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The discovery and description of a pararetroviroid associated with carnation stunt was one of the most outstanding achievements gained by the research team directed by Ricardo Flores, as it opened up a whole new world in plant virology and quickly led to the identification of further viroid diseases. The carnation stunt-associated viroid-like RNA has been proved to exist in both RNA and DNA form, a discovery that pointed to new ways of studying the co-evolution of plants and viroid-like RNAs. This paper aims to summarise the scientific work of Ricardo Flores, a source of inspiration to both present and future generations of scientists.

Orbitides are plant-derived small cyclic peptides with a wide range of biological activities. Phytochemical investigation of the whole plants of Dianthus chinensis was performed with the aim to discover new bioactive orbitides. Five undescribed proline-containing orbitides, dianthiamides A–E (1–5), were isolated from a methanolic extract of Dianthus chinensis. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HRESI–TOF–MS as well as ESI–MS/MS fragmentation data. The absolute configuration of the amino acid residues of compounds 1–5 was determined by Marfey’s method. All compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity, and dianthiamide A (1) exhibited weak activity against A549 cell line with IC50 value of 47.9 μM.

In order to investigate the possibility for in in vitro fast regeneration of Dianthus caryophyllus, different concentrations of Kinetin (Kin), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid (2,4-D) had been tested for induction of callus by leaves and stems explant using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. After two months in culture, response callus in the induction rate, fresh and dry weight, texture and color were evaluated. MS medium that contained 4.5 mg.L-1 2, 4-D was suitable for callus induction with leaf explants. The combination of 0.4 mg.L-1 Kin and 2.0 mg.L-1 2, 4-D also demonstrated a wonderful induction of callus on stem explants. In addition to the culture medium complemented by Kin and 2, 4-D, the influence of Zeatin at various concentrations (0.0, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.0 mg.L-1) was assessed. In MS medium that contained 0.4 mg.L-1 Kin+ 2.0 mg.L-1 2,4-D+ 1.0 mg.L-1 Zeatin, rapid callus induction and also more callus proliferation from stem explants were detected. Results indicate on callus induction that, Zeatin was more successful than Kin or 2, 4-D, but other combinations directly developed a shoot. Callus obtained from stems explant was friable, white and yellow, while callus from leaf explants was green.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the most important and typical ethylene sensitive cut flowers worldwide, although how ethylene influences the petal senescence process in carnation remains largely unknown. Here, we screened out one of the key transcription factors, DcWRKY75, using a constructed ethylene induced petal senescence transcriptome in carnation and found that it shows quick induction by ethylene treatment. Silencing of DcWRKY75 delays ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation. Molecular evidence confirms that DcWRKY75 can bind to the promoter regions of two main ethylene biosynthetic genes (DcACS1 and DcACO1) and a couple of senescence associated genes (DcSAG12 and DcSAG29) to activate their expression. Furthermore, we show that DcWRKY75 is a direct target gene of DcEIL3-1, which is a homolog of the ethylene signaling core transcription factor EIN3 in Arabidopsis. DcEIL3-1 can physically interact with DcWRKY75 and silencing of DcEIL3-1 also delays ethylene induced petal senescence in carnation and inhibits the ethylene induced expression of DcWRKY75 and its target genes. The present study demonstrates that the transcriptional regulation network is vitally important for ethylene induced petal senescence process in carnation and potentially in other ethylene sensitive cut flowers.

International audience; Dianthus chinensis is widely used as a landscaping plant in rock gardens and has high commercial value. However, few studies of this plant's regeneration and genetic transformation have been reported. In this study, cotyledons of D. chinensis were used as explants for regeneration and infection with Agrobacterium. The results indicated that the efficiency of regeneration was markedly improved by using 1-naphthylcetic acid (NAA). The cotyledons were cocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 containing pK7GWIWG2-GFP plasmids for 15-20 min. Transgenic regenerated plants were obtained by kanamycin (80 mg.L-1) screening. qRT-PCR results confirmed the expression of GFP and the DcIPT1 (which is related to cell division) gene in the transgenic DcIPT1 plants of D. chinensis. The results show that the proliferation ability of transgenic DcIPT1 plants is enhanced. Overall, we report the successful establishment of a reliable and efficient method for cotyledon transformation and plant regeneration in D. chinensis based on the combination of infection with Agrobacterium and plant regeneration. This work will contribute to functional gene research and genetic improvement of Dianthus species plants.

Background and objective Flavonols in plants are catalyzed by flavonol synthase (FLS) enzyme. FLS was reported expressed in flowers and fruits, i.e., Dianthus caryophyllus L. (Caryophyllaceae), Petunia hybrida Hort. (Solanaceae), Arabidopsis thaliana L. (Brassicaceae), Citrus unshiu Marc. (Rutaceae). However, none reported about FLS in medicinal plants, particularly those which possess anti-inflammatory activity. This study was aimed to extract and identify FLS in the rhizome of Boesenbergia rotunda (Zingiberaceae) and to determine quercetin in the ethanol extract of the rhizome. Materials and methods The protein extraction of the rhizome was carried out by employing Laing and Christeller's (2004) and Wang's (2014) methods. The extracted-proteins were separated by using SDS-PAGE, followed by the measurement of FLS intensity by using Gel Analyzer. The FLS-1 of recombinant A. thaliana was employed as the standard. The determination of quercetin in the rhizome was carried out using LC-MS. Results The FLS occurred as a thick band at 38 kDa with intensity 116-158. The LC chromatogram of the extract indicated a small peak at 7.94 min similar to that of quercetin standard. The MS spectra at 7.94 min indicated that quercetin is present in the B. rotunda rhizome (m/z = 303.0549). The concentration of quercetin in the extract is 0.022% w/v. Conclusion The FLS, an enzyme which plays an important role in producing quercetin, was detected in B. rotunda rhizome planted in Indonesia. As a consequence, quercetin in a small amount, was also quantified in the rhizome of this plant. This report will add a scientific insight of B. rotunda for biological sciences.

In this study, Dianthus caryophyllus L. was used as the experimental plant to investigate the effects of rooting substrate and exogenous auxin concentration on the adventitious rooting of the stem cuttings. Our results showed that the formulated substrates with different physicochemical properties significantly affected the root formation. The substrate with a ratio of cocopeat to perlite at 1:1 (v:v) resulted in the optimum rooting of D. caryophyllus cuttings. Different Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) concentrations affected the rooting percentage and seedling rate of D. caryophyllus. Application of NAA at 1000 mg·kg−1 with IBA at 100 mg·kg−1 resulted in the greatest rooting percentage and improved breeding speed. The rooting percentage and seedling rate did not increase with the increase in auxin concentration. Based on these results, we concluded that an appropriate rooting substrate is required to fulfill proper rooting of D. caryohhyllus cuttings, whereas an exogenous application of IBA and NAA at 1000 mg·kg−1 and 100 mg·kg−1 promoted the rooting and a higher auxin concertation inhibited rooting.

The effect of different organic inputs viz., neem cake, mauha cake, coirpith and vermi compost were evaluated against the wilt disease incidence and the growth and yield of carnation. Preliminary screening of different oil cakes and water extracts of organic manures against the growth Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi was carried out by poisoned food technique under laboratory conditions. Among the oil cake and organic manures tested in vitro, neem cake (10%) effectively reduced the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi which recorded a minimum mycelial growth of 1.76 cm with maximum per cent inhibition of 80.44 over control. In organic field experiment, neem cake significantly reduced the disease incidence (12.47 PDI), followed by mauha cake and vermi compost which recorded 14.45 and 16.04 PDI of wilt incidence, respectively. The use of vermicompost significantly increased the growth and yield parameters viz., stalk length (85.25 cm), stalk girth (3.88 cm), no of branches (3.85/plant), no of flowers (3.11/plant) and flower diameter (4.32 cm).

This experiment was carried out during two successive seasons of (2017 and 2018) on Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, L.) cv. "Big Mama" cut flowers at laboratory of the Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, to study the effect of some chemicals and essential oil extracts on keeping quality and vase life of carnation cut flowers. Completely randomized block designed experiment with three replicates treatments for each as follow: control (distillated water), Nano-silver thiosulphate (NST) at (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/l), Eucalyptus oil at (25, 50 and 75 mg/l), Mint oil at (25, 50 and 75 mg/l) and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (8-HQS) at (250, 300, 350 and 400 mg/l). Results showed that Nano-silver thiosulphate (NST) at 10 mg/l gave the highest mean values of the physical characters as dry weights (g), floret diameter, vase life, and decrease the number of bacteria, also, Nano-silver thiosulphate (NST) at 10 mg/l gave the best results of chemical compositions as total sugars (%), reducing sugars (%), non-reducing sugars (%),total soluble solids percentage and total carbohydrate percentage as compared with control treatment, which gave the lowest mean values of the all physical and chemical composition during both seasons.

An optimization for a medium sterilization method, capable of substituting autoclaving, was developed using low concentrations of sodium isocyanurate (ISO) as a medium sterilizer. Sodium isocyanurate was used in it’s dichloro form (sodium dichloroisocyanurate) with concentrations on medium ranging from 0.04 to 0.005 g/L. The chosen specimen was Dianthus caryophyllus, placed in Murashige and Skoog media as seeds. Sterilization using sodium isocyanurate surpassed that of medium autoclaving on time spent, resources required and sterilization capability. All successful ISO concentrations, 0.04 g/L to 0.01 g/L, allowed D. caryophyllus sprouts to develop with no signs of phytotoxic effects and with constant growth until they reached their container’s maximum capacity. Contamination rates for concentrations 0.04 g/L, 0.02 and 0.01 g/L stayed bellow 5% for the entirety of the experiment. The data presented, along with how this work was conducted, indicate that sodium isocyanurate is capable of substituting media autoclaving for practices with D. caryophyllus seeds and opens a path for further research involving sodium isocyanurate sterilization for other species. This protocol is an optimization for an already existing medium sterilization protocol, in plant tissue culture, through chemical compounds. Sodium isocyanurate was capable of sterilizing culture media in varied concentrations while showing no signs of phytotoxicity to Dianthus caryophyllus seeds and subsequent sprouts.

This study was carried out to study effect of infested Carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by Carnation thrips, Haplothrips cottei (Vuillet) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) andTetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on the vase life period of Carnation flowers under glasshouse conditions at two locations (governorates), International Garden (Cairo Governorate) and El-Orman Garden, (Giza Governorate) during successive seasons 2018. This is because the vase life period is very important parameter in cut flowers. And there are many factors affected on the vase life period. Therefore this study divided into two parts, first part studied effect of infested Carnation flowers by H. cottei andT. urticae on the vase life period of Carnation flowers after picking. Second part studied effect of infested Carnation flowers by the same pests on the internal components of these flowers which correlated with vase life period such as total sugar and total protein. Results obtained showed that the infestation by H. cottei reduced the vase life period of carnation flowers after picking more the infestation byT. urticae compared to control (which non infested by the same pests). Also results showed that the infestation by H. cottei reduced total suger and total protein at the infested Carnation flowers more than the infestation byT. urticae compared to control. Lastly, results obtained showed that the infestation by H. cottei andT. urticae changed the number and arrange of the protein banding patterns (amino acids) of infested Carnation flowers petals compared to control.

Although several studies have investigated the cytotoxic effects of different Dianthus species, there has been only limited research into the cytotoxic effect of Dianthus carmelitarum. The ...

Dianthus superbus (DS) is a traditional medicinal herb well known for its medicinal and therapeutic potential and widely distributed in various Asian countries. The ethyl acetate (EA), butanol (Bu) and distilled water (DW) extracts of DS assessed for extraction of bioactive compounds and their biological activities. The chemical analysis was done using LC-MS/MS and antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral activities were determined. EA extracts showed strong anticancer activity with IC50 of 9.5, 13.8 and 69.9 μg/mL on SKOV, NCL-H1299 and Caski cancer cell lines, respectively. The Bu extracts exhibited strongest antiviral activity with respect to both influenza A and B viruses with IC50 values of 4.97 and 3.9 μg/mL, respectively. Also the metabolic profile for EA, Bu and DW extracts shows high variations and influence precisely the antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral properties. The quercetin 3- rutinoside and isorhamnetin 3- glucoside showed higher neuraminidase inhibition activity in dose dependent manner. Molecular docking study revealed that flavonol glycosides have higher binding activities towards influenza polymerase membrane glycoprotein. Correlation study showed that flavonol glycosides were linked to anti-influenza activity and cyclic peptides with anticancer activities. This study provides vital information for effective utilization of DS for medicinal, food and therapeutic purposes.

The short vase life of cut flowers limits their commercial value. To ameliorate this practical problem, this study investigated the effect of hydrogen nanobubble water (HNW) on delaying senescence of cut carnation flowers (Dianthuscaryophyllus L.). It was observed that HNW had properties of higher concentration and residence time for the dissolved hydrogen gas in comparison with conventional hydrogen-rich water (HRW). Meanwhile, application of 5% HNW significantly prolonged the vase life of cut carnation flowers compared with distilled water, other doses of HNW (including 1%, 10%, and 50%), and 10% HRW, which corresponded with the alleviation of fresh weight and water content loss, increased electrolyte leakage, oxidative damage, and cell death in petals. Further study showed that the increasing trend with respect to the activities of nucleases (including DNase and RNase) and protease during vase life period was inhibited by 5% HNW. The results indicated that HNW delayed petal senescence of cut carnation flowers through reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation and initial activities of senescence-associated enzymes. These findings may provide a basic framework for the application of HNW for postharvest preservation of agricultural products.

Dianthus yilmazii is a new species of Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) found during a botanical trip to Kayseri, Turkey, in July 2017. Its description, images, distribution, ecology and threat category are provided. It is compared with the closely related species, Dianthus crinitus and D. erythrocoleus based on its general morphology. The relationships between the new species and its close relatives were determined based on ITS sequences.

The carnation tortrix moth, Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner, [1799]) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most economically important insect species affecting the horticultural industry in the UK. The larvae consume foliage, flowers or fruits, and/or rolls leaves together with silken threads, negatively affecting the growth and/or aesthetics of the crop. In order to understand the polyphagous behaviour of this species within an ornamental crop habitat, we hypothesized that different host plant species affect its life history traits differently. This study investigated the effects of the host plant species on larval and pupal durations and sizes, and fecundity (the number of eggs and the number and size of egg clutches). At 20°C, 60% RH and a 16L:8D photoperiod larvae developed 10, 14, 20 and 36 days faster when reared on Christmas berry, Photinia (Rosaceae), than on cherry laurel, Prunus laurocerasus (Rosaceae), New Zealand broadleaf, Griselinia littoralis (Griseliniaceae), Mexican orange, Choisya ternata (Rutaceae), and firethorn, Pyracantha angustifolia (Rosaceae), respectively. Female pupae were 23.8 mg heavier than male pupae, and pupal weight was significantly correlated with the duration of larval development. The lowest and the highest mean numbers of eggs were produced by females reared on Pyracantha (41) and Photinia (202), respectively. Clutch size differed significantly among moths reared on different host plants, although the total number of eggs did not differ. This study showed that different ornamental host plants affect the development of C. pronubana differently. Improved understanding of the influence of host plant on the moth's life history parameters measured here will help in determining the economic impact that this species may have within the ornamental plant production environment, and may be used in developing more accurate crop protection methodologies within integrated pest management of this insect.

We aimed to report pregnancy outcomes of women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in China, on which data were sparse.This is a nationwide retrospective study conducted in 11 general medical centers in 8 cities across China. We investigated the clinical data of all women who attended these centers with a singleton pregnancy and whose pregnancy ended between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2014. Pregnancies of women with pregestational T1D were ascertained and compared with those of women without T1D.From over 300 000 pregnancies over the 11-year study period, we identified 265 singleton pregnancies of women with T1D. One maternal death was documented among 265 (0.37%) women with T1D and 83 among 318 486 (0.03%) women without T1D. Women with T1D suffered from higher rates of pregnancy loss (13.21% vs 2.92%, crude risk ratio [cRR] 5.08 [95% CI, 3.56-7.26]) and preeclampsia (17.74% vs 4.20%, cRR 4.94 [95% CI, 3.60-6.77]) compared with those without T1D. Infants of these women with T1D had elevated rates of neonatal death (5.65% vs 0.16%, cRR 37.36 [95% CI, 21.21-65.82]) and congenital malformation(s) (8.26% vs 3.53%, cRR 2.46 [95% CI, 1.54-3.93]) compared with those of women without T1D. No significant improvement in pregnancy outcomes in women with T1D was observed over the period 2004 to 2014.Pregnancy outcomes were persistently poor in women with T1D during 2004 to 2014 in China. Pregnancy care needs to be improved to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes among Chinese women with T1D.背景: 本研究旨在报道中国1型糖尿病(T1D)患者的妊娠结局，该方面相关研究数据较少。 方法: 对全国8个城市的11家综合医疗中心进行回顾性研究。我们调查了2004年1月1日至2014年12月31日期间所有在这些中心就诊的单胎妊娠妇女的临床资料。确定妊娠期T1D的妇女妊娠情况，并与无T1D的妇女进行比较。 结果: 在11年的研究期间，从超过30万例妊娠中，我们鉴定了265例患有T1D的单胎妊娠妇女。265例T1D孕妇中有一例(0.37%)死亡，318486例无T1D孕妇中有83例(0.03%)死亡。与无T1D的女性相比，T1D的女性流产率更高(13.21% vs 2.92%，粗风险比[cRR] 5.08, 95%置信区间[CI] 3.56-7.26)、子痫前期(17.74% vs 4.20%， cRR 4.94, 95% CI 3.60-6.77)。与未患T1D的妇女相比，患有T1D妇女的婴儿新生儿死亡率(5.65% vs 0.16%， cRR 37.36, 95% CI 21.21-65.82)和先天性畸形率(8.26% vs 3.53%， cRR 2.46, 95% CI 1.54-3.93)较高。在2004-2014年间，T1D患者妊娠结局无明显改善。 结论: 2004-2014年中国T1D患者妊娠结局仍然较差。需要改善妊娠护理以减少中国T1D女性的不良妊娠结局。.

Determining the processes that drive the evolution of pathogen host range can inform our understanding of disease dynamics and the potential for host-shifts. In natural populations, patterns of host range could be driven by genetically based differences in pathogen infectivity or ecological differences in host availability. In northwestern Italy, four reproductively isolated lineages of the fungal plant-pathogen Microbotryum have been shown to co-occur on several species in the genus Dianthus. We carried out cross-inoculation experiments to determine whether patterns of realized host range in these four lineages were driven by differences in infectivity and to test whether there was evidence of a trade-off between host range and within-host reproduction. We found strong concordance between field patterns of host range and pathogen infectivity on different Dianthus species using experimental inoculation, indicating that infection ability is a major driving force of host range. However, we found no evidence of a trade-off between the ability to infect a wider range of host species and spore production on a shared host.

Rooted cuttings from two carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivars showing contrasting responses to the vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) were inoculated with this phytopathogen, and some of the biochemical responses associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were investigated in the roots. The resistant cultivar (‘Golem’) showed a significant increase in the levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds at 48–96 h post-inoculation (hpi) (α = 0.05). LC-MS-based analysis indicated that the flavonoids mainly included flavanol-type glycosides, especially quercetin and kaempferol aglycones. Quantification of the mRNA levels of genes encoding CHS (Chalcone Synthase), CHI (Chalcone Isomerase), FLS (Flavonol Synthase), and the transcription factor MYB11 by using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) indicated that the resistant cultivar exhibited higher expression levels of these genes and, therefore, showed more flavonoid accumulation at 96 hpi. The differences in the temporal regulation of the assessed variables during infection support the idea that the early expression of enzymes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in carnation roots is linked to a resistance response to the hemibiotrophic pathogen Fod race 2. The present experimental approach is the first report describing the molecular mechanisms underlying flavonoid biosynthesis in carnation roots during their interaction with Fod.

Floral guides are patterned cues that direct the pollinator to the plant reproductive organs. The spatial distribution of showy visual and olfactory traits allows efficient plant-pollinator interactions. Data on the mechanisms underlying floral volatile patterns or their interactions with pollinators are lacking. Here we characterize the spatial emission patterns of volatiles from the corolla of the model plant Petunia × hybrida and reveal the ability of honeybees to distinguish these patterns. Along the adaxial epidermis, in correlation with cell density, the petal base adjacent to reproductive organs emitted significantly higher levels of volatiles than the distal petal rim. Volatile emission could also be differentiated between the two epidermal surfaces: emission from the adaxial side was significantly higher than that from the abaxial side. Similar emission patterns were also observed in other petunias, Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation) and Argyranthemum frutescens (Marguerite daisy). Analyses of transcripts involved in volatile production/emission revealed lower levels of the plasma-membrane transporter ABCG1 in the abaxial versus adaxial epidermis. Transient overexpression of ABCG1 enhanced emission from the abaxial epidermis to the level of the adaxial epidermis, suggesting its involvement in spatial emission patterns in the epidermal layers. Proboscis extension response experiments showed that differences in emission levels along the adaxial epidermis, that is, petal base versus rim, detected by GC-MS are also discernible by honeybees.

Dianthus is a valuable genetic resource for flower breeding. However, study on the genetic similarity of Dianthus plants is rare. In this work, 20 pairs of SRAP markers were used to analyze genetic diversity of 44 Dianthus plants, including 13 lines of wild Dianthus chinensis L., 7 lines of wild Dianthus superbus L. and 24 commercial varieties including Dianthus caryophyllus L., Dianthus plumarius L. and Dianthus barbatus L.. Results showed that precise interspecific and intraspecific genetic diversity was provided in Dianthus plants by using 20 pairs of SRAP molecular markers. The interspecific genetic diversity of Dianthus plants was much abundant and the intraspecific genetic difference of wild Dianthus species was related to their geographical distribution and habitats. In this work, theoretical basis and technical support were provided for crossbreeding and molecular mechanism research of Dianthus plants.

A lectotype is designated for the name Dianthus virgineus. The relationships between D.virgineus, D.caryophyllus var. caryophyllus, and D.caryophyllus var. inodorus are analyzed. Dianthus virgineus is the oldest available name that applies to a species complex that is often referred to as D.sylvestris or a broad circumscription of the cultivated ornamental D.caryophyllus. The taxonomic consequences are discussed, and the need for further studies is highlighted.

The pollen morphology of 89 taxa belonging to the genus Dianthus L. is considered, utilizing light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and the taxa are compared based on their pollen characters. Of these, the pollen morphology of 73 taxa is reported for the first time. Pollen grains of Dianthus taxa are spheroidal, polypantoporate and 29.1-53 mu m in size, and have 12-24 prominent or sunken apertures uniformly distributed on their surface. Spinules were present on all pollen grains, and puncta were seen in 73 taxa. The exine surface ornamentation can be divided into three types, namely microechinate, microechinate-punctate or microechinate-punctate-foveolate. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis demonstrate that the clustering of Dianthus taxa studied does not correlate well with the sectional classification; rather, the punctum number, the pollen diameter and the spinule number are the most valuable variables for separating the examined taxa.

Although there are several nuisance species of serpulids reported worldwide, the present study shows that some of them have been overlooked even in geographic areas that are considered well studied. We report for the first time in Majorca the invasive species Ficopomatus enigmaticus and the first records for the Balearic Islands of the also non-native species Hydroides dianthus, H. dirampha, H. elegans and H. nigra. The most abundant species were F. enigmaticus, found at higher densities in Portixol (with up to 280 ind. m–2), and H. elegans, found at highest densities in the port of Palma (with up to 270 ind. m–2). Species have been identified after morphological examination and corroborated by mitochondrial DNA sequence data: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb). Molecular data show that the same haplotypes have been found in distant and disjoint biogeographic areas worldwide, which is only explicable by unintentional translocation of specimens through vectors (i.e. ship hulls or ballast water). Species delimitation analyses support previous findings that species complexes are common in both Ficopomatus and Hydroides. In fact, only among the Majorcan samples were we able to detect three species of the F. enigmaticus species complex, two of the H. elegans species complex and two of the H. dianthus species complex. The genetic distances between members of the F. enigmaticus species complex are 8.7% to 16.7% in COI sequences. The species of Hydroides hold 5.4% to 47.6 % genetic divergence between species of the same complex., Hay constancia de especies alóctonas de serpúlidos reportadas en el mundo. Pero el presente estudio muestra que algunas de ellas han sido pasadas por alto incluso en áreas geográficas consideradas bien estudiadas. En este trabajo se cita por primera vez en Mallorca la especie invasora Ficopomatus enigmaticus y se registra también por primera vez para las Islas Baleares las también especies exóticas Hydroides dianthus, H. dirampha, H. elegans e H. nigra. Las especies más abundantes fueron F. enigmaticus, encontrada en mayores densidades en Portixol (con hasta 280 ind. m–2) y H. elegans, encontrada en mayores densidades en el puerto de Palma (con hasta 270 ind. m–2). Las especies han sido identificadas después su estudio morfológico y corroboradas por las secuencias de ADN mitocondrial: subunidad 1 de la citocromo c oxidasa (COI) y citocromo b (Cytb). Los datos moleculares muestran que se han encontrado los mismos haplotipos en áreas biogeográficas distantes e inconexas de a nivel mundial, lo que solo se explica por la translocación involuntaria de ejemplares a través de vectores (es decir, cascos de barcos o agua de lastre). Los análisis de delimitación de especies respaldan resultados previos acerca de la existencia de complejos de especies en ambos géneros Ficopomatus e Hydroides. De hecho, sólo entre las muestras mallorquinas pudimos detectar tres especies del complejo de especies F. enigmaticus, dos del complejo de especies de H. elegans y dos del complejo de especies de H. dianthus. Las distancias genéticas entre los miembros del complejo de especies de F. enigmaticus son del 8.7 al 16.7% en las secuencias COI. Las especies de Hydroides tienen un 5.4-47.6% de divergencia genética entre especies del mismo complejo.

In order to understand the effects of different growth regulators and their concentrations on the rooting culture of carnation tissue culture seedlings, the optimal growth regulators and their concentrations were explored by adding different concentrations of IAA and IBA to the basic culture medium for tissue culture experiments and observing the rooting and growth of carnation tissue culture seedlings. The results showed that the sterilization effect of 10% sodium hypochlorite for 4 min was the best; the root length and number of roots in MS medium were significantly higher than that in 1/2 MS and 2 MS medium, and the roots were faster, the rooting rate was high, and the plant growth was good; IAA and IBA of 1.0 mg/L were all conducive to the root elongation, and significantly increased the number of roots, the rest of the concentration promoting effect was not significant, and the high concentration would inhibit the root growth. The growth of the plants treated with IBA was better, and the best was 1.0 mg/L IBA, which was most conducive to the rooting culture of carnation. The above results provide further theoretical basis for in vitro rapid propagation and industrial production of carnation cut flowers.

In the present study, six known compounds were investigated that were isolated from the aerial parts of plant

Interfering peptides (iPs) have been recognized as valuable substances to specifically target protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in senescence and disease. Although the concept of iPs has been validated for several PPIs in medical and pharmaceutical research, little attention so far has been paid to the enormous potential iPs that may provide to target and control plant growth and developmental processes or plant environmental responses. However, recent research on PPIs in the ethylene signaling pathway has identified the synthetic peptide NOP-1 derived from the nuclear localization signal of ethylene regulator EIN2 as an efficient inhibitor of typical ethylene responses such as ripening, aging, and senescence. Biophysical and biochemical studies on purified recombinant proteins of the ethylene receptor family from various plant species demonstrate that the synthetic peptide binds in the nM-μM range at the plant target. Here, we describe methods to evaluate and quantify the effect of the NOP-1 peptide on flower senescence as a typical ethylene response in the intact plant system. This approach will help to systematically advance our technological capability to delay plant ethylene responses and to expand shelf-life or vase life of fruits and flowers.

Dianthus anatolicus var. afyonensis Ugurlu, M. Koch & Donmez var. nova is described from central Turkey (Cay, Afyonkarahisar). It is morphologically different from D. anatolicus by stem, leaf and calyx length, and the shape of epicalyx scales and petals. We also used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data to identify and circumscribe the new variety. Habitat, ecology and the conservation status of the new variety are described.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect on pregnancy outcome of integrating a comprehensive management plan for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) into the World Health Organization universal maternal care infrastructure. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A comprehensive preconception-to-pregnancy management plan for women with T1D was implemented in 11 centers from 8 Chinese cities from 2015 to 2017. Sequential eligible pregnant women (n = 133 out of 137 initially enrolled) with T1D and singleton pregnancies attending these management centers formed the prospective cohort. The main outcome was severe adverse pregnancy outcome comprising maternal mortality, neonatal death, congenital malformations, miscarriage in the second trimester, and stillbirth. We compared pregnancy outcomes in this prospective cohort with two control groups with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria: a retrospective cohort (n = 153) of all eligible pregnant women with T1D attending the same management centers from 2012 to 2014 and a comparison cohort (n = 116) of all eligible pregnant women with T1D receiving routine care from 2015 to 2017 in 11 different centers from 7 cities. RESULTS The rate of severe adverse pregnancy outcome was lower in the prospective cohort (6.02%) than in either the retrospective cohort (18.30%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.31 [95% CI 0.13–0.74]) or the contemporaneous comparison cohort (25.00%; aOR 0.22 [95% CI 0.09–0.52]). CONCLUSIONS The substantial improvements in the prospective cohort are evidence of a potentially clinically important effect of the comprehensive management plan on pregnancy outcomes among Chinese pregnant women with pregestational T1D. This supports the development of similar approaches in other countries.

A potent, quick and refined plant regeneration protocol was effectively established for Dianthus caryophyllus via nodal segment explants cut out from a 2-year-old vigorous mother plant. The three diverse cytokinins viz. 6-benzyladenine (BA), Kinetin (Kin) and thidiazuron (TDZ) were assessed as enhancements to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, the maximum frequency of multiple shoot bud induction was attained on MS medium augmented with 5.0 μM BA and 1.0 μM α-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA). The in vitro raised shoots when subcultured on plant growth regulator (PGR) free MS basal medium extensively amplified the rate of shoot multiplication (44.8 ± 3.5) and shoot length (7.5 ± 0.29 cm) without showing any morphological and physiological features of degeneration even after fifth subculture passage. The in vitro raised microshoots were best rooted in half-strength MS medium augmented with 2.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The tissue culture raised plantlets with a completely developed shoot and root system were effectively transferred to the earthen pots having garden soil and grown in greenhouse condition with a 90% survival rate. Growth parameters of 2 months old in vitro raised plants were compared with in vivo grown seedlings of the same age group.

The genus Carlavirus (family Betaflexiviridae, order Tymovirales) currently includes 53 species recognized by the ICTV. The NCBI GenBank database has 43 full-length carlavirus genome sequences (7,890 to 9,073 nt). Surprisingly, the type species Carnation latent virus is not associated with a complete genome sequence of a carnation latent virus (CLV) isolate; GenBank only has accessions with 1313 or fewer nucleotides. The goal of this study was to determine the full-length genome sequence of CLV. Naturally infected greenhouse-grown 'Kiwi Lace' carnation plants that tested positive for CLV by ELISA and RT-PCR were used as source plants for high-throughput sequencing, completed by 5' and 3' RACE and validated by Sanger sequencing of CLV-specific RT-PCR-generated amplicons. The complete CLV-KL sequence (MN450069) was determined to be 8,513 nt in length. In pairwise analysis, the genome shares 40-46% identity with recognized carlaviruses and the six in silico-translated proteins have 15-62% amino acid sequence identity to their respective carlavirus orthologs. The CLV-KL coat protein shares 98.4% identity with the NCBI reference sequence CLV-UK. In phylogenetic analysis, CLV clusters with butterbur mosaic virus, coleus vein necrosis virus, and garlic common latent virus. This is the first report of the full genome sequence of an isolate of carnation latent virus, the type member of the genus Carlavirus.

Endemic species are believed to converge on narrow ranges of traits, with rarity reflecting adaptation to specific environmental regimes. We hypothesized that endemism is characterized by limited trait variability and environmental tolerances in two Dianthus species (Dianthus pseudocrinitus and Dianthus polylepis) endemic to the montane steppes of northeastern Iran. We measured leaf functional traits and calculated Grime’s competitor/stress-tolerator/ruderal (CSR) adaptive strategies for these and co-occurring species in seventy-five 25-m2 quadrats at 15 sites, also measuring a range of edaphic, climatic, and topographic parameters. While plant communities converged on the stress-tolerator strategy, D. pseudocrinitus exhibited functional divergence from S- to R-selected (C:S:R = 12.0:7.2:80.8% to 6.8:82.3:10.9%). Canonical correspondence analysis, in concert with Pearson’s correlation coefficients, suggested the strongest associations with elevation, annual temperature, precipitation seasonality, and soil fertility. Indeed, variance (s2) in R- and S-values for D. pseudocrinitus at two sites was exceptionally high, refuting the hypothesis of rarity via specialization. Rarity, in this case, is probably related to recent speciation by polyploidy (neoendemism) and dispersal limitation. Dianthus polylepis, in contrast, converged towards stress-tolerance. ‘Endemism’ is not synonymous with ‘incapable’, and polyploid neoendemics promise to be particularly responsive to conservation.