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SummaryObjective: To describe traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process in dogs as a clinically distinct disease unrelated to congenital elbow dysplasia.Methods: Clinical records of dogs with acute, traumatic, unilateral lameness attributable to medial coronoid process disease were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical interpretation included findings on physical examination, orthopaedic examination, and subjective gait analysis. Radiographs of the affected and contralateral elbows were obtained and reviewed for pathology. Arthroscopy of the elbow joints was performed by one of three surgeons and findings were compared to preoperative diagnostics. Postoperative follow-up was continued for 16 weeks.Results: Twenty-four dogs were included in this study. All dogs in this study were free of radiographic evidence of medial coronoid pathology. All dogs were diagnosed with a single, large, displaced or non-displaced fracture of the medial coronoid process, with no other joint pathology. Dogs generally had an excellent short-term outcome following arthroscopic treatment of the fractured medial coronoid process.Clinical significance: Traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process should be considered a clinical disease distinct from dysplasia-related fragmentation and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs that are presented with the complaint of acute unilateral elbow discomfort or lameness, especially after concussive activities involving the forelimb.

Objective To verify the ability of a novel Canine Elbow Realignment Osteotomy (CERO) system for acute axial radial or ulnar lengthening to restore normal elbow congruency in a shortened radius cadaver model using assessment by computed tomography (CT). Study Design In vitro cadaver study. Animals Five pairs of greyhound forelimbs from animals euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the study. Methods CT of each elbow was performed (1) pre-operatively (pre-op), (2) after placement of a linear motor IMEX™ external skeletal fixator (ESF) on the radius with diaphyseal ostectomy and radial shorting of 1–5 mm (post-ESF), and (3) after CERO surgery to lengthen the radius proximal to the ostectomy site by an amount equal to the degree of radial shortening (post-CERO). The joint space at 7 loci on dorsal plane and 6 loci on sagittal plane reconstructions was measured to assess changes in joint congruity between pre-op, post-ESF, and post-CERO. Repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc comparisons were performed to compare measurements between the 3 groups. Results Mean joint space measurements at most loci in the dorsal and sagittal planes were significantly different post-ESF compared with pre-op, confirming development of joint incongruency with the model. Post-CERO joint space measurements did not differ significantly compared with pre-op measurements, demonstrating the return to normal joint congruency using the CERO procedure. Conclusion CERO surgery restored humeroradioulnar congruency in our cadaver model and may have application for acute correction of axial radial or ulnar incongruency in canine elbows secondary to elbow dysplasia or premature growth plate closure.

Traballo fin de Grao en Veterinaria. Curso 2018-2019 Ao longo da historia houbo un cambio na mentalidade da xente en relación cos animais, pasando en moitas ocasións de ser simples máquinas de traballo ata ser considerados coma un membro máis da familia. Este feito fixo que cada vez nos centremos máis na súa saúde e benestar, prestando unha especial atención nas enfermidades que lles afectan (respiratorias, cardíacas, dixestivas, coxeiras…). Unha destas patoloxías é a displasia de cóbado, unha enfermidade do desenvolvemento da articulación do cóbado que ten predisposición polos cans de razas medianas ou xigantes, ocasionándolles unha coxeira da extremidade afectada. Segundo a “International Elbow Working Group” abarcaría catro procesos patolóxicos (non unión do proceso ancóneo, fragmentación do proceso coronoide, incongruencia articular e osteocondrite condilar disecante), mais esta clasificación non sempre foi así, posto que houbo controversia entre diferentes autores. A detección precoz desta enfermidade, de igual xeito que calquera outra patoloxía, é de gran importancia, posto que permitiría iniciar un tratamento que puidese mellorar a calidade de vida do paciente. Con esta finalidade empréganse unha gran variedade de técnicas de diagnóstico por imaxe, sendo as máis usadas a radiografía e a tomografía computarizada, aínda que tamén existen outras como a ecografía, resonancia magnética ou gammagrafía. A radiografía é considerada a técnica estándar, pero non sempre nos permitirá chegar a un diagnóstico preciso, polo que o uso complementario das demais técnicas podería ser de gran axuda para diagnosticar cada un dos procesos que conforman esta enfermidade. A lo largo de la historia ha ido cambiando la mentalidad de la gente acerca de los animales, pasando en muchas ocasiones de ser simples máquinas de trabajo a ser considerados como un miembro más de la familia. Este hecho ha propiciado que cada vez nos centremos más en su salud y bienestar, prestando especial atención a las enfermedades que les afectan (respiratorias, cardíacas, digestivas, cojeras…). Una de estas patologías es la displasia de codo, una enfermedad del desarrollo de la articulación del codo que tiene predisposición por los perros de razas medianas o gigantes, ocasionándoles una cojera de la extremidad afectada. Según la “International Elbow Working Group” abarcaría cuatro procesos patológicos (no unión del proceso ancóneo, fragmentación del proceso coronoideo, incongruencia articular y osteocondritis condilar disecante), pero esta clasificación no siempre ha sido así, pues ha habido controversia entre los diferentes autores. La detección temprana de esta enfermedad, al igual que la de cualquier otra patología, es de gran importancia, pues permitiría iniciar un tratamiento que pudiese mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. Para ello, se vienen empleando una gran variedad de técnicas de diagnóstico por imagen, siendo las más usadas la radiografía y la tomografía computarizada, aunque también existen otras como la ecografía, resonancia magnética o gammagrafía. La radiografía es considerada la técnica estándar, pero no siempre aportará un diagnóstico certero, por lo que se entiende que el uso complementario de las demás técnicas podría ser de gran ayuda a la hora de diagnosticar cada uno de los procesos que conforman esta enfermedad. Throughout history, there has been a change in the mentality of people towards animals, from often considering them as simple work machines to being considered as another member of the family. This fact has led us to focus more and more on their health and well-being, paying special attention to the diseases that affect them (respiratory, cardiac, digestive, lameness…). Elbow dysplasia is one of these pathologies, a disease in the development of the elbow joint, which is predisposed in medium-giant breeds of dogs, causing them lameness of the affected limb. According to the “International Elbow Working Group”, these could be subdivided into four pathological processes (ununited anconeal process, fragmented coronoid process, elbow incongruity, osteochondritis dissecans), but this classification has not always been the case, because there has been controversy among the different authors. The early detection of this disease, like in any pathology, is important, because it would allow the introduction of a treatment that could improve the quality of life of the patient. For this reason, there are a wide range of techniques that are being used, the most common being radiography and computed tomography, although there are also others such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging or scintigraphy. Radiography is considered the standard technique, but it will not always provide an accurate diagnosis, so we can understand that the complementary use of other techniques may be helpful in order to diagnose each pathological process of this disease.

Canine elbow dysplasia is a significant health issue affecting many breeds. Unfortunately, treatments remain relatively limited, so control of this disease often falls to selectively breeding for dogs with normal elbows. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the heritability of left-sided vs. right-sided elbow dysplasia, and to assess potential differential sire and the dam influence on offspring elbow status. In a retrospective study, elbow data from 130,117 dogs over 2 years old representing 17 breeds were obtained from the database of the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals and included in the study. Heritability estimates for unilateral elbow dysplasia varied between breeds (ranging from 0.01 to 0.36) and were similar between the left and right elbows. The estimated genetic correlation between disease in the left and right elbow ~1 in the majority of breeds, with the exception of the hybrids, Australian Shepherds, and the Australian Cattle Dogs, likely due to low numbers of affected individuals. The sire and dam had equal impact on the offspring's elbow status. Furthermore, there was no increased risk for the sire or dam to pass on the same unilaterality of their elbow dysplasia to their offspring. However, the overall risk of elbow dysplasia in the offspring did increase when one or both parents were affected, though this also varied based on breed. Understanding of the impact that the sire and dam have on the offspring and of the overall heritability of both bilateral and unilateral elbow dysplasia is important in guiding breeding decisions to reduce the incidence in future generations of dogs.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la página web de la revista en la siguiente URL: https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1881-1 Background: The limb center of pressure (COP) path measures and quantifies the load distribution within a limb in a still or moving subject. Under this premise, the aim of this study was to test whether data derived from this parameter could detect the differences between sound and lame limbs in unilaterally lame dogs with elbow dysplasia. To accomplish this purpose, ten unilaterally lame dogs of similar conformation were walked over a pressure platform. Next, the COP path, in relation to the position of sound and lame limbs, was measured in a coordinate system over a standard paw template obtained by pedobarography during the whole support phase. To compare variables, force platform data (peak vertical force and vertical impulse) from the same animals were obtained. Sound and lame limb statokinesiograms were also obtained while the animals stood still. Results: The statistical analysis clearly showed that COP in lame limbs start cranially and were shorter than sound limbs. In addition, the value of the COP excursion index was lower in lame limbs. Finally, the area of statokinesiograms was greater in lame limbs. Conclusion: This methodology based in limb COP characteristics serves to discriminate between sound and lame limbs in dogs with elbow dysplasia.

Дисплазия локтевого сустава у собак часто проявляется фрагментацией медиального венечного и крючковидного отростков, механизм возникновения которой недостаточно изучен. В работе представлен результат морфологических исследований операционных биопсий от 3-х пациентов с данной патологией. В медиальном венечном и крючковидном отростках выявлены выраженные деструктивные изменения суставного хряща и субхондральной кости. Предполагается, что патогенез фрагментации указанных отростков сходен с таковым локальных остеохондропатий и основан на хроническом микротравмировании., Ulnar dysplasia in dogs is often manifested by fragmentation of the medial coronoid and ununited anconeal processes, the mechanism of which has not been sufficiently studied. The paper presents the result of morphological studies of surgical biopsies from 3 patients with this pathology. Marked destructive changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone are revealed in medial coronoid and ununited anconeal processes. It is assumed that the pathogenesis of fragmentation of said processes is similar to that of local osteochondropathies and is based on chronic microtraumation.

Assistance dogs aid people with various impairments on a daily basis. To become an assistance dog, a strict selection procedure and intensive training period must be successfully completed. Consequently, not every dog acquired for this purpose, becomes an assistance dog. The purpose of this study was to investigate reasons for failure and the financial consequences thereof for assistance dog associations that do not have a dedicated breeding program for their dogs. Data were collected for a total of 537 dogs enlisted between 2001 and 2015 and purchased out of the general dog population by five Belgian assistance dog associations. Only 60 percent of the dogs actually became an assistance dog and the main reasons for failure were related to undesirable behavioural characteristics and orthopaedic disorders. The estimated average financial loss per rejected dog was found to be 10524 euro. A detailed comparison of the two most popular breeds (Golden Retriever and Labrador Retriever) within the guide dogs and mobility assistance dogs revealed no significant difference in probability of successfully completing the training. However, a comparison of orthopaedic screening methods revealed a higher rejection with computed tomography for elbow dysplasia and laxity-based radiographical techniques for hip dysplasia compared to radiography and the standard ventrodorsal hip extend radiograph alone, respectively. Based on these results, we provide several suggestions to increase the probability of success.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la página web de la revista en la siguiente URL: https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-019-1946-1 Background: Pedobarographic analyses detect pressure redistribution among limbs and within limbs in humans, equids and dogs. The main objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of a set of pedobarographic parameters for the detection of lameness, as well as for its suitability for assessing the effects of therapies against osteoarthritis in dogs. With this purpose, eleven large-breed lame dogs with unilateral osteoarthritis due to elbow dysplasia were evaluated using a pressure platform prior to (D0) and after 3 months (D90) of treatment with mavacoxib, a COX-2 selective NSAID. The obtained parameters were: pressure distribution between lame and sound limbs, as well as paw area, mean pressure, and peak pressure of both lame and sound limbs. Results: The results showed statistical differences in all these parameters between lame and sound limbs at D0; however, at D90, differences were significantly decreased as result of the treatment, indicating a substantial functional recovery under the study design conditions. Conclusions: The provided data prove the suitability of this novel technique in canine models for the quantitative and objective assessment of lameness, but also for the evaluation of treatments for lameness caused by articular pain.

Objective To investigate the ability of medical infrared imaging to differentiate between normal canine elbows and those with abnormal elbows (elbow dysplasia). Study Design Prospective cohort study. Animals Dogs with normal (n = 15) and abnormal (n = 14) elbows. Methods Infrared imaging was performed on all dogs and data analyzed via descriptive statistics and image pattern analysis software. Animals with elbow dysplasia had arthroscopic procedures to confirm the presence of elbow disease. Results Computer recognition pattern analysis was up to 100% correct in identifying abnormal elbows and normal elbows, with the medial images most consistent. The caudal, lateral, and cranial images correctly identified 83–100% abnormal elbows. The caudal and lateral images correctly identified 83% normal elbows. A significant difference in temperature was found between normal and abnormal elbows for the cranial full region of interest, lateral images, and each quadrant. Conclusion Medical infrared imaging was able to correctly identify known abnormal and known normal elbows in dogs.

Assessing the ulnar trochlear notch (UTN) radiographic anatomy has been considered important, but difficult, in the diagnosis of elbow dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate UTN curvature of natural elbows in radiographs, using a methodology applied to disarticulated joints. The methodology was implemented and validated using dedicated software created by the authors. Mediolateral extended (MLE) and mediolateral flexed (MLF) elbow views were used from 20 joints from canine cadavers that were over 20 kg. After arranging the bones to avoid radiographic overlapping of the bones, an additional mediolateral radioulnar (MLRU) view was made. Curvature radius measurements from the central ridge of the UTN of each elbow were acquired in the MLRU view, using the software. The measurements were repeated in a second session, to determine repeatability. Then similar UTN measurements were taken from the MLE and MLF views, to determine reproducibility. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for repeatability and reproducibility of measurements were above 0.98 (95% confidence interval limits >0.75). The 95% limits of agreement (LA) for repeatability were −2.98 to 3.19 mm. The 95% LA for reproducibility between MLRU and MLE views were −4.32 to 3.75 mm. The 95% LA for reproducibility between MLRU and MLF views were −5.02 to 4.07 mm. The methodology and software are determined to be both precise and suitable to evaluate the UTN in MLE and MLF elbow views of large breed dogs, for anatomical and clinical purposes. In the future it would be useful to characterize normal and dysplastic UTN of different dog breeds. Anat Rec, 298:1748–1753, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la página web de la revista en la siguiente URL: https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-018-1435-y Background: The usefulness of studying posture and its modifications due to locomotor deficiencies of multiple origins has been widely proven in humans. To assess its suitability in the canine species, static posturography and dynamic pedobarography were performed on lame dogs affected with unilateral elbow dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament rupture by using a pressure platform. With this objective, statokinesiograms and stabilograms, the percentage of pressure distribution between limbs, paw area, mean pressure, and peak pressure, were obtained from lame and sound dogs. These data were compared with Peak Vertical Force values originated from a force platform in the same recording sessions. Results: Significant differences were found in the parameters mentioned above between sound and lame dogs and limbs. Conclusions: Posturography and pedobarography are useful and reliable for the monitoring of fore and hindlimb lameness in dogs, providing a new set of parameters for lameness detection.

Elbow dysplasia is an important cause of forelimb lameness in large breed dogs. The aim of this study was to report on the arthroscopic findings associated with medial compartment erosion (MCE) of the canine elbow joint. Retrospectively, records of 84 elbow joints from 66 dogs diagnosed arthroscopically with MCE were retrieved from a medical records database (2008 - 2012). The radiographic degree of osteoarthritis was determined. Arthroscopic images and videos were evaluated in detail. In nine joints (10.7%), MCE was the only pathological finding (= group 1). Group 2 (n = 50, 59.5%) consisted of elbows with MCE concomitant with medial coronoid process (MCP) pathology. In group 3 (n = 25 joints, 29.8%), MCE was diagnosed during a second- look arthroscopy in dogs presented with lameness after arthroscopic treatment for medial coronoid disease. There was a significant age difference (p < 0.001) between the groups, with dogs in group 1 being the oldest. Complete erosion of the medial compartment was most commonly found in group 1, whereas focal cartilage erosion was mostly identified in group 2. Overall, additional cartilage pathology of the lateral part of the humeral condyle and/or the radial head was recognized in 58.3% of the joints (49/84).

Canine hip and elbow dysplasia are major orthopaedic problems prevalent the world over, and South Africa is no exception. Hip and elbow dysplasia phenotypic status is certified by a number of different radiographic schemes in the world. South Africa uses the Fédération Cynologique Internationale system to certify hips, and the International Elbow Working Group scheme to certify elbows. One way of reducing these often crippling conditions is by selective breeding using only dogs with no or marginal dysplastic joints. In South Africa, only seven breeds, including the Rottweiler, have breeding restrictions for hip dysplasia. There are no such restrictions for elbow dysplasia. This study assessed the prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia over a 9-year-period in the Rottweiler and the Labrador retriever in South Africa as evaluated by official national scrutineers. Records from 1148 Rottweilers and 909 Labrador retrievers were obtained and were graded as normal or dysplastic, and numerical values were also evaluated. Data were compared between the two breeds, males and females as well as over time and were compared with similar data of the Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals in the United States. The prevalence values for hip dysplasia in Rottweilers and Labrador retrievers were 22% and 31%, respectively, whereas for elbow dysplasia the values were 39% and 19%, respectively. In Labrador retrievers, this incidence was much higher than in the American population. Rottweiler hip and elbow dysplasia numerical scores significantly improved over time, whereas in Labrador retrievers, only hip dysplasia showed a minor but significant improvement. This study proved that prescribing minimum breeding requirements, as in the Rottweiler in this study, significantly improved the breeding stock, suggesting that minimum hip and elbow breeding requirements should be initiated for all breeds at risk of these often crippling conditions.

Although the prevalence of canine hip dysplasia (HD) has been the subject of a number of published studies, estimates vary widely. This study evaluated several possible causes for these differences. Sixty Belgian, Dutch and German veterinarians were asked to submit all hip radiographs obtained for screening purposes (irrespective of HD status) over a 2-year period, resulting in a database of 583 dogs. Each set of radiographs was accompanied by information on the reason for screening (breeding soundness examination, clinical complaint, assistance dogs, or other reasons), and dog breed, date of birth and age. Dog positioning exerted an effect at multiple levels. The agreement among different observers regarding correct or incorrect positioning was limited and incorrect positioning itself reduced the inter-observer agreement for radiographic hip conformation. Dysplastic dogs were more commonly positioned incorrectly than non-dysplastic dogs. The clinical complaint population had a high prevalence of dysplastic dogs (>70%) compared with the breeding population (11%) and the assistance dogs (6%). There was a significantly lower prevalence of HD among cases referred by veterinarians who frequently submitted hip-extended radiographs for evaluation (P = 0.002) compared to those who refer less frequently. However, this was likely to be selection bias, as radiographs that were from dogs suspected to be dysplastic were not submitted by frequent senders. The prevalence of dysplastic dogs varied widely between breeds (16.7–71.4%). Dogs diagnosed with dysplasia were significantly older than dogs considered healthy (P = 0.001) and dogs classified as borderline dysplastic (P = 0.035). Inter-observer agreement for hip conformation was moderately low, resulting in >7% variation in prevalence estimates for dysplasia.

Elbow dysplasia is a heritable disease that is a common cause of lameness and progressive elbow osteoarthritis in young large breed dogs. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) screens elbow radiographs, and assigns grades 0-3 based on presence and severity of bony proliferation on the anconeal process. Grade 1 is assigned when less than 3 mm is present and considered positive for dysplasia. We investigated the incidence of elbow dysplasia and progression of osteoarthritis in elbows with grades 0 and 1 in 46 elbows screened at least 1 year previously, using CT as a gold standard and with the addition of CT absorptiometry. The incidence of dysplasia based on CT was 62% in grade 0, and 75% in grade 1 elbows, all of which had medial coronoid disease. Progressive osteoarthritis at recheck was consistent with elbow dysplasia. The sensitivity and specificity of the OFA grade for elbow dysplasia compared to CT findings was 75% and 38%, respectively. Increased bone mineral density of the medial coronoid process as characterized by osteoabsorptiometry warrants further investigation with respect to elbow dysplasia. Proliferation on the anconeal process without CT evidence of dysplasia or osteoarthritis was present in 20% of the elbows, and is theorized to be an anatomic variant or enthesopathy of the olecranon ligament/synovium. Results of our study suggest that the "anconeal bump" used for elbow screening by the OFA is a relatively insensitive characteristic, and support the use of CT for identifying additional characteristics of elbow dysplasia.

Nail-patella syndrome is a rare disorder characterized classically by the tetrad of nail hypoplasia or aplasia, aplastic or hypoplastic patellae, elbow dysplasia, and the presence of iliac horns. Iliac horns are considered pathognomonic, and the presence of hypoplastic or aplastic patellae in conjunction with nail abnormalities is a cardinal feature of diagnosis. Elbow dysplasia is present in most cases and can exhibit features typical of the syndrome. Herein we present the radiographic findings of the elbows, knees, and pelvis of a woman with nail-patella syndrome.

In deze casus wordt een incomplete ossificatie van de humeruscondyl beschreven bij een bordeauxdog van acht maanden oud. Als pup was de hond al intermitterend mank aan de rechtervoorpoot. Omwille van het ras en de klinische en radiografische bevindingen werd in de eerste plaats aan elleboogdysplasie gedacht. Echter, aan de hand van het computertomografisch onderzoek werd een incomplete ossificatie van de humeruscondyl vastgesteld. Deze aandoening komt minder vaak voor dan elleboogdysplasie en veroorzaakt niet altijd manken. De hond werd conservatief behandeld vanwege de milde klinische klachten waarna het manken spontaan verdween. Het bijzondere aan deze casus is in de eerste plaats het signalement en de anamnese. Incomplete ossificatie komt vooral voor bij spaniëls en veroorzaakt bij pups meestal geen manken. Bovendien is het spontane herstel van deze hond atypisch. Vaak veroorzaakt de aandoening persisterend manken en soms evolueert een incomplete ossficatie naar een atraumatische humerale condylfractuur.

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: Anwendung einer Röntgentechnik unter Last zur Bestimmung der humeroradialen und -ulnaren Gelenkkonformation bei Hunden mit Ellbogendysplasie (ED) zur Prüfung, ob die Messergebnisse dysplastischer Gelenke signifikant von denen gesunder Gelenke differieren. Zudem wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass sich die dysplastischen Ellbogengelenke anhand der röntgenologischen Messparameter in verschiedene Formen der humeroradialen und -ulnaren Inkongruenz unterteilen lassen. Material und Methoden: 149 Ellbogengelenke mit ED wurden der Röntgen-und Messmethode unterzogen und die Befunde mit Resultaten der Kontrollgruppe aus einer früheren Studie verglichen. Nach Einteilung der 149 Gelenke in Untergruppen anhand gehäuft auftretender Messwertabweichungen fand ein erneuter Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe statt. An gesunden Ellbogengelenken euthanasierter Hunde erfolgten vier verschiedene Osteotomien an Radius bzw. Ulna zur zwei-und dreidimensionalen Gelenkumstellung. Die präparierten Gelenke wurden der gleichen Röntgen-und Messprozedur unterzogen und mit der Kontrollgruppe und den ED-Untergruppen verglichen. Ergebnisse: Zwischen der Kontrollgruppe und allen 149 Gelenken mit ED bestanden keine signifikanten Unterschiede, während sich für die vier Untergruppen eine deutliche Abgrenzung mittels signifikanter Unterschiede und deskriptiver Statistik zeigen ließ. Eine dieser Gruppen (Typ I, n = 60) differierte signifikant von allen untersuchten Gruppen. Zwei Untergruppen wurden wegen fehlender Unterschiede untereinander zu Typ II (n = 40) zusammengefasst. Die Gruppe „indiff” (n = 49) subsummierte alle nicht Typ I oder Typ II zuteilbaren Fälle. Kriterien für die Einteilung eines Ellbogengelenks in Typ I, Typ II und indiff waren drei subchondrale Gelenkspaltenabstände, drei aus Gelenkspaltenabständen errechnete Indizes sowie ein Winkel. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die untersuchte Methodik ist geeignet, 67% der Ellbogengelenke mit ED einem Inkongruenztyp (Typ I oder Typ II) zuzuordnen. Die Ergebnisse der Osteotomiegruppen deuten darauf hin, dass die dreidimensionale Ulnaverkürzung Gemeinsamkeiten mit Typ I und die dreidimensionale Radiusverkürzung Gemeinsamkeiten mit Typ II aufweist.

Flexor enthesopathy is an important differential diagnosis for elbow lameness in dogs. The disorder can be a primary cause of elbow lameness or concomitant with other elbow pathology. Since treatment differs for primary and concomitant forms of flexor enthesopathy, a noninvasive method for distinguishing between them is needed. In the current prospective study, computed tomographic (CT) examination was performed before and after IV injection of contrast in 17 dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy, 24 dogs with concomitant flexor enthesopathy, 13 dogs with elbow dysplasia, and seven normal dogs. Dogs were assigned to groups based on results of clinical examination and at least three other imaging modalities. Computed tomographic lesions consistent with flexor enthesopathy were found in all clinically affected joints with primary flexor enthesopathy and in 29 of the 30 clinically affected joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy. Those lesions were not found in sound elbows or joints affected by elbow dysplasia. Flexor lesions detected in dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy were not significantly different from those detected in dogs with the concomitant form. Findings indicated that CT can be applied to detect flexor enthesopathy, but a distinction between the primary and concomitant forms was not always possible. Authors recommend the use of multiple diagnostic techniques for treatment planning in affected dogs.

Flexor enthesopathy is a recently recognized elbow disorder in dogs and considered to be an important differential diagnosis for elbow lameness. Primary and concomitant forms of the disease have been previously described and treatments differ for the two forms. The goal of this prospective study was to compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings for dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy (n = 17), concomitant flexor enthesopathy (n = 23), elbow dysplasia alone (n = 13), and normal elbows (n = 7). Each elbow joint underwent MRI using the same low-field scanner. Sequences included transverse and sagittal T1-weighted (before and after IV contrast), transverse and sagittal T2-weighted, and dorsal STIR. For each elbow, MRI lesions were recorded based on a consensus of two observers unaware of group status. Magnetic resonance imaging lesions involving flexor tendons were found in 100% of clinically affected joints with primary flexor enthesopathy and 96% of clinically affected joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy. Thickened flexor muscles were the most common lesions, followed by hyperintense tendon signal and contrast enhancement. Irregular, thickened medial humeral epicondyle, edema, and calcified body lesions were less frequently observed. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of flexor enthesopathy were not found in normal joints or those affected by elbow dysplasia alone. No significant differences in frequencies and details of individual MRI characteristics were found between primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy groups. Findings indicated that MRI is a sensitive technique for detection of flexor enthesopathy lesions in dogs, however, MRI characteristics do not allow differentiation of primary versus concomitant forms of the disease.

Objective To determine whether assessment of morphological MRI sequences or delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) would have strong correlations with arthroscopic assessment of cartilage pathology in dogs with naturally occurring medial compartment pathology of the elbow. Methods Dogs tentatively diagnosed with medial coronoid disease had evaluation of their affected elbows using radiography, morphological MRI sequences, and dGEMRIC MRI evaluation prior to arthroscopy. Elbow radiographs were graded 0–6 for severity of changes. Cartilage of the medial coronoid process (MCP) and humeral trochlea (HT) were scored on a 0–3 scale using anatomical MRI sequences. The T1 relaxation times for the MCP and trochlea were quantified using dGEMRIC. Cartilage pathology was graded arthroscopically using a modified Outerbridge score (MOS) by a surgeon blinded to MRI assessment. Correlations between radiography and MOS, and between MRI and MOS, were quantified. Results Twenty-six elbows in 14 dogs were evaluated. There were statistically significant (p 0.05). There was a weak, but significant correlation, between the dGEMRIC value and MOS of the MCP (r = 0.41; p 0.05). Clinical relevance Statistically significant correlations to MOS were identified for both radiography and MRI but neither diagnostic modality provided sufficiently strong correlations to serve as a substitute for arthroscopic evaluation of the articular cartilage.

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) and elbow dysplasia (ED) impact the health and welfare of all dogs. The first formally organized assessment scheme to improve canine health centered on reducing the prevalence of these orthopedic disorders. Phenotypic screening of joint conformation remains the currently available strategy for breeders to make selection decisions. The present study evaluated the efficacy of employing phenotypic selection on breed improvement of hips and elbows using the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals complete database spanning the 1970-2015 time period. Sixty breeds having more than 1000 unique hip evaluations and 500 elbow evaluations (1,056,852 and 275,129 hip and elbow records, respectively) were interrogated to derive phenotypic improvement, sex and age at time of assessment effects, correlation between the two joints, heritability estimates, estimated breeding values (EBV), and effectiveness of maternal/paternal selection. The data demonstrated that there has been overall improvement in hip and elbow conformation with a reduction in EBV for disease liability, although the breeds differed in the magnitude of the response to selection. Heritabilities also differed substantially across the breeds as did the correlation of the joints; in the absence of a universal association of these differences with breed size, popularity, or participation in screening, it appears that the breeds themselves vary in genetic control. There was subtle, though again breed specific, impact of sex and older ages on CHD and ED. There was greater paternal impact on a reduction of CHD. In the absence of direct genetic tests for either of these two diseases, phenotypic selection has proven to be effective. Furthermore, the data underscore that selection schemes must be breed specific and that it is likely the genetic profiles will be unique across the breeds for these two conditions. Despite the advances achieved with phenotypic selection, incorporation of EBVs into selection schemes should accelerate advances in hip and elbow improvement.

Elbow dysplasia disease includes an united anconeal process, fragmented medial coronoid process, osteochondrosis of humeral trochlea, articular incongruity and degenerative joint disease. The aim of this study was to present detailed morphologic and morphometric aspects of the elbow joint in dog in clinical and correlate with radiographic and tomographic (CT) exam. Inter-observer variation for articular incongruity measurements by CT, comparative analysis in the radiographic exam, angle in ulnar notch and its comparative analysis between radiographic and tomographic agreement examination in 44 elbow of dogs with different ages were evaluated. The statistics analyses included the kappa coefficient and interclass correlation and Fischer’s test and McNemar’s test. It was evidenced that individual performance of each radiographic incidence had poor agreement with the tomographic exam, suggesting that the accomplishment of more than two radiograph views are needed. There was no agreement between the three evaluators in the ulnar notch angle at radiographic and tomographic exams. However, there was good/moderate agreement for articular incongruity measurement in the sagittal plane between evaluators. It was possible to conclude that none of the five radiographic incidences was better than the others for radiographic analysis because each incidence had a better identification of a particular elbow compartment; measurements at the tomographic exam to evaluate radioulnar incongruity had no reproductiveness in the frontal plane, but in sagittal plan had a good/moderate agreement between observers and the angle in ulnar notch presented no repeatability at radiographic exam and no reproductiveness at tomographic exam.

En este estudio se analiza, de forma retrospectiva, el grado de satisfacción de los propietarios de perros con enfermedad del compartimento medial de codo (ECM) sometidos a artroscopia de codo y una osteotomía de abducción proximal de cúbito (PAUL). Se recopiló la información de los pacientes intervenidos con un periodo de evolución mayor o igual a 4 meses mediante cuestionario telefónico a los propietarios. Se concluye que la “PAUL” es una técnica que, en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de compartimento medial de codo, logra un grado de satisfacción excelente (10/10) en el 81,8 % de los casos evaluados, con una gran aceptación por parte del propietario. This study analyses retrospectively the degree of satisfaction of owners of dogs with medial compartment disease undergoing elbow arthroscopy and Proximal Abducting Ulnar Osteotomy (PAUL). Data of the patients undergoing surgery after an evolution period of at least 4 months were collected through telephone calls. It is concluded that PAUL is a new technique for treating medial compartment elbow disease that achieves an excellent degree of satisfaction (10/10) of the owner in 81.8% of the evaluated cases, with a great acceptance by the owner. However, an increased number of cases with a longer evolution period are needed to reach a definitive conclusion. Veterinaria

© 2016 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. German Shepherd Dogs are important in police and military work, and are a popular family pet. The debilitating joint disorders of hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament tear (CCL) and elbow dysplasia can shorten a dog's useful working life and impact its role as a family member. For this study, veterinary hospital records were examined over a 14.5-year period on 1170 intact and neutered (including spaying) German Shepherd Dogs for joint disorders and cancers previously associated with neutering. The diseases were followed through 8 years of age, with the exception of mammary cancer (MC) in females that was followed through 11 years. The cancers followed, apart from mammary, were osteosarcoma, lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma and mast cell tumour. In intact males, 7% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders, while in males neutered prior to a year of age, a significantly higher 21% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders. In intact females, 5% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders, while in females neutered prior to a year of age, this measure was significantly increased to 16%. The increased joint disorder incidence mostly associated with early neutering was CCL. MC was diagnosed in 4% of intact females compared with less than 1% in females neutered before 1 year. The occurrence of the other cancers followed through 8 years of age was not higher in the neutered than in the intact dogs. Urinary incontinence, not diagnosed in intact females, was diagnosed in 7% of females neutered before 1 year, a significant difference. These findings, profiling the increase in joint disorders associated with early neutering, should help guide the timing of neutering for this breed.

Background Gonadectomy, or neutering, is a very common surgery for dogs having many positive effects on behavior, health, and longevity. There are also certain risks associated with neutering including the development of orthopedic conditions, cognitive decline, and a predisposition to some neoplasias. This study was designed specifically to identify if a correlation exists between neuter status and inherited conditions in a large aggregate cohort of dogs representing many different breeds. Results Neutered dogs were at less risk for early and congenital conditions (aortic stenosis, early onset cataracts, mitral valve disease, patent ductus arteriosus, portosystemic shunt, and ventricular septal defect) than intact dogs. Neutering was also associated with reduced risk of dilated cardiomyopathy and gastric dilatation volvulus in males. Neutering was significantly associated with an increased risk for males and females for cancers (hemangiosarcoma, hyperadrenocorticism, lymphoma, mast cell tumor, and osteosarcoma), ruptured anterior cruciate ligament and epilepsy. Intervertebral disk disease was associated with increased risk in females only. For elbow dysplasia, hip dysplasia, lens luxation, and patellar luxation neutering had no significant effect on the risk for those conditions. Neutering was associated with a reduced risk of vehicular injury, a condition chosen as a control. Conclusions In this retrospective study, several conditions showed an increased risk associated with neutering whereas other conditions were less likely to be expressed in neutered dogs. The complexity of the interactions between neutering and inherited conditions underscores the need for reflective consultation between the client and the clinician when considering neutering. The convenience and advantages of neutering dogs that will not be included in a breeding program must be weighed against possible risk associated with neutering. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40575-017-0044-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), and rupture of the cranial (anterior) cruciate ligament (RCCL) are the most common complex orthopedic traits of dogs and all result in debilitating osteoarthritis. We reanalyzed previously reported data: the Norberg angle (a quantitative measure of HD) in 921 dogs, ED in 113 cases and 633 controls, and RCCL in 271 cases and 399 controls and their genotypes at ~185,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms. A novel fixed and random model with a circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) function, with marker-based principal components and a kinship matrix to correct for population stratification, was used. A Bonferroni correction at p

Objective To determine whether the current Finnish screening method using a single flexed mediolateral view as scored by osteophyte is sufficient to diagnose mild elbow dysplasia in Labrador retrievers and to determine if an additional craniocaudal oblique projection would result in improvement in the screening protocol. Materials and Methods Thirteen dogs with one mildly affected elbow joint and one elbow joint without radiological evidence of osteophytes were studied. Radiographic and computed tomography studies were performed and the results compared with each other. Results Medial compartment disease was observed in 14 of 26 joints based on computed tomography. The sensitivity and specificity of the grading based mainly on osteoarthritis was 79 and 92%, respectively. A strong association existed between elbow dysplasia based on computed tomography and medial humeral epicondylar osteophytes on the craniocaudal projection. Clinical Significance A single mediolateral flexed radiograph is reliable in diagnosing mild elbow dysplasia in Labrador retrievers. However, the craniocaudal oblique projection increases the specificity of the diagnosis, and it is proposed that it be included in the radiographic protocol in this breed.

SummaryElbow dysplasia, primarily affecting the medial compartment, is the most common cause of lameness in the thoracic limb. Elbow arthroplasty is an option for end stage or severely affected patients. The purpose of this study was to compare ex vivo axial load to failure of an implanted novel elbow arthroplasty system to control limbs. The partial arthroplasty is a medial compartmental, unconstrained system, intended to allow conversion to total arthroplasty. We hypothesized that there would not be any significant difference between implanted and controlled limbs when loaded to failure. Six pairs of medium mixed breed canine cadaveric thoracic limbs were prepared for comparison of failure loading of control and implanted limbs. Axial compression was performed using a mechanical testing system. Failure loads were normalized to bodyweight. The mean normalized failure load (N/kg) for the implanted limbs and control limbs were 2.47 (range: 1.62-3.38) and 2.68 (range: 2.25-3.25), respectively. An implanted to control ratio of 0.93 ± 0.19 was calculated. The difference between paired control and implanted limbs in normalized failure loading was not significant (p = 0.38). There were not any differences noted in the yield load (p = 0.30), stiffness (p = 0.62), or energy (0.58). Failure modes were recorded. We concluded that the differences between implanted and control limbs in supra-physiologic axial load to failure were not significant.

Primary flexor enthesopathy is a recently recognized elbow disorder and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of elbow lameness. For treatment planning purposes, it is important to make a distinction between primary and concomitant forms of the disease. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare radiographic findings for dogs with primary flexor enthesopathy (n = 17), concomitant flexor enthesopathy (n = 24), elbow dysplasia (n = 13), and normal dogs (n = 7). All dogs underwent a complete radiographic examination and each radiographic image was evaluated for the presence or absence of following characteristics: irregular medial humeral epicondyle, spur and calcified body. Additionally, the presence or absence of other elbow disorders (medial coronoid process disease, osteochondritis dissecans, ununited anconeal process, incongruity, subtrochlear sclerosis, and osteoarthritis) was recorded. Radiographic characteristics of flexor enthesopathy were found in 86% of painful joints in the primary flexor enthesopathy group and in 100% of painful joints in the concomitant flexor enthesopathy group. Radiographic characteristics of flexor enthesopathy were not found in sound elbow and elbow dysplasia groups. Frequencies and details of individual radiographic characteristics did not differ between primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy groups. Findings support the use of radiography as a first screening method for detection of flexor enthesopathy, but not as a technique for distinguishing primary vs. concomitant forms.

SummaryObjective: The purpose of this study was to describe computed tomography (CT) features of the ununited anconeal process and relate them with the following elbow dysplasia signs: medial coronoid disease, medial humeral condyle changes, osteoarthritis (OA), and radioulnar incongruence.Methods: Computed tomographic images of dogs older than six months with an ununited anconeal process were evaluated (n = 13). Ununited anconeal process features were described as being complete or incomplete, and the degree of displacement, volume, and presence of cysts and sclerosis were also evaluated. Medial coronoid disease was defined as an irregular medial coronoid process shape, presence of sclerosis and fragmentation. Medial humeral condyle changes were defined as subchondral bone flattening, lucencies, and sclerosis. Osteoarthritis was graded depending on the osteophytes size. Radioulnar incongruence was measured on a sagittal view at the base of the medial coronoid process.Results: Eleven elbows had a complete and two had an incomplete ununited anconeal process. All ununited anconeal processes had cystic and sclerotic lesions. Seven ununited anconeal processes were displaced and six were non-displaced. Mean ununited anconeal process volume was 1.35 cm3 (0.61 cm3 – 2.08 cm3). Twelve elbows had signs of medial coronoid disease (4 of them with a fragmented medial coronoid process), and one elbow did not show any evidence of medial coronoid disease. Ten elbows had medial humeral condyle changes. One elbow had grade 1 OA, seven elbows had grade 2, and five elbows grade 3. All elbows had radioulnar incongruence: three elbows had a negative and 10 elbows had a positive radioulnar incongruence. Mean radioulnar incongruence was 1.49 mm (0.63 mm – 2.61 mm). Computed tomographic findings were similar in the majority of the elbows studied: complete ununited anconeal processes with signs of medial coronoid disease, positive radioulnar incongruence, high grade of OA, sclerotic medial humeral condyle changes, and large ununited anconeal process volumes.Clinical significance: Incomplete small ununited anconeal process volumes could be associated with a lower incidence of medial coronoid disease or medial humeral condyle changes. We recommend performing preoperative CT of elbows with an ununited anconeal process to evaluate concurrent lesions.

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a multifactorial skeletal disorder which is very common in pedigree dogs and represents a huge concern for canine welfare. Control schemes based on selective breeding have been in operation for decades. The aim of these schemes is to reduce the impact of CHD on canine welfare by selecting for reduced radiographic evidence of CHD pathology as assessed by a variety of phenotypes. There is less information regarding the genotypic correlation between these phenotypes and the impact of CHD on canine welfare. Although the phenotypes chosen as the basis for these control schemes have displayed heritable phenotypic variation in many studies, success in achieving improvement in the phenotypes has been mixed. There is significant room for improvement in the current schemes through the use of estimated breeding values (EBVs), which can combine a dog's CHD phenotype with CHD phenotypes of relatives, other phenotypes as they are proven to be genetically correlated with CHD (especially elbow dysplasia phenotypes), and information from genetic tests for population-relevant DNA markers, as such tests become available. Additionally, breed clubs should be encouraged and assisted to formulate rational, evidenced-based breeding recommendations for CHD which suit their individual circumstances and dynamically to adjust the breeding recommendations based on continuous tracking of CHD genetic trends. These improvements can assist in safely and effectively reducing the impact of CHD on pedigree dog welfare.

I would like to thank Pauline Tolhurst for her letter in last week’s issue encouraging vets who take diagnostic x-rays for hip and elbow dysplasia screening to ensure all x-rays are submitted to the BVA/Kennel Club Canine Health Schemes ( VR , 28 July 2018, vol 183, p …

To determine if there has been any reduction in the incidence of elbow dysplasia in four popular large-dog breeds as measured by the New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) scoring scheme.A retrospective analysis of the NZVA elbow dysplasia database was performed using records of all German Shepherd dogs, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers that had undergone evaluation since the scheme's inception in 1992. The data for each dog included date of birth, date of radiography, gender, grade of left and right elbow (0, 1, 2 or 3), and accredited or dysplastic status. Ordinal logistic regression was used to model the grade of the worst-affected elbow over time. The model included age at scoring and gender as additional variables. Given the known heritability of elbow dysplasia, the hypothesis was that if the NZVA scheme effectively identifies elbow dysplasia, and that dog breeders have been using the data responsibly, there should have been a trend towards a lower incidence of dogs graded dysplastic over time.In all four breeds, there was a significant trend towards lower grades of the worst-affected elbow over time. For German Shepherd dogs the incidence of elbow dysplasia (worst elbow grade not zero) fell from 75% to 47% between dogs born in 1991 vs those born in 2008. The corresponding figures were a drop from 86% to 68% for the Labrador Retriever, from 89% to 77% for Golden Retrievers, but only 98% to 95% for Rottweilers. In the Rottweiler and Golden Retriever, gender had a significant effect on the worst elbow grade. In the Golden Retriever, age at scoring also had a significant effect.There has been a significant reduction in the incidence of elbow dysplasia in four popular large-dog breeds as scored by the NZVA elbow dysplasia scoring scheme. The limitations of the study are the non-compulsory nature of the elbow dysplasia scheme, and the potential bias caused by dog breeders or veterinarians pre-screening potential submissions. The results therefore may not represent those of the overall population.The incidence of elbow dysplasia, as measured by the NZVA elbow dysplasia scheme, has reduced in the four breeds investigated since the scheme's inception. The New Zealand Kennel Club (NZKC) and the veterinary profession can confidently support the NZVA scoring scheme, and should promote its use by dog breeders.

Few reports have been published regarding the use of scintigraphy in the diagnosis of elbow joint lameness in dogs. Some authors have speculated about the potential use of bone scintigraphy and its suspected high sensitivity for the early diagnosis of abnormalities of the medial coronoid process (MCP) in dogs. Scintigraphy is used routinely in our institution in dogs presented for thoracic limb lameness and/or suspected of abnormalities of the MCP when radiographic findings were equivocal. Radiographic, scintigraphic, and surgical findings of the elbow joints of 17 dogs with elbow joint lameness were compared with radiographic, scintigraphic, and necropsy findings of the elbow joints of 12 clinically healthy Labrador Retrievers. Quantitative evaluation of scintigraphic images was performed to determine relative radiopharmaceutical uptake in the region of the MCP. Maximum relative uptake of the coronoid process in the normal dogs was taken as a threshold value to classify elbows as positive or negative for an abnormal MCP after all 24 elbows of the 12 healthy dogs were confirmed as being normal at necropsy. All 17 elbows from lame dogs were positive on scintigraphy and confirmed as having chondromalacia, a fissure, or fragmentation of the MCP. Based on our results, bone scintigraphy may be a valuable diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of abnormalities of the MCP in dogs, and particularly in older dogs where clinical and radiographic changes may be ambiguous.

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand: Diagnostische Wertigkeit der Computertomographie (CT) und der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) im Hinblick auf die Diagnose einer Koronoiderkrankung beim Hund. Material und Methode: Bei klinisch und röntgenologisch für eine Koronoiderkrankung am Ellbogengelenk verdächtigen Hunden wurden eine computertomographische und eine magnetresonanztomographische Untersuchung mit anschließender Arthroskopie des betroffenen Ellbogengelenks durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Untersuchung erfasste 44 Ellbogengelenke von 44 Hunden. Bei den Patienten handelte es sich am häufigsten um Labrador Retriever (38,6%, n = 17), Mischlinge (22,7%, n = 10) und Golden Retriever (11,4%, n = 5). Insgesamt waren 11 Rassen vertreten. Das Alter der 30 Rüden (68%) und 14 Hündinnen (32%) lag zwischen 6 und 117 Monaten (Durchschnitt 2,25 Jahre). Mittels Computertomographie ließen sich folgende Befunde erheben: a) Fissur im Bereich des Koronoids bei 66% (n = 29); b) Fragmente im Bereich des Koronoids bei 55% (n = 24); c) Deformation im Bereich des Koronoids bei allen 44 Gelenken; d) Dichteanstieg im Bereich der Koronoidbasis bei allen 44 Gelenken; e) heterogene Dichtestruktur im Bereich der Spitze des Processus coronoideus medialis ulnae bei 91% (n = 40). Die magnetresonanztomographischen Befunde umfassten: a) Fissur im Bereich des Koronoids bei 59% (n = 26); b) Fragmente im Bereich des Koronoids bei 57% (n = 25); c) Deformation im Bereich des Koronoids bei 86% (n = 38); d) Dichte im Koronoid nicht beurteilbar; e) Dichtestruktur nicht beurteilbar. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Beide Verfahren eignen sich zur Diagnostik einer Koronoiderkrankung beim Hund.

The study material was composed of 10 dogs from various breed, age and sex brought to clinic with complaint of forelimb lameness in which elbow dysplasia was found. After clinical and radiological examinations types and the degrees of the dysplasia were identified. Seven of the cases were surgically interfered where only symptomatic treatment was performed in three. After treatment process’, results were excellent in 4, good in 4 and moderate in 2 cases. As a result it was concluded that; surgical intervention performed before the occurence of the chronic degenerative lesions was found to be efficient for the prognosis and supportive medical treatment has significant role in relieving of clinical symptoms

Canine osteoarthritis (OA) commonly occurs in association with articular diseases, such as hip dysplasia (HD), elbow dysplasia (ED), or cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR). We hypothesized that a common genomic risk for the development of canine joint disease and canine OA would be identified by evaluating the allele frequencies of candidate gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in dogs with OA associated with different articular diseases when compared with a general population of breed-matched dogs. DNA was extracted from blood samples obtained from Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers surgically treated for ED, HD, and CCLR and confirmed to have radiographic evidence of OA. One hundred and thirteen SNPs in 20 candidate genes were genotyped. No significant associations were identified for SNPs or haplotypes in the candidate genes for the diseases evaluated. The candidate gene approach for the study of genetic association is unlikely to be successful for complex canine diseases such as OA without prior trait mapping evaluation.

A displasia de cotovelo e uma osteocondrose comum em caes jovens de racas grandes a gigantes cujos fatores de riscos incluem nutricao, genetica e manejo. Avaliacoes clinicas e radiograficas foram feitas em 30 caes da raca Retriever do Labrador com idade acima de 12 meses, independentemente de sintomatologia. Tambem foram incluidos animais com idade inferior a 12 meses de idade, caso sintomaticos. Os sinais radiograficos de displasia de cotovelo foram identificados em 36,1% dos animais (11/30). A incongruencia articular e a fragmentacao do processo coronoide medial da ulna foram as principais causas identificadas e coexistiram na maioria dos casos (9/11). A efusao e crepitacao articulares foram os sinais clinicos que melhor se associaram a doenca. Embora nao tenha sido possivel comprovar estatisticamente, a projecao mediolateral em semiflexao foi aquela que permitiu identificar o maior numero de alteracoes radiograficas. A presenca de osteofitos na cabeca do radio foi o sinal mais frequente de doenca articular degenerativa (10/11). O estudo confirma a displasia de cotovelo como um frequente disturbio do desenvolvimento esqueletico na raca e alerta para a necessidade de rigorosa selecao reprodutiva destes animais.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB-receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand-osteoprotegerin (RANK-RANKL-OPG) system is active in bone remodeling in dogs and, if so, whether differences in expression of these mediators occur in healthy and arthritic joints. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fragmented processus coronoidei (n=20) were surgically removed from dogs with elbow arthritis and 5 corresponding healthy samples from dogs euthanatized for reasons other than elbow joint disease. METHODS: Bright-field immunohistochemistry and high-resolution fluorescence microscopy were used to investigate the distribution of RANK, RANKL, and OPG in healthy and arthritic joints. RESULTS: All 3 molecules were identified by immunostaining of canine bone tissue. In elbow dysplasia, the number of RANK-positive osteoclasts was increased. In their vicinity, cells expressing RANKL, a mediator of osteoclast activation, were abundant whereas the number of osteoblasts having the potential to limit osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via OPG was few. CONCLUSIONS: The RANK-RANKL-OPG system is active in bone remodeling in dogs. In elbow dysplasia, a surplus of molecules promoting osteoclastogenesis was evident and is indicative of an imbalance between the mediators regulating bone resorption and bone formation. Both OPG and neutralizing antibodies against RANKL have the potential to counterbalance bone resorption. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Therapeutic use of neutralizing antibodies against RANKL to inhibit osteoclast activation warrants further investigation.

Objective—To determine the accuracy of ultrasonography in detecting fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (FMCP) in dogs. Design—Cross-sectional study. Animals—102 dogs (112 elbow joints) suspected to have FMCP. Procedures—Elbows were examined ultrasonographically prior to surgery for evidence of fragmentation, fissuring, or deformation of the medial coronoid process; thickening of the joint capsule; joint effusion; and secondary new bone formation. Results were compared with intraoperative findings. Results—At surgery, 51 (46%) joints had free fragments, 55 (49%) had nondisplaced fragments, and 6 (5%) did not have any fragments or fissures. Fragments were not seen ultrasonographically in 23 of the 51 (45%) joints in which a free fragment was found during surgery or in 50 of the 55 (91%) joints in which a nondisplaced fragment was found during surgery. Accuracy of using ultrasonographic evidence of any medial coronoid process abnormality (ie, a medial coronoid process fragment, deformation of the medial coronoid process, or both) for diagnosis of medial coronoid process fragmentation was 77%. The kappa coefficient for the level of agreement between ultrasonographic (ie, any medial coro-noid process abnormality) and surgical findings was −0.014, indicating that there was no agreement. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that ultrasonography was of limited diagnostic value in detecting FMCP in dogs.

Summary Objectives: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of arthroscopic estimation of positive and negative radio-ulnar incongruence (RUI) in the canine elbow joint. Methods: Experimental radial shortening and lengthening by 1 and 2 mm increments were performed in nine right elbow joints, extending an established surgical in vitro model of RUI. Arthroscopic estimation of each artificially produced radio-ulnar joint conformation (RUJC) was done using a graduated hook probe. A total of 72 RUJC were blindly evaluated in a random manner by an independent investigator and estimated in 1 mm increments (-2, -1, 0, +1, +2). Results: The sensitivity for identification of an incongruent joint was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.90 to 0.99). The specificity for identification of a congruent joint was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.65 to 0.98). Analysing the data only in respect to a congruent joint versus one with a shortened radius (positive RUI) resulted in a sensitivity of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.80 to 0.99) and a specificity of 1.00 (95% CI: 0.92 to 1.00). Clinical significance: Accurate estimation of RUI in dogs affected by elbow dysplasia might improve functional outcome and prevent osteoarthritis when corrective or modifying osteotomies are being considered as part of the treatment plan. Arthroscopy has been shown to be highly accurate and precise in detecting both positive and negative RUI in vitro. However, its diagnostic strength under clinical conditions still has to be proven.

Summary The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and genetic trends for hip (HD) and elbow dysplasia (ED) in Swedish Rottweiler (RW) and Bernese Mountain Dog (BMD). Analyses were based on screening results of hip status for 14 693 RW and 8221 BMD and elbow status for 11 891 RW and 7963 BMD, as well as pedigree data for 16 614 RW and 9835 BMD, recorded by the Swedish Kennel Club. Components of (co)variance and breeding values were obtained with a mixed linear animal model. The model included the fixed effects of sex, birth month, age at screening and a combined random effect of clinic and year of examination. The need to include genetic groups for phantom parents in the model was evaluated by comparison of two different models: with and without genetic groups. Estimated heritabilities for HD and ED were between 0.34 and 0.42. The genetic correlation between the traits was weak and positive for RW (rg = 0.23 ± 0.05) and not different from zero for BMD (rg = 0.06 ± 0.06). F-statistics of the genetic group effects were not significant, implying that genetic groups do not need to be included in the model. Genetic trends indicated a genetic improvement in both traits. However, a faster genetic progress is expected if selection is based on predicted breeding values rather than phenotype. Based on the results, a statistical model for routine prediction of breeding values for HD and ED in Swedish dogs was suggested.

AN article in last month9s issue of In Practice (October 2008, vol 30, pp 508–512) described the aetiopathogenesis of canine elbow dysplasia and its diagnosis. This article reviews the treatment modalities currently in use for dealing with the various forms of elbow dysplasia, namely, fragmented medial coronoid process, ununited anconeal process, osteochondrosis of the humeral condyle and ununited medial epicondyle.

To determine if anthropometric measurements of the Labrador scapula, humerus, ulna and radius, or their ratios, are related to the presence of elbow dysplasia (ED). Digital calliper measurements of the lengths of the left scapula, humerus, radius and ulna, and their ratios, were analysed by gender in 103 volunteer Labradors (41 dogs, 62 bitches) against the ED radiological scores derived by the International Elbow Working Group (IEWG). The IEWG score is an umbrella score used to classify for ED and includes fragmented coronoid process, osteochondritis dessicans, incongruity and ununited anconeal process, the last of which occurs rarely in Labradors. Of the 103 Labradors studied, 31 were diagnosed radiographically with ED (20 bitches (32%), 11 (27%) dogs). Scapula length was significantly shorter for bitches with ED (P = 0.02), but not for dogs with ED. However, dogs showed a trend for a difference in the ulna:radius ratio (P = 0.06), which bitches did not. Although a greater percentage of bitches than dogs had ED in this study, the difference was not statistically significant. Labrador bitches diagnosed with ED have a shorter scapula, which is a new finding associated with this condition. The difference in presentation associated with gender is unexpected and further research is recommended.

Five cases of hereditary onycho-osteodysplasie are reported. All of the family members presented dysplastic nails. Hypoplastic patella, elbow dysplasia or iliac horns were shown in variable expression. We've seen no other anomalies especially nephropathy did not occur.

within a common joint capsule. Elbow pain due to elbow dysplasia is a common cause of forelimb lameness in young large breed dogs. ‘Elbow dysplasia’ is a generic term used to describe a group of developmental disorders of the canine elbow. Dogs suffering from elbow pain may have one or more primary lesions affecting one or both elbows. Conditions grouped under this common heading include: fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (FMCP) osteochondritis dissecans of the medial part of the humeral condyle (OCD) ununited anconeal process (UAP) elbow incongruity.