Search

Consumers, retailers, investors, and governments want quality products that are both safe and obtained through legal and sustainable practices. The solution put into place to meet those challenges requires the implementation of a traceability system. In the context of forestry, traceability is the ability to inform about the identity or provenance of a wood product. The principle of traceability helps establish trust among the various stakeholders throughout the value chain. To this day, most traceability systems are based on paper permits, which are easier to falsify than systems that are based on genetic markers. In this manuscript, we define the elements of a traceability system based on genomic tools that could be useful for the Canadian forest sector. We also present several examples in which genomic tools are or could be used as traceability systems. Genomic tools and data happen to be available in quantity for several forest species and they could constitute the basis for the development of such tr...

Over the last few decades, wood modification has been performed to improve wood product technical performance. Using renewable based chemicals for wood modification is an innovative alternative to the non-renewable petrochemicals commonly used. However, it should be kept in mind that having the raw material from renewable sources does not guarantee zero environmental impacts. In this study, the treatment considered uses citric acid and glycerol mixture; two chemical products derived from renewable sources. In the residential building context of Quebec-Canada, the cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment for untreated and treated lodgepole pine wood siding was performed and compared. The results obtained show that the treated wood siding has higher environmental impacts than the untreated wood siding, in spite of its longer service life. This is partially caused by the high contribution of citric acid production used for treatment. The current service life expectancy of treated wood siding was estimated to be 2.8 times longer than the one of untreated wood siding based on standardized durability test and classification (AWPA E 10–12 and ASTM D 2017-05). Sensitivity analysis showed that life cycle impacts of treated wood siding become lower than those from untreated wood siding when service life expectancy reaches 5-times that of untreated wood siding. Life cycle assessment could be used for guidance in developing better treatments to improve their environmental impacts.

Carbon offset programs, such as that overseen by the California Air Resources Board (CA ARB), have emerged as a strategy for climate change mitigation. Offset projects sequestering carbon earn credits that can be traded on the Cap-and-Trade market to compensate for carbon emissions. The carbon stock embodied in harvested wood products can make up a substantial portion of the sequestered carbon in forest offset projects. In this paper we investigate the sensitivity of the calculations for the number of credits allocated to a forest offset project in the California system. We also examine how alternative models for the decay of harvested wood products might better reflect the dynamics of both the lifetime and cascade chain progression of the products and how this might change the amount of credits earned. The results suggest improved data collection and refinement in methodology would help to improve accuracy and reduce uncertainty in a large and important carbon stock. We conclude with offering suggestions on how an understanding of the dependence of harvested wood product stocks on life cycle parameters might affect the economics of offset programs and assist targeted mitigation efforts.

Abdulah L, Suhendang E, Purnomo H, Mattangaran JR. 2020. Measuring the sustainability of wood consumption at the household level in Indonesia: Case study in Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 457-464. Data on consumption of wood products at the end-user level does not yet exist. This is caused by variations in the shape of wood products and raw materials used. Meanwhile, information on the level of consumption per capita is needed to measure sustainability consumption at the household level, determine the volume of wood production and carbon storage in wood products in the household. The novelty of this study is in method for measure wood product consumption. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of wood consumption at the household level in the form of use for construction and furniture. The method used was a survey of wood products at the industrial level and to make a database and then confirmed to households to determine the level of consumption. The results showed that wood products in the household are divided into 2 main parts namely construction and furniture. The level of wood consumption varied greatly depending on the type of roof, the number of doors and windows and the amount of furniture used. The level of consumption in Bogor reached 0.1 m3 per capita. This consumption was influenced by the time of use and the size of family.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:34:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Wood density, an important parameter for evaluating forest biomass productivity and wood product quality control, is influenced by a complex combination of variables of forest plantations, including environmental conditions and the management practices adopted. In this paper, we demonstrate that three site variables (annual rainfall, temperature, and soil texture) and 10 plantation variables (e.g., age and genetic material) are associated with basic wood density (evaluated in two situations: with and without bark) in 936 trees of different species of Eucalyptus L’Hér across five distinct edaphoclimatic regions in Brazil. A canonical correlation analysis was used to identify the most contributory variables affecting wood density. The variables globally associated with high basic wood densities were, in order of importance, the genetic material and area per tree (both under direct control of plantation managers), as well as mean annual temperature and soil texture of the site. These results confirmed the advantage of using clonal material (instead of seedling origin material) planted in larger spacings in sites with higher mean annual temperatures and clayey soils to obtain higher basic wood densities. Conversely, low basic wood densities were associated with high-productivity sites, higher rainfall, and plantations with a higher basal area per stem in second rotation. Department of Rural Engineering College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) Department of Rural Engineering College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) CNPq: 140299/2014-9

Земельная реформа на СевероЗападе России привела к выводу из использования значительной части сельскохозяйственных угодий. В отсутствие надлежащего мелиоративного ухода они быстро зарастают древеснокустарниковой растительностью (ДКР). На фоне увеличения потребности в высококачественных кормах возникла острая необходимость освоения закустаренных залежных земель. Целью комплексного исследования стала оценка воздействия новых технологических приёмов переработки древесины и воспроизводства почвенного плодородия на продуктивность и качество зелёной массы однолетних и многолетних трав. Методической основой исследования служил мелкоделяночный полевой опыт в звене полевого севооборота однолетние травы с подсевом многолетних трав многолетние травы . Опыт был заложен в 2017 году на базе ООО София на залежных землях Тосненской низины Ленинградской области. Почва дерновоподзолистая глееватая тяжелосуглинистая с сильнокислой реакцией среды (рНKCl 4,27), средней обеспеченностью подвижным фосфором и повышенной концентрацией обменного калия. Схема опыта двухфакторная. Фактор А продукты переработки ДКР: щепа (5 15 см) продукт фрезерной обработки машинами импортного производства в дозе 100 т/га, сечка (1 5 см) продукт переработки мульчерами в дозе 100 т/га, биоуголь продукт пиролизной переработки ДКР в дозе 10 т/га и древесная зола (1,05 т/га). Фактор Б новая система воспроизводства плодородия (НСВП) на основе комплекса химических мелиорантов: птичьего помёта в дозах 20 и 40 т/га, сыромолотого доломита в дозе 10 т/га и калийного удобрения (K70 и K140). При заделке в почву предварительно переработанной ДКР происходило резкое уменьшение урожайности и значительное снижение качественных показателей кормовой продукции первой сельскохозяйственной культуры. Только при сочетании прогрессивных мелиоративных технологий с комплексом химических мелиорантов была достигнута высокая агрономическая эффективность освоения закустаренной залежи. Это обеспечило повышение продуктивности звена севооборота в среднем на 42, а в вариантах с биоуглем на 54. При этом валовой сбор сырого протеина возрастал на 64 и 85 соответственно. Его содержание в контрольном варианте составило 1,50 т/га, а в вариантах с ДКР и НСВП 1,29 и 2,46 т/га соответственно., This investigation studied the effect of wood products applied into soil on grass productivity and green mass quality. The crop rotation included: annual grasses and overseeding with perennial crops perennial grasses. Microplot trial took place on the old Tosna river lowland in 2017 on the base of OOO Sofiya. Sodpodzolic gleyic soil had high amount of clay, рНKCl of 4.27, medium content of soluble P and high concentration of exchange K. Experimental design twofactorial. Factor A wood product: chips (5 15 cm) 100 t ha1, waste (1 5 cm) 100 t ha1, biochar 10 t ha1 and ash 1.05 t ha1. Factor B new fertility restoration system complex of chemical ameliorants: poultry manure (20 and 40 t ha1), row grinded dolomite (10 t ha1) and potassium fertilizers (K70 and K140). Wood products applied into soil sharply decreased forage quality and productivity of the first crop. Combination of modern cultivation technologies and chemicals effectively improved land quality. Crop productivity increased by 42, under the biochar treatment by 54. Gross yield of crude protein rose by 64 and 85, respectively. Its content amounted to 1.50 t ha1 in the control, 1.29 and 2.46 t ha1 for factors A and B, respectively., №8(2019) (2019)

The world environmental problems have suffered from a prolonged period of seclusion in the eyes of the global community. Nevertheless; after the world has experienced a leap in various disciplines, preserving the environment has become a universal concern. Consequently, discussing the issue of “Innovative approaches towards preserving the environment” is a conversation of critical importance to alternate the societal way of thinking, moreover; shedding the light on the focal role of academic research is crucial to start reaching goals, instead of counting failures. The dire state of the world environmental problems demands innovative solutions that have the ability to tackle complex issues. The society is obligated to adopt dynamic approaches to successfully address the matters at hand. For instance, if we look closely at the topic of climate change, it is quite apparent that the issue needs to be examined from different angles, and inventive solutions need to surface. The preservation of the environment is every person’s concern as it impacts climate change, biodiversity, energy efficiency, renewable energy, recycling, land degradation, natural resources protection, natural disaster rates and agricultural production. In order to reach a permanent solution, a set of skills and modernized knowledge of multiple fields need to be put in action, such as behavioral science, community involvement, politics and economics. The execution of the answers to numerous environmental problems must be implemented through harmoniously coordinating the efforts of the participants with their different backgrounds. The bearing of these solutions through time has to be achieved through acknowledging the complexity of the issues and the readiness to change the current hierarchy of the environmental management. Although the environmental issues are measurable, researchers are always faced with some level of scientific uncertainty, in addition to the uncontrollable factor of the ever-changing nature of the climate. Hence, society needs to adopt a dynamic mindset to flourish in prosperity.

In the age of accelerated advancement of new technology, innovative and contemporary materials, the application of ecological, natural and green materials is more than urgent need for reduction of pollution and climate changes mitigation. Wood is natural material, traditionally used in building sector from the beginning. In recent years, wood has rapidly developed into a high-tech construction material. Today we are witness of the multi-storey wooden buildings all over the world. Market for the engineering wood product (EWPs) is rapidly grooving every year.

The term consumption of wood products has not yet become a significant consideration in regulating timber forest products in Indonesia. The result is that tree harvesting is not based on the size of its utilization. This situation will impact the piling up of harvested wood and reduce the price of wood and forested land’s economic value. Otherwise, timber needs are not fulfilled to carry out illegal logging to meet their needs. Errors in using basic data will improve environmental damage like carbon storage. This problem must be seen as a system. For this reason, this study aims to recommend strategies for meeting the needs of trees and timber to maintain forest productivity. The method used is system dynamics analysis. The results showed that emissions from wood products’ utility in households are 14 t in natural forests and only 2 t from plantation forests. The scenario of promoting the use of wood is carried out, the community will use solid wood and composite wood products more widely, and the use of wood in roof construction tends to be constant.

[EN] The expected increased share of renewables due to the ongoing energy transition may reduce the estimated potential mitigation effect of wood. Here, we estimated the climate change mitigation effect for five scenarios of wood products use in Europe applying dynamic substitution factors embracing a future energy mix with an increasing share of renewables in accordance with the emission reductions necessary to achieve the Paris Agreement targets. Our innovative modelling approach also included the elimination of eternal recycling loops, the inclusion of more realistic wood use cascading scenarios, and adoption of a more realistic marginal (ceteris paribus) substitution approach. Results show that the mitigation effect derived from material substitution is 33% lower in 2030 than previously predicted, and even 96% lower in 2100, showing its expiry date by the end of the century. Nevertheless, the mitigation effect of wood product use, in addition to mitigation by forests, may represent 3.3% of the European emission reduction targets by 2030., We thank Estelle Vial and AnneLaure Levet for the help provided to adapt the substitution factors from FORMIT project (EU grant no. 311970) to our needs and EOS for providing access to their confidential work. We also thank anonymous reviewers for providing thoughtful comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by the EU through the Marie Curie Initial Training Networks (ITN) action CASTLE, grant agreement no. 316020. The content of this publication reflects only the authors' views, and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Wood product manufacturing involves many dangerous activities and a high incidence of work-related accidents. The objective of this study was to analyze registered and unregistered work accidents, as well as the most frequent type and rate increase over the years for different activities of wood product manufacture in Brazil. Total accidents were counted including both unregistered and registered accidents. The accidents were classified as either a typical accident, a commuting accident or occupational diseases. Evaluated production was subdivided into sawmill operations, manufacture of laminated wood and plywood, wood-derived pressed and agglomerated sheets, and furniture with a predominance of wood. Wood production presented 2,849,470 direct jobs. For the furniture manufacturing sub-sector, there was an increase in the growth rate for direct jobs. However, there was a greater number of total accidents and an increase in the rate of number of accidents over time. For sawmills and the manufacture of laminated wood and slabs, there was a decreasing trend in the rate of direct jobs and accidents. Of the total number of accidents, more than 20% were not reported. The primary accident incidence was the typical accident (88.3%), followed by commuting accidents (9.5%) and lastly occupational diseases (2.1%).

Economic and environmental issues are directly related to industrial processes which, not only employ natural resources but also generate by-products that may impact the environment. In order to achieve sustainable development, reducing the use of natural resources and lowering cost through adequate destination of waste becomes a crucial issue. The aim of this paper is to analyze the suitability of reusing waste (wood ash) resulting from the combustion process at wood product industries for manufacturing cement based materials used in civil engineering. The material assessed is ash from the combustion process of a wood product industry. In this study, physical and chemical properties such as grain size, mineral and chemical composition of this by-product were characterized. Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction techniques were used for this purpose. Preliminary results show the suitability of using the waste (wood ash) for manufacturing cement based materials

Developing strategies for reducing atmospheric CO2 is one of the foremost challenges facing natural resource professionals today. The goal of this study was to evaluate total ecosystem and harvested wood product carbon (C) stocks among alternative forest management treatments (selection cutting, shelterwood cutting, commercial clearcutting, and no management) in mixed-species stands in central Maine, USA. These treatments were initiated in the 1950s and have been maintained since, and ecosystem C pools were measured in 2012. When compared across managed treatments, the commercial clearcut had the lowest total ecosystem C stocks by 21%, on average (P < 0.05), while the selection and shelterwood treatments had similar total ecosystem C stocks. Including the C stored in harvested wood products did not influence observed differences in C storage among treatments. Total ecosystem C stocks in the reference stand were 247.0 ± 17.7 Mg·ha−1 (mean ± SD) compared with 161.7 ± 31.3 Mg·ha−1 in the managed stands (171....

Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) is an invasive tree that is the target of many restoration efforts across the United States. These removals are very expensive and generate large amounts of woody biomass waste that currently goes unused. The attractive grain and color of the wood has motivated some mills to process Russian olive and sell it for artisan uses. Some research exists on Russian olive biomass utilization, but no studies have been done on its use as a solid-sawn wood product. The Colorado State Forest Service nursery has hundreds of Russian olives on its property slated for removal. This presented the opportunity to conduct an economic analysis on the potential for increased utilization of Russian olive wood. An inventory of standing trees was conducted to find the volume of merchantable wood and estimate the potential lumber yield. Additionally, a sample of the trees was removed and milled, with actual costs and lumber yields tracked throughout the process. Findings from the two ...

While friction plays an important role in many timber-concrete composite structures, it has been studied only to a limited extent and current knowledge is not comprehensive enough for rigorous modelling of e.g. timber-concrete connections. The purpose of this study is to fill part of this gap by investigating timber to concrete friction under cyclic loading experimentally. The tests were conducted with small-scale double-sided shear specimens. The materials included surface treated and untreated edge-faces of coniferous laminated veneer lumber and birch plywood combined with high-strength concrete grout that was cast directly on the timber parts. The initial shear strengths are evaluated by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, and the static and kinetic friction coefficients are determined for each load cycle. Based on the results, influence of the cumulative displacement, the wood product, the grain orientations and the surface treatment on the initial shear strength and the friction coefficients are analysed. The tests also showed interlocking that is likely related to the matching surfaces created by prior de-bonding. As this interlocking affects the results, it was also investigated.

This article assesses the development of wood exports in the Czech Republic (Czechia) and Austria in recent years. Some approaches, such as revealed comparative advantage (RCA), relative trade balance index (RTB), and diversification ratios are used to assess the export performance and competitiveness indicators in these countries. The RCA result reveals that both Czechia and Austria have been competitive in the global wood markets, just as the countries have witnessed positive in RTB within the period under study. Market diversification results indicate that both countries concentrated in few markets (mainly within the EU single market) for exports of wood products. Also, the competitiveness based on the product structure shows that both countries, notably Austria wood product groups have been diversified and mostly processed before exports. In summary, both countries have performed impressively within the period under study even though the time series for the research was short. Nevertheless, there is a need for market export diversification beyond the EU’s single market., Ovaj članak analizira kretanje izvoza drva u Češkoj i Austriji posljednjih godina. Neki se pristupi, poput otkrivene komparativne prednosti (RCA), indeksa relativne trgovinske bilance (RTB) i omjera diversifikacije koriste za procjenu pokazatelja uspješnosti izvoza i konkurentnosti u tim zemljama. Rezultat RCA pristupa otkriva da su i Češka i Austrija bile konkurentne na svjetskom tržištu drva, baš kao što su i zemlje ostvarivale pozitivne RTB rezultate u promatranom razdoblju. Rezultati diversifikacije tržišta pokazuju da su se obje zemlje koncentrirale na nekoliko tržišta (uglavnom unutar jedinstvenog tržišta EU-a) za izvoz drvnih proizvoda. Također, konkurentnost na temelju strukture proizvoda pokazuje da su proizvodi u obje zemlje, posebno grupe proizvoda od drva u Austriji, raznoliki i uglavnom se obrađuju prije izvoza. Ukratko, obje su zemlje postigle nevjerojatne rezultate tijekom perioda proučavanja iako je vremenski niz za istraživanje bio kratak. Ipak, postoji potreba za diversifikacijom izvoza na tržištu izvan jedinstvenog tržišta EU.

Bioeconomy development will create new opportunities for firms operating in the international wood products markets, and identifying and exploiting these opportunities is emphasized as a key concept to achieving business success. Our study will attempt to address a gap in the literature on sawmill industry business development from the viewpoint of international opportunity recognition. The aim of our study is to provide a holistic description on how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the wood products industry recognize and exploit international business opportunities, and how they utilize network perspectives in this context. The subject was examined through Finnish wood product industry SMEs by interviewing 11 managers and industry representatives. The results suggest that SMEs recognize international opportunities reactively per se. Social networks formed in professional forums were an important information channel for identifying international opportunities. Through vertical business networks, such as sales agents, firms have been able to increase their international market presence and free their own resources for other important activities. Horizontal dyadic business networks were seen to facilitate new international opportunities through cooperation, while excessive reliance on vertical networks raised concerns and seemed not to be effective in international opportunity recognition. Institutional networks formed a systematic way of recognizing international opportunities, but more so at the initial market entry stage. Biocconomy development will create new opportunities for firms operating in the international wood products markets, and identifying and exploiting these opportunities is emphasized as a key concept to achieving business success. Our study will attempt to address a gap in the literature on sawmill industry business development from the viewpoint of international opportunity recognition. The aim of our study is to provide a holistic description on how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the wood products industry recognize and exploit international business opportunities, and how they utilize network perspectives in this context. The subject was examined through Finnish wood product industry SMEs by interviewing 11 managers and industry representatives. The results suggest that SMEs recognize international opportunities reactively per se. Social networks formed in professional forums were an important information channel for identifying international opportunities. Through vertical business networks, such as sales agents, firms have been able to increase their international market presence and free their own resources for other important activities. Horizontal dyadic business networks were seen to facilitate new international opportunities through cooperation, while excessive reliance on vertical networks raised concerns and seemed not to be effective in international opportunity recognition. Institutional networks formed a systematic way of recognizing international opportunities, but more so at the initial market entry stage.

While automated optical inspection (AOI) is an effective means to evaluate the quality of wood product, there are very few other applications of AOI in the domestic wood factories. For example, defects of holes or cavities on the surface of wood product currently are still found and filled with glue by human labor. In this paper, we propose using the laser triangulation method of 3D machine vision, to detect defects (holes or cavities) for a large area of lumber surface, and the information collected can be used in the automatic filling machine for further filling process. This method proved to be unaffected by wood surface texture, and can identify the cavity defect with a size larger than 1 mm under the speed of 3.6 m/min for wood with 1.5 m wide.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of construction and demolition (C&D) waste wood to produce of particleboard. The raw material was obtained from a waste recycling company and it was divided into four types of materials: MDF (medium density fiberboard), MDP (medium density particleboard), plywood and timber. After reduction of these wood product residues to particles, particleboards were produced, in the UFPR Laboratory, with urea-formaldehyde resin and a target density of 0,75 g / cm³ and their physical and mechanical properties were determined. Particleboards made from industrial Pinus spp. particles were also produced as control samples. C&D wood waste showed potential for use as raw material for particleboard. The properties of particleboard made of recycled timber, MDP, plywood and the mixture of the four sources of material indicated that particleboard industries could use these waste resources for the production of the inner layer of MDP products.

Although Forest Principles promoting responsible forest management were formally adopted in 1992, the sustainability of forests is still undermined by harmful practices. In this regard, voluntary forest certification may represent an effective way to lessen the negative impacts of timber and forestry products upon the environment and upon the living conditions of local populations. This work aims to investigate the role of socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of the forestry certification schemes and attitudinal factors on the purchasing intention of certified wood-derived products in Italy. A convenience sample of 371 consumers were interviewed through an online–administered questionnaire, and data collected were analysed by means of an ordered probit model. The results show that income and age, together with knowledge of the main certification labels and the attitudes towards certifications, have a positive and statistically significant effect on intentions to purchase certified wood products Keywords, International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol 9, No 4 (2018): Special issue: Credence attibutes, consumer trust, and sensory expectations in modern food markets

The exact number of skateboards manufactured every year is unknown, but it is estimated to be in the millions. Most skateboard decks are made from a high grade of maple (Acer spp.) veneer plywood and typically last only a few months before they break or deteriorate beyond use. Millions of used skateboard decks are discarded annually, ending up in landfills when, instead, they could be recycled into new products. But beyond artistic or aesthetic purposes, material properties of the used skateboard decks are unknown. The objective of this paper is to investigate the material properties of wooden composite panels created by reengineering the skateboard deck material. These aesthetically pleasing wooden panels may be a sustainable recycled product. This paper presents a method of analyzing material properties and structural aspects of used skateboard deck material. Tests were developed to measure the stiffness and strength in bending, moisture content, specific gravity, moisture durability, and species identification. The results show that this process of reengineering skateboard decks makes for a strong wood product and may be useful to those interested in developing new products from recycled materials. Published version

Harvested Wood Products (HWPs) are considered as means of carbon sequestration in the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has introduced the average (service) life multiplied by ln(2) as so-called “Half-Life” (HL) to define the period for accounting carbon sequestration in wood products. This work investigates the dynamics of apparent HL and carbon content within three important categories of wood utilization (construction, furniture and packaging) considering sales on the wood product level in Austria for the period 2002 to 2011. Static HL for finished products derived from a literature study is used for upscaling information about carbon flows and associated HL to semi-finished HWP. From HL on the product level three category-HLs are derived. Averaged over 10 years, we find the following HLs: 33.0 years for construction, 8.5 years for furniture, and 1.4 years for packaging. For each category the shares of semi-finished HWP (sawnwood and wood-based panels) are determined. With this information, the average Kyoto-relevant HL for semi-finished HWP can be deducted. For the period 2002–2011, it is 9.5 to 16.6 years for sawnwood and 9.0 to 11.0 years for wood-based panels.

Current research and practice reports indicate the existence of purchase barriers concerning eco-friendly products, e.g. wood products. These can be ascribed to consumers' mistrust regarding the non-observable environmental impact of wood products. To counter the mistrust, wood products are commonly endowed with eco-labels, which may be perceived mostly as a marketing tool, therefore not fulfilling their intended purpose. Current studies have shown that providing consumers with wood product information based on traceability systems increases product trust and purchase intentions, with those information items most valued by consumers being identified as well. Based on this, the paper proposes a traceability information system for the capturing, processing, and provision of product information using examples of wood furniture. Furthermore, a cost-benefit model for the proposed solution is developed. The calculations indicate the possibility of implementing traceability at the item level based on a four-layer system architecture enabling the capture and delivery of all information valued by consumers at acceptable costs. The proposed system helps to overcome purchase barriers of eco-friendly products, increasing consumers' product trust and purchase intentions.

Since the end of the last century, exports from the Chinese wood processing sector have experienced very rapid growth and played an increasingly important role in the world's wood product ...

This study aims to update the supply-demand model of wood products(FOSMO-2013) and to forecast mid and long run supply and demand for each products. The subjects of the study include sawnwood, plywood, particle board, fiberboard(MDF), and pulp. The updated partial equilibrium model is composed of supply function, import demand function, demand function, price relation function. The long run outlooks of world prices of wood and wood products are imported from the results of Buongiorno(2012). This study also adopt Buongiorno's scenarios, which includes three scenarios of IPCC(A1B, A2, B2) and the other one with assumption of increasing fuelwood consumption of A1B scenario. The result says that the domestic productions of wood products are expecting to decrease while the imports of them increase even there are some differences among the products as well as scenarios.

An asymmetrical two-layer laminated densified wood product is prone to cupping when it is placed in a fluctuating moisture environment. This study was aimed at developing a 2D finite element (FE) model to simulate this situation. Two types of specimens with two thickness ratios of 0.18 (type I) and 0.58 (type II) were prepared. A 6-week moisture and temperature treatment was conducted. The cupping value of deformed specimens was measured for verification. The major results were: (1) The cupping value of type I specimens experimentally measured and predicted was 0.307 and 0.327 mm, respectively, while that of type II specimens was 0.440 and 0.396 mm, respectively; (2) FE and experimental results were in good agreement since the FE results lied in the 95 % confidence interval of the experimental results. The developed FE model can be used to predict the moisture-induced cupping of a two-layer laminated wood product.

We develop a new framework, based on Landsat time series data and forest inventories, to estimate the carbon in roundwood harvested from forest management activities, which will enter the HWP pool and remain stored in end uses and landfills. The approach keeps the distinction between the carbon from different types of roundwood sources, which allows for better integration with the regional HWP carbon lifetime information. We show that existing methods that are based on large scale regional/national values and linear interpolation of data gaps, can provide only very approximate carbon estimates. The model was applied to a US state using county level data, but can also suit different areas as long as sufficient harvest records are available for calibration. The results can be used to study managed forests and evaluate the impact of forest policies on the carbon cycle at a detailed scale. The estimated quantity of carbon in roundwood harvest provides an upper bound on the gross carbon added to HWP in use, prior to deductions from losses. Our results can also be coupled with mill processing efficiency estimate and wood product life cycle analysis to better understand the effect of forest management activities on the carbon cycle.

Wood is a pure, sustainable, renewable material. The increasing use of wood for construction can improve its sustainability. There are various techniques to assemble multi-layer wooden panels into prefabricated, load-bearing construction elements. However, comparative market and economy studies are still scarce. In this study, the following assembling techniques were compared: laminating, nailing, stapling, screwing, stress laminating, doweling, dovetailing, and wood welding. The production costs, durability, and ecological considerations were presented. This study was based on reviews of published works and information gathered from 27 leading wood product manufacturing companies in six European countries. The study shows that the various techniques of assembling multi-layer wooden construction panel elements are very different. Cross laminated timber (CLT) exhibited the best results in terms of cost and durability. With regard to ecological concerns, dovetailing is the best. Taking into account both durability and ecological considerations, wooden screw-doweling is the best. These alternatives give manufacturers some freedom of choice regarding the visibility of surfaces and the efficient use of lower-quality timber. CLT is the most cost-effective, is not patented, and is a well-established option on the market today. Validerad; 2015; Nivå 2; 20150827 (aliwan)

Colour can be one of the preferencial factors prior to making a decision when people want to make a purchase of a wood product. Impregnation treatment can alter the wood colour. This study investigated the colour change of young plantation Jabon wood due to impregnation using Polymerised Merbau Extractives. Colour evaluation was done using the CIEL*a*b* system. Investigations also included morphological appearance by Scanning Electron Microscopic and chemical change by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis. The results demonstrated that impregnation treatment using selected Polymerised Merbau Extractives i.e. PME22 and PME33, resulted in the colour change of the wood. Appearance of the impregnated wood was different from the original wood; it was like a 'new wood'. The colour was changed permanently. PME33 caused Jabon wood samples to be darker. The SEM results of untreated and treated Jabon wood showed apparent difference due to deposited cured polymerised Merbau extractives (PME) in wood vessels. Obviously, a certain amount of cured PME precipitated on the surface of wood vessels and filled in the cell wall illustrated by the cross section of treated wood. FTIR spectra revealed that impregnating treatment using polymerised Merbau extractives made chemical changes in the wood of new functional groups bonded to Jabon wood.

A novel green protocol for the deacidifying consolidation of waterlogged archaeological woods through aqueous dispersions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 and halloysite nanotubes containing calcium hydroxide has been designed. First, we prepared functionalized halloysite nanotubes filled with Ca(OH)2 in their lumen. The controlled and sustained release of Ca(OH)2 from the halloysite lumen extended its neutralization action over time, allowing the development of a long-term deacidification of the wood samples. A preliminary thermomechanical characterization of clay/polymer nanocomposites allows us to determine the experimental conditions to maximize the consolidation efficiency of the wood samples. The penetration of the halloysite-Ca(OH)2/PEG composite within the wooden pores conferred the robustness of the archaeological woods based on the clay/polymer composition of the consolidant mixture. Compared to the archeological woods treated with pure PEG 1500, the addition of modified nanotubes in the consolidant induced a remarkable improvement in the mechanical performance in terms of flexural strength and rigidity. The pH measurements of the treated woods showed that the halloysite-Ca(OH)2 are effective alkaline fillers. Accordingly, the modified nanotubes provided a long-term protection for lignin present in the woods that are exposed to artificial aging under acidic atmosphere. The attained knowledge shows that an easy and green protocol for the long-term preservation of wooden artworks can be achieved by the combination of PEG polymers and alkaline tubular nanostructures obtained through the confinement of Ca(OH)2 within the halloysite cavity. © 2018 American Chemical Society.

Figured black walnut lumber is a specialty wood product that commands a high price for manufacturing fine furniture and interior paneling. Two common figured grain patterns occur in walnut; they are known as “fiddle-back” or “curly” grain, depending on the number of horizontal lines visible in the grain of the finished wood. The occurrence of figured walnut in nature is rare and unpredictable. Trees that have consistent figured patterns throughout the log are of exceptional value. Conversely, trees with partial or spotty figured patterns are considered defective and are reduced in value. Conventional breeding of seedlings, or cloning figured trees by grafting, are possible methods to propagate figured wood in walnut. The value of such material, however, will depend on figure being expressed predictably. For breeding to succeed, the trait of interest must be genetic and heritable. For clonal propagation to be effective, the trait must be reproduced true-totype. In this study, we evaluate the grain pattern of both grafted and seedling walnut from several highly figured wild selections. Logs from grafted trees of three clones propagated in the 1970s in Kansas were evaluated. Only one log from one clone showed some figure in its lumber. Ten-yearold seedlings from the figured walnut clone “Lamb” were grown and cut in Indiana and evaluated for figured grain, and none showed any sign of figured grain developing. Our conclusion is that figured grain in black walnut does not propagate true-to-type through grafting or by growing open-pollinated seed. Although evidence of some genetic control of figure was found, environmental and other factors appear to play a greater role.

The increasing output of agroforestry can be achieved by optimizing and improving its wood product. Mindi (Melia azedarach L.) is one of the fast-growing species planted in traditional agroforestry in Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. In this field observation and literature study, the physical and mechanical properties of Mindi wood and the calorific value of the wood waste were evaluated. Finally, the allowable tension (safe load) from Mindi wood for practice application has been calculated. The result indicates that the wood of Mindi is suitable for building construction and furniture material. Its differential shrinkage is in the same range as Teak wood. The allowable tension of Mindi Wood is higher than Quercho blanco wood from Sud America. Furthermore, wood waste of Mindi is suitable for heating material and torrefaction effort will improve its calorific value. Due to its fast growth, good stem quality and its low shading effect of the canopy Mindi is recommended for agroforestry development.

This article investigates how firms manage outsourcing in situations of a non-developed supplier market. This study followed the initial outsourcing activities and strategies of two case companies in the wood product manufacturing industry. The findings show that greater focus needs to be placed on operational aspects associated with non-developed supplier markets, which contrasts with the traditional strategic view of outsourcing. For practitioners, this article suggests that it is important to emphasise that the learning curve for a supplier can be lengthy, and also that alternative outsourcing routes are available when outsourcing to a non-developed supplier market.

The Green River precommercial thinning (PCT) trials were established between 1959 and 1961 in naturally regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands an average of eight years after overstory removal. Three nominal spacings of 4 ft (1.2 m), 6 ft (1.8 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m) were compared to an unthinned control in six replicate blocks. In the fall of 2008, following completion of the ninth sequential evaluation of the study’s 48 permanent sample plots, three of the six replicates were clearcut harvested; butt rot data were collected immediately afterwards. To date, forest management research and goals have focused on the benefits of PCT, such as increased tree size and merchantable volume, shorter rotation ages, and better stem form and uniformity. Comparatively little attention has been placed on negative aspects of PCT, such as the incidence and development of root and butt rots, and their impact on fibre yields and wood product values. Results from the Green River study provide evidence that PCT may increase the incidence of butt rot in balsam fir, with incidence proportional to thinning intensity (p < 0.01). We also observed incidence and volume of butt rot to increase with stem diameter (p ≤ 0.05). The experiment suggests that factors such as stand age at time of thinning, and age at the time of harvest are important considerations when it comes to mitigating the impacts of butt rot through forest management.

The aim of this research was investigating the factors that affect the properties and production of particleboards from maize cobs. The particleboards were produced at three different levels of resin content (125, 188, and 250 g) while using particles in the size ranges of 1.13 to

The exchange of carbon, primarily as the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, between forests and the atmosphere, gives forest managers opportunities to limit greenhouse gas emissions through forest management. Options available to forest managers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions include 1) storing carbon in landscapes, 2) storing carbon in wood products, and 3) providing society with a low-emissions resource (wood products) to substitute for alternative materials associated with larger emissions. To evaluate the trade-off between storing carbon in forests and providing society with wood products, the dynamics of each option must be understood. Here, the above options are explained using simple models analogous to reservoirs and safes. Reservoirs are used to represent dynamic systems, such as forest and wood product carbon stocks, and the irreversible substitution effect, where emissions are avoided through the use of wood, is shown as analogous to placing avoided emissions in a safe.