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Transposable elements (TEs) are dynamically expressed at high levels in multiple human tissues, but the function of TE-derived transcripts remains largely unknown. In this study, we identify numerous TE-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) by conducting Argonaute2 RNA Immunoprecipitation followed by small RNA sequencing (AGO2 RIP-seq) on human brain tissue. Many of these miRNAs originated from LINE-2 (L2) elements, which entered the human genome around 100-300 million years ago. We found that L2-miRNAs derive from the 3’ end of the L2 consensus sequence and thus share very similar sequences, indicating that they could target transcripts with L2s in their 3’UTR. In line with this, we found that many protein-coding genes carry fragments of L2-derived sequences in their 3’UTR, which serve as target sites for L2-miRNAs. L2-miRNAs and targets were generally ubiquitously expressed at low levels in multiple human tissues, suggesting a role for this network in buffering transcriptional levels of housekeeping genes. Interestingly, we also found evidence that this network is perturbed in glioblastoma. In summary, our findings uncover a TE-based post-transcriptional network that shapes transcriptional regulation in human cells.

This study assessed the effects of life stress on cognitive functions in working women. In the present scenario role segregated and segmental identity of women has put them in a situation where females have to perform multiple and adapt to diverse kind of psychological environments. They are always under pressure to rearrange their traditional roles of wife, mother and home maker in order to accommodate their non traditional roles as earner. These pressures tend to predispose them to life stresses, sometimes leading to reduced psychological well being. High stress leads to cognitive dysfunctions as more attention is paid to negative aspects of life. Scores of cognitive functions viz. problem solving, focused attention, concentration & recall in low stressed women were significantly higher than these scores in high stress women. Conclusion: Cognitive functions were disrupted in case of high stress women and sharp in case of low stress women

There is a long history in ecology of using mathematical models to identify deterministic processes that may lead to dramatic population dynamic patterns like boom-and-bust outbreaks. Stochasticity is also well-known to have a significant influence on the dynamics of many ecological systems, but this aspect has received far less attention. Here, we study a stochastic version of a classic bistable insect outbreak model to reveal the role of stochasticity in generating outbreak dynamics. We find that stochasticity has strong effects on the dynamics and that the stochastic system can behave in ways that are not easily anticipated by its deterministic counterpart. Both the intensity and autocorrelation of the stochastic environment are important. Stochasticity with higher intensity (variability) generally weakens bistability, causing the dynamics to spend more time at a single state rather than jumping between alternative stable states. Which state the population tends toward depends on the noise color. High-intensity white noise causes the insect population to spend more time at low density, potentially reducing the severity or frequency of outbreaks. However, red (positively autocorrelated) noise can make the population spend more time near the high density state, intensifying outbreaks. Under neither type of noise do early warning signals reliably predict impending outbreaks or population crashes.

In this paper we prove some new fixed point theorems for weak commuting mapping on complete metric space. Our results generalize several corresponding relations in metric space of weak commuting mapping.

Corporate social responsibility is emerging as a new field in the management research. It encompasses not only what companies do with their profits, but also how they make them. It is not just for large scale companies but also used by small scale and non-profit organizations. In India many firms have taken the initiatives of CSR practices which have met with different needs of the society as a whole. Data has been collected from number of articles, books, periodicals and websites.The present study has been an attempt to generate awareness and to understand meaning, significance, dimensional aspect of CSR and how to manage it. An extensive literature review is done on CSR. At the end some forces at work, some issues related to CSR in India and some recommendations are given.

Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy. These are the people who have the skills and initiative necessary to take good new ideas to market and make the right decisions to make the idea profitable. The reward for the risks taken is the potential economic profits the entrepreneur could earn. Technically, a "women entrepreneur" is any women who organizes and manages any enterprise, usually with considerable initiative and risk. However, quite often the term "women-owned business" is used relative to government contracting. In this instance, the entrepreneur (a woman) owns (more than 50%), controls and runs the enterprise. Data has been collected from number of articles, books, periodicals and websites. The present study has been an attempt to generate awareness and to understand meaning, rationale for diversification. An extensive literature review is done on women entrepreneur. At the end some major problems faced by Indian women entrepreneurs, success stories of Indian women entrepreneurs, factors influencing women I. INTRODUCTION Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a "Woman or a group of women who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise". Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs based on women participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise. Accordingly, a woman run a enterprise is defined as "an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51%of the employment generated in the enterprise to women". Women entrepreneur constitute 10 % of the number of the number of entrepreneur in the country. This has been a significant growth in self-employment of women with women now starting new ventures at three times the rate of men. They constitute 50% of the population of our country with a lower literacy rate than men. This statistical fact indicates that for the economic growth of the nation, women should not be encouraged to make their share of economic contribution towards the country. one way of achieving is by making women come out and become entrepreneurs. In the traditional society, they were confined to the four walls, playing household roles, but in the modern society, they are coming out to participate in all sorts od activities. Normally, women entrepreneurship is found in the extension of their kitchen activities, mainly in preparing commercially the 3"P"s namely, Pickles, Papads and Powder. Few of them venture into services industry relating to hospitality, catering, educational services, consultation or public relations, beauty clinics, etc. Women enter entrepreneurship due to economic factors which pushed them to be on their own and urge them to do something independently. Women prefer to work from their own work residence, difficulty in getting suitable jobs and desire for social recognition motivate them towards self-employment. We see a lot of women professionals in engineering, medicine, law etc. They are also setting up hospitals, training centers, etc. "An enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated by the enterprise to women." — Government of India

Gene expression is a noisy process that leads to regime shift between alternative steady states among individual living cells, inducing phenotypic variability. The effects of white noise on the regime shift in bistable systems have been well characterized, however little is known about such effects of colored noise (noise with non-zero correlation time). Here, we show that noise correlation time, by considering a genetic circuit of autoactivation, can have significant effect on the regime shift in gene expression. We demonstrate this theoretically, using stochastic potential, stationary probability density function and first-passage time based on the Fokker-Planck description, where the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is used to model colored noise. We find that increase in noise correlation time in degradation rate can induce a regime shift from low to high protein concentration state and enhance the bistable regime, while increase in noise correlation time in basal rate retain the bimodal distribution. We then show how cross-correlated colored noises in basal and degradation rates can induce regime shifts from low to high protein concentration state, but reduce the bistable regime. In addition, we show that early warning indicators can also be used to predict shifts between distinct phenotypic states in gene expression. Predictions that a cell is about to shift to a harmful phenotype could improve early therapeutic intervention in complex human diseases., Comment: 14 pages, 14 figures

Dynamical systems can undergo critical transitions where the system suddenly shifts from one stable state to another at a critical threshold called the tipping point. The decrease in recovery rate to equilibrium (critical slowing down) as the system approaches the tipping point can be used to identify the proximity to a critical transition. Several measures have been adopted to provide early indications of critical transitions that happen in a variety of complex systems. In this study, we use early warning indicators to predict subcritical Hopf bifurcation occurring in a thermoacoustic system by analyzing the observables from experiments and from a theoretical model. We find that the early warning measures perform as robust indicators in the presence and absence of external noise. Thus, we illustrate the applicability of these indicators in an engineering system depicting critical transitions.

The understanding of dynamics of self regulation in working women who on one hand are always under divergent pressures of performances and meet diverse kind of expectations on the other hand show relatively better volitional controls over their behavior, becomes important. This study examined the links between self regulation and cognitive functions in a sample of 318 working women. Cognitive functions were assessed through problem solving and cognitive interference. Results indicated that there is highly positive and significant association between self regulation and problem solving capacity (P< .01) and the capacity to handle cognitive interference (P< .01). Additional analysis demonstrated that women with sharp cognitive functions were high on self regulation as compared to women with disrupted cognitive functions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of curcumin alone and in combination with piperine against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical deficits in the mice hippocampus. Mice were treated with curcumin (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and piperine (20 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days followed by LPS (0.83 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Animals exhibited anxiety and depressive-like phenotype after 3 and 24 h of LPS exposure, respectively. LPS administration increased the oxido-nitrosative stress as evident by elevated levels of malondialdehyde, nitrite, and depletion of glutathione level in the hippocampus. Furthermore, we found raised level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice. Pretreatment with curcumin alleviated LPS-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical deficits. Furthermore, co-administration of curcumin with piperine significantly potentiated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin. These results demonstrate that piperine enhanced the neuroprotective effect of curcumin against LPS-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical deficits.

Considerable evidence suggests that anticipating sudden shifts from one state to another in bistable dynamical systems is a challenging task, examples include ecosystems, financial markets, complex diseases, etc. In this paper, we investigate the effects of additive, multiplicative and cross correlated stochastic perturbations on determining regime shifts in a bistable gene regulatory sys- tem, which gives rise to two distinct states of low and high concentrations of protein. We obtain the stationary probability density and mean first passage time of the system. We show that increasing additive(multiplicative) noise intensity induces regime shift from a low(high) to a high(low) pro- tein concentration state. However, an increase in cross correlation intensity always induces regime shifts from high to low protein concentration state. For both bifurcation (often called tipping point) and noise induced (called stochastic switching) regime shifts, we further explore the robustness of recently developed critical slowing down based early warning signal (EWS) indicators (e.g., rising variance and lag-1 autocorrelation) on our simulated time series data. We identify that using EWS indicators, prediction of an impending bifurcation induced regime shift is relatively easier than that of a noise induced regime shift in the considered system. Moreover, the success of EWS indicators also strongly depends upon the nature of noise. Our results establish the key fact that finding more robust indicator to forewarn regime shifts for a broader class complex natural systems is still in its infancy and demands extensive research.

The theoretical investigations of electronic and optical properties of SrS are made using the first principle DFT calculations. The calculations are performed for the local-density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and for an alternative form of GGA i.e. metaGGA for both rock salt type (B1, Fm3m) and cesium chloride (B2, Pm3m) structures. The band structure, density of states and optical spectra are calculated under various available functional. The calculations with LDA and GGA functional underestimate the values of band gaps with all functional, however the values with mGGA show reasonably good agreement with experimental and those calculated by using other methods.

Kota Super Thermal Power Station of 1240 MW is located at Kota in Rajasthan, India. The quantity of fly ash generated by it is about 1.64 to 2.03 million tonnes per year. This fly ash is being utilized for making bricks, tiles, portland pozzolana cement, construction of highways, and other purposes. 1.79 million tonnes of fly ash was utilized for different applications in one year duration from April 01st, 2015 to March 31st, 2016. Out of this total utilization, 0.6439 million tonnes (36.06 %) of fly ash was used for making bricks, blocks, and tiles. In this paper, a case study of two fly ash brick manufacturing units using fly ash produced from Kota Super Thermal Power Station is described. These units produce about 15,000 and 20,000 bricks respectively by employing 10 and 16 workers each and are making a profit of about Rs. 6,000 and Rs. 8,000 per day in one shift.

The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of naringin (NR) alone as well as its combination with sertraline (SRT) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical anomalies. DOX (15 mg/kg; i.p.) administration caused behavioral alterations, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and monoamines alteration in male Wistar rats. NR (50 and 100 mg/kg; i.p.) and SRT (5 mg/kg; i.p.) treatment significantly attenuated DOX-induced anxiety and depressive-like behavior as evident from elevated plus maze (EPM) and modified forced swimming test (mFST), respectively. NR treatment significantly attenuated DOX-induced raised plasma corticosterone (CORT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels in the hippocampus (HC). Furthermore, we found that combination of NR and SRT regimen ameliorated DOX-induced behavioral anomalies through modulation of the 5-HT level and mitochondrial complexes protection pathway along with alleviation of oxidative stress in the HC region. Therefore, NR treatment alone or in combination with SRT could be beneficial against DOX-induced neurotoxicity.

Genome sequencing studies reveal an overwhelming number of mutations in cancer. Chromosomal losses and gains or missense and nonsense point mutations altering tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are widely studied. However, also genetic changes leaving the protein sequence intact can significantly impact cancer genes (1) e.g. by affecting the translation, RNA structure or stability of the mutated transcript. Here, we analyze 3.88 million mutations identified in whole genome sequencing studies of cancer tissues and cell lines including but not limited to TCGA and ICGC data. After curation of the dataset derived from the Catalog of Somatic Mutations In Cancer (COSMIC) for duplicate entries as well as annotation errors, 2.81 million mutations remain in 20414 human genes of 18028 samples from 88 different tumor entities. In this dataset, we find 659191 synonymous mutations which alter the nucleotide sequence but not the amino acid sequence of the respective protein due to the redundancy of the genetic code. Hence, synonymous mutations are the second most frequent type of mutation (23.1%) after missense mutations (64.1%), but much more frequent than nonsense mutations, deletions or insertions (4.3%, 3.2%, 1.4%). While the latter are widely characterized as tumor causing, synonymous mutations have hardly been studied at all—in part due to the lack of a comprehensive and searchable resource. Based on our platform, we compare synonymous (syn) and missense (mis) mutations and find striking parallels making it likely that at least some syn mutations have a similar impact on tumorigenesis. 176.590 syn mutations are found recurrently—similar to the recurrence fraction of mis mutations (26.8% vs. 29.1%). Known cancer genes from the Cancer Gene Census (2.8% of all genes) are enriched in syn as well as in mis mutations (3.8% vs. 4.8%)—in turn, more than 95% of both types of mutations are found in genes not yet associated with cancer leaving a lot of room for discoveries. Somatic syn and mis mutation catalogs contain a similar fraction of known Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs, 8.1% vs. 8.3%). Notably, syn as well as mis mutations are significantly deriched in the first 5% of the coding sequence indicating a potential selection due to their impact on translation initiation vs. N-terminal signal sequences or misfolding, respectively. Importantly, we added conservation scores for each affected nucleotide which may reflect its functional relevance or its localization in a regulatory motif—again, syn and mis mutations were equally conserved (6.6% vs. 6.6% PhastCons >0,9). The mutational patterns of syn and mis mutations are similar with C>T = G>A changes being the most frequent (67.2% vs. 49.3%). Syn mutations are not randomly distributed across the codons, but Arg codons are under—while Phe codons are over-represented. Our comprehensive dataset is available to the scientific community in a user-friendly database: SynMICdb (www.SynMICdb.org), the Synonymous Mutations In Cancer database. It allows also non-bioinformaticians to search for synonymous mutations according to their frequency, presence in specific tumor entities or evolutionary conservation. To search for synonymous mutations potentially affecting translation initiation, elongation or termination, researchers can select mutations based on their localization within the coding sequence. In summary, SynMICdb offers the first comprehensive resource enabling research on synonymous mutations in cancer and provides important insights into the characteristics of this abundant, but frequently overlooked class of mutations. References: (1) Diederichs et al. The dark matter of the cancer genome: aberrations in regulatory elements, untranslated regions, splice sites, non-coding RNA and synonymous mutations. EMBO Mol Med (2016) 8:442-57 This abstract is also being presented as Poster B01. Citation Format: Yogita Sharma, Karine Boulay, Sven Diederichs. SynMICdb: The database for synonymous mutations in cancer identifies recurrent changes in conserved loci paralleling missense mutations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translational Control of Cancer: A New Frontier in Cancer Biology and Therapy; 2016 Oct 27-30; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(6 Suppl):Abstract nr PR08.

Background: Nuclear receptors are a large structural class of transcription factors that act with their co-regulators and repressors to maintain a variety of biological and physiological processes such as metabolism, development and reproduction. They are activated through the binding of small ligands, which can be replaced by drug molecules, making nuclear receptors promising drug targets. Transcriptional regulation of the genes that encode them is central to gaining a deeper understanding of the diversity of their biochemical and biophysical roles and their role in disease and therapy. Even though they share evolutionary history, nuclear receptor genes have fundamentally different expression patterns, ranging from ubiquitously expressed to tissue-specific and spatiotemporally complex. However, current understanding of regulation in nuclear receptor gene family is still nascent. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we investigate the relationship between long-range regulation of nuclear receptor family and their known functionality. Towards this goal, we identify the nuclear receptor genes that are potential targets based on counts of highly conserved non-coding elements. We validate our results using publicly available expression (RNA-seq) and histone modification (ChIP-seq) data from the ENCODE project. We find that nuclear receptor genes involved in developmental roles show strong evidence of long-range mechanism of transcription regulation with distinct cis-regulatory content they feature clusters of highly conserved non-coding elements distributed in regions spanning several Megabases, long and multiple CpG islands, bivalent promoter marks and statistically significant higher enrichment of enhancer mark around their gene loci. On the other hand nuclear receptor genes that are involved in tissuespecific roles lack these features, having simple transcriptional controls and a greater variety of mechanisms for producing paralogs. We further examine the combinatorial patterns of histone maps associated with dynamic functional elements in order to explore the regulatory landscape of the gene family. The results show that our proposed classification capturing long-range regulation is strongly indicative of the functional roles of the nuclear receptors compared to existing classifications. Conclusions/Significanc: We present a new classification for nuclear receptor gene family capturing whether a nuclear receptor is a possible target of long-range regulation or not. We compare our classification to existing structural (mechanism of action) and homology-based classifications. Our results show that understanding long-range regulation of nuclear receptors can provide key insight into their functional roles as well as evolutionary history; and this strongly merits further study. publishedVersion

Communicating Health makes an important contribution to current scholarship in health communication by arguing for a reconsideration of the dominant health paradigm from the perspective of the marg...

The use of celebrities as endorsers is an important concept of the modern marketing strategy for brand promotions. Celebrity endorsements increase the sales and mutually benefit organizations/brands, the celebrities themselves, and the advertisement companies that produce attractive, influencing, and mind blowing advertisements. The impact of a celebrity endorsement is affected by a number of factors including the image and popularity of a celebrity, a proper match between a product and a celebrity, the attractiveness of the advertisement, and the frequency of the advertisement in electronic and print media. The role of the celebrity endorsement in affecting brand value, consumers' behaviour toward purchasing, match and mismatch between a celebrity and a brand, and the various advantages and disadvantages of the concept of celebrity endorsement were discussed in this paper.

Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The selective loss of this cell population makes PD a good candidate for cell-based therapies. Clinical trials using cells derived from human fetal ventral midbrain (hVM) have shown that dopamine release could be restored to normal levels and in some PD patients produced substantial long-term clinical improvement. The ethical issues related to the use of human fetal material as well as the low number of hVM tissue available have limited the spread of this approach and have lead researchers to find new sources of cells such as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and pluripotent stem cells (IPCs). This study was designed to provide a detailed molecular and functional of the fetal VM tissue in order to give a deeper understanding of its composition and characteristics. The characterization is based on the comparison of standard culture conditions (2D) versus organoids of hVM (3D). We used unbiased single cell RNA sequencing to transcriptionally compare fetal VM tissue in 2D and 3D conditions together with a functional analysis performed using whole cell patch clamp technique. Our analysis determined the molecular and functional properties of the tissue that originates dopaminergic neurons and also confirmed important differences between the culture conditions as well as it . The data can be used for quality assessment of new cell sources and provide new molecular targets for improved subtype specificity during stem cell differentiation.

Background Increasing amount of data from comparative genomics, and newly developed technologies producing accurate gene expression data facilitate the study of the expression divergence of homologous genes. Previous studies have individually highlighted factors that contribute to the expression divergence of duplicate genes, e.g. promoter changes, exon structure heterogeneity, asymmetric histone modifications and genomic neighborhood conservation. However, there is a lack of a tool to integrate multiple factors and visualize their variety among homologous genes in a straightforward way. Results We introduce Translog (a web-based tool for Transcriptome comparison of homologous genes) that assists in the comparison of homologous genes by displaying the loci in three different views: promoter view for studying the sharing/turnover of transcription initiations, exon structure for displaying the exon-intron structure changes, and genomic neighborhood to show the macro-synteny conservation in a larger scale. CAGE data for transcription initiation are mapped for each transcript and can be used to study transcription turnover and expression changes. Alignment anchors between homologous loci can be used to define the precise homologous transcripts. We demonstrate how these views can be used to visualize the changes of homologous genes during evolution, particularly after the 2R and 3R whole genome duplication. Conclusion We have developed a web-based tool for assisting in the transcriptome comparison of homologous genes, facilitating the study of expression divergence.