang Horng, additional, Karsanac, Christopher J., additional, Kayes, Kosmas, additional, Kelly, Robert E., additional, Kiely, Edward M., additional, Klein, Michael D., additional, Krasin, Matthew J., additional, Krummel, Thomas M., additional, Kulungowski, Ann M., additional, Laberge, Jean-Martin, additional, Landsman, Ira S., additional, Langer, Jacob C., additional, La Quaglia, Michael P., additional, Laufer, Marc R., additional, Lee, Hanmin, additional, Lelli, Joseph L., additional, Levitt, Marc A., additional, Liau, James Y., additional, Lillehei, Craig, additional, Lindahl, Harry, additional, Liu, Gigi Y., additional, Lorenz, H. Peter, additional, Luerssen, Thomas G., additional, Lukish, Jeffrey R., additional, Lund, Dennis P., additional, Magee, John C., additional, McGahren, Eugene D., additional, McLaughlin, Eamon J., additional, McQuiston, Leslie T., additional, Meyers, Rebecka L., additional, Millar, Alastair J.W., additional, Minevich, Eugene, additional, Miranda, Edward P., additional, Mitchell, Michael E., additional, Mollen, Kevin P., additional, Moss, R. Lawrence, additional, Mouriquand, Pierre, additional, Murase, Noriko, additional, Murphy, J. Patrick, additional, Murphy, Joseph T., additional, Nance, Michael L., additional, Nathan, Saminathan S., additional, Newman, Kurt D., additional, Numanoglu, Alp, additional, Nwomeh, Benedict C., additional, Ohye, Richard G., additional, Oldham, Keith T., additional, O'Neill, James A., additional, Pakarinen, Mikko P., additional, Panait, Nicoleta, additional, Pearl, Richard H., additional, Peña, Alberto, additional, Pieretti, Rafael V., additional, Pierro, Agostino, additional, Piper, Hannah G., additional, Potsic, William P., additional, Pryor, Howard I., additional, Puligandla, Pramod S., additional, Puri, Prem, additional, Qureshi, Faisal G., additional, Rescorla, Frederick J., additional, Révillon, Yann, additional, Reyes, Jorge, additional, Reynolds, Marleta, additional, Rhee, Audrey C., additional, Rich, Barrie S., additional, Ricketts, Richard R., additional, Rink, Richard C., additional, Rintala, Risto J., additional, Rocchini, Albert P., additional, Rodeberg, David A., additional, Sadove, A. Michael, additional, Saggi, Bob H., additional, Scherer, L.R., additional, Schmid, Daniel B., additional, Scholz, Stefan, additional, Schwartz, Marshall Z., additional, Shamberger, Robert C., additional, Shapiro, Nina L., additional, Sheldon, Curtis A., additional, Shochat, Stephen J., additional, Sidell, Douglas, additional, Skinner, Michael A., additional, Smith, Jodi L., additional, Smith, Samuel D., additional, Snyder, Charles L., additional, Speer, Allison L., additional, Spitz, Lewis, additional, Spray, Thomas L., additional, Stanley, James C., additional, Starzl, Thomas E., additional, Stehr, Wolfgang, additional, Stolar, Charles J.H., additional, Storm, Phillip B., additional, Stylianos, Steven, additional, Subramaniam, Ramnath, additional, Superina, Riccardo, additional, Sutherland, David E.R., additional, Sutton, Leslie N., additional, Sydorak, Roman, additional, Sylvester, Karl G., additional, Teitelbaum, Daniel H., additional, Tepas, Joseph J., additional, Thomas, John C., additional, Thompson, Dana Mara, additional, Tovar, Juan A., additional, Upperman, Jeffrey S., additional, Vacanti, Joseph P., additional, van Aalst, John A., additional, Vane, Dennis W., additional, Allmen, Daniel Von, additional, Walkovich, Kelly, additional, Walsh, Danielle S., additional, Warner, Brad W., additional, Weber, Thomas R., additional, Weldon, Christopher B., additional, Wesson, David E., additional, Wetmore, Ralph F., additional, Willging, J. Paul, additional, Wilson, Jay M., additional, Woo, Lynn L., additional, Woo, Russell K., additional, Yerkes, Elizabeth B., additional, Ziegler, Moritz M., additional, and Zimmermann, Arthur, additional

Published
2012
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113. Smooth muscle overexpression of IGF-I induces a novel adaptive response to small bowel resection

Author

Knott, Andrew W., Juno, Russell J., Jarboe, Marcus D., Profitt, Sherri A., Erwin, Christopher R., Smith, Eric P., Fagin, James A., and Warner, Brad W.

Subjects
Intestine, Large -- Surgery, Intestine, Large -- Research, Intestine, Large -- Physiological aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

Prior studies of intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection (SBR) have focused on growth factors and their effects on amplification of the gut mucosa. Because adaptive changes have also been described in intestinal smooth muscle, we sought to determine the effect of targeted smooth muscle growth factor overexpression on resection-induced intestinal adaptation. Male transgenic mice with smooth muscle cell overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) by virtue of an [alpha]-smooth muscle actin promoter were obtained. SMP8 IGF-I transgenic (IGF-I TG) and nontransgenic (NT) littermates underwent 50% proximal SBR or sham operation and were then killed after 3 or 28 days. NT mice showed the expected alterations in mucosal adaptive parameters after SBR, such as increased wet weight and villus height. The IGF-I TG mice had inherently taller villi, which did not increase significantly after SBR. In addition, IGF-I TG mice had a 50% postresection persistent increase in remnant intestinal length, which was associated with an early decline and later increase in relative mucosal surface area. These results indicate that growth factor overexpression within the muscularis layer of the bowel wall induces significant postresection adaptive intestinal lengthening and a unique mucosal response. IGF-I signaling within the muscle wall may play an important role in the pathogenesis of resection-induced adaptation. growth factors; transgenic mice; short bowel syndrome

Published
2004

116. Enterocyte apoptosis after enterectomy in mice is activated independent of the extrinsic death receptor pathway

Author

Knott, Andrew W., O'Brien, David P., Juno, Russell J., Zhang, Yufang, Williams, Jodi L., Erwin, Christopher R., and Warner, Brad W.

Subjects
Malabsorption syndromes -- Research, Tumor necrosis factor -- Research, Cell death -- Research, Physiology -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Intestinal adaptation following small bowel resection (SBR) is associated with greater rates of enterocyte apoptosis by unknown mechanism(s). Because postresection adaptation is associated with increased translocation of luminal bacteria, we sought to characterize the role for the extrinsic, death receptor pathway for the activation of enterocyte apoptosis after massive SBR. We first performed SBR or sham operations in mice, and the temporal expression of caspases 8, 9, and 3, death receptors tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 ([TNFR.sub.1]) and Fas and corresponding ligands (TNF and Fas ligand) was determined in the remnant intestine at various postoperative time points. Ileal [TNFR.sub.1] and Fas expression were then measured after SBR in the setting of increased (waved-2 mice) or decreased (exogenous EGF administration) apoptosis. Finally, intestinal adaptation and apoptosis were recorded in the remnant ileum after SBR in [TNFR.sub.1]-null and Fas-null mice. The expression of death receptor family proteins and caspases demonstrated only modest changes after SBR and did not correlate with the histological appearance of apoptosis. In the setting of accelerated apoptosis, [TNFR.sub.1] and Fas expression were paradoxically decreased. Apoptotic and adaptive responses were preserved in both [TNFR.sub.1]-null and Fas-null mice. These results suggest that the mechanism for increased enterocyte apoptosis following massive SBR does not appear to involve the extrinsic, death receptor-mediated pathway. tumor necrosis factor receptor; Fas; intestinal mucosa; short bowel syndrome; intestinal adaptation

Published
2003

118. Contributors

Author

Alonso, Maria H., primary, Azizkhan, Richard G., additional, Baregamian, Naira, additional, Beierle, Elizabeth A., additional, Billmire, Deborah F., additional, Brandt, Mary L., additional, Chen, Mike K., additional, Chung, Dai H., additional, Davidoff, Andrew M., additional, Dicken, Bryan J., additional, Dickie, Belinda Hsi, additional, Falcone, Richard A., additional, Fallat, Mary E., additional, Frischer, Jason S., additional, Gatti, John M., additional, Goretsky, Michael J., additional, Hines, Michael H., additional, Hirschl, Ronald B., additional, Inge, Thomas H., additional, Islam, Saleem, additional, Josephs, Michael D., additional, Kane, Timothy D., additional, Kawaguchi, Akemi L., additional, Kim, Anne C., additional, Kim, Eugene S., additional, Kuenzler, Keith A., additional, Langer, Jacob C., additional, Levitt, Marc, additional, Manning, Peter B., additional, Meyer, Tory A., additional, Mortellaro, Vincent, additional, Murphy, J. Patrick, additional, Nathan, Jaimie D., additional, Nuss, Donald, additional, Ostlie, Daniel J., additional, Peña, Alberto, additional, Pranikoff, Thomas, additional, Rescorla, Frederick J., additional, Reynolds, Marleta, additional, Ricketts, Richard, additional, Ryckman, Frederick C., additional, Segura, Bradley J., additional, Shamberger, Robert C., additional, Somme, Stig, additional, St. Peter, Shawn D., additional, Stolar, Charles J.H., additional, Teitelbaum, Daniel H., additional, Tiao, Greg M., additional, von Allmen, Daniel, additional, Warner, Brad W., additional, and Wulkan, Mark L., additional

Published
2010
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127. Role of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury

Author

Huang, Frederick S., Kemp, Christopher J., Williams, Jodi L., Erwin, Christopher R., and Warner, Brad W.

Subjects
Intestines -- Injuries, Intestinal mucosa -- Physiological aspects, Transforming growth factors -- Physiological aspects, Enteritis -- Physiological aspects, Epidermal growth factor -- Physiological aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

Several growth factors are trophic for the gastrointestinal tract and able to reduce the degree of intestinal damage caused by cytotoxic agents. However, studies of epidermal growth factor (EGF) for chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury are conflicting. The development of a transgenic mouse that specifically overexpresses EGF in the small intestine provided a unique opportunity to assess the contribution of EGF in mucositis. After a course of fluorouracil, transgenic mice fared no better than control mice. Weight recovery was inferior, and mucosal architecture was not preserved. Apoptosis was not decreased and proliferation was not increased in the crypts. To corroborate the findings in transgenic mice, ICR mice were treated with exogenous EGF after receiving fluorouracil. Despite ileal upregulation of native and activated EGF receptor, the mice were not protected from intestinal damage. No benefits were observed with different EGF doses or schedules or routes of EGF administration. Finally, mucositis was induced in mutant mice with specific defects of the EGF signaling axis. Compared with control mice, clinical and histological parameters of intestinal injury after fluorouracil were no different in waved-2 mice, which have functionally diminished EGF receptors, or waved-1 mice, which lack transforming growth factor-[alpha], another major ligand for the EGF receptor. These findings do not support a critical role for EGF or its receptor in chemotherapy-induced intestinal injury. intestinal mucosa; fluorouracil; enteritis; transgenic mouse; transforming growth factor-[alpha]

Published
2002

129. Antibiotic-driven intestinal dysbiosis in pediatric short bowel syndrome is associated with persistently altered microbiome functions and gut-derived bloodstream infections

Author

Thänert, Robert, primary, Thänert, Anna, additional, Ou, Jocelyn, additional, Bajinting, Adam, additional, Burnham, Carey-Ann D., additional, Engelstad, Holly J., additional, Tecos, Maria E., additional, Ndao, I. Malick, additional, Hall-Moore, Carla, additional, Rouggly-Nickless, Colleen, additional, Carl, Mike A., additional, Rubin, Deborah C., additional, Davidson, Nicholas O., additional, Tarr, Phillip I., additional, Warner, Barbara B., additional, Dantas, Gautam, additional, and Warner, Brad W., additional

Published
2021
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133. EGFR in enterocytes & endothelium and HIF1α in enterocytes are dispensable for massive small bowel resection induced angiogenesis

Author

Onufer, Emily J., primary, Aladegbami, Bola, additional, Imai, Toru, additional, Seiler, Kristen, additional, Bajinting, Adam, additional, Courtney, Cathleen, additional, Sutton, Stephanie, additional, Bustos, Aiza, additional, Yao, Junjie, additional, Yeh, Cheng-Hung, additional, Sescleifer, Anne, additional, Wang, Lihong V., additional, Guo, Jun, additional, and Warner, Brad W., additional

Published
2020
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140. Contributors

Author

Asselin, Barbara L., primary, Arnold, Georgianne, additional, Bayliff, Sherry L., additional, Belcher, Christopher E., additional, Berkowitz, Deena, additional, Blake, Jeffrey, additional, Bolling, Christopher F., additional, Borchers, Deborah, additional, Boulanger, Brittanny Liam, additional, Bowers, Peter N., additional, Braverman, Paula K., additional, Britton, Carmelita V., additional, Broughton, Robert A., additional, Buchanan, Ann, additional, Burstein, Gale R., additional, Campbell, James R., additional, Campbell, Kathleen M., additional, Campbell, Lynn R., additional, Carno, Margaret‐Ann, additional, Carolan, Patrick L., additional, Caserta, Mary T., additional, Castillo, Heidi A., additional, Castle, Kathryn, additional, Chang, Peter, additional, Chen, Sharon F., additional, Cheng, Eulalia R.Y., additional, Cherot, Elizabeth K., additional, Chess, Patricia R., additional, Chiang, Olivia, additional, Chini, Barbara A., additional, Cholette, Jill M., additional, Christy, Cynthia, additional, Ciafaloni, Emma, additional, Cleary, Carolyn, additional, Colton, Lisa Loeb, additional, Conners, Gregory P., additional, Connolly, Heidi V., additional, Cook, Stephen, additional, Copenhaver, Christopher, additional, Crow, Elliott L., additional, Cvetkovich, Therese, additional, Cywinski, David, additional, Danielson, Kristen Smith, additional, Delisle, Dorothy M., additional, Denk, Larry, additional, Denson, Lee A., additional, Drugas, George T., additional, Dukarm, Carolyn Piver, additional, Emmick, Jason G., additional, Emmick, Gus Gibbons, additional, Escobar, Oscar, additional, Fakadej, Anna F., additional, Falcone, Richard A., additional, Feeney, S. Nichole, additional, Fischer, Thomas J., additional, Fisher, Donna J., additional, Fix, Amy, additional, Fong, Chin‐To, additional, Fox, Cynthia L., additional, Fox, D. Steven, additional, Freishtat, Robert J., additional, Garcia, Madelyn, additional, Garfunkel, Lynn C., additional, Gearinger, Matthew D., additional, Gellerstedt, Mary Ellen, additional, Girotto, John, additional, Grenier, Michelle A., additional, Goyal, Alka, additional, Gusic, Maryellen E., additional, Hall, Caroline B., additional, Halterman, Jill S., additional, Hannon, David W., additional, Harmon, William G., additional, Harris, J. Peter, additional, Heneghan, Amy, additional, Herendeen, Neil E., additional, Hettler, Joeli, additional, Hick, John L., additional, Hinkle, Andrea S., additional, Hoberman, Alejandro, additional, Hodgman, Christopher H., additional, Holm, Allison L., additional, Hostetler, Mark A., additional, Howard, Cynthia R., additional, Sansoni Hsu, Stephanie, additional, Hulbert, William C., additional, Humphreys, Robert, additional, Hutchinson, Jon, additional, Hyman, Susan, additional, Jacobs Parks, Carolyn, additional, Jacobs‐Perkins, Andree, additional, Jee, Sandra H., additional, Jospe, Nicholas, additional, Joyce, Steven, additional, Kaczorowski, Jeffrey M., additional, Kancitis, Indra, additional, Kendig, James W., additional, Knight, John, additional, Korones, David N., additional, Kouides, Peter A., additional, Kreipe, Richard, additional, Kudes, Diana Barnett, additional, Kwon, Jennifer M., additional, Lampell, Marc S., additional, Landorf, Meredith, additional, Lanphear, Nancy E., additional, Lee, Jeffrey H., additional, Lee, Lucia H., additional, Lehman, Thomas J.A., additional, Lehoullier, Paul, additional, Lerner, Norma B., additional, Liptak, Gregory S., additional, Loeffler, Ann M., additional, Makoroff, K., additional, Mannick, Elizabeth, additional, Mccann, Christina M., additional, Mccarthy, Carol A., additional, Mcconnell, Michael E., additional, Mendelsohn, Alan M., additional, Menon, Ram K., additional, Mevorach, Robert A., additional, Mian, Ayesa N., additional, Michalak, Heather, additional, Miga, Daniel E., additional, Mihalopoulos, Nicole L., additional, Mink, Jonathan W., additional, Moyer, M. Susan, additional, Mullin, Suzanne Fredrickson, additional, Myer, Charles M., additional, Namgung, Ran, additional, Nasser, Jonathan F., additional, Needlman, Robert, additional, Nicholas, Joseph A., additional, Novak, Maureen, additional, Nurko, Samuel, additional, Orlowski, Craig, additional, Pakpreo, Ponrat, additional, Palis, James, additional, Passo, Murray H., additional, Pedro‐Carroll, Joanne, additional, Pegoli, Walter, additional, Powers, Karen S., additional, Psaila, Susan Haller, additional, Rabinowitz, Ronald, additional, Raslich, Marc A., additional, Resch, Karen L., additional, Reynolds, Meredith E., additional, Richardson, Matthew, additional, Robbins, Brett, additional, Roddy, Mark, additional, Roy, Dennis, additional, Manning Ryan, Leticia, additional, Ryan, Sheryl A., additional, Schaffer, Stanley J., additional, Schauer, Lora L., additional, Schubert, Charles, additional, Schwartz, George J., additional, Scofield, Steven, additional, Segel, George B., additional, Segura, Edgard A., additional, Seybolt, Lorna M., additional, Shaikh, Nader, additional, Sham, Ronald L., additional, Jean Shipley, Laura, additional, Shneider, Benjamin L., additional, Siegel, David M., additional, Scott Smith, Mark, additional, Steed, R. Dennis, additional, Szilagyi, Moira A., additional, Tanski, Susanne E., additional, Thomas‐Taylor, Danielle, additional, Tisma‐Dupanovic, Svetlana, additional, Treanor, John J., additional, Trefts, C. Elizabeth, additional, Tsai, William T., additional, Tsang, Reginald, additional, Van Der Jagt, Elise W., additional, Vanderhoof, Jon A., additional, Varade, William S., additional, Ventre, Kathleen M., additional, Visick, Michael K., additional, Warner, Brad W., additional, Weinberg, Geoffrey A., additional, Wellington, Melanie, additional, White, David R., additional, Wiley, Susan, additional, Wittler, Robert R., additional, Wolhwend, Bryan J., additional, Wood, Jonathan P., additional, Workowski, Kimberly A., additional, Yawman, Daniel, additional, Yeager, Roger A., additional, and Young, Rosemary J., additional

Published
2007
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144. Contributors

Author

Adams, Mark C., primary, Adzick, N. Scott, additional, Albanese, Craig T., additional, Alexander, Fred, additional, Altman, R. Peter, additional, Andrassy, Richard J., additional, Andrews, Walter S., additional, Applebaum, Harry, additional, Arca, Marjorie J., additional, Arensman, Robert M., additional, Atkinson, James B., additional, Azizkhan, Richard G., additional, Baban, Anwar, additional, Barnhart, Douglas C., additional, Bartlett, Robert H., additional, Baskin, Laurence S., additional, Beasley, Spencer W., additional, Bentz, Michael L., additional, Boston, Victor E., additional, Boulanger, Scott C., additional, Bove, Edward L., additional, Brandt, Mary L., additional, Brock, John W., additional, Brown, Rebeccah L., additional, Browne, Marybeth, additional, Buchmiller, Terry L., additional, Busuttil, Ronald W., additional, Caird, Michelle S., additional, Caldamone, Anthony A., additional, Campbell, Darrell A., additional, Caniano, Donna A., additional, Caty, Michael G., additional, Chung, Dai H., additional, Cilley, Robert E., additional, Colombani, Paul M., additional, Cooper, Joel D., additional, Coran, Arnold G., additional, Cotton, Robin T., additional, Dalsing, Michael C., additional, Daneman, Alan, additional, Davidoff, Andrew M., additional, Davidson, Richard S., additional, DeMarco, Romano T., additional, DeUgarte, Daniel A., additional, Devaney, Eric, additional, Didelot, William, additional, DiFiore, John W., additional, Dillon, Patrick A., additional, Dillon, Peter W., additional, Donahoe, Patricia K., additional, Dunn, James C.Y., additional, Eaton, Simon, additional, Eichelberger, Martin R., additional, Ein, Sigmund H., additional, Ells, Carolyn, additional, Eppley, Barry L., additional, Fallat, Mary E., additional, Farmer, Diana L., additional, Farmer, Douglas G., additional, Fishman, Steven J., additional, Flake, Alan W., additional, Foglia, Robert P., additional, Fonkalsrud, Eric W., additional, Ford, Henri R., additional, Fuller, Stephanie M.P., additional, Garcia, Victor F., additional, Gatti, John M., additional, Gauderer, Michael W.L., additional, Geiger, James D., additional, Georgeson, Keith E., additional, Gingalewski, Cynthia A., additional, Glassberg, Kenneth I., additional, Glick, Philip L., additional, Gordon, Sherilyn A., additional, Grikscheit, Tracy C., additional, Grosfeld, Jay L., additional, Gruessner, Angelika C., additional, Gruessner, Rainer W.G., additional, Guzzetta, Philip C., additional, Harmon, Carroll M., additional, Harrison, Michael R., additional, Hayes-Jordan, Andrea A., additional, Hays, Stephen R., additional, Healey, John H., additional, Hendren, W. Hardy, additional, Hering, Bernhard J., additional, Herndon, David N., additional, Hirschl, Ronald B., additional, Holcomb, George W., additional, Huddleston, Charles B., additional, Hutchinson, Raymond J., additional, Hutson, John M., additional, Inge, Thomas, additional, Jasonni, Vincenzo, additional, Jibri, Nishwan, additional, Joyner, Byron D., additional, Kaefer, Martin, additional, Kawamoto, Henry K., additional, Kay, Robert M., additional, Kayes, Kosmas, additional, Kayton, Mark L., additional, Kelly, Robert E., additional, Kim, Stephen S., additional, Klein, Michael D., additional, Klement, Giannoula, additional, Krasin, Matthew J., additional, Krummel, Thomas M., additional, Laberge, Jean-Martin, additional, Landsman, Ira S., additional, La Quaglia, Michael P., additional, Lau, Stanley T., additional, Lee, Steven L., additional, Lelli, Joseph L., additional, Levitt, Marc A., additional, Lindahl, Harry, additional, Lobe, Thom E., additional, Loder, Randall T., additional, Luerssen, Thomas G., additional, Lukish, Jeffrey R., additional, Lund, Dennis P., additional, Madonna, Mary Beth, additional, Magee, John C., additional, Martucciello, Giuseppe, additional, Mathes, Stephen J., additional, McGahren, Eugene D., additional, McQuiston, Leslie T., additional, Metcalfe, Peter, additional, Millar, Alastair J.W., additional, Minevich, Eugene, additional, Miranda, Edward P., additional, Mitchell, Michael E., additional, Miyano, Takeshi, additional, Mount, Delora, additional, Mouriquand, Pierre, additional, Murase, Noriko, additional, Murphy, J. Patrick, additional, Nathan, Saminathan S., additional, Newman, Kurt D., additional, Numanoglu, Alp, additional, Nuss, Donald, additional, Ohye, Richard, additional, Oldham, Keith T., additional, O'Neill, James A., additional, Ong, Evelyn, additional, Oppenheim, William L., additional, Othersen, H. Biemann, additional, Pakarinen, Mikki, additional, Pandurangi, Keshav, additional, Pearl, Richard H., additional, Peña, Alberto, additional, Pieretti, Rafael V., additional, Pierro, Agostino, additional, Potsic, William P., additional, Puligandla, Pramod S., additional, Puapong, Devin P., additional, Puri, Prem, additional, Randolph, Judson G., additional, Rescorla, Frederick J., additional, Reyes, Jorge, additional, Ricketts, Richard R., additional, Rink, Richard C., additional, Rintala, Risto J., additional, Rocchini, Albert P., additional, Rode, Heinz, additional, Rodgers, Bradley M., additional, Sadove, A. Michael, additional, Saggi, Bob H., additional, Sanford, Arthur P., additional, Scherer, L.R., additional, Schnitzer, Jay J., additional, Schwartz, Marshall Z., additional, Shamberger, Robert C., additional, Shapiro, Nina L., additional, Sheldon, Curtis A., additional, Shochat, Stephen J., additional, Skinner, Michael A., additional, Smith, C.D., additional, Smith, Jodi L., additional, Smith, Samuel D., additional, Snyder, Charles L., additional, Spitz, Lewis, additional, Spray, Thomas L., additional, Starzl, Thomas E., additional, Stolar, Charles J.H., additional, Storm, Phillip B., additional, Stylianos, Steven, additional, Su, Wendy T., additional, Superina, Riccardo, additional, Sutherland, David E.R., additional, Sutton, Leslie N., additional, Tagge, Edward P., additional, Teitelbaum, Daniel H., additional, Templeman, Claire L., additional, Tekant, Gonca Topuzlu, additional, Tepas, Joseph J., additional, Thomas, Patrick B., additional, Thompson, Dana Mara, additional, Tovar, Juan A., additional, Upperman, Jeffrey S., additional, Vacanti, Joseph P., additional, Vane, Dennis W., additional, Vustar, Mirjana, additional, Warner, Brad W., additional, Weber, Thomas R., additional, Wesson, David E., additional, West, Karen W., additional, Wetmore, Ralph F., additional, Wiener, Eugene, additional, Wilson, Jay M., additional, Woo, Russell K., additional, Wu, Hsi-Yang, additional, Yerkes, Elizabeth, additional, Young, Daniel G., additional, and Ziegler, Moritz M., additional

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2006
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