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This paper focuses on the story of two Jewish men who were convicted of theft and executed in Prostějov, Moravia, in the spring of 1684. Although the two were offered a pardon in exchange for converting to Christianity, they resolutely refused. Their story was recorded in a contemporaneous Yiddish song that serves as the basis for the current case-study. The informative layer of the text portrays an event that can be contextualized within the campaign to proselytize Jews in the Bohemian lands at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Likewise, it indicates the great significance that Jews and Christians alike attributed to public conversions—or the lack thereof. From the formative perspective, the text crowns the two Jews as martyrs who died sanctifying God's Name, disregarding their undenied legal culpability. Accordingly, this paper traces developments in the Ashkenazic ethos of martyrdom from the Middle Ages to the seventeenth century. It also highlights the shared cultural legacy that bound the larger early modern Ashkenazic communities, such as those in Amsterdam, Hamburg, Frankfurt, or Prague, to smaller Jewish settlements, like those of Moravia. Besides its hagiographical function, this historic song also imparts didactic and moralizing messages. It censures those who are too lenient vis-à-vis their children's education as well as criticizing the habit of gambling, practices that may lead to criminal activities and push those involved to the margins of Jewish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern society, in its fundamental principles of state existence as the primary subject of international relations, aims to protect individuals and their property from all forms of endangerment, whether it be natural, technological, or any other disaster of smaller or larger scale, regardless of whether it concerns security threats within or beyond the state borders. In this endeavor, the state must, on the one hand, take all necessary measures to undertake activities for the protection of the lives and property of its citizens. On the other hand, it has an obligation to safeguard every personal datum of those citizens, whether they are victims or perpetrators. A specific aspect is the observation of internal security with all the entities whose primary task is the protection of the state's internal order, including: police authorities, intelligence agencies, inspection bodies, judiciary, customs, and other authorities responsible for maintaining internal security. Special attention in this article is given to the police authorities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which, in accordance with their legal competencies, take measures and actions to detect and document perpetrators of offenses and criminal acts, as well as their accomplices. The greatest security risks facing police forces worldwide, including in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, are currently organized crime and computer crime, their mutual connection and dependence, and the widespread nature of their activities aimed at obtaining unlawful financial gain, as well as destabilizing the state. Organized crime, utilizing technological advancements, adversely affects the economic and social prosperity of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the perceptions and extent to which tax evasion is classified as a criminal offense compared to fifteen listed offenses in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The motivation stems from the need to understand the reasons for higher levels of tax evasion and its perception as a lesser crime vis-à-vis others, despite its economic implications. It interrogates Menezes de Carvalho and Cabral de Ávila’s (2022) study which proved that tax governance practices and enforcement have serious consequences on the level of tax evasion. It employs a primary study using 409 questionnaires similar to Gupta (2009), and Mamuti and McGee (2016), which measured the perceptions toward tax evasion as a crime. Results revealed that murder/ritual killing, armed robbery, militancy, kidnapping, and human trafficking are among the top five crimes while tax evasion was rated third lowest crime. Also, corruption and ineffective tax governance, among others were identified as reasons for tax evasion. The implication is that tax evasion leads to dwindling government revenue and welfare. Consequently, the study recommended that to build confidence in tax authorities and systems, the government should step up social contracts with the people. Tax defaulter should be punished and the government should carry out periodic tax education [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Kavilando is the property of Kavilando and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The principle of the state of law is undoubtedly one of the most important and essential principles for any state and democratic society. Its fullest realisation in everyday life is the best guarantee for the development of democracy as well as recognition and enforcement of citizens' fundamental rights and freedoms. To this end, the general principles of the rule of law today occupy a special place and are fixed explicitly in contemporary constitutions and democratic legislation. However, it should be borne in mind that the existence of the constitutional and legal framework is only a necessary premise for the rule of law. Equally important is the functioning of various control mechanisms for the implementation of constitutional and legal norms, and especially, the creation of a new mentality among both public officials and citizens expressed in the awareness to the needs for the implementation of these norms and in the reaction with legal and democratic means against their violation by anyone. The Balkan Peninsula represents great strategic importance, not only for the surrounding states but also for the criminal groups that interact in this region. Many Balkan states have been through and currently are in deep democratic transition and it is difficult to break away from their historical past. Although many law enforcement agencies in this region stand out for their professionalism, the impact of consecutive wars presents decisive factors for the triumph or failure of law enforcement institutions against various crimes in this European area. The last war was waged in Kosovo, which ceased in June 1999, has a significant importance in the increase of criminality in Kosovo. After 1999, due to poorly controlled borders, lack of legislation, creation of a new police, and the establishment of the justice system, many criminal groups from the field of narco-criminality took advantage of this situation by creating organized criminal networks for the purpose of trafficking narcotic substances and psychotropic substances from the country of origin, transiting through Kosovo, and continuing towards the country of destination which was in Western Europe. The current internal processes that Kosovo is facing are economic and social development, which are still far from regional and European development structures, which as a result of poverty and lack of perspective, for a significant part of Kosovan society, are resulting with a high crime rate. The geostrategic position of the Republic of Kosovo in the Balkans, as well as the created post-war conditions, enables various criminal groups to carry out organised crime activities. High levels of unemployment and poverty, high levels of corruption in state institutions, and lack of free movement outside Kosovo contribute to creating appropriate conditions for the development of criminality in general and organised crime in particular. In support of various analyses conducted during the research, is the author has noticed that the Republic of Kosovo, compared to EU countries, has a lower level of criminality, while compared to countries in the region where the criminality level is higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (0797-5538) is the property of Universidad de la Republica, Faculdad de Ciencias Sociales, Departmento de Sociologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia Jurídica is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Anagramas is the property of Editorial Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many parts of the world have seen a rise in companionate marriage, even though it is often imbued with ambivalences and anxieties, especially for women. Drawing on a series of mass-mediated scandals and on long-term fieldwork in the predominantly Muslim nation of Malaysia, this essay engages these dynamics, focusing on late-modern transformations in kinship and social relations and contested discourses of masculinity alleging that men are responsible for most ethical breaches and criminality. One of my two overarching goals is to demonstrate the value of providing a unified, historically informed analysis of kinship and gender that deals substantively with both normativity and transgression. The other is to analyze some of the diverse, locally specific ways that globally widespread sociohistorical trends involving the "loosening of constraints" and "increased choices" go hand in hand with new or more pronounced regimes of surveillance, discipline, and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few decades many countries have experienced a surge in crime that is heavily gendered. Men are responsible for much of the rising tide of criminality (and for most criminal offenses prior to the recent surge). This dynamic threatens not only women and children but also societies and polities more generally. Additionally, it occasions serious doubts about state agents' widely touted commitments to law and order and their oft-celebrated claims to prioritize the safety, flourishing, and overall well-being of law-abiding citizens. It is thus paradoxical that mainstream public debates on illegalities and delinquencies oftentimes do not substantively engage the strongly gendered nature of criminal transgression. This article explores such paradoxes by providing interdisciplinary perspectives on the Muslim-majority nation of Malaysia. It draws on nearly three years of ethnographic fieldwork and historical research, supplemented by analysis of court records, media accounts, and other sources, to argue that essentialized categories and conceptual dichotomies in the dominant public narratives on crime contribute to the relative elision of gender in discussions of criminality. The article also addresses the socio-political significance of these dynamics and some of their comparative and theoretical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the criminal laws of Iran, the realization of Rishāʾ (bribery) and Irtishāʾ (corruption) crimes is accepted in the public sector, but in the private sector, it is not considered criminal. Imāmī jurisprudence does not directly mention the possibility of bribery and corruption in the private sector, but it seems that it is possible to infer the prohibition of bribery and corruption in the private sector by considering the literal meaning of bribery, the application of verses and traditions, as well as the implication of reason and consensus, and then seek to criminalize bribery and corruption in the private sector. Considering the expansion of the process of privatization and the reduction of government employment, it does not seem logical to separate the private sector from the public sector regarding the crimes of bribery and corruption. In this essay, the criminalization of bribery and corruption in the private sector has been investigated by using a descriptiveanalytical method. It is concluded that the criminalization of this act has the support of verbal evidence and is in accordance with the rule of reason and the needs of the Islamic society, and it is necessary for us to move in the direction of criminalizing it in the Penal Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Amazonia Investiga is the property of PRIMMATE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forensic science holds a special place in the line of sciences that „arm‟ criminal prosecution officers, prosecutors, experts and judges with effective methods and tools of establishing the truth in criminal cases. Appearing as a simple empirical field of knowledge, with the task of adapting the achievements of technical and natural sciences to the needs of the criminal trial, forensic science has traveled a long and difficult path of transformation into one of the most developed and requested legal sciences. Forensic science emerged and evolves as a science that, through its provisions, supports the activity of law enforcement bodies regarding the establishment of truth, the administration of justice and the prevention of crimes. The development of these provisions is the result of the research of two types of human activity - the activity of preparing, committing and concealing crimes and its antipode - the activity related to the discovery, investigation of criminal cases and their examination in court. Thereafter, forensic science studies the specific regularities that direct these types of activity, elaborating practical recommendations for the fight against criminality, by which it is understood the entire activity of criminal prosecution bodies, forensic examination institutions and courts of law in order to establish the truth in criminal trials. Through the study conducted, we attempt to highlight the character of forensic science, its role in the system of legal sciences and its current development trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite empirical support for "Self-control theory" in criminology, there is controversy about how self-control should be operationalized. Working within the framework of "self-control theory," we investigated if violence and criminal behaviors are associated with nine distinct dimensions of cognitive control in a community sample of young men (n = 654) living in peri-urban townships in South Africa. Cognitive control was assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Multivariate statistical analysis was used, to identify associations between violence and criminality, and deaggregated measures of nine distinct components of cognitive control. Fifteen percent of the sample reported recent violence, 27% had been in physical fights with family/friends in the preceding 6 months, 10% reported being arrested, 4% reported forced sexual contact, and 26% reported intimate partner violence (IPV). Controlling for substance use and sociodemographic variables, contact with the criminal justice system and violence were associated with deficits in all domains of cognitive control. Forced sexual contact was associated with behavioral dysregulation. IPV was associated with behavior dysregulation and executive control dysfunction. Future studies might utilize deaggregated measures of self-control to provide further insight into links between particular components of cognitive control and various forms of offending and violence.

There are still families, the climate of which creates premises for the formation of criminal personality, such as: conflictual families, hyperauthoritarian families or hyperpermissive, etc. The family environment can present very diverse deficiencies of a legal, social, moral, pedagogical order, related to situations such as: infidelity, abandonment, divorce, cohabitation, death, drug addicts, sexual vices, etc., not to mention the absence of the family environment itself, as in the case of orphaned, abandoned children in the care of public assistance. Parents often educate children empirically, relying on intuition and habit. The family’s educational deficiencies are manifested by: the total lack of interest in the child’s education; the excess of care, the indulgence of exaggerated affection; inability to provide the child with positive human models through their own example of behavior; lack of understanding and affection due to selfishness and indifference towards the child; excessive severity, unconscious or intentional, which creates an anxious family climate; the use of acts of violence as educational means.

We examined whether theory of mind difficulties often considered to characterise autistic individuals impair their ability to detect the presence of dodgy or suspicious behaviour in interactions, thereby rendering them especially vulnerable to becoming involved in criminal activity or being victimised. Using a signal detection theory approach, we compared autistic (N = 72; Verbal Comprehension Index = 88–122, M = 106.6) and non-autistic (N = 70; Verbal Comprehension Index = 86–120, M = 104.4) adults' ability to detect dodgy or suspicious behaviour across a broad array of scenarios (N = 136). Although theory of mind performance was poorer for the autistic group, frequentist and Bayesian analyses indicated there were no group differences in either the standard measures of discrimination performance obtainable using a signal detection theory approach or in terms of a bias towards reporting dodgy behaviour. Furthermore, there was no indication of a relationship between dodginess detection and autistic traits. However, regardless of group membership, theory of mind difficulties were associated with poorer discrimination of dodgy behaviour, highlighting an individual difference variable that may increase the vulnerability of both autistic and non-autistic individuals to involvement in some form of criminal activity or to becoming a victim of crime. Difficulties in reading others' minds make it difficult to anticipate their future behaviour. It has often been argued that such difficulties contribute to autistic individuals becoming enmeshed in criminal activity. However, supportive scientific evidence is virtually non-existent. We compared the ability of groups of autistic and non-autistic adults of similar intellectual ability to detect dodgy or suspicious behaviour across a wide range of scenarios. Although the autistic group performed more poorly than the non-autistic group on an established measure of mindreading, there were no group differences in the ability to detect dodginess. Nor did we find any evidence that detecting dodgy behaviour was associated with the degree of autistic traits reported by individual participants. However, when we combined the two groups, difficulty reading the minds of others was indeed associated with poorer detection of dodginess, thus highlighting a characteristic of individuals that may well increase the likelihood of becoming involved in crime or exploited for autistic and non-autistic individuals alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prediction and prevention of aggression in individuals with schizophrenia remains a top priority within forensic psychiatric settings. While risk assessment methods are well rooted in forensic psychiatry, there are no available tools to predict longitudinal physical aggression in patients with schizophrenia within forensic settings at an individual level. In the present study, we used evidence-based risk and protective factors, as well as variables related to course of treatment assessed at baseline, to predict prospective incidents of physical aggression (4-month, 12-month, and 18-month follow-up) among 151 patients with schizophrenia within the forensic mental healthcare system. Across our HARM models, the balanced accuracy (sensitivity + specificity/2) of predicting physical aggressive incidents in patients with schizophrenia ranged from 59.73 to 87.33% at 4-month follow-up, 68.31–80.10% at 12-month follow-up, and 46.22–81.63% at 18-month follow-up, respectively. Additionally, we developed separate models, using clinician rated clinical judgement of short term and immediate violent risk, as a measure of comparison. Several modifiable evidence-based predictors of prospective physical aggression in schizophrenia were identified, including impulse control, substance abuse, impulsivity, treatment non-adherence, mood and psychotic symptoms, substance abuse, and poor family support. To the best of our knowledge, our HARM models are the first to predict longitudinal physical aggression at an individual level in patients with schizophrenia in forensic settings. However, it is important to caution that since these machine learning models were developed in the context of forensic settings, they may not be generalisable to individuals with schizophrenia more broadly. Moreover, a low base rate of physical aggression was observed in the testing set (6.0–11.6% across timepoints). As such, larger cohorts will be required to determine the replicability of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the associations of adolescent aggression, and criminality, to severe hospital-treated assault exposures among young adults (n = 508) with a history of adolescent psychiatric inpatient treatment between 2001-2006. Participants were interviewed during hospitalization using K-SADS-PL to assess psychiatric disorders, and to obtain information on aggressivity. Data on crimes committed were obtained from the Finnish Legal Register Centre, and the treatment episodes for assault exposures from the Finnish National Care Register for Health Care, up to end of 2016. Predictors for severe assault exposure were male sex (OR = 2.1), short temperedness (OR = 2.4), non-violent offending (OR = 2.6), and violent offending (OR = 4.8). These results indicate that the participants most vulnerable to severe assaults were those suffering from a continuum of aggressivity across their lifetime. Our findings can be utilized to identify adolescents at risk of severe assault exposure, and to reduce this risk by focusing on appropriate treatments for these vulnerable adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to draw attention to the issues related to juvenile crime and rehabilitation in Poland. Numerous statistics, the characteristics of centers intended for juveniles, as well as a description of psychological interactions in the social rehabilitation of juveniles manifesting aggressive and self-aggressive behavior were taken into account. The article presents aggression as learned behaviors that can be changed using well-chosen psychological methods, with particular emphasis on methods based on cognitive behavioral therapy. The effectiveness of these therapies has been noted. The article indicates the advantages and disadvantages of this form of interaction along with comments that could be applied in the future. Among the advantages, the structuring of the method was indicated. On the other hand, the disadvantages included among others motivation of participants. An important aspect of the variety of activities was highlighted in order to keep participants motivated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to examine links between thinking about criminal behavior and committing criminal behavior This research investigated youth offenders' participation in aggravated and simple assault and whether their involvement was associated with different aspects of social thinking (i.e., egocentric and victim blaming biases, ability to empathize, and beliefs about the legitimacy of creating laws prohibiting criminal behaviors). We also examined the impact of gender in these associations. The participants were 251 youth offenders (158 males; 93 females) who were incarcerated in a juvenile center. There were several consistent and predictable results based on gender. For example, females, in comparison to males, reported that it was legitimate to create laws prohibiting violent and non-violent behaviors, and displayed more dimensions of empathy than males. There were also findings that were consistent across gender. For instance, empathic youth were more likely to believe in the legitimacy of the government to create laws. Results also indicated that youth were at the greatest risk for committing aggravated assault when they believed it unacceptable for the government to create laws and their cognitive distortion was high. In contrast, youth who believed it relatively acceptable for the government to make laws showed a lower likelihood of committing aggravated assault, even when cognitive distortion was high. Thus, the current data suggest that beliefs about the legitimacy of creating law appears to be stronger in predicting criminal behavior than cognitive distortion alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept al Afacerilor is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three pathways of antisocial behaviour and psychosis have been described. Three subgroups within a typology have been categorised as (i) schizophrenia preceded by conduct disorder (SZ+CD), (ii) offenders with schizophrenia and no childhood history of antisocial behaviour who begin offending at illness onset (SZ+AS), and (iii) offenders with schizophrenia (SZ). There are no studies investigating how the subgroups utilise services. This study aimed to examine the concurrent validity of typology and examine differences in service utilisation. The sample consisted of 77 male patients admitted to low- and medium-secure units in the United Kingdom. The subgroup of patients was determined from data collected from health records. Analysis assessed the difference in aetiological variables amongst the typology and examined the relationship of subgroup service utilisation. This study provided further evidence of distinguishing characteristics emphasising typology heterogeneity and found differences in service utilisation. The SZ+CD subgroup was more likely to have used services preceding a diagnosis of psychosis. Following the onset of psychosis, the SZ+AS and SZ subgroups had a higher proportion that used general adult psychiatry services. Those patients within the SZ+AS and SZ subgroups had a higher use of general adult services after psychosis onset. Understanding about how these subgroups utilise services will enable clinicians to develop effective management plans that address the distinct characteristics of offenders with psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteenth-century colonial India witnessed the muchhyped anti-thuggee campaign, instrumental in creating an elaborate archive of frequent commentaries, opinions on banditry, prisoners and their trials, approvers' accounts, administrative studies as well as fictional narratives. Re-reading such archival sources, this article explores how nautch, a hybrid form of dance, once glorified and later criminalised by the colonial powers, became a point of intersection between the Europeans in India and local thugs, who often benefitted from such dancers. The article shows the precarious position of the nautch performers as instrumental in collaborating with the colonial rulers and the outlawed thugs for controlling perceived 'crime' in the Indian subcontinent, while ending up as victims, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Filología Clásica: Estudios Griegos e Indoeuropeos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the power and influence of the "thieves-in-law" in Georgia weakened in an offensive against them that began in 2006, their parallel legal system lost some of its legitimacy in the face of the state legal system. This article, based on an ethnographic fieldwork conducted with women linked to the "world of thieves", explores their discourses and rhetorical strategies concerning the "law" of "thieves". It shows that beyond the partisan feelings of belonging that are expressed through claims of personal moral and qualities, their frames of reference reveal proper legal conceptions that interact and compete with the laws of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing companies create, maintain and develop an important part of the built environment. Besides their core activity of providing housing, they can increasingly also mitigate societal problems and contribute to social, environmental and financial sustainability. One contribution to sustainability by housing companies is to create meaningful activities for tenants that benefit their employability, skills, careers, and physical and mental wellbeing. These 'activity interventions' are used as a vehicle to create social value. However, it is unclear what sort of impact these interventions have, and how they affect housing companies' financial value. This paper investigates: (1) Swedish housing companies' initiatives to provide meaningful 'activity interventions' for tenants; (2) what value these interventions create; and (3) how social value creation relates to financial value. Observations and interviews (n = 23) with Swedish housing companies are mapped onto a social value creation framework. The findings reveal several types of employment, educational and leisure activities that have been created for tenants, and the areas in which these initiatives create the most social value. Social value creation is often used as risk management to mitigate issues related to criminality, welfaredependent tenants and decreased property values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property crimes represent a type of criminal offense that endangers the (illegally appropriated or damaged) property rights of citizens and other legal entities and belong to the type of classic (general) criminality. In terms of scope, this is the most frequent type of crime, but at the same time, while also being the delinquency type with the highest degree of professionalization. The main motive for committing a large number of criminal offenses against property is to obtain property benefits for oneself or someone else. In this paper, the types of property crimes, namely classic crimes, crimes with elements of physical violence, fraudulent crimes, and crimes without a motive of self-interest are analyzed separately, as types of property crimes. Special emphasis is placed on the typical features of property crime, namely: scale, perpetrator anonymity, traces, and the perpetrators of criminal acts themselves. Property crimes with an element of physical violence are among the most serious forms of property crimes where physical force and threats to the victim are the basis of the methods and means of committing the crime. They include the following crimes: robbery, theft, extortion and blackmail. Property crime is a big problem and as such transcends national borders, disrupting the economic, social, and cultural development of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies literary and journalistic sources and focuses on newspapers which circulated in Rio de Janeiro in 1890, the same year of the publication of the novel O Cortiço (The slum) by Aluísio Azevedo. Through a cross-analysis on a series of newspapers concerning the "main media" or the "commercial media", I verified the stances, generally written by white man, on stories of crimes involving washerwomen. Throughout the research it was important to observe the titles of the news as well as the use of literary artifice to build the journalistic narratives. As a result, it was possible to perceive that, despite an insistence in portraying those women according to features associated to the danger they supposedly carried, the polyphonic perspectives of the press prevailed. In conjunction with this analysis, Aluísio Azevedo's novel afforded evidence on how the public could access narratives which perceived the lives and experiences of poor working women who were also workers, migrants, and descendants of enslaved people. Even when the diffusion of positive perspectives on those women did not seem the final goal of the men of letters, these were woman who fought for what they considered as rights, such as stability of work, family, and housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Secuencia: Revista de Historia y Ciencias Sociales is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones - Dr. Jose M. Luis Mora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Alman Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi / Studien zur Deutschen Sprache & Literatur is the property of Alman Dili ve Edebiyall Dergisi / Studien Zur Deutschen Sprahe und Literatilr and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Memorandum: Memória e História em Psicologia is the property of Memorandum: Memoria e Historia em Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Friedrich Engels claimed that communism would eliminate criminality. With "exploitative" capitalist societal conditions removed, there would no longer be any material or psychological reasons for people to commit crime. The reality in the Eastern Bloc in the late Cold War was, however, very different. Petty theft was a particular problem area. Citizens filched alcohol from supermarkets, bricks from construction sites, and money from colleagues' lockers on an epidemic scale. This article employs archival and oral history evidence to examine petty theft in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Scholars have generally attributed its occurrence to "economy of scarcity conditions," that is, citizens stole items that were in short supply or not on general sale. This article, however, considers whether petty theft constituted a challenge to socialist rule since this crime contravened state ideology. It finds evidence that a desire to defy the state did motivate some citizens to steal, but that the majority of thefts were inspired by more prosaic reasons. The analysis does show, however, that citizens mocked and dismissed the concept of People's Property, thereby rejecting a central tenet of the regime's political project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the Mano Negra affair, a case study on the construction of «evil», both social and political, in the second half of the 19th century. The case revolved around the alleged discovery and persecution of a secret society that lay on the border between anarchist maximalism and rural criminality in Andalusia between the late 1870s and early 1880s. The article analyzes the affair as part of the 19th-century European counterrevolutionary tradition and the emerging criminalization of anarchism. Finally, the author considers the event within the context of the transnational repression of the internationalist anarchist movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research focuses on the nature of the lived experiences of women engaged in sex trafficking. This study employed qualitative methods of in-depth structured interviews with 10 convicted sex traffickers (ages 24–56; 100% identifying as female). Participants' lived experiences revealed circumstances that led them to trafficking, specific needs, and the stigmatization they faced after exiting economies tied to trafficking. Inductive analysis yielded three key barriers to reintegration success: limited choice; negative labeling; and unmet physical, emotional, and social needs. These findings enhance understanding of the factors influencing the successful reintegration of convicted female sex traffickers into mainstream society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]