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In Kenya, the number of private schools has increased more than four times since the introduction of the Free Primary Education (FPE) policy in 2003. The number of children attending private primary schools increased from 4.6% in 2004 to 11.5% in 2007. With such increment, there has been challenges on the determinants of growth of education institutions. It is against this background that the study examined the influence of physical planning on the growth of private primary schools in Kenya. the study was anchored in the resource dependency view where the managers of institutions have the ability to acquire, Plan and maintain resources that are important to the growth of an organization. The target population in this study comprised of 7,418 private primary schools in all eight regions of Kenya. Cluster sampling technique was employed of 50% of the target regions were sampled, leading to four out of eight regions being selected. From these regions random sampling was then used to select 320 respondents who were either the principals’/Head teachers or deputy principal of the schools. A questionnaire was used to collect data and Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyse data. The study found a strong and significant correlation between physical planning and growth of primary schools. This study therefore recommended that physical planning was an important factor in determining growth of private schools. The study further recommends that owners of private primary schools should be aware of the facilities that are crucial and most important to students in the teaching and learning. This will intern influence the growth of the private primary schools in Kenya.

Objectives: Evaluate the physical structure of a university restaurant according to the criteria for Good Manufacturing Practices, analyze the dimension of the sectors, the production flow and suggest a new layout. Methods: This is a study with descriptive design, carried out in a University Restaurant in Salvador, Bahia. The research was carried out in three stages: I - application of the checklist for the analysis of Good Manufacturing Practices; II - the physical dimensioning of the Unit was evaluated according to the literature, and the production flow through the floor plan; III - suggestion of new sizing and production flow. Results: The Unit obtained 65.03% (Group 2) of compliance with health legislation. The dimensioning of the Unit's sectors presented a reduction of, on average, 42.13% in relation to what is recommended in the consulted literature. The new proposed layout made better use of the spaces and expanded the production area by 102.18m² even without exceeding the space already available by the Institution, in addition to solving the problem of flow crossings. Conclusion: The Unit presented several inadequacies in relation to legislation and the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practices and undersized physical sizing presentation. These factors contribute to the increased risk of cross-contamination that can favor the occurrence of foodborne illnesses. Objetivos: Evaluar la estructura física de un restaurante universitario según los criterios de Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura, analizar la dimensión de los sectores, el flujo de producción y proponer una nueva distribución. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio con diseño descriptivo, realizado en un Restaurante Universitario de Salvador, Bahía. La investigación se llevó a cabo en tres etapas: I - aplicación del checklist para el análisis de Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura; II - se evaluó el dimensionamiento físico de la Unidad de acuerdo a la literatura, y el flujo de producción a través del plano de planta; III - sugerencia de nuevo dimensionamiento y flujo de producción. Resultados: La Unidad obtuvo 65,03% (Grupo 2) de cumplimiento de la legislación sanitaria. El dimensionamiento de los sectores de la Unidad presentó una reducción de, en promedio, 42,13% en relación a lo recomendado en la literatura consultada. La nueva distribución propuesta hizo un mejor aprovechamiento de los espacios y amplió el área de producción en 102,18m² incluso sin exceder el espacio ya disponible por la Institución, además de solucionar el problema de los cruces de flujo. Conclusión: La Unidad presentó varias deficiencias en relación a la legislación y los requisitos de Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura y presentación de tamaño físico de tamaño insuficiente. Estos factores contribuyen al aumento del riesgo de contaminación cruzada que puede favorecer la aparición de enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos. Objetivos: Avaliar a estrutura física de um restaurante universitário de acordo com os critérios para Boas Práticas de Fabricação, analisar o dimensionamento dos setores, o fluxo de produção e sugerir novo layout. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo com delineamento descritivo, realizado em um Restaurante Universitário em Salvador, Bahia. A pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas: I - aplicação da lista de verificação para análise das Boas Práticas de Fabricação; II - avaliou-se o dimensionamento físico da Unidade de acordo com a literatura, e do fluxo de produção através da planta baixa; III – sugestão de novo dimensionamento e fluxo de produção. Resultados: A Unidade obteve 65,03% (Grupo 2) de adequação à legislação sanitária. O dimensionamento dos setores da Unidade apresentou redução de, em média, 42,13% em relação ao recomendado pela literatura consultada. O novo layout proposto aproveitou melhor os espaços e ampliou a área de produção em 102,18m² mesmo sem exceder o espaço já disponível pela Instituição, além de solucionar o problema dos cruzamentos de fluxo. Conclusão: A Unidade apresentou diversas inadequações em relação à legislação e aos quesitos de Boas Práticas de Fabricação e apresentou dimensionamento físico subdimensionado. Estes fatores contribuem para o aumento do risco de contaminação cruzada que pode favorecer a ocorrência de doenças veiculadas por alimentos.

Physical infrastructure is the basic physical structures required for an economy to function and survive. Rwanda, like other developing countries, its plans focus on the contribution to the solutions of the problems arising due to lack of well-planned local urban upgrading. The infrastructures that allow the access to the services of the population within the country must be maintained, constructed for better achievement of different goals at different levels from the Central Government up to the Sector level. This paper therefore examined the demarcation of the infrastructures and the detailed physical planning as a key component of urban development initiatives. The physical planning sets the boundaries with the purpose of having access to affordable infrastructure services for consumption purposes serves to improve household welfare and affordable housing and promoting a sustainable development for the benefit of the individual, for society and for future generation. The project was conducted in Kabeza Site, Eastern Province, Bugesera District, Ntarama Sector, Kanzenze Cell and Kabeza Village in Republic of Rwanda. Experimental and survey design have used in the assessment of existing physical features around and within the site by observation method using DGNSS Receivers, total stations, and also used participatory approach method. The study involved a detailed topographic survey of existing features on Kabeza site. An interview of stakeholders was conducted during the community meeting. Different software were used to analyze and re-plotting the physical planning. Findings show that the rapid rate of urbanization has led to a rise in informal settlements facing with the problems including lack of sufficient and adequate basic infrastructures. The paper therefore canvassed for immediate evolvement of physical plan that emphasis on keeping commitment to place, establishing the quality recreation areas and diversifying housing options. It was revealed that there is a need to establish a well planned roads, create a more vibrate village centre, light the whole village, establish a water system in the whole village, maintain and upgrade the greening village infrastructures, build community from assessment of the existing land use land cover, make and re-plot the new parcels within the site and to design details physical layout plan of that region. The study recommends the project implementers and partners, particularly the local government units overseeing the project site, to pay attention to the growing income disparity and the exclusion of the poorest from development process. Government should identify measures to minimize the interventions that impact negatively the life of well-being of the poor and women and also to minimize negative impacts on the environment.

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, once had lowlands on both west and east periphery. The west periphery has already taken up by urbanization after constructing the flood embankment and in the eastern periphery it is on process of disappearing very fast. City is now expanding to this area which requires mandatory to keep open and low to take water from city for flooding alleviation. Lack of physical planning is very evident here which causes great degradation of the flooding and water logging situation of the city. At present master planning of the city following subdivision of land and provide little attention about water problem when zoning. Dhaka city was once gifted with rich system of water bodies and lowlands. Vast lowlands in both sides helped rivers to spread over wider area so the depth of flooding could remain low and contribute to balance water level by storing water before discharge into rivers. But, city is expanding drastically by grabbing all the least open areas in and around, and worsening the flooding scenario unbearable. Keeping these issues in mind this paper tried to understand the water system for the city, reasons for water (flooding, water logging) problems, role of eastern lowlands to control city's flooding situation. Finally, some innovative design strategies have been suggested for upcoming unavoidable development by understanding the water system and checking flood problem eventually ensuring environmental quality.

This article is about the economic role of the primaeval layouts (plats) for a new development area as a conscious act of physical planning. It explains that these foundational layouts of a town or country in the ‘new world’ were traditionally the work of a surveyor, the impacts of which have been lasting. Typically following a grid iron pattern, with roots in ancient history, the layout of the surveyor may not look attractive. Yet, it has stood the test of time and continued to condition modern development. It serves two significant economic functions. First, it reduces several types of transaction costs, namely, those of competition for land, valuation allocation, identification and subdivision of land as well as revising a layout. Second, it serves to achieve agglomeration, establish a proprietary and common setting and provide vital information as different forms of public good.

Uppföljning är den aktivitet som avslutar miljöbedömningen som utförs i samband med upprättande av detaljplaner med betydande miljöpåverkan. Kravet på uppföljning finns formulerat i SMB-direktivet samt miljöbalkens sjätte kapitel. Uppföljning syftar till att motverka negativ miljöpåverkan och att stärka organisationers kompetens utifrån lärdomar av miljöbedömnings-och planprocessers utfall. Då uppföljningsarbetet visat sig vara bristande i såväl svenska kommuner som på internationell nivå, finns skäl att misstänka förekomst av omständigheter som organisationerna upplever som försvårande. Därför syftar denna studie till att kartlägga om det skett någon utveckling på uppföljningsområdet och vilka förutsättningar för uppföljning som finns i ett antal svenska kommuner. Syftet är att slutligen föreslå strategier för uppföljning av betydande miljöpåverkan utifrån erfarenheter från enkätundersökning samt fallstudier av Örebro och Köpings kommun. Resultatet visade att viss förbättring skett avseende uppföljningsfrekvens och förekomst av uppföljningsavsnitt i MKB. De förutsättningar som identifierades mynnade ut i fem strategier med fokus på planering för uppföljning, arbetssätt, ansvarsfördelning och påminnelsemekanismer. Follow-up refers to the activity that concludes the environmental assessment that is carried out in connection to the preparation of detailed plans with a significant environmental impact. The requirement for follow-up is formulated in the SMB-directive and the sixth chapter of the Environmental Code. Follow-up aims to counteract negative environmental impact and to strengthen organizations' competence based on lessons learned from the outcome of the environmental assessment. As the follow-up has proven to be deficient in both Swedish municipalities and at the international level, there is reasons to assume the existence of aggravating circumstances. Therefore, this study aims to map whether there has been any development in the follow-up area and what conditions for follow-up that exist in a number of Swedish municipalities. The purpose is to finally propose strategies for follow-up of significant environmental impact based on experience from a survey and two case studies on the municipalities of Örebro and Köping. The results showed some improvement with regards to follow-up frequency and the presence of follow-up sections in EIA. The conditions that were identified resulted in five strategies with a focus on planning for follow-up, working methods, responsibilities, and mechanisms for reminder.

The permitting process is an integral part of the successful expansion of offshore wind and renewable energy in the European Union. Many permit process studies, to date, have focused on limited methods and criteria and have been a comparison of two countries. This thesis was written in collaboration with a steering group’s work on an updated marine synthesis report in the Swedish Energy Agency and Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s joint research programme, Vindval. It compares the permitting process and its effectiveness in 4 EU countries (Germany, Denmark, Scotland, and Sweden) with special emphasis on the acoustic impacts of wind turbine construction. 6 Key criteria that determine the outcome of a successful permit application were analysed: a) permit process maps b) quantity of actors c) consultation times d) ecological and environmental impact e) “planning vs permitting” and e) handling of acoustic impacts on marine mammals. Sweden’s process was found to be the most cumbersome and ineffective among the 4 countries. Germany, Denmark, and Scotland have streamline processes, in part due to the successful employment of a ‘one-stop-shop’ mechanism. It is recommended that Sweden create a similar, singular, and centralized ‘one-stop-shop’ authority that has the power to dictate permitting processes. If the country is to meet its goal of 100% renewable energy by 2040, permitting policy should include: flexible permitting for rapidly changing technology, endorsement of continuous dialog between authorities, a limit on consultation time, the removal or amendment of municipal vetoes, and have clear demarcation of worthwhile explorable zones reserved for offshore wind.

Accessibility is a major component in the physical planning of an area. Good physical planning must include important components including facilities for persons with disabilities to be used by all people. The downtown area of Palembang is a strategic area of Palembang city that needs to be assessed on the connectivity index. The research object used is public facilities that are used as connectivity between buildings. This assessment was carried out aiming to determine the completeness of existing facilities and the feasibility of accessibility between buildings. The assessment is carried out by identifying existing facilities and to determine the level of completeness of the facilities through the scoring method. The connectivity index analysis was carried out based on these results to determine the feasibility of the facility and the feasibility of accessibility in the region. The results obtained from the connectivity index analysis are the level of accessibility between buildings. The level of accessibility is carried out classification based on the connectivity index to determine the feasibility of accessibility between buildings. Based on these results, there are four feasibility classifications in the central area of Palembang. Two roads are categorised as very feasible, five roads are decent, five road segments are less feasible and one road is not feasible.

The aim of this paper is to offer an empirically grounded conceptualization of the dialogical relationship between spatial planning and place branding in the context of regionalization. The analysis displays the discursive nature of such relationship by highlighting the intertwining of spatial planning with place branding as strategic actions devoted to, and included in, regional development processes. The analysis is based on two cases in Sweden. The first is linked to the emergence of the brand ‘Stockholm, the Capital of Scandinavia’, and the other is linked to the emergence of the brand ‘Swedish Lapland’. By combining data collected longitudinally, these cases represent two contrasting examples of dialogical relationships that materialize through two distinct yet somehow similar strategic processes of regionalization. Based on the two cases, the paper presents and discusses an empirically driven, albeit conceptual, model that highlights the dialogical relationship of regionalization as regional strategic policy and points out its spatial and political evolutionary features.

The article deals with aspects of the Bulgarian agricultural and ecological legislation, which regulate the processes of location of sites and routes on the agricultural lands in carrying out construction and other spatial planning activities. The purpose of the study is to identify some legal imperfections in this area and to justify the need for their correction, reversal or development. To achieve the goal, a methodology based on Bulgarian legal-order tracking of regulations and the analysis of the actions of the subjects implementing them is used. Expected results in this regard are associated with ignoring the negative impact of the imperfections of the legal base on the sustainability of agro-development measures.

Zoning is the most effective public tool for controlling land use, reflecting the spatial separation of urban land use incompatibilities and influencing, consequently, the physical economic and social structure of cities. In this paper we want to emphasize the possibilities and benefits of using dedicated GIS solutions for geospatial planning, integrating 3D and 2D data. At present, GIS provides complex tools dedicated to spatial planning analyzes, of which we chose a new Esri solution. The results consist of setting up the appropriate planning parameters, correlated with the local urban planning regulation and applying a coherent workflow in ArcGIS Urban for the GIS analysis of the reconfiguration of an area in Bucharest, as example. We have demonstrated the advantages of using intelligent spatial planning products to verify the conditions provided in the local urban planning regulations. We highlighted the possibility to highlight by analyzing certain evolving indicators, such as population, degree of employability, etc. Obviously, as more relevant Romanian statistical data will be available in the online environment, such analyzes may increase as complexity level.