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The firm maxim of the old aesthetics, postulating that art can develop only within the framework of tradition, was subjected to radical critique in the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th century by modernist painters. The destructive work of avant-garde artists assumed the form of absolute rejection of the old aesthetical norms and rules. This practically meant that, based on the free use of whimsicality (useful for such artists), the creative imagination was completely emancipated. Thus, pluralism of experimentation replaced creation, thereby turning the sphere of art into something like a minefield. Perhaps that is what Marcel Duchamp’s ironic work, “Mona Lisa with mustache” meant to express… The mediating factor that the avant-garde implemented into the work of art, can most precisely be designated today as “creative arbitrariness”, inasmuch as this is the actual support of modern innovative art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated word formation experience in Yorùbá names. At the deployment of ellipsis, as the instrument of analysis, one observed the effectiveness of terminologies of competence and performance, being operational in the clipping of statements to nominal lexemes, illustrated with names of ten towns in South West Nigeria. The study exhibited flexibility in the development of Yorùbá, which depended largely on users’ needs. Historical facts of business, religion, hunting, war and conquest supported the formations, without seemingly consistent linguistic principles. Eliminations of linguistic components occurred to the statements and sometimes with twists in pronunciations, displaying new lexemes and meanings. Although, individuals might attempt to regulate ways that people employ language to formulate words, the study suggested that language communicators should be allowed to deploy language as pleased. As language analyses seem descriptive, utilizing language as delighted might yield novel items to enhance language development in unique forms.

The article reveals the provisions that speech is used by preschool children in joint activities as a means of orientation in the process of developing an action plan. The goal was to identify the role of speech in the implementation of the exploratory search activity of the members of the group in the course of joint activities, as well as to develop control over the actions of preschool children. The study involved 147 preschool children, who were organized during the experiment in subgroups to jointly solve problematic situations. To illustrate the approximate role of speech in regulating the joint activity of preschoolers, Structural Equations (SEM) modeling was applied. A model is constructed that reflects the combined functional links of the regulation of the joint activity of preschool children. It is proved that in the structure of the regulation of joint activity speech provides an afferent synthesis of the conditions of activity, facilitates the analysis of internal and external conditions of joint activity, the development of a program of conscientious activity. It is shown that for preschool children, speech orientation tools are used as a mechanism for controlling and correcting behavior.

The aim of this article is a reconstruction and critique of the conception of political freedom as understood in contemporary instrumental republicanism represented primarily by Philip Pettit. Instrumental republicanism endows political freedom with a merely instrumental value, serving as a means to achieving non-domination which, on republican assumptions, is of chief importance. From the claim that the value of political freedom is merely instrumental follows a significant limitation of its scope (since outcomes of political freedom are potentially dominating). In this article I claim that Pettit’s arguments are vulnerable to two main objections. First, a significantly limited scope of political freedom does not foster non-domination. Second, having focused on the merely instrumental value of political freedom, Pettit does not acknowledge the deeper dimension of political freedom as a democratic value.

The article justifies the need to involve philosophy in specific scientific research due to the ineffectiveness of verbal-and-figurative models and the inadequacy of character education. Indeed, philosophy can increase their theoretical and applied effectiveness in the long-term methodological perspective. The article shows the wrong side of limitations in specific scientific research imposed by an interdisciplinary methodology. It points out to the disadvantages of applying interdisciplinary methods in psycholinguistics, such as analysis synthesis, induction and deduction. The article expands the range of their understanding to achieve a higher level of reliability. Besides, it proves the inadequacy of conclusions obtained mainly from superficial empirical studies without revealing and analyzing their main causes, it being a violation of the determinism principle. It substantiates the need to comply with methodological principles of objectivity and systematicity while analyzing the concepts of the humanities block. If one ignores these principles, it can lead to eclecticity and, hence, the inefficiency of specific scientific research. The effectiveness of methodological principles in psycholinguistics is shown through a consistent analysis of freedom as a philosophical category, as well as a gradual analysis of the links between such concepts as freedom -responsibility, freedom - arbitrariness - responsibility, freedom - interest - arbitrariness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can citizens' interest in non-domination be satisfied by the principle of legality and the guarantee of non-arbitrariness? This comment argues that the rule of law requires an internal organization of law that entails an additional positive law, through conventions, common law, judicial precedents or constitutions, which the sovereign cannot legally override. In the supranational context, the rule of law requires an equilibrium of consideration and respect between different legalities by avoiding a legal monopoly of a supreme authority and fostering the interaction among orders based on content-dependent reasons. The same applies to the relations between the ECtHR and member states. The margin of appreciation, taken as a reminder of the complexities of international institutional relationships, embodies a non-domination caveat to consider (the reasons from) the 'normativities' of different orders. Nonetheless, as an argumentative tool of the Court, it allows for an often-disputed discretion. Accordingly, better refined guidelines and justifications are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the father of modern linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure influences all aspects of linguistic development with no exception of Cognitive Grammar. A scrutiny of how Saussure is understood in Cognitive Grammar indicates that Saussurean linguistics is misinterpreted in terms of five core ideas: (1) langue, rather than parole, is given highest priority; (2) the internal relation of "signifier-signified" counts as the pairing of "form-meaning"; (3) "arbitrariness" is contradictory to "symbolicity"; (4) "arbitrariness" means "unmotivatedness"; (5) arbitrariness is not the inherent nature of morphological and syntactic structures. This paper is intended to reassess these five ideas and argue that they depart further from Saussure's thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1989 revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe and the subsequent transitions have commonly been interpreted in political terms, as movements towards democracy, or in economic terms, as escape from the command economy towards the free market. We revisit the problem to suggest a different reading. We argue that in the legitimization crisis of real socialism, a pivotal role was played by the burden of social oversaturation and bureaucratic arbitrariness, which met its desired alternative in social imaginaries of impersonal, objective social system. For the citizens of Central and East European countries, this fantasy was matched by the promise of the free market, which was morally contrasted to the experience of daily life under late socialism. We argue that this desire to escape from arbitrariness to objectivity is a particularly strong motive in the imaginary of modernity which found one of its historical manifestations in the disappointment with real socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The criminal justice system of England and Wales increasingly deploys the polygraph to extract information from released offenders. Although there is little judicial authority regarding the admissibility of polygraph evidence, we should not misinterpret silence as legal uncertainty. The paper will, first, show that the central claim for the understanding of the polygraph—i.e. the presupposition that the polygraph indicates deception—is inextricably linked to an obsolete paradigm in psychology (Introspection). Secondly, I will turn to first principles in the law of evidence, especially the general ban on opinion evidence and the requirement for scientific validity. The requirement that expert evidence has a sufficiently reliable scientific basis explains why polygraph evidence cannot be adduced at the criminal process. Thirdly, I will draw attention to the use of polygraph tests in the context of probation, pursuant to the Offender Management Act 2007. With the use of the polygraph, the criminal justice system does not only infringe the released offender's human rights, but also fails to protect the public. The combination of inadmissibility of the polygraph in the criminal process and its use from probation services creates thus a major contradiction which is detrimental to the integrity of the legal order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops a new holistic theory of the word by integrating semiotic, linguistic, and psychological perspectives and introduces the Cogitative-Sensory Word Model, the CogSens Model, that unites the human mind and body. Saussure's two-sided sign is replaced by a Peirce-inspired three-sided conception in which the expression unit mediates two content units, namely, an idea content connected to the human mind and an image content linked to the human body. It is argued that it is the word that makes human language a unique tool of communication. Moreover, it is demonstrated how words interact with grammar to create an utterance. Finally, it is suggested that speech perception, i.e., fission of idea and image content, is the mirror image of speech production, i.e., fusion of idea and image content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zagreb Law Review is the property of University of Zagreb Law School / Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Section 5 of the International Trade Administration Act 71 of 2002 (ITAA) provides that the Minister of Trade, Industry and Competition has the power to issue “Trade Policy Directives” subject to the procedures and requirements of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Constitution) and other laws. However, there is uncertainty as to how trade policy is formulated under section 5 of the ITAA and the rights of affected parties in this regard. Thus, this article offers an exposition of the process of trade policy formulation under section 5 of the ITAA. To this end, it is my view that trade policy formulation under section 5 must be guided by section 195 of the Constitution, which requires that the public must be “encouraged” to participate in policy formulation and that this must occur in a climate of openness, transparency and accountability. In the narrower sense, it is also my view that interested parties must be given an opportunity to participate in trade policy formulation on the ground of procedural rationality and to avoid a charge of arbitrariness as twin components of the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Alcalá is the property of Dykinson SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This is a comment on Gómez-Torrente's approach to natural kinds and natural kind terms. Here I will focus on his concerns related to the arbitrariness argument and his attempt to formulate a reply to it that maintains most (if not all) of the "Kripke-Putnam orthodoxy" when it comes to the reference-fixing of such terms. Gómez-Torrente concludes that ordinary kind terms have distinct referents from scientific terms. I will challenge one of the premises that he employs in reaching this conclusion: namely, that the difference in determinacy profiles between ordinary natural kinds and scientific kinds is enough to assume that the terms referring to them do not share their referents. I also suggest that some kind of contextual interpretation of natural kind terms might provide a nice explanation of those determinacy variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish criminal code has a crime of administrative prevarication, whose essence is constituted exclusively by issuing an unfair and arbitrary resolution. Administrative law determines the scope of the legal figure due to the concept of resolution, to which, in addition, the arbitrariness note must be added. The jurisprudence has tried to expand this concept to give more scope to the figure. Many of the problems would be overcome if the Code, without prejudice to maintaining the crime of prevarication if deemed necessary, had a figure of abuse of power, detached from the formality of the resolution, which could facilitate the criminal response and would cover an important space in the fight against arbitrariness and the misuse of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to find out whether speakers of different language backgrounds (English, French, Spanish, and Macedonian) are sensitive to semantic associations ('fluid' and 'forcible contact') attached respectively to two purported phonaesthemes (/fl-/ and /tr-/). Participants completed the task in oral and written conditions. They had to match phonaestheme-related definitions with either of two non-words (one phonaestheme-bearing and the other containing a distractor). The results obtained indicate that participants significantly chose non-words beginning with /tr-/ when the definition activated a meaning related to forcible contact, and non-words starting with /fl-/ when the definitions made reference to fluids in the four languages. The results point to the existence of non-arbitrary sound-meaning relations. A corpus-driven study of frequencies of lemmas and word tokens starting with the purported phonaesthemes also sheds light on the possible origin of the phonaesthemic associations, suggesting that both iconicity and systematicity motivate such associations. The results obtained are interpreted in the context of a functional, usage-based model of language, which can accommodate the existence of iconic tendencies, the role of learning and linguistic experience in language, and arbitrariness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equality provisions of the Indian Constitution proscribe legislation that is arbitrary and, this paper argues, legislation that subordinates. The tests for arbitrariness and subordination are currently unclear. This paper articulates a test for arbitrariness, making sense of the doctrine of manifest arbitrariness under Article 14, using philosophical literature on arbitrary decision-making. The paper similarly articulates a test for the anti-subordination principle inherent in the equality provisions of the Constitution. The paper then demonstrates how the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019 is unconstitutional when measured against these tests. The paper demonstrates why, contrary to common assumption, the Act implicates Article 15, as well as Article 14, of the Constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normative theorists have not established firm grounds on which to reject states' powers to revoke citizenship. State sovereignty over membership or democratic self-determination may seem to justify such powers. Liberal arguments of contract or conditionality of citizenship may also seem to allow revocation on many of the grounds increasingly invoked. I argue that a republican non-domination perspective, aiming to minimise domination – subjection to arbitrary interference – provides a strong presumption against states' powers to revoke citizenship of those subject to their authority, even where this does not render them stateless. Here the fundamental rationale of citizenship status is secure protection from domination. Losing citizenship removes a person's security against many kinds of state interference, exposes them to an increased risk of private domination by other agents, and constitutes an exercise of arbitrary power, imposing a new and unequal status of alien, and reducing the security of citizenship itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the causes and effects of arbitrariness in the peer review process. This paper focuses on two main reasons for the arbitrariness in peer review. The first is that referees are not homogenous and display homophily in their taste and perception of innovative ideas. The second element is that reviewers are different in the time they allocate for peer review. Our model replicates the NIPS experiment of 2014, showing that the ratings of peer review are not robust, and that altering reviewers leads to a dramatic impact on the ranking of the papers. This paper also shows that innovative works are not highly ranked in the existing peer review process, and in consequence are often rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: El Tribunal Constitucional ha acuñado una categoría propia de ley singular al margen del concepto tradicionalmente utilizado en la teoría de las fuentes del derecho que presenta, hasta el momento, tres subtipos. En este trabajo se trata de reflexionar acerca de alguno de los problemas que presenta su control de constitucionalidad, así como de ofrecer una modesta propuesta de racionalización del mismo. Abstract: The Constitutional Court has created its own category of singular law outside the concept traditionally used in the theory of the sources of law that includes, so far, three subtypes. This article tries to reflect on some of the problems presented by its constitutionality control, as well as to offer a modest rationalization proposal about it.

In modern society the organization of education and economy has always been deeply interconnected. Transitions in the means of production meant an adjustment of (national) education in order to fulfil the socio-economical demands. With the emergence of international competition in the field of education, altered forms of surveillance and control via administrated reason appeared on the agenda. With the rise of the (international) neo-liberal agenda ideologies of competition and performativity play a decisive role, especially within the field of higher education. However, precisely this administrative reason becomes a specific form of alienation propagating (individual) activity and freedom while “producing” the opposite, i.e. passivity and alienation and, thus, furthering in the name of freedom an altered form of alienation. Specific forms of societal arbitrariness, social-ignorance, institutional-arbitrariness and social-indifference are related to present (inter-)national discourses of competition, performativity and accountability and its administered reasoning.

The Leibnizian doctrine of the origins of language is one of the cornerstones of 18th century linguistic theories. Although some of its most interesting formulations have remained unpublished until recent times, it profoundly influenced not only the philosophy of language of the Enlightenment, but also the etymological research, and the early comparative studies. This essay follows the evolution of Leibnizian thought on the theme of origins through the first hints dating back to the 1680s, the erudite correspondence of the years 1690-1716, and the late writings in which the study of origins takes on a philosophical form, through dialogue with Plato, Aristotle and other classics. All in all, Leibniz sought a balance between the linguistic arbitrariness of Locke and Hobbes and the naive forms of iconicism, arriving at a profoundly historical conception of languages according to spatial and temporal coordinates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper considers the interplay between arbitrariness and the widely-accepted ideals of one form, one meaning and compositionality. They are shown to operate in different domains, and to clash where there is idiomaticity. Idioms provide familiar forms which are not semantically relevant to the context. In effect, this creates homonymy, which goes against any trend towards pairing one form with one meaning. The conflict can be seen as tension between two more fundamental principles. Lack of motivation is considered in an Appendix on word-manufacture, where it is shown how slippery the notion of motivation can be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northeastern University (Social Science) / Dongbei Daxue Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) is the property of Dongbei Daxue and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the paper is to present the fundamental principles of the theory of lexical motivation, as it was introduced by Furdík (2008), and further developed by some of his students (e.g. Ološtiak 2011, Gavurová 2013). The first part introduces the cornerstones of the theory - anthropomorphization, parameterization, relation between arbitrariness and motivation, lexeme as a linguistic sign, onomasiological principle, motivational typology. The second part clarifies and discusses methodology (semiotics and lexical motivation) and possibilities for further research into the field (motivational typology and relationships between types of motivation - cooperation, determination, incompatibility). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ilha do Desterro: A Journal of English Language, Literatures in English & Cultural Studies is the property of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, CCE Departamento de Pos-Graduacao em Lingua Englesa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exactly what makes an interaction between two organisms a case of communication is contentious. Historically, debate has taken place between definitions of communication invoking information transmission vs definitions invoking causal influence. More recently, there has been some convergence on a hybrid definition: invoking (co-adapted) causal influence mediated via the transmission of information. After proposing an understanding of what it means to say that a receiver is causally influenced by the transmission of information, I argue that an information-mediated influence definition overextends to include most, indeed maybe all, co-adapted interactions. This is because the transmission of correlational information is actually a feature of most, if not all, co-adapted interactions. I end by considering whether adding an arbitrariness criterion to an information-mediated influence definition helps. After giving an account of what arbitrariness amounts to, I argue that it swings things too far in the opposite direction: we go from a definition of communication that is too liberal to one that is too restrictive. This is because many signal kinds are not arbitrary. It turns out to be extremely difficult to capture what makes communication unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time it has been assumed that the rules of the genetic code were determined by chemistry – either by stereochemical affinities or by metabolic reactions – but the experimental evidence has revealed a totally different reality; it has been shown that any codon can be associated to any amino acid, and this means that there is no deterministic link between them. The genetic code, in other words, is based on arbitrary , or conventional , rules and this raises a formidable problem: how can arbitrary rules exist in Nature? We know that such rules exist in culture, but there is an abyssal difference between biology and culture, because the cultural codes are short-lived, whereas the biological codes are the most conserved entities in evolution. Biological codes, in other words are fundamentally different from cultural codes and we do need a model that makes us understand how they came into being. In this paper it is shown that the origin of biological codes takes place in five phases (beginning, evolution, optimization, major transition and conservation) and this suggests a general model for their development. According to this model, a biological code evolves in a system as a means of solving a local problem, but then it becomes the tool of a much larger change in macroevolution. This is the great potential of the biological codes: their ability to bring into existence absolute novelties that change the whole course of the history of life. Different major transitions were based on different codes, but we can also recognize some common features in all of them. This indicates that coding is a universal mechanism that Nature has employed many times in the course of evolution to solve a wide variety of different problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labour migration policies create social tensions over the functioning of national labour markets, the interests of the local workforce, employers' needs and migrant workers' rights. This makes legislating on labour migration a balancing act, which often leads to legislation which grants wide discretion to bureaucrats in assessing labour market needs or other public interest indicators. We question whether, and if so how, the use of discretion in labour migration law transforms our concepts of migration and – possibly – membership. Central to our analysis is the fundamental question of how discretion may be properly limited. The existence of acceptable levels of transparency, accountability and representativeness in policy- and law-making processes is the first line of defence against arbitrary exclusion of 'the other' from membership. We show how discretion in labour migration policy is not determined so much by regional context (e.g. the EU). We do this by presenting two case studies on jurisdictions from very different regional contexts: the Netherlands and Macau SAR. These jurisdictions are representative of the persistent pressure exerted by governments to overcome obstacles encountered in the rigid statutory wording and mould the daily application of migration law to their perception of public interest. We use the globally relevant concept of income, understood sometimes as a barrier to migration and sometimes as a means to protect the migrant, and inquire on the recurrent use of discretion in setting the level of income required for migration. We show how discretion is used to label income as either too high or too low. In this respect, the use of discretionary power calls into question the principles of participation, transparency, affectedness, and accountability. Income requirements and their enforcement present themselves not as a means to protect migrant workers but more like another instrument of exclusion from – potential – full membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the differences of approach that different national legal systems may adopt regarding discretionary powers, in general terms the main issue of discussion stays the same: Given that discretion is accepted and considered an essential legal technique in the context of administrative decisions, how, and to which extent, may discretionary powers be controlled and subjected to review by courts? The purpose of the present article is to discuss discretionary powers from the perspective of legislative drafting, with the aim to identify specific tools to be used by law-makers in order to prevent discretion from turning into arbitrariness. Therefore, starting from an analysis of Portuguese legal doctrine on the concept of discretionary powers, the present article will address three main issues. First, clarification as to how legal discretion is to be understood and how to identify discretionary powers granted by legislation. Second, identification of the advantages and disadvantages of legal discretion, in order to determine normative criteria according to which we can settle under which conditions discretionary powers in legislative drafting is to be employed or not. Third, identification of which legislative drafting tools may be used by law-makers in order to grant discretionary powers. Overall, by focusing on law-making techniques, the article aims to demonstrate the extent to which legislative drafting tools, such as the ones identified in this article, are powerful tools to better identify discretionary powers in the law, but also to ensure that these powers are granted only when actually necessary. Taking into consideration that migration and asylum law usually involves reference to fundamental individual rights, the article argues that the provision of discretionary powers ought to be avoided whenever there are no solid and reasoned grounds for their use, so that discretion remains a tool for regulation and does not become arbitrariness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how arguments related to urgency and crisis affected the quality of the legislative process in relation to three cases of law-making related to the so-called refugee crisis in 2015/2016 in Sweden. It is argued that derogations from the steps of the legislative process based on a feeling of urgency are detrimental for the quality of the specific legislation and, in a long-term perspective, also for the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article summarises Professor Martin Krygier's work on the rule of law and his view that arbitrariness is its core and is under-theorised. From ancient philosophy, the author suggests that our rule of law settlement feels tentative because arbitrariness is a human characteristic that cannot be completely fixed with institutional checks and balances. The author observes that a variety of rule of law virtues are already expected of judicial decision-makers and suggests that these institutional virtues should be transferred into the administrative, executive and corporate decision-making space to advance the rule of law project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Speech disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders are variable and polymorphic, which creates the need for variability in correctional approaches in speech therapy. Present article shows the techniques which are used in practice of language correction therapy, especially in correction of speech underdevelopment at the stage of the formation of phrasal speech in children with ASD in conjecture with intellectual disability. The importance of social development of children, perceptivity in the formation of higher mental functions, in particular, speech and thinking, is stressed.

In this paper, I will tackle the notion of reference of singular terms in the light of a classic analytic divide, i.e. whether its analysis, like the analysis of other basic notions, should be carried out in natural language or in the semantics of formal frameworks. I will incline toward the latter strategy, and consider reference in classical first-order logic as the simplest framework in which to investigate reference.