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Every day, the world of media is at our fingertips, whether it is watching movies, listening to the radio, or browsing online media. On average, people spend over 8 h per day consuming messages from the mass media, amounting to a total lifetime dose of more than 20 years in which conceptual content stimulates our brains. Effects from this flood of information range from short-term attention bursts (e.g., by breaking news features or viral ‘memes’) to life-long memories (e.g., of one’s favorite childhood movie), and from micro-level impacts on an individual’s memory, attitudes, and behaviors to macro-level effects on nations or generations. The modern study of media’s influence on society dates back to the 1940s. This body of mass communication scholarship has largely asked, “what is media’s effect on the individual?” Around the time of the cognitive revolution, media psychologists began to ask, “what cognitive processes are involved in media processing?” More recently, neuroimaging researchers started using real-life media as stimuli to examine perception and cognition under more natural conditions. Such research asks: “what can media tell us about brain function?” With some exceptions, these bodies of scholarship often talk past each other. An integration offers new insights into the neurocognitive mechanisms through which media affect single individuals and entire audiences. However, this endeavor faces the same challenges as all interdisciplinary approaches: Researchers with different backgrounds have different levels of expertise, goals, and foci. For instance, neuroimaging researchers label media stimuli as “naturalistic” although they are in many ways rather artificial. Similarly, media experts are typically unfamiliar with the brain. Neither media creators nor neuroscientifically oriented researchers approach media effects from a social scientific perspective, which is the domain of yet another species. In this article, we provide an overview of approaches and traditions to studying media, and we review the emerging literature that aims to connect these streams. We introduce an organizing scheme that connects the causal paths from media content → brain responses → media effects and discuss network control theory as a promising framework to integrate media content, reception, and effects analyses.

Whenever the word ‘feminism’ is used in any issue, the main purpose is to show the equality of sexes through movements or ideologies. Interestingly, Bollywood in the past year has taken the definition to a level that demands equality among families seeking a literate bride for their less-educated son. Referring to India known for its democracy and women empowerment, the bride has the option of being a working woman but cannot tarnish the family’s image by establishing herself in the factories or companies dealing with condom production. The reason behind it is ‘You are a Woman’! Movies namely ‘Janhit Mein Jaari’ released in 2022 and ‘Chhatriwali’ released in 2023 were taken for understanding the depiction of the feminist approach in such fictitious works. Nushrratt Bharuccha plays the role of the actress in the former film while Rakul Preet Singh is in the latter. Both are shown on ZEE5. The research problems concentrated on situations where these women are underestimated to be associated with condom-based factories and then how they proved that the job designated to them is truly meant for health and social awareness among people of all age groups irrespective of gender. Interference and cooperation of men in the family and workplace were seen in both these research problems apart from women’s involvement in the lead character’s existence. The case study was the research method for it is the common qualitative research technique and uses data sources as possible to systematically investigate individuals, groups, organizations, or events. The Heuristic characteristic of the case study method was adapted specifically to help people to understand what’s being studied. Further, Focus Group was also adapted. Feminist Film Theory and Lasswell Formula were connected to this secondary study for theoretical reference. Purposive sampling from non-probability sampling was followed to conduct the study. The research helped in understanding how Bollywood films identify the root cause of social and health problems which are generally not discussed out of shame or hesitation and come out with a solution that denizens can adopt in their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, it seems to be indubitable the influence of the social media on the construction of the social collective as to the male and female behaviour model. Therefore, it is necessary to have knowledge about the contents that are offered to the infants. Since the launch of the first film in 1937, Disney has been, and keeps being, the most important entertainment company for all audiences. Therefore, given the fact that their contents are reiterated in any social media, it seems necessary to focus the attention on the aspects that the Disney company offers about the role of women in their movies. That role, although it has evolved over time, is stereotyped in their firsts movies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol-related health and social problems are prevalent in almost all societies that consume alcohol and the presence of alcohol use in the movies is a known issue. The same holds true for smoking prevalence in film-making. The aim of this study is to assess tobacco-related content and alcohol consumption in "The Saint" series and movies. Five episodes from each "The Saint" TV series, from the '60s, were randomly selected. A predefined template was used for data collection and multiple variables were recorded and then analyzed. The main character was reported to smoke in 81.9% of episodes and consume alcohol in 87.1% episodes and similar were the results for supporting actors. Mean time to first cigarette and first drink ranged from 0.5 to 40 minutes and from 0.5 to 40.5 minutes, respectively. The prevalence of smoking and drinking in "The Saint" movies is high on average; however, the main character has ceased smoking and reduced alcohol consumption in the two contemporary movies, probably following the changes in the era and respecting the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconceptualizes William Benoit's theory of persuasive attack to examine the vitriolic discourse directed at filmmakers for movies universally panned by audiences. Benoit argues that there are strategies for attacking behavior (increasing responsibility for the act and increasing offensiveness of an act) and strategies for denigrating the character of a person (enhancing perceptions that the target of attack possesses a trait and enhancing negative perceptions of a trait). These strategies showcase the way that entertainment discourse can be elevated to the same level as domestic abuse, sexual infidelity, and racism. The analysis demonstrates that film critics take on a surrogate role in protecting audience interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is a fact of the modern day that without the use of media in any advancement or decline, man cannot progress. The necessity of man and the desire to live, play a significant role in the growth of media. A language's existence and development is also dependent on some forms of media. This media can be print or electronic or in both formats. We now hear historical stories through media that is present in almost every society. Examples include stories about Adam on Earth, Egyptian pyramids, Chinese dynasties, etc. It is clear that movies have changed history in addition to how people perceive stories, whether they are historical or fictional. "Dewdass, Omrao Jan Ada, Mula Jatt," among other well-known films from the subcontinent. Similar to movies, songs have gained popularity recently and have an impact on audiences because of their shortterm duration and consistency. This study attempts to trace the influence of media on the development of the Urdu language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society, Education, Language / Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język is the property of Akademia Mazowiecka w Plocku and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In its development of one hundred years, anthropology evolved from travelogues of explorers to in-depth exploration of human from all possible angles. In its every venture, anthropologists were/are always in try to get closer to cultural affairs and dive deeper into human subjectivity. To achieve these purposes a series of theories and methods were developed, which served a lot, but with time it was also felt that readers idea of a research is anchored with and limited within the textual analysis written by the researcher. This dependency on the text was (and still) restricting the researcher to convey an actual image of the studied phenomenon, and also confining the readers from exploring their subjective self in finding meaning. The emergence of using visual aids in anthropology during the 90s opened a pathway for the researcher to make their researched visible to the audience. This visibility opens up many scopes of interpretation that are hitherto invisible. Though, researchers of other disciplines started the use of visual way before anthropologists. But its efficiency in transmitting meaning soon pulled the attention of anthropological social researchers. Since then, visual in anthropology has evolved in its use and presently one of the frontrunning methods in anthropological research. This article is systematically reviewing the history to present of visual anthropology with reference to theoretical development and practical use of the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları is the property of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakin Donem Turkiye Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the development of technology, teachers face the challenge of finding new and creative methods to improve the educational process in their work with preschool children and cartoon films for children can be un instructional and educational tool for using in the classrooms, preschools or other educational activities for preschool children. Using cartoon films for children could be a very interesting method, instructional and could improve children's attention, improve language and communication skills, establish relationships between subjects in the film and develop problem-solving skills, enhance their imagination and help comprehend emotions and discussions about them. In an experiment realised with children 4-6 years in 4 public and private preschools in Tirana, while showing cartoon films for children in Albanian language and produced by public artistic institutions during the years '80, '90, it was noticed that the children were interested and engaged in discussing about the topics of the cartoon films content. Showing cartoon films for children as un instructional method for explaining topics about hygiene and health, respecting rules and community, helping others and preventing bullying, resulted to be a very useful tool for implementing the activities of the basic-preschool-curricula and that facilitated the work of teachers in getting the attention of children, explaining important topics and involving children in discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study at hand "Impact of Cinematic crime (Netflix Series and Movies) on Youth" is a quantitative research aimed at exploring how movies and series on Netflix show criminal and evil activities as heroic and afterwards their effects on the minds of young individual aged 15-25years. It investigates the influence of these negative characters that are being watched by the youngsters and eventually affects their behavior. In this study, it has been found out that crime series and movies shown on Netflix have negative affect on the youth psychologically. It also promotes aggression and depression in society. As they idealize criminals as their heroes. The study used survey method for data collection through a questionnaire using convenient sampling of 100 respondents with the application of "Cultivation Theory". The result shows that the content of the crime movies and portrayal of criminal activities as heroic is modelled and imitated by youth. It’s also increasing aggression and depression in youth. The study also encourages showing the positive content to the viewers of Netflix as its most viewers are young generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspect-Press publishing house published a collective monograph “Enemy number One” in the Symbolic Politics of the Cinematographies of the USSR and the USA during the Cold War”. In this regard, the authors of the book thinks that Soviet and American cinematic images of "enemy number one" had many similarities, and the book noted parallelism in various aspects of creating these images. There were also significant differences: 1) in the United States, the opposition to the USSR was more rigid; 2) the policy of macropolitical identity pursued by the cinematographers of the USSR and the USA was based on different principles: class and national, respectively (this led to the production of images of “good Americans” as a necessary component of Soviet anti Americanism); 3) Soviet cinema as a whole was characterized by a more balanced and cautious attitude towards representations of the main geopolitical rival; 4) American cinema created a more one-dimensional image of the enemy, while Soviet cinema created a more one-dimensional image of “Us”; 5) finally, the film images of "enemy number one" had different meanings for the American and Soviet audiences. For American viewers, the USSR, in all likelihood, was not only the main rival and the main threat, but also the embodiment of absolute evil; in this aspect, nothing could compete with the images of the "Reds". As for the Soviet film audience of the Cold War, Nazi Germany was still “enemy number one” for them; in terms of emotional intensity, films dedicated to America are incomparable with the best films about the Great Patriotic War, such as The Fate of a Man, The Cranes Are Flying, The Ballad of a Soldier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on the impact of museums on the public has reiterated the importance of museums as educational institutions. Modern museums are a form of educational entertainment to draw in a wider audience. The paradigm between the private and public sectors and the educational vis-à-vis entertainment goals created a shift in curatorial standards during the last half of the twentieth century. This change accorded the curator a multi-purpose mandate because the museum itself has a multi-purpose mandate that grew to include itself as part of popular culture. After some museums shifted away from a static, monodisciplinary model to a dynamic interdisciplinary model starting in the 1960s, museums became an integral part of American popular culture. This paper explores this process in the product of the interdisciplinary museum as a component of American popular culture to encourage the public to engage more with anthropology and history. This discussion of museums with the research literature in comparison with portrayals of museums in American popular culture emphasizes the case studies of the "Enola Gay" exhibit controversy of the mid-1990s, the "Night at the Museum" movies, the movie "Black Panther," and examples of a museums in television shows such as "Stargate-SG1." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevention of smoking uptake in young people is an essential public health target. We have previously reported a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of exposure to smoking imagery in films on the risk of smoking uptake in young people. This study updates that review, and includes studies of the effects of exposure to media vaping imagery on vaping uptake. Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and IBSS) were searched to August 2020 for studies reporting the association between exposure to smoking/vaping in films and smoking/vaping uptake in adolescents. Two authors independently screened papers, extracted data, and assessed quality. This review included 26 studies. Exposure to high levels of smoking imagery in films was associated with an increased likelihood of having ever smoked in nine cross-sectional studies and of smoking uptake in 11 longitudinal studies. Vaping imagery in films was associated with increased likelihood of ever vaping in two cross-sectional studies and vaping uptake in five longitudinal studies. This review concluded that exposure to smoking imagery in films increases the risk of smoking among young people. It is likely that a similar association exists between exposure to vaping imagery and vaping uptake. Therefore, this review recommends introduction of new policies to minimize the impact of this in films which contain smoking or vaping and are likely to be viewed by children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Medicina y Cine / Journal of Medicine & Movies is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a weak relationship between clinical and self-reported speech perception outcomes in cochlear implant (CI) listeners. Such poor correspondence may be due to differences in clinical and "real-world" listening environments and stimuli. Speech in the real world is often accompanied by visual cues, background environmental noise, and is generally in a conversational context, all factors that could affect listening demand. Thus, our objectives were to determine if brain responses to naturalistic speech could index speech perception and listening demand in CI users. Accordingly, we recorded high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) while CI users listened/watched a naturalistic stimulus (i.e., the television show, "The Office"). We used continuous EEG to quantify "speech neural tracking" (i.e., TRFs, temporal response functions) to the show's soundtrack and 8--12 Hz (alpha) brain rhythms commonly related to listening effort. Background noise at three different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), +5, +10, and +15 dB were presented to vary the difficulty of following the television show, mimicking a natural noisy environment. The task also included an audio-only (no video) condition. After each condition, participants subjectively rated listening demand and the degree of words and conversations they felt they understood. Fifteen CI users reported progressively higher degrees of listening demand and less words and conversation with increasing background noise. Listening demand and conversation understanding in the audio-only condition was comparable to that of the highest noise condition (+5 dB). Increasing background noise affected speech neural tracking at a group level, in addition to eliciting strong individual differences. Mixed effect modeling showed that listening demand and conversation understanding were correlated to early cortical speech tracking, such that high demand and low conversation understanding occurred with lower amplitude TRFs. In the high noise condition, greater listening demand was negatively correlated to parietal alpha power, where higher demand was related to lower alpha power. No significant correlations were observed between TRF/alpha and clinical speech perception scores. These results are similar to previous findings showing little relationship between clinical speech perception and quality-oflife in CI users. However, physiological responses to complex natural speech may provide an objective measure of aspects of quality-of-life measures like self-perceived listening demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this edited interview, psychologists Eric Greene and Nisha Gupta interview filmmaker Dennis Leroy Kangalee about his film As an Act of Protest (2002), which is about a young African American actor named Cairo Medina who goes through a station-of-the-cross journey to find the meaning of his life and eradicate the racism and police brutality that continue to plague the world. In this conversation, Dennis shares the genesis of the film as a response to the police brutality occurring in New York in the late 1990s, the psychological struggles he experienced while making this film and enduring backlash to it, and his desire to convey raw emotional truths about the ugliness of racism and racial trauma through a style of radically honest filmmaking that can foster catharsis, reflection, and transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing intercultural communicative competence in foreign language teaching contexts has been a challenge for many teachers, and they usually tend to neglect this issue because of many reasons, such as lack of knowledge, time constraints, or workload. However, integrating exciting and motivating tools such as movies and TV serials into foreign language teaching syllabi would meet this need. Therefore, this study intended to explore the contributions of these tools. Seventy‐six prospective English teachers studying at a state university participated in the study, and the data were collected through field notes and self‐reflection reports. The results indicate that the participants benefit from TV serials or movies in developing their intercultural awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a methodology to enhance students' learning experiences by using movie clips to teach business management concepts. We describe the entire management teaching process step by step, from film selection to evaluation through questionnaires. In this way, this design can be reproduced by instructors for teaching business management courses. Additionally, we carried out and analyzed questionnaires about student satisfaction and business management concepts acquisition with a quantitative multiple regression. The results suggest that watching movies improves academic results and, in particular, the post-viewing debate. Besides, the more current the movie is for the generation of students, the more impact it has on their learning, as they are more likely to pay attention. On the other hand, we cannot neglect the gender issue, as the content of the film has an important influence. Students may be disinterested in a movie with a marked male or female leading role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The branch of medicine is dynamic and keeps changing with each day, and thus, it is a big responsibility of the teachers to train medical students to fulfill the roles expected of them. The current review was carried out to understand the role of movies in medical education and the working model that can be adopted for its smooth integration within the existing curriculum. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out in the PubMed search engine, and a total of 10 articles were selected based upon the suitability with the current review objectives and analyzed. The employment of cinemas or movies in medical education has a special place, considering the rationale that watching and listening a video establish a sense of reality that is more conducive to learning. The use of movies creates a platform for the delivery of medical care in a humanistic, empathetic, and patient-centered manner and that makes the entire process of teaching efficient and effective. The introduction of movies and videos as a part of the medical curriculum delivery is a positive approach to ensure that students learn both cognitive and noncognitive skills. Considering the need that we have to appeal to all the learning domains, all the medical colleges should formulate a potential plan to introduce the use of movies and videos in teaching-learning and thereby benefit all types of learners.

This paper examines the new perspectives on geographic education teaching contents through a foreign language. Covid-19 pandemic transformed teaching and learning environments and methods through the activation of distance learning in many schools around the world. In their new role of virtual classroom facilitators, teachers tried to offer an educational service through multiple multimedia resources and visual aids. The effects of the growing use of digital technologies in teaching methodologies show that these tools can be a valuable aid also for understanding the interdisciplinary nature of geography through the use of audiovisual materials and a vehicular language, that is a foreign language used as a medium of transmission of contents through CLIL approach. The research focuses on the advantages offered by the use of multimedia resources and movies to encourage interdisciplinary skills. According to many scholars, authentic materials and films in particular, boost students to acquire linguistic competences and a deeper understanding of geography.

A wealth of research has been conducted to compare extensive and intensive reading thanks to their increasing popularity in educational settings globally. However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted to measure the effects of movie-enriched extensive reading activities. To this aim, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of movie enriched extensive reading on freshman students` TOEFL IBT vocabulary expansion and TOEFL IBT speaking section scores. In this regard, 40 students studying at an international private university in Erbil, Iraq was divided into two groups using a stratified random sampling method. Control group students (N=20) read and analyzed six graded readers by employing intensive reading, whereas experimental group students (N=20) actively participated in reading prominent novels and watching movie versions of them. A mixed methods design was employed to gather qualitative and quantitative data, respectively, so they were utilized to make better interpretations. Quantitative data were collected through 2 vocabulary and speaking exams related to TOEFL IBT as pre-test and post-test. Additionally, qualitative data were collected through interviews. Results of the independent samples t-test revealed that experimental group students` speaking and vocabulary scores increased significantly, whereas they were not significant enough in the control group. Moreover, students` attitudes towards reading novels and watching movies changed positively based on the interview transcripts. In light of the findings, this study may have some implications for researchers, educators, and authorities seeking opportunities to integrate extensive reading into the curriculum.

There is a weak relationship between clinical and self-reported speech perception outcomes in cochlear implant (CI) listeners. Such poor correspondence may be due to differences in clinical and “real-world” listening environments and stimuli. Speech in the real world is often accompanied by visual cues, background environmental noise, and is generally in a conversational context, all factors that could affect listening demand. Thus, our objectives were to determine if brain responses to naturalistic speech could index speech perception and listening demand in CI users. Accordingly, we recorded high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) while CI users listened/watched a naturalistic stimulus (i.e., the television show, “The Office”). We used continuous EEG to quantify “speech neural tracking” (i.e., TRFs, temporal response functions) to the show’s soundtrack and 8–12 Hz (alpha) brain rhythms commonly related to listening effort. Background noise at three different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), +5, +10, and +15 dB were presented to vary the difficulty of following the television show, mimicking a natural noisy environment. The task also included an audio-only (no video) condition. After each condition, participants subjectively rated listening demand and the degree of words and conversations they felt they understood. Fifteen CI users reported progressively higher degrees of listening demand and less words and conversation with increasing background noise. Listening demand and conversation understanding in the audio-only condition was comparable to that of the highest noise condition (+5 dB). Increasing background noise affected speech neural tracking at a group level, in addition to eliciting strong individual differences. Mixed effect modeling showed that listening demand and conversation understanding were correlated to early cortical speech tracking, such that high demand and low conversation understanding occurred with lower amplitude TRFs. In the high noise condition, greater listening demand was negatively correlated to parietal alpha power, where higher demand was related to lower alpha power. No significant correlations were observed between TRF/alpha and clinical speech perception scores. These results are similar to previous findings showing little relationship between clinical speech perception and quality-of-life in CI users. However, physiological responses to complex natural speech may provide an objective measure of aspects of quality-of-life measures like self-perceived listening demand.

The tourism market is becoming increasingly competitive and destinations with stronger and more positive image are the most likely to win the tourist choice. The induction of the image of the tourist destination has therefore become a claim to attract visitors. Audiovisual products have become a great opportunity for tourism promotion, becoming the tourist destinations in the locations of the plots of our favourite movies and series. The objective of this research is to analyze the perception of some Spanish cities by the viewer, through its placement in two types of audiovisual products, movies and fiction series. The analysis methodology used has been quantitative, via surveys of national reviews (n=334). The main results show a positive perception of the image of the cities seen series and films with high valuation by the viewer, with a high predisposition to be chosen as a holiday destination in the short and medium term; in addition to considering that including cities or other outdoor shootings add value to a series or movies. Also that, the Spanish territory, Madrid and Barcelona are the cities with the greatest presence in the audiovisual sector according to the perception of the spectators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a cultural biography perspective in examining some of the different ways board games are portrayed in the movies. It outlines the evidence base presented in appendices 1 and 2 and running to some 300 films. It identifies some of the shared linkages between board games, digital games and films and explores in more detail the role of dice, the way games shape and define character, place and time and how games help to define the past and the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The bond between the city and the movies is a two-way, strong one more than a century old. The movies has always been defined with respect to the city and urban spaces since the first days of its creation—late 19th century. If the audience perceives urban spaces as having various functions and appropriate spatial qualities in the movie, the perception is associated with the real space and causes different feedbacks than those spaces in the long term. Despite the increasing global desire to use the cinematic image of the city to achieve various layers of information, the Iranian movies still fails to present a correct image of the city. The beating heart of every city, urban spaces are still not used in the Iranian movies in the general sense. While large, important cities such as Paris, London, New York, and Berlin are always in a two-way relationship with the movies and urban spaces, where the city and the various relevant issues are always exposed to cinematic representations as everyday, critical, or praiseworthy matters, reflection on such issues is still heretical in Iran. Especially, critical reflection about Tehran, as the main location in the Iranian movies, has not received much attention. A way to understand the urban space is to represent the city, urban spaces, and the complex, contradictory whole using the movies. Therefore, the main purposes of this research are to 1- examine the characteristics of different periods of the Iranian movies from the beginning of its formation to 2019, 2- examine different dimensions of selected works of the Iranian fiction movies after the Islamic Revolution of 1978, 3- extract urban space creation criteria in the fiction movies works, and 4- represent the image of a more human-oriented urban space in the Iranian movies. The latter suggestion is made because it is assumed that the Iranian cinematographer can achieve a dialectic of indicating the positive and negative aspects of the existing spaces in the country’s cities by using the correct criteria for representation of urban spaces in the movies, thereby nurturing informed, insistent viewers and causing active measures on the part of environmental designers to create more humane spaces. Theoretical Framework: The final criteria were evaluated with the methods of analyzing the content, watching the movie, and surveying the city in the movie. Based on the conceptual model, the final criteria include the following in the order specified from the filmmaker’s point of view: the qualities of the urban space in the movie, diversity in the use of urban spaces, method of payment for the place, types of urban space, and types of character. The criterion of diversity in urban spaces, which concerns the use of these spaces in different parts of the city (not only in a specific region) with the urban surveying method in the movie, seeks the diversity of urban spaces presented in the city of Tehran in the fiction movies of choice produced after the revolution, and the final map is generated in the GIS software. 5 more criteria were examined first in the most important movies produced after the revolution with the method of content analysis and movie watching. Methodology: In a comparative study, what can help the researcher to achieve his goal is greater emphasis on simultaneous analysis and examination of contrasts, as practiced in this research. Findings and Discussion: All the above points indicate that the Iranian moviemaker still considers the city and its imposed modernity to be the source of many problems. Another issue emphasized by Iranian moviemakers is to demonstrate the constant development of the city and its spaces regardless of the events of the story and peoples’ wishes. In some movies, no emphasis is placed on the urban space if actually depicted, and it is regarded simply as a background for the events of the story. All locations are focused on certain areas in Tehran and the like. Conclusion: The results of the research demonstrate that we have not been very successful in creation of urban spaces in the past decades, and the few spaces that have been created and recreated have not been welcomed by cinematographers for various reasons. Moreover, the represented urban areas have been restricted to certain areas in Tehran, which has been subject to the conditions mentioned in the section on findings. Furthermore, most of the selected movies in the fiction and urban fields were filmed in Tehran, and we are faced all around Iran with a pure centralism in terms of selection of the location of filming in urban spaces despite the availability of a variety thereof. This process should be corrected to address different aspects of various cities in Iran in fiction movies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The branch of medicine is dynamic and keeps changing with each day, and thus, it is a big responsibility of the teachers to train medical students to fulfill the roles expected of them. The current review was carried out to understand the role of movies in medical education and the working model that can be adopted for its smooth integration within the existing curriculum. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out in the PubMed search engine, and a total of 10 articles were selected based upon the suitability with the current review objectives and analyzed. The employment of cinemas or movies in medical education has a special place, considering the rationale that watching and listening a video establish a sense of reality that is more conducive to learning. The use of movies creates a platform for the delivery of medical care in a humanistic, empathetic, and patient-centered manner and that makes the entire process of teaching efficient and effective. The introduction of movies and videos as a part of the medical curriculum delivery is a positive approach to ensure that students learn both cognitive and noncognitive skills. Considering the need that we have to appeal to all the learning domains, all the medical colleges should formulate a potential plan to introduce the use of movies and videos in teaching-learning and thereby benefit all types of learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A beautiful painting is perceived more positively when it is presented after a painting considered ugly, and vice versa. Such an effect is called hedonic contrast and has been demonstrated with stimuli such as images, paintings, and musical extracts. However, it has never been observed with audiovisual stimuli. In order to fill this gap, a study was designed to test the presence of hedonic contrasts with 40-s movies. One hundred sixty participants were recruited and divided into four groups. In Group 1, participants watched two 40-s movies, one rated as positive and the other as negative. The order was reversed in Group 2. After each movie, participants of these two groups gave their level of appreciation. In Groups 3 and 4, participants watched the same movies in the same order as the first two groups, but gave their ratings only after seeing both movies. All participants gave an appreciation on a 1 to 10 scale, and on a -100 to 100 scale. Results show that the positive movie received significantly higher scores when presented after the negative one, compared to when it was presented first. The negative movie was significantly less appreciated when presented after the positive one. These effects were observed with both scales, but their magnitude was larger with the -100 to 100 scale. Hedonic contrasts occurred when the appreciation was given immediately after the presentation of a movie, but not when it was given only after viewing both movies. The theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure of tobacco and alcohol consumption in media and filmmaking has been related to promotion of smoking and drinking in adults. Current regulation aims to restrict tobacco and alcohol advertising in order to avoid alcohol consumption and smoking habits. We aimed to assess the impact of smoking and drinking habits in video-on-demand services. Three independent investigators watched the 50 most popular movies available in Netflix streaming platform, according to York Times and recorded incidence of smoking and drinking scenes for both primary and secondary actors. 45 movies were included in our analysis. Main characters appeared to smoke in 19 movies and to consume alcohol in 33 movies, while secondary characters in 32 movies with 121 scenes and consumed alcohol in 38 movies, respectively. First actors were males in 22 movies, females in 7 movies and both males and females in 6 movies. Movies' directors were males in 29 movies and females in 6 movies. Our analysis found increased content of smoking and drinking scenes in online movies and showed that recently released movies presented with increased incidence of drinking and smoking scenes, while era depicted in movies also affects smoking and drinking content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]