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The objective of this research was to determine if automated target location and prioritization information would facilitate tank gunner performance. Armor Crewmen individually completed two sessions (phases) of 50 sabot rounds using a part-task, arcade type M60A1 gunnery simulator, Battlesight. A 2x2 design was used with the target location window display either present or absent in Phase I and present or absent in Phase II. Gunners were scored on the time required to fire 50 rounds, the number of hits on enemy tanks, the number of times they were killed by enemy tanks, and the number of points scored during the session. Soldiers with access to the target prioritization and location information took less time to fire 50 rounds and were killed less frequently than soldiers without access to this information. Soldiers who first used the window and then were shifted to no window showed large decrements in performance; soldiers shifted from no window to window showed significant improvement in performance. Soldiers reported that access to the target information was a valuable aid in detecting targets. Keywords include: Armor; Battlesight; Gunnery; Simulator; Tanks; Target acquisition; Training devices; Vehicle 2 integrated intelligence; and (V(INT)2).

Methods were developed to select and prioritize armor crew tasks, and to define the scope, content, and methods to employ in armor crew individual training. These methods were applied to the duties and tasks of M60A3 tank commanders and gunners. Methods, results, and products of this project were the task selection methodology, lists of M60A3 tank commander and gunner tasks selected, task prioritization methodology, prioritized lists of tank commander and gunner tasks, training definition methodology, 46 training modules, and Trainer's and Training Manager's Guides. The task selection methodology is a 13- step top-down, mission-oriented approach that permits the training developer to select tasks systematically for coverage in unit-level individual training. Its effectiveness is limited by the quality of the source documents used and the expertise of the training developer. Two task prioritization methodologies were developed. Method One is the most objective and reliable, but also the most time- and labor- intensive. It relies primarily on questionnaire data and enables objective, rule-based prioritization. Method Two relies primarily on subject-matter-expert (SME) judgments and is less time- and labor-intensive than the first method, but is also less objective and reliable., See also Volume 1, ADA142534.

A device-mediated M1 tank gunnery test was developed for administration on the Unit-Conduct of Fire Trainer (U-COFT). The purpose of the research was to examine the reliability of the test, and to assess the utility of the test for estimating gunners' proficiency independently of the Tank Commander's (TC) contribution. The reliability of six of nine U-COFT measures exceeded .70. The Gunners' hit rates were found to be heavily influenced by the TCs' performance, including the TCs' ability to train. The results show that the TC performance must be stabilized if the U-COFT tests are to be used to assess Gunners' performance alone. Recommendations were made as to how the U-COFT could be efficiently used in units as a training and testing device.

The presence of high-speed armor targets on the modern battlefield necessitates training gunners to judge target speeds in order to apply appropriate leads. The current research investigated trainees' speed judgments of a moving target and spatial estimates of a gunnery simulator's visual display. Distance, range, and slant estimates in the simulator revealed systematic underestimation of distance and range, overestimation of slant, and large inter-observed variability, a pattern of results typical of research on space perception. Application of speed judgment data to a model of tank gunnery indicated that asking gunners to classify target speed as either fast, medium, or slow and to apply one of three corresponding leads should prove an effective lead strategy. Application of the data to the gunnery model demonstrates that selection of a cognitive strategy for training may have an impact on operational performance. The current research will be of value to instructional system developers, because it demonstrates the importance of unobservable processes, such as cognitive strategies, for training.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between existing population specific aptitude patterns and training performance for experienced REDEYE gunners and initial CHAPARRAL/VULCAN trainees. The technical objective was to expand on current, successful research efforts in the application of population specific instructional strategies by determining the generalizability of present categories of trainee population characteristics and by analyzing training specifications of existing Short Range Air Defense (SHORAD) weapons systems as a function of existing population characteristics and specified instructional strategies.

Tank Commander and Gunner performance on nine critical tank gunnery training tasks, as well as experience measures were correlated with performance on Tank Gunnery Table VIII. Results showed that (a) performance on the subcaliber training range (1/60 scale cal. 22) was the best predictor of Table VIII performance, (b) there was no relationship between crew turbulence measures and gunnery performance, and (c) the Gunner's job experience was positively correlated with Table VIII performance.

This analysis identifies the root cause of two M1A1 tank fires involving 120 mm M856 target practice cone stabilized discarding sabot tracer (TPCSDS-T) ammunition during tank gunnery exercises in Germany. The first fire, 4 July 1988, did not involve any personal injury. The fire on 14 August 1988 was lethal, killing the tank commander and gunner. The failure investigation strategy (described in the report) is a method for increasing the assurance that the root cause of the problem is identified, and provides a detailed record of the study which can be reviewed by management or impartial review boards. This case study provides a summary of the major activities performed by the root cause analysis team. The methodology identified the most probable root cause of the tank fire problem. Keywords: 120-mm Ammunition, Tank fires, M865 Ammunition, Catcher box, Cartridge case base, Root cause analysis, M1A1 Tank fires.

This paper examines the BMP-equipped motorized rifle battalion in the offense, as it is discussed in the Soviet military press. Major emphasis of the paper is on maneuver elements and their interaction in that type of operation which the Soviets classify as the offense. Topics include capabilities of the BMP, battalion capabilities, mission and combat formations, methods of launching and conducting the attack, continuation of the attack, the pursuit, and repulsion of enemy counterattacks. The final portion of the paper deals with the impact of the BMP on motorized rifle tactics and on combined arms cooperation in the attack.

This report describes exploratory research on the effects of camouflage, cover, and concealment on detection and classification of thermal targets. It is extremely difficult to conceal the thermal signature of a vehicle in a surveillance position. The use of cut foliage and defilade positioning, however, were found to make classification and detection equally difficult. Researchers developed and field tested a set of thermal training guidelines that address sight control manipulation, scanning, target acquisition, and range estimation. These procedures, along with a slide presentation, form a thermal training package that is under review. Observation of gunners showed that some of the thermal sight controls rotated freely that it was easy to inadvertently displace them. Experimentation showed that placing vinyl grommets between these knobs and the panel provided sufficient friction and solved this problem. Keywords: Scanning techniques; Thermal camouflage; Thermal detection; Thermal training; Thermal sight; Bradley fighting vehicle (BFV); Integrated sight unit.

The North African theater during the early stages of World War II provided British and American forces with valuable battlefield experience and training in the tactical employment of units and weapon systems. The desert war was also a deadly proving ground for the development of new weapons and techniques and demonstrated the need, as well as the methods, for ensuring close coordination between ground, air, and naval forces. In addition, the infantryman in North Africa learned to fight against tanks in a desert environment. During 10-14 April 1941 and from 30 April to 4 May 1941, the newly formed 9th Australian Division repelled two major German Africa Corps tank assaults against their defensive positions around the strategic fortress at Tobruk, Libya. Australian infantrymen occupying the first line of defense allowed the German tanks to pass through their initial perimeter into extensive minefields. British and Australian artillery and antitank gunners, deployed well to the rear of the infantry and supported by British tanks, then engaged the German tanks with devastating direct fire. As the German tanks passed through the perimeter, the Australian infantry, lying in wait on the flanks, moved in behind them with rifle fire and bayonets.

Researchers developed a short-range zeroing procedure and target for the Bradley Fighting Vehicle's 25mm gun to minimize the negative impact of factors such as inaccurate boresight equipment, ammunition dispersion, and poor feedback of hit location, which affect zeroing conducted with standard procedures. A 400m target offset aiming point for the sight and gun to (a) account for parallax, and (b) allow for the line of sight and aim of the gun to cross at 1,000 to 1,200 m. Sight alignment for zeroing was based on the center of a three round-shot group for training ammunitions. With the experimental procedure and target, gunners detected holes in the target and were able to perform accurate sight alignment following boresighting with either accurate or inaccurate equipment. Location of shot-group centers on a 1,000m target indicated that the gun was zeroed. Short-range zeroing has potential benefits in both training and combat when conditions are not optimal for standard zeroing. Keywords: 25mm automatic gun; Bradley fighting vehicle; Zeroing; M242C guns.

The design of the contrast, brightness, and on/off controls of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle's (BFV's) thermal sight has resulted in frequent accidental displacement of setting. As this report shows, such accidental displacements delay and inhibit a gunner's ability to classify and engage targets. A solution to this problem has been experimentally tested. The contrast and brightness knobs had vinyl grommets inserted between the knobs and the panel face. The grommets provide sufficient friction to make accidental displacement unlikely. A guard was added to the on/off control to make accidental switching of the sight less probable. Keywords: Integrated sight unit, Brightness control, Contrast control, Thermal sight, Switch guard, Gun sights.

This product was developed in response to a request from Seventh Army Training Command and is an aid for military personnel charged with the development and validation of selection and assignment procedures. The report includes a brief review of selection research and methodologies and practical guidelines for avoiding pitfalls during validation research. Variables, aptitudes, and/or skills thought to affect gunner performance are discussed, along with critiques of recent predictor developments. In addition, the report provides basic information on the Unit Conduct of Fire Trainer, the UCOFT's training matrices, and potential applications of the UCOFT in tank gunner performance prediction. A description of UCOFT performance measures and limitations is provided, along with recommendations for the development of a UCOFT training data base as part of a comprehensive USAREUR (U.S. Army Europe) data base.

This research was designed to evaluate a battery of M1 gunner performance prediction tests. Specifically, the work sought to (1) determine the relationship between hands-on job sample tests and computerized counterparts, (2) ascertain how these relate to Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery- based ability measures, and (3) determine how the tests relate to tank gunnery measures. Data were obtained for 123 M1 tank gunners from 4 battalions. Composite scores were derived for five hands-on predictor tasks: (1) tank engagement, (2) snakeboard tracking, (3) computer panel enter/check data, (4) computer tank engagement, and (5) computer tracking. Data were also obtained on a motivation inventory, the Armed Forces Qualification Test, and the Pattern Analysis subtest of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, Forms 6/7. Criterion data included supervisor ratings and Table VIII annual gunnery scores. Results for the target engagement test suggested that this task might be successfully computerized. Performance on M1 Computer Panel Tests was found to relate to the Armed Forces Qualification Test. While no relationships for supervisor ratings and Table VIII day scores and predictor tests were observed, some hands-on measures were seen to correlate with Table VIII night scores.

In response to inquiries from the Combined Arms Combat Development Activity, the Army Research Institute in 1984 initiated a unit and force design project to look into the area of cross-training for personnel in preparation for combat surge activities. A process was sought for evaluating various cross for surge (CTS) proposals from proponent schools. The basic approach entails identifying the critical factors involved in the temporary re-allocation of noncritical personnel (e.g., drivers) to mission critical tasks (e.g., gunners) during periods of unexpectedly high enemy activity (i.e., surge periods). Unit activities were examined in terms of what must be completed and who is available during heavy combat. Also examined were human factors, manpower, personnel, and training issues related to CTS. Guidelines incorporating minimum necessary considerations for CTS were developed and described following an organizational design and HMPT approach. Three major areas are discussed. Organizational: identification of mission critical tasks and personnel; identification of the slack resource of temporarily noncritical personnel; training in surge-relevant skills; skills maintenance; post-surge readiness. Training: facilitating secondary task performance; need to reduce negative transfer of training. Social: motivational effects of experiencing changes in career progression; effects on group cohesion of massive personnel substitutions in critical conditions. Keywords: Cohort, Common soldiering tasks, Section training, Sustainability.

A cold weather protection kit for door gunners and crew was developed for the UH-1D/H helicopter. The kit consists of a bulkhead and sliding doors which permits the gunner's compartment to be partitioned from the rest of the aircraft interior. The gunner is dressed in clothing to provide him sufficient protection while the rest of the crew and passengers are not exposed. Several clothing ensembles were tested. The kit and two sets of cold weather clothing were evaluated in Alaska. The evaluation was favorable, except for comments that the door gunners were too warm when the doors were closed, and litter and passenger capacity were affected.

As part of boresighting the 25-mm gun of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV), the turret technical manual (TM 9-2350-252-10-2) describes how to test the accuracy of the boresight telescope. However, BFV literature does not provide accuracy tests for the 25-mm boresight adapter or the 25-mm boresight kit (adapter plus telescope). This pamphlet describes testing procedures for the boresight telescope, 25-mm adapter, and kit. The kit test should be conducted prior to boresighting. Inaccurate kits should be reported through the chain of command to the battalion. When inaccurate kits are reported, master gunners conduct separate accuracy tests of telescopes and 25-mm adapters. Inaccurate telescopes and adapters are reported using the quality deficiency report. Accurate equipment is used to form accurate 25-mm Boresight kits. 7.62-mm Boresight kit, 25-mm Boresight adapter, Boresight kit field test, Boresighting, Bradley fighting vehicle, Quality deficiency reports.

The design of a mathematical model that simulates the gunner's performance in a manual tracking and firing mode of an antiaircraft artillery (AAA) system is presented. The specific gunnery task modeled involves direct manual rate control of the gun turret with the gunner using an optical sighting system having a line of sight coincident with the gun pointing angle. In this system mode, radar is not used for azimuth, elevation or range data. Rather, the gunner, using visual feedback from the antiaircraft artillery tracer rounds he has fired, continuously adjusts weapon pointing in azimuth and elevation to minimize the tracer-to-target error, hence increasing his chances of putting 'hits' on the target. The model is based on reduced-order observer theory and consists of a reduced-order observer, a linear feedback controller, and a remnant element. The structure of the model is not only concise, but also describes the key functional roles performed by a gunner in such a system. Short execution time of this model enhances a great deal of its applicability to existing attrition models in evaluation of the survivability of aircraft in tactical engagement scenarios. A least-squares minimization algorithm is derived to identify the model parameters systematically. It is based on a hill-climbing optimization algorithm and an average approximation method to approximate a system's delayed state variables. The ensembled mean and standard deviation of model predictions for both azimuth and elevation tracking as well as tracer errors are obtained.

The rate at which performance improves during training; and the extent to which information is retained during intervals without practice, is a concern of those who plan and manage military training. This report documents the development and features of a model to investigate issues regarding acquisition and retention of complex, military skills. The modeling effort focused on procedural armor tasks. Learning and retention models were developed for eight tasks performed by the driver, gunner, and loader positions in the M60A1 tank. Sequencing control was modeled using the SAINT (System Analysis of Integrated Networks of Tasks) simulation system. Psychological models described acquisition, retention, retrieval and choice of task information. Models were validated by comparing their predictions to two samples of data, one composed of soldiers in training, and one from soldiers in operational armor units.

The Army is currently purchasing many highly sophisticated weapon systems which are designed and developed to achieve certain levels of performance. Since the human is a major component-operator and/or maintainer of a weapon system, he or she should be considered early in the acquisition process. Reverse Engineering is performed on the STINGER weapon system. Using historical performance data on the REDEYE operators who must perform tasks very similar to those performed by the STINGER gunners, and STINGER field tests data, performance estimates under various scenarios are determined. These performance estimates are then related to human capabilities. Keywords: Weapon system performance, Front end analysis, Man/machine analysis, Reverse engineering.

The phrase through the sight video (TSV) denotes a relatively recent application of existing video and optical technology. When the device is integrated with the Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle (BIFV) Integrated Sight Unit (ISU), the optical display that is seen simultaneously by the gunner and commander is transmitted also to a video camera/recorder. This provides a means for duplicating the exact sight picture to a remote video monitor and/or to video tape for permanent storage. The capabilities of the device in field settings was explored and the conclusion is that TSV shows promise in a number of training and research areas related to BIFV gunnery, tactics and techniques. Future work should be planned and implemented to further develop the TSV device for BIFV-specific training. The prototype TSV should be explored further in future research to develop procedures. lesson plans and audio visual materials for gunnery training applications and applications related to tactics and techniques for BIFV small unit leaders.

The purpose of this report is to contribute to the development of improved R&D management and utilization within the Army Training System at organizational levels of HQ MACOM'S (Headquarters, Major commands, e.g., HQ TRADOC) and their subordinate organizations (e.g., USAIS) by providing a description of the organizational change process observed during the BRM POI development and implementation, including observed consequences of that process, and managerial implications. Observations of the organizational change process currently used for R&D product utilization within the Army training system were made by ARI-Fort Benning researchers as they developed the new BRM POI and provided extensive technical assistance during its implementation in the 1st Infantry Training Brigade at Fort Benning and later at the seven other ATC's. Current scientific and applied literatures on organizational change were searched and integrated with researcher observations to produce a description of the current change process and its managerial implications and to develop a managerial checklist to guide implementation management at higher organizational levels of the Army. Keywords: Individualized training; and Decentralized training.

Research was performed to develop tank gunnery sustainment training materials for M60A3 armor crewmembers. This research product consists of 6 booklets for use by tank commanders in maintaining their knowledge and skill in issuing basic fire commands. The first booklet (RP 83-01A) provides an overview of fire command knowledges and contains training notes. The remaining five booklets provide practice in: classifying threats (RP 83-01B); selecting ammo/ weapons (RP 83-01C); sequencing fire command elements (RP 83-01D); issuing fire commands for single engagements (RP 83-01E); and issuing fire commands for multiple and simultaneous engagements. This booklet will give you practice in constructing fire commands for single target engagements. The booklet contains battlefield scenarios. Each scenario includes: A picture of the battlefield; A short written description of the battlefield sitatuation; and A question for you to answer.

Research was performed to develop tank gunnery sustainment training materials for M60A3 armor crewmembers. This research product consists of 6 booklets for use by tank commanders in maintaining their knowledge and skill in issuing basic fire commands. The first booklet (RP 83-01A) provides an overview of fire command knowledges and contains training notes. The remaining five booklets provide practice in: classifying threats (RP 83-01B); selecting ammo/ weapons (RP 83-01C); sequencing fire command elements (RP 83-01D); issuing fire commands for single engagements (RP 83-01E); and issuing fire commands for multiple and simultaneous engagements (RP 83-01F)., See also booklet 5, ADA164618.

Gunner training programs for the TOW antiarmor weapon system could be improved in terms of cost effectiveness by implementing appropriate candidate selection models. Candidate gunner selection factors lend themselves to cost per graduate/dropout/failure analyses as well as to program wide efficiency. A review of related literature and the background problems with TOW gunnery training is presented. The alternative models address cost in terms of attrition vs. graduating gunners for Army wide support. Keywords include: Measure of performance, Training caps, Model implementation, and Tracking training implementation.

The utility of the modified Landolt C-ring test in predicting gunner performance when optical (laser) filters were incorporated in the gunner's aiming/tracking sights was examined. Sixty-four qualified TOW and tank gunners participated in a quasi-tactical exercise during which they had to locate, identify, and simulate firing at targets using their respective sights. Sixty-three of the gunners were used to measure variations in their visual acuity caused by the filters which were being used in the tactical scenarios.

This thesis presents an analytical method for examining a target's motion history to investigate those characteristics of target motion which a trained gunner keys on when selecting shots. Using this methodology, a target motion history is examined and the criteria which two trained gunners use to pick shots are described and compared. The hit performance of each gunner is then modeled establishing a relationship between the target's motion and hit performance for these two gunners. Key words include: Gunnery, target motion, probability of hit.

This study determined the ammunition expenditures necessary to attain and maintain required levels of proficiency for individuals and units. Previously, very little consideration was given to levels of desired proficiency in determining allowances. The study focused on the determination of training allowances based on the attainment of individual training standards in formal schools as well as in operational units; the maintenance of individual training standards; and the attainment and maintenance of unit training standards. Additionally, subcaliber and simulator training were assigned a quantitative value relative to the value of live-fire training. Lastly, the study addressed the methodology whereby training allowances would be responsive to changes in weapons, tactics, doctrine and budget constraints. The methodologies developed by the study provide a sound basis for determining training allowances and identified a local alternative allowance system based on the organization vice the per weapon allowance system currently in use. (Author), See also Volume 2, AD-A144 430.

This annex contains all of the detailed information from the Tank Gunnery Questionnaire: the detailed responses as well as plots of the data showing key results; the methodology used in estimating total ammunition usage for a change in the allocation of ammunition; and the statistical methods to be used in analyzing the hard data collected in the test program proposed in of the main body of the report., See also Volume 1, AD-A144 429.

For abstract see AD-A121 145.

Twenty marines carried thirteen different loads consisting of components of generic, medium antitank weapon (MAW) systems over courses of 150, 300, and 600 meters. The speed of portage and the subjects' ability to track a moving target after portage were measured. The subjects' opinions and ratings of the loads were recorded. The results suggested that, although portage pace was inversely proportional to load weight, the subjects were not overloaded by the weights they carried. Furthermore, tracking errors were not affected by the weight of the load carried. It was concluded that, for the short portage distances required by the mechanized infantry, the MAW gunner can carry antitank systems heavier than the Dragon. (Author)

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the extent to which aircraft vibration was coupled to a crewman's flight helmet by the mechanical linkage of a helmet mounted sight (Fire Control Subsystem, Helmet Directed XM128). Two variations of the SPH-4 flight helmet were tested: (1) SPH-4 with standard web suspension, (2) SPH-4 with a form-fit foam liner suspension. The system was tested in the front seat of an AH-1S 'Cobra' helicopter. Five (5) flight conditions were used in the experiment: (1) hover, (2) 40kn, (3) 80kn, (4) 120kn, (5) standard left turn. Two conditions of the helmet mounted control linkage were tested: (1) connected, (2) disconnected. A triaxial accelerometer was mounted on top of the flight helmet to measure vibration. The data were analyzed using a fast Fourier transform analyzer and a desk-top computer. The following observations were made: (1) Both helmets vibrate more with the sight attached. (2) The response to the sight coupled vibration of the standard SPH-4 differed from that of the form-fit SPH-4. (3) The form-fit SPH-4 helmet vibrated more in a narrow band centered at about 30Hz. (4) The standard SPH-4 helmet vibrated more over a wide band of frequencies above 30Hz. Based on a review of published literature with respect to known or probable physiological problems related to the effects of vibration, we concluded that the significant increase in vibration of the helmet caused by the mechanical sight linkage may be expected to degrade pilot/gunner visual performance and hearing acuity, and increase fatigue rate to some extent.

The influence of gunner lay error on first-round hit probability increases as tank system hardware improves. There are valid reasons to question the validity of the data upon which gunner lay error is currently predicted, including the changes in demography and abilities of today's soldier as compared to those of the soldiers who generated the data. Verifying the performance data base seems timely. (Author)

This document provides training outlines and administrative guidance for promoting M60A1 tank crewman readiness. Administrative guidance, time estimates and equipment requirements for training are given first. Remaining sections of the report are detailed outlines of training for the crew positions, driver, loader, gunner, and tank commander. The training outlines address knowledge and skill aspects of the important crewman tasks: those tasks that are most relevant to crew gunnery proficiency. The training is designed for use by the unit commander in promoting proficiency in the conduct of before-operations checks, disassembling and assembling weapons, and driving, loading, and shooting in a tactical setting. When used with three companion documents, Tank Crewman (M60A1) Readiness Tests, Tank Crew (M60A1) Performance Exercise, and Program Management for a Tank Crewman Skills Training Program, the module outlines provide and integrated 'train-up' package for annual gunnery evaluation. (Author)

This research is part of a broader program on simulation. Training simulators reduce demands on limited resources and promise greater efficiency in both training and testing; however, no experimental evidence has compared performance resulting from simulator vs. live-fire training. The overall objective of this project was to determine the contribution of live firing of large caliber weapons to weapons proficiency. This study conducted task analyses to identify the critical performance requirements for three selected weapons systems, and to identify the commonalities and differences in tasks within the three major weapons systems and other weapons of a similar but somewhat different nature. The three weapons used were: The M60A1 Tank and its 105mm main gun; The 155mm Howitizer--Self propelled; and The 81mm Mortar. Among the topics included are: identification of mission profiles, development of task inventories, administration of the task inventories to job incumbents, and analyses of the results.

This research was conducted to determine whether available paper-and- pencil aptitude and training measures could be used to predict tank driver, gunner, and tank commander performance, and if so, to develop appropriate prediction equations based on the aptitude measures. The research was conducted in three phases. The first two phases were conducted with armor trainees at Fort Knox, and dealt with the gunner and driver positions. The third phase was conducted with armor crewmen in operational armor battalions, and dealt with the tank commander and gunner positions. In Phases I and II, at Fort Knox, measures of trainee aptitudes, training performance, driving performance, and main-gun tank gunnery were collected for trainees in the sample. Aptitude measures included the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) raw scores and additional paper-and-pencil tests, while training measures included performance on tests relating to tank weapons, maintenance, communication, etc. The criterion performances were tank commander ratings of trainee M60 tank driving on a standardized course and number of hits during main-gain tank firing. During Phase III aptitude and main-gun firing measures were collected for tank commanders and gunners in a sample from a USARUER armor division. Gunnery measures were based on performance during tank crew qualification firing at Grafenwohr, West Germany.

The specific objectives of this research were to evaluate the relationship between gunner's and tank commander's: (1) scores on a series of potentially predictive paper-and-pencil tests and main-gun Tank Table performance; (2) intermediate tank gunnery training task performance and main- gun Tank Table performance; (3) composite scores and their performance on the main-gun Tank Tables ; and (4) to evaluate the relationship between aptitude test scores and driver performance as measured by driver's ranking within their platoon.

A field evaluation was conducted of the DRAGON weapon system and associated training through a survey of user troops and their leaders to identify factors contributing to the negative attitudes toward the DRAGON system allegedly held by user soldiers during previous DRAGON training. Attitude questionnaires were administered to 39 DRAGON gunners and 29 leaders. Principal findings were: (1) No general tendency was observed for gunners to change their attitudes toward the DRAGON system after acquiring more experience in firing the weapon; (2) Gunners and leaders tended to agree regarding most aspects of the DRAGON system; (3) That phase of training involving actual firing of inert rounds was considered the most beneficial; (4) A majority of gunners and leaders felt that leaders should be trained in simulated firing; (5) Leaders indicated that platoons should have three DRAGON teams with two gunners and two assistant gunners per team; (6) Confidence in accuracy, reliability, and lethality of the DRAGON system was high; and (7) DRAGON gunners may often be easily detected by the enemy because of the weight, bulkiness, and awkwardness of the round and tracker components, and because of the firing signature.

The optimal control model of human response is applied to study target tracking performance of an AAA system. The effects on tracking error of different target motions, i.e. acceleration profiles, are studied via a covariance propagation modeling approach and via experiment. Different assumptions relative to the adaptive tracking behavior of the human are explored along with different schemes for inter-axis attention allocation. The effects of visual information inherent in a moving target image (e.g. size, aspect angle, etc.) are explored via comparison of results with a moving image vs image of fixed size and shape. Experimental tracking results are compared with those predicted by the model. (Author)

This report describes the design, test and analysis of two techniques being developed for reducing the peak noise produced by a shoulder-fired rocket weapon system. The tests have verified that the peak noise produced by the M-72 rocket motor can be reduced at the gunner's position by 10 db with a baffled cylinder suppressor and by 1.3 db by aerodynamically shaping the nozzle closure. Analysis of the unsuppressed and suppressed peak noise generated by the M-72 rocket motor indicate that the peak noise in the near field is produced by the energy associated with a strong pressure wave that can be correlated with spherically symmetric point explosion data. The hardware test data base and analysis techniques developed have provided a basis for the design of prototype field weight suppressor systems for protecting the gunner and crew from the intense peak noise produced by both man-portable and shoulder-fired rocket weapon systems. (Author)

This report contains an overview of all phases and subphases of the Antitank Missile Test (ATMT) with a detailed discussion of the analysis of the data collected during Subphase IIB. The purpose of ATMT was to determine the degradation of the TOW, DRAGOM, and Shillelagh missile systems caused by target vehicle evasive maneuvers. The target vehicles used in all subphases were the M60A1 tank, XM800 Scout, and the XM808 TWISTER. The ATMT methodology includes the use of hybrid missile simulations, actual gunner tracking error, vehicle evasive maneuvers in an operational environment, and data collection from field testing. Thus, the field test provided realistic data on all but the live firing of the missiles. The verified missile simulations, using field test data as input, were then substituted for actual live firing. Results of the analysis of the data collected in Subphase IIB are provided in three areas: line-of-sight pairings with firing sequences, target vehicle velocity and acceleration summaries, and relationships among maximum gunner error and target vehicle motion.

Job satisfaction levels and factors affecting them were studied for four flying squadrons of the 7th BMW, Carswell AFB, Texas. A questionnaire--composed of Hackman-Oldham Job Diagnostic Survey, the Hoppock Measure of Job Satisfaction, organizational climate, and biographical questions--was administered. Job satisfaction levels and other factors were found to be significantly different among the squadrons. When the different crew positions were examined, job satisfaction level differences were found only between pilots and the navigators and electronic warfare officers. Pilots, radar navigators, and gunners seemed to be fairly satisfied with their jobs, while co-pilots, navigators and electronic warfare officers were less satisfied, especially the latter who were the lowest and significantly different from the other crew positions on most of the different factors of job satisfaction measured. Overall, the 7th BMW personnel preceived that their job satisfaction stemmed from their own personal feelings about the job itself rather than from the objective characteristics of the job.

Two field experiments were performed, using training devices from the Armor Branch of Combat Arms, to provide empirical transfer data against which to validate a transfer of training model. Experiment 1 assessed the effectiveness of three Burst-on-Target (BOT) training devices for preparing AIT trainees to perform BOT on the 3A102B laser device. While some differences in the devices were noted, all proved to be reasonably effective trainers. Experiment 2 compared the effectiveness of two devices and three levels of training proficiency for preparing AIT trainees to perform a live-fire tracking task using the main gun of the M60A1 tank. The two devices were not particularly effective when compared to an untrained control group. However, the more highly trained trainees were more accurate than the untrained control group at the end of the live-fire task. The predictive model was employed to generate predictions of effectiveness for the training devices used in both experiments. These predictions were then compared to the actual effectiveness data obtained from the field experiments. These comparisons provided support for the model's predictions.

Gunner aiming data are presented when engaging two kinds of main battle tank targets-the M60A1 and the Swedish Casemate which ostensibly present the engaging gunner with targets of significantly different shape and size. The data are analyzed in terms of target size and shape as a function of selection of (selected versus forced) firing positions. Implications of the effects of tank design and presented target area on the performance of engaging enemy gunners are drawn. (Author)

This document constitutes the final reporting effort on activities which comprised the Concept Demonstration/Feasibility Evaluation phase of the Chaparral anti-glint canopy hardware development program under U.S. Army contract number DAAH01-76-C-0583. The report is structured as an update to the Chaparral Anti-Glint Evaluation Report (Breadboard Configuration Selection) dated 19 July 1976. Scope of the update reporting task reflected in this document has been limited to the inclusion of a phase II test data tabulation, a revised statistical analysis of the phase II test data, a bibliography of literature source material, a separate logistics evaluation study, and general clarification and/or expansion in critical areas of data reporting. (Author)

EMC Test: The visual monitor of both the gunner's day and thermal sight and the commander's thermal sight verified satisfactory operation of the TTS system while exercising various load switching functions and radio transmitting frequencies. The target signature signature presentation of the TTS system, for all operations, was clear and without distortion. Day Sight: The target signature presentation of the daylight sight was not affected by any transient conditions.

This Technical Memorandum describes a set of computer programs used to demonstrate the feasibility of uisng computer controlled interactive graphics to study gunner tracking and firing performance against a tactically-behaving target. Using computer-generated imagery, a real-time simulated view of a moving target is presented to the gunner. Through the use of control handles and switches, he acquires, tracks and engages the target as it traverses a simulated terrain area. Gunner tracking and firing performance data is collected in real-time for later reduction and analysis. (Author)

Data from the TAHOP experiment are analyzed, principally to establish lead estimate errors and implementation errors suitable for calculating hit probabilities of tanks firing APDS rounds from their main guns at helicopters. Comprehensive investigations were carried out for a hovering helicopter, and to a somewhat lesser extent for a helicopter flying at constant speed on a level course. Less extensive analyses were made for the other helicopter maneuver conditions involved in the test. Detailed data for each firing event are described and sample tabulations provided. (Author)

The specialists' meeting is devoted to technological problems associated with propulsion systems of advanced small rocket motors for anti-tank, anti-aircraft, and light artillery rockets. After specification of the requirements for the three types of weapon systems, problems of systems development will be discussed including the optimization and matching of propulsion systems as well as new methods for control and thrust vectoring. High energy solid propellants and ignition problems will be reviewed. A discussion of important problems of application, such as noise and shock effects on the gunner, will terminate the sessions. (Author), NATO-Furnished. Papers presented at the Meeting of the AGARD Propulsion and Energetics Panel (47th), 17-19 May 76, held at DFVLR Porz-Wahn (West Germany).

Tank gunners' aiming preferences, when presented with clearly visible versus indistinct or partially visible stationary tank targets, are presented and analyzed. Results indicate that while performance against clearly visible targets approximates that found in earlier studies, the more indistinct targets are engaged with significantly increased dispersions of aiming points. Implications for war gaming, training, and fire control systems are drawn.