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Summary: To solve the serious problem of homogenising commercial soy sauce, peanut meal, a high‐quality plant protein resource, was used to replace soybean meal to ferment soy sauce. In this study, we investigated the effects of different raw material ratios (w/w) and starters on the physicochemical and antioxidant activities, sensory characteristics and flavour of soy sauce. The results showed that peanut meal helped to increase the protease activity of koji, deepen the colour of soy sauce, improve the antioxidant activity of soy sauce, and enrich the aroma of soy sauce. The total phenol and total flavonoid content of PMSS (2:2) with starters were increased by 20% and 36%, respectively, compared to soybean meal soy sauce. The results of SPME‐GC–MS and recombination and omission experiments showed that the aroma of peanut meal soy sauce was more complex and more abundant in esters, pyrazines, and phenols. Ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate, Apricolin, 2‐Methyl‐1‐butanol, and Isovaleraldehyde in peanut meal had high OAV values. In addition, PMSS (2:2) with starters had the highest sensory score, with intense fruity, caramel, malty, and smoky aromas. These results show that peanut meal can improve the quality and flavour of soy sauce and provide a theoretical basis for the development of peanut soy sauce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this article, the issue of resilient filtering for descriptor nonhomogeneous Markovian jump cyber‐physical systems under hybrid cyber‐attacks has been studied. First, occurrences of both deception attacks and replay attacks are modeled as two mutually independent Bernoulli distributed random variables. To depress the ratio of sampled data transmissions over the network, the dynamic version of event‐triggered transmission policy is properly proposed. Then, criteria of stochastically admissible for the filtering error systems guaranteeing mixed H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ and passive performance are addressed via linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The gains of resilient filter and the dynamic event‐based transmission policy can be simultaneously gained by optimizing the LMIs. Finally, two examples that include a numerical example and a direct current motor system are provided to testify the feasibility and effectiveness of the developed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous digestive system adverse events (dsAEs) have been observed during the use of anti-obesity medications (AOMs), leading to concerns about the safety of these medications. However, most current studies are limited to the association of one class of drugs with specific digestive disorders, and there is no cascading analysis of AOMs in the digestive system. This study aims to use data from the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for a stratified analysis of the reported associations between AOMs and dsAEs. Methods: We analyzed adverse event reports submitted to FAERS between January 2015 and December 2023 related to obesity treatment. It is important to note that FAERS data cannot establish causality or incidence rates. Pharmacovigilance (PV) signals were detected by disproportionate analyses through proportionate reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratios (ROR), and information components (IC) to detect dsAEs associated with AOMs. Reporting rates, severity, and response outcomes of digestive adverse events were compared across AOMs by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Among 34,396 adverse events (AEs) related to obesity treatment, 8844 dsAEs were analyzed. Comparing with semaglutide and liraglutide, tirzepatide exhibited fewer reported dsAEs while semaglutide and liraglutide showed a high correlation with non-lethal pancreatitis reports. Bupropion-naltrexone (31.65%) reported the highest number of dsAEs, and a PV signal was detected in mouth and lips AEs (ROR = 2.97, 95% CI: 2.42–3.6). Orlistat (ROR = 3.30, 95% CI: 3.08–3.55) exhibited the highest association with gastrointestinal AEs compared to other AOMs. PV signal for hepatobiliary AEs (ROR = 6.13, 95% CI: 3.45–10.88) with phentermine-topiramate still needs further clarification. Conclusions: Tirzepatide may be considered for patients with a history of digestive system disease or an elevated risk of pancreatitis based on the pattern of reported dsAEs. Caution is needed for the orofacial AEs when using bupropion-naltrexone. Orlistat has a higher reporting rate of gastrointestinal AEs, but these events are typically less severe. Phentermine-topiramate's association with liver impairment requires further clinical investigation. This article provides insights into the reported associations between AOMs and dsAEs, which may aid clinicians in making more informed decisions about individualizing medication and managing potential adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrolytic water splitting using renewable energy sources, such as solar power, provides a green and sustainable approach for hydrogen production. Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers present substantial commercial prospects; however, the rate of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline electrolytes is limited by the water dissociation step. In this work, we fabricated an N-doped Ni substrate for loading ultrafine Pt nanoparticles, realizing spatial decoupling of the reaction process to break the limitation of water dissociation, where the N-doped Ni substrate and Pt nanoparticles facilitate the supply of ample H* and H2 release, respectively. The prepared Pt–N–Ni/NC with extremely low Pt loading (1.0 wt%) requires only 15 and 149 mV overpotentials to reach current densities of 10 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively. When assembled into an AEM electrolyzer, the system requires a cell voltage of only 1.75 V to achieve a current density of 1000 mA cm−2. Notably, the solar-driven AEM electrolyzer demonstrates a current density of 1390 mA cm−2 with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency (STH) of 8.27%. This study proposes a strategy to achieve efficient utilization and performance improvement of precious metals, promoting the development of efficient green hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis in kidney transplant (KT) recipients is a common opportunistic infection with higher incidence and prevalence than in the general population. Tuberculosis infection after kidney transplantation included latent tuberculosis infection, inactive tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis infection. The following factors should be considered in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in KT recipients: atypical clinical presentation, association with co-infections, decreased predictive values of screening tests, diverse imaging findings and particular diagnostic methods. Regarding treatment challenges in KT recipients with tuberculosis, course of treatment, drug interaction, drug toxicity and therapeutically adherence should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoporphyra haitanensis, a red alga harvested for food, thrives in the intertidal zone amid dynamic and harsh environments. High irradiance represents a major stressor in this habitat, posing a threat to the alga's photosynthetic apparatus. Interestingly, N. haitanensis has adapted to excessive light despite the absence of a crucial xanthophyll cycle‐dependent photoprotection pathway. Thus, it is valuable to investigate the mechanisms by which N. haitanensis copes with excessive light and to understand the photoprotective roles of carotenoids. Under high light intensities and prolonged irradiation time, N. haitanensis displayed reduction in photosynthetic efficiency and phycobiliproteins levels, as well as different responses in carotenoids. The decreased carotene contents suggested their involvement in the synthesis of xanthophylls, as evidenced by the up‐regulation of lycopene‐β‐cyclase (lcyb) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (zep) genes. Downstream xanthophylls such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and antheraxanthin increased proportionally to light stress, potentially participating in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). When accompanied by the enhanced activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), these factors resulted in a reduction in ROS production. The responses of intermediates α‐cryptoxanthin and β‐cryptoxanthin were felt somewhere between carotenes and zeaxanthin/lutein. Furthermore, these changes were ameliorated when the organism was placed in darkness. In summary, down‐regulation of the organism's photosynthetic capacity, coupled with heightened xanthophylls and APX activity, activates photoinhibition quenching (qI) and antioxidant activity, helping N. haitanensis to protect the organism from the damaging effects of excessive light exposure. These findings provide insights into how red algae adapt to intertidal lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The middle reaches of the Lancang‐Mekong River Basin (M‐LMRB) experienced a record‐breaking drought event in 2019, resulting in significant economic losses of approximately 650 million dollars and affecting a population of 17 million. However, the anomalous circulation and transportation processes of water vapor, which may have played a crucial role in inducing the extreme drought, have not been fully studied. In this study, we analyze the water vapor circulation during the 2019 drought event using the land‐atmosphere water balance and a backward trajectory model for moisture tracking. Our results indicate that the precipitation in the M‐LMRB from May to October 2019 was only 71.9% of the long‐term climatological mean (1959–2021). The low precipitation during this drought event can be attributed to less‐than‐normal external water vapor supply. Specifically, the backward trajectory model reveals a decrease in the amount of water vapor transported from the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the Pacific Ocean, which are the main moisture sources for precipitation in the region. Comparing the atmospheric circulation patterns in 2019 with the climatology, we identify anomalous anticyclone conditions in the Bay of Bengal, anomalous westerlies in the Northeast Indian Ocean, and an anomalous cyclone in the Western Pacific Ocean, collectively facilitating a stronger export of water vapor from the region. Therefore, the dynamic processes played a more significant role than thermodynamic processes in contributing to the 2019 extreme drought event. Plain Language Summary: In 2019, a record‐breaking drought hit the M‐LMRB, leading to significant economic losses and affecting a large population. This study explores the water vapor circulation during this drought using land‐atmosphere water balance and a backward trajectory model. Findings show that precipitation from May to October 2019 was only seventy percent of the average from 1959 to 2021. The drought's severity was mainly due to a lack of water vapor from key sources: the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the Pacific Ocean. Anomalous weather patterns—an anticyclone in the Bay of Bengal, unusual westerlies in the Northeast Indian Ocean, and a cyclone in the Western Pacific—led to a significant reduction in water vapor reaching the region. This indicates that dynamic atmospheric processes played a larger role in causing the extreme drought than thermodynamic ones. These insights help improve understanding and prediction of droughts in Southeast Asia, particularly under changing climate conditions. Key Points: Reduced external water vapor transport primarily leads to negative precipitation anomaliesThere has been a reduction in water vapor originating from the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, and Pacific OceanThe reduction in water vapor transport is primarily influenced by dynamic factors rather than thermodynamic ones [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to apply the C-H activation strategy to the development of chiral organic catalysts, two novel C3-trimethylsilyl substituted chiral proline catalysts are designed and synthesized using L-proline as the starting material and C(sp 3)-H silylation as the key step, which are applied to the asymmetric aldol reaction of p-nitrobenzaldehyde with acetone and the asymmetric Mannich reaction of imine with β-methylbutyraldehyde, respectively. Both target products can be synthesized with a good enantioselectivity. This strategy effectively enriches the means of structural modification of proline and provids a new method for the development of new silicon-containing organic catalysts.

This article summarizes the intelligent optimization algorithm of finite impulse response digital filter(FIR). The main idea of optimization design is to transform the digital filter design problem into the error function minimization problem. Compared with the traditional methods, this method is easier to determine the boundary frequencies of the pass-band and stop-band, to reduce the computational complexity and the errors of amplitude frequency response both in pass-band and stop-band. This paper analyzes and compares the characteristics of genetic，evolution，and particle swarm algorithms in the design of FIR digital filters from the perspectives of convergence speed, pass-band ripple，and stop-band attenuation. It focuses on the improvement strategy of the weight of inertia in particle swarm algorithm.

The extensive application of nuclear technology has increased the potential of uncontrolled radiation exposure to the public. Since skin is the largest organ, radiation‐induced skin injury remains a serious medical concern. Organisms evolutionally develop distinct strategies to protect against environment insults and the related research may bring novel insights into therapeutics development. Here, 26 increased peptides are identified in skin tissues of frogs (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) exposed to electron beams, among which four promoted the wound healing of irradiated skin in rats. Specifically, radiation‐induced frog skin peptide‐2 (RIFSP‐2), from histone proteolysis exerted membrane permeability property, maintained cellular homeostasis, and reduced pyroptosis of irradiated cells with decreased TBK1 phosphorylation. Subsequently, stearyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is identified, a critical enzyme in biogenesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) as a direct target of RIFSP‐2 based on streptavidin‐biotin system. The lipidomic analysis further assured the restrain of MUFAs biogenesis by RIFSP‐2 following radiation. Moreover, the decreased MUFA limited radiation‐induced and STING‐mediated inflammation response. In addition, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of STING counteracted the decreased pyroptosis by RIFSP‐2 and retarded tissue repair process. Altogether, RIFSP‐2 restrains radiation‐induced activation of SCD1‐MUFA‐STING axis. Thus, the stress‐induced amphibian peptides can be a bountiful source of novel radiation mitigators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexposure to ultraviolet light (UV) has become a major dermatological problem since the intensity of ultraviolet radiation is increasing. As an adaption to outside environments, amphibians gained an excellent peptide‐based defense system in their naked skin from secular evolution. Here, we first determined the adaptation and resistance of the dark‐spotted frogs (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) to constant ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure. Subsequently, peptidomics of frog skin identified a series of novel peptides in response to UVB. These UV‐induced frog skin peptides (UIFSPs) conferred significant protection against UVB‐induced death and senescence in skin cells. Moreover, the protective effects of UIFSPs were boosted by coupling with the transcription trans‐activating (TAT) protein transduction domain. In vivo, TAT‐conjugated UIFSPs mitigated skin photodamage and accelerated wound healing. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that multiple pathways were modulated by TAT‐conjugated UIFSPs, including small GTPase/Ras signaling and MAPK signaling. Importantly, pharmacological activation of MAPK kinases counteracted UIFSP‐induced decrease in cell death after UVB exposure. Taken together, our findings provide evidence for the potential preventive and therapeutic significance of UIFSPs in UV‐induced skin damage by antagonizing MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, these results suggest a practicable alternative in which potential therapeutic agents can be mined from organisms with a fascinating ability to adapt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization and informatization have exerted far-reaching impacts on the spatial connection and development of urban systems. This study, concerning the network of an urban system based on the space of flows, supplements the insufficiency on the micro-level in macro-urban network research. Taking Nanjing as an example, this study explores the characteristics of the network of the urban system from the perspective of people flow, refining the granularity of the analysis to the township- and street-level spatial units using mobile phone data. The findings are as follows: (1) There is a multicenter layered network pattern, with the main urban area being the core of the network, while Dongshan Street and Moling Street, as secondary centers, form a joint development pattern with the main urban area. (2) The spatial differentiation is significant. The spatial heterogeneity of "centralization in the central region, delayering in the north, and hierarchization in the south" is obvious. The net people inflow nodes are mainly concentrated in the main urban area and its surroundings, while the net outflow nodes are mostly located on the edge of the city. Moreover, the nodes to the south of Yangtze River are advantageous in urban resource control. (3) The phenomenon of "double shadow circle" appears in the ring of the main city and the ring of the municipal area. Moreover, the northern district experiences a serious outflow of population. (4) The effect of policy intervention is beginning to show. Improved levels of development of street and township units such as Jiangbei New District show the positive influence of national strategy on regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]