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Bactericidal activity of solutions of phenol, povidone Iodine benzethonium chloride and chlorhexidine, and saponated cresol solution on the following pathogenic microorganisms, all reserved or clinically isolated at the Department of Microbiology, Toho University School of Medicine, were studied in terms of phenol coefficient: Escherichia coli (10 strains), Klebsiella (10 strains), Serratia (15 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa melanin (10 strains), P. aeruginosa mucoid (6 strains).-Degrees of bactericidal activity of the solutions of phenol, povidone Iodine and saponated cresol solution showed a slight discrepancy by genus and and strains of the above microorganisms, while that of the solutions of benzethonium chloride chlorhexidine demonstrated a marked gaps between between the agents. Strains of P.aeruginosa were noted for considerable dispersion of phenol coefficient.

Bactericidal effects of five disinfectants were evaluated in terms of phenol coefficient. In the study, several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. maltophilia, P. cepacia and Achromobacter xylosoxidans were used. Bactericidal activities of phenol, saponated cresol solution and povidone iodide solution were not so strong, but the range of difference of phenol coefficients by strain was limited. 10% benzethonium chloride solution and 5% chlorhexidine solution generally showed stronger activity than the remaining three disinfectants. But the bactericidal effect of the two solutions varied depending upon the strains of the organisms. Chlorhexidine solution in the currently prevailing concentration was found to be ineffective against P. cepacia.

This study examines the influence of photochemical processes on ozone distributions in the western North Pacific. The analysis is based on data generated during NASA's western Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-West A) during the fall of 1991. Ozone trends were best described in terms of two geographical domains: the western North Pacific rim (WNPR) and the western tropical North Pacific (WTNP). For both geographical regions, ozone photochemical destruction, D(O3), decreased more rapidly with altitude than did photochemical formation, F(O3). Thus the ozone tendency, P(O3), was typically found to be negative for z 6–8 km. For nearly all altitudes and latitudes, observed nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) levels were shown to be of minor importance as ozone precursor species. Air parcel types producing the largest positive values of P(O3) included fresh continental boundary layer (BL) air and high-altitude (z > 7 km) parcels influenced by deep convection/lightning. Significant negative P(O3) values were found when encountering clean marine BL air or relatively clean lower free-tropospheric air. Photochemical destruction and formation fluxes for the Pacific rim region were found to exceed average values cited for marine dry deposition and stratospheric injection in the northern hemisphere by nearly a factor of 6. This region was also found to be in near balance with respect to column-integrated O3 photochemical production and destruction. By contrast, for the tropical regime column-integrated O3 showed photochemical destruction exceeding production by nearly 80%. Both transport of O3 rich midlatitude air into the tropics as well as very high-altitude (10–17 km) photochemical O3 production were proposed as possible additional sources that might explain this estimated deficit. Results from this study further suggest that during the fall time period, deep convection over Asia and Malaysia/Indonesia provided a significant source of high-altitude NOx to the western Pacific. Given that the high-altitude NOx lifetime is estimated at between 3 and 9 days, one would predict that this source added significantly to high altitude photochemical O3 formation over large areas of the western Pacific. When viewed in terms of strong seasonal westerly flow, its influence would potentially span a large part of the Pacific.

[1] The Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer-II (ILAS-II) was launched aboard the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) in December 2002. Stratospheric vertical profiles of nitric acid (HNO3) concentration observed by ILAS-II (version 1.4) are validated using coincident HNO3 measurements by balloon-borne instruments (MIPAS-B2 and MkIV) in March and April 2003. Further validation is performed by making climatological comparisons of lower stratospheric HNO3-ozone (O3) correlations obtained by ILAS-II and ILAS (the predecessor of ILAS-II) for specific potential vorticity-based equivalent latitudes and seasons where and when ILAS data showed very compact correlations in 1997. The reduced scatter of ILAS-II HNO3 values around the reference HNO3, which is derived from ILAS-II O3 using the ILAS HNO3-O3 correlation, shows that the precision of the ILAS-II HNO3 data is better than 13–14%, 5%, and 1% at 15, 20, and 25 km, respectively. Combining all of the comparisons made in the present study, the accuracy of the ILAS-II HNO3 profiles at 15–25 km is estimated to be better than −13%/+26%.

[1] Data from 10 aircraft programs recorded over the central/eastern North Pacific (180°–120°W, 0°–45°N) were assembled for the purpose of assessing an atmospheric chemical climatology for this region. It represents an early effort at carrying out this task and, thus, it can be expected to undergo many updates in the future. Such a database is useful in both gaining further insights concerning the fundamental processes controlling the chemistry of this region as well as serving as an important baseline by which to evaluate future change. Critical photochemical precursors examined included O3, CO, NOx, and H2O. In addition, the distribution profiles for select nonmethane hydrocarbons were explored. The precursor data were analyzed according to latitude, pressure altitude, and season of the year. Contrasting the spring and fall measurements, major trends that surfaced in both ozone and CO included observing elevated levels in spring compared to fall, with the largest spring increase occurring at latitudes north of 15°N. Both NOx and H2O showed trends quite different from that of CO and O3, with an indication of higher mixing ratio levels during the fall season. Variations in precursor distribution patterns within a season will be explained based on climatological flow patterns for the region and the resulting connection to source regions. Where possible, comparisons were performed with other sampling strategies, including ground-based observations, sonde, and satellite data, and data collected during shuttle missions. Overall, these comparisons revealed a reasonably high level of correspondence between the airborne ensemble data and those collected using other sampling strategies.