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Copyright of Tempo (1413-7704) is the property of Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of issues related to legal restrictions is evidenced by a number of provisions. Recently, the situation in the world has changed dramatically. At the current stage of human development, the importance of two subjects in the total number of persons operating in the international arena has increased in particular - an individual person and humanity as a whole. But now, as throughout history, finding a balance between their interests remains an important task. One of the means that serves to regulate relations in society and is aimed at deterring, as well as destructive activity and maintaining a balance of interests, are legal restrictions. Granting a person certain rights and setting their limits, imposing obligations, prohibiting certain actions, law with their help delineates the sphere of personal desires and aspirations by the interests of society. The formation of a democratic society and the rule of law is closely related to legal restrictions. The rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen are a priority, but they are not absolute and limitless. To maintain stability in the country, to ensure the conditions for the existence of each individual and the progressive development of society and the state, a system of restrictions on rights and freedoms adequate to the existing conditions is necessary. The need to study legal restrictions is also dictated by the fact that the rule of law cannot be imagined without a well-established and clearly functioning mechanism of legal influence. In accordance with the goals and tasks of legal regulation that have changed, the means of influencing the subjects of legal relations must also change. The issue of legal means, their qualitative use in law-making and law-enforcement processes is always relevant and has great scientific and practical significance. Without its proper solution, it is impossible to create an optimal mechanism of legal regulation. Today in science there are different approaches to understanding the essence and role of legal restrictions. This is explained by the integrative, generalized nature of the category under consideration. But since it is widely used in legislation at all levels and in legal science, there is a need to clarify the meaning of this concept. All the mentioned circumstances indicate the need to develop a unified approach to understanding the essence, role and conditions of the effectiveness of the application of legal restrictions at all levels, and therefore, the need for their full and comprehensive analysis. The analysis of the key term is completely neglected in modern literature. Especially according to all available sources of the unified version of the used category in modern legal theory. Although, at the same time, it cannot be claimed that there is a complete lack of attention to the concept of «ban». It is justified that the concept of limitation appears as a determining factor of legal discourse. The need to improve scientific ideas for law enforcement practice refers to restrictions as one of the methods of legal regulation, as well as differentiation of the limits of restrictions that regulate relations in other branches of law (housing, customs, agricultural, business, family, labor, etc.). It is proved that the terminological inadequacy of the definition of «restriction» confirms the ambiguity of its semantics revealed in philosophical, linguistic, legal, psychological, etc. discourses. This testifies to the huge potential content essence of the functional concept. Therefore, it is not enough to assess the limitations only from criminal law or from philosophical positions in the process of law-making or law-enforcement activities. In order to determine the positive long-term consequences of restrictive measures, a comprehensive approach to assessing the normativity of the proposed restrictions is justified. It was concluded that taboos are subject to spatial and temporal transformations and evaluations. Acceptable changes in restrictions are partial (temporary) as a means to improve the moral and psychological atmosphere in society (collective). Positive incentives are also expected from restrictions. The problem of the cross-industry functioning of bans and their uniformity is an important large-scale work that expects its promising development for the field of legal regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a crack in everything — that’s how the light gets in Leonard Cohen, Anthem In an era often characterized as one of growing convergence of the laws governing criminal activities in different countries, the issue-area of cannabis policy undergoes processes of fragmentation and polarization. Some countries continue to criminalize all forms of medical and recreational uses of cannabis. Others have sought to “separate the market” for cannabis from that of other drugs by decriminalizing the possession of small amounts of marijuana, authorizing its use for medical purposes, and establishing administrative measures for taxing and regulating the commercial sale of the drug. This Article explores the causes and consequences of the decline of the transnational legal order of cannabis prohibition. It shows how the erosion of the regulatory capacities of this transnational legal order reflects deepseated political conflicts over the legitimacy of prohibition norms in this field. It analyzes the ways in which conflicting regulatory approaches become institutionalized as a consequence of the structural mismatch between the actors framing the meaning of cannabis prohibition norms at the international level and the actors implementing these norms in national and local contexts. Finally, the Article shows how this transnational legal order has created path-dependent trajectories of legal change that continue to shape domestic drug policies.

The letters of émigré woman writer Ekaterina Bakunia (1889 –1976) to the dramatist, director and theater historian Nikolai Evreinov (1879 –1953) are published for the first time. These documents are of great value: these letters encourage us to plunge into creative laboratory of Bakunina (her collection of poems entitled “Poems,” two novels — “The Body” and “Some love for six persons”), to discover her doubts and fears (description of human body and physical love in literature) as well as some details about literary émigré life. The correspondence with Evreinov enlightens its readers about a marginal status of the authors, especially women writers, who dare to raise prohibited questions. “Minor” women writers were systematically under pressure of literary canon and cultural rhythm of the epoch and therefore they were forced to characterize their texts as quickly and badly written and “minor.” The publication includes a very short introduction, the correspondence with comments and a list of references.

The Islamic economy of monetary capital recognizes the appended interest (profit) and never recognizes the prior interest and does not deprive it of its right, as is the case in some socialist economic systems. Therefore, it is not surprising that traditional banks and financial institutions tend to open Islamic windows and offer many Islamic financial products based on what Islamic Sharia has decided in terms of participation and Murabaha. We have to beware of usury, which is one of the most prevalent diseases in our time, and people for the sake of improvements - and not needs or necessities - deal with usury, and how easy it is for a man to borrow with usury - God forbid - in order to prepare a home, or to decorate the house in which he lives, or to He gives his children private lessons, for example, or to bring them new clothes; because they insist on him when entering schools and on holidays that he must give them new clothes, we ask God for wellness; This is one of the greatest types of affliction. And the Almighty said: {Do not consume usury, multiplied and doubled} Al-Imran: 130 It is not understood from it that it is permissible to consume usury if it is not multiplied, as the concept of the violation is weak in this home; Because it is a description of the situation that was in reality, or most of their dealings were like this, and this is still the case, so most of the dealings in usury are eaten exponentially; because money multiplies over the years, If the matter was like this, he would not have a concept, and if speech came out as the way of the majority, he would not have a concept. Rather, if he ate a pill of usury, and not a dirham, it would be - God forbid - one of the greatest of the major sins, even if it was not doubled, as we heard: “A dirham from usury is worse.” Thirty-six adornments.” How about the multiples?! This is a description of the prevailing situation that the polytheists were in during the Jahiliyyah: that they used to eat usury multiplied by multiples, so the speech is not understood that usury that is not doubled is permissible, rather it is not permissible according to the agreement of Muslims, and whoever disputes about that must be repented, and if he repents, otherwise he must be killed, and he must be killed; Because this is an apostasy from Islam, God forbid, and the saying that usury is permissible if it is not exponential is not said by a scholar, nor is it said by a Muslim in reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IBEROAMERICANA. América Latina - España - Portugal is the property of Vervuert Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

My study deals with the imperative sentence in the poetry of al-Akhras, a grammatical study. The imperative sentence is a composition of the structures of the Arabic construction sentence, and as much as its types and significance varies from one sentence to another, from the command sentence to the appeal to the question, and from it to the prohibition. The research aims to present the study of the imperative sentence in the poetry of al-Akhras benefiting from the rules of grammarians and a set of poetic evidence for different styles that I found in his poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there are increased interests in growing grain and fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as well as in large-scale hemp products. Cannabis has been grown/utilized for thousands of years as a fiber, grain, and drug/medicinal plant. However, the strict control of cannabis cultivation to combat illegal use, the spread of new yarns and oilseeds, and the advent of cheap synthetic fibers caused a decreased/eliminated hemp production. Hemp has been banned in most of the world for more than seven decades; it missed out on the Green Revolution and the adoption of new technologies and varieties, creating a knowledge gap. After the 2014 and 2018 Farm Bill in the USA, hemp became legal and the land grand universities launched research programs. The ability to utilize the entire plant for multiple purposes creates opportunity for the market to value hemp products. Hemp production technology varies depending on the type of hemp cultivated (grain, fiber, or cannabinoids), soil characteristics, and environmental factors. Hemp has the potential to be a very sustainable and ecologically benign crop. Hemp roots have a significant potential for absorbing and storing heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and other harmful substances. In addition, hemp has been proven to be an excellent carbon trap and biofuel crop. Hemp has the ability to successfully suppress weeds, and it is generally regarded a pesticide-free crop. The purpose of this paper is to examine historic and recent industrial hemp (grain and fiber) literature, with a focus on hemp agronomy and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: The present article develops a theoretical tool to explain drug policy decisions called the Psychoactive Politics Framework. It is built on the assumption that the design and implementation of drug policies affect several political goals, such as popularity, winning elections, material benefits, and international reputation. Therefore, the framework expects these policies to be the result of national and international incentives that will help policy makers achieve those goals. These are incentives related to public opinion, policy advocacy, crises, pressure, standing, and leadership. Methodology: The second part of the article applies the Psychoactive Politics Framework to explain Peru’s first legislation to eradicate illicit coca crops: the Decree Law 22095 of 1978. Through examining diplomatic cables, protocols of international meetings, and media sources, the analysis gathers evidence in favor and against each of the incentives outlined in the framework. Conclusions: While Peru’s drug policy reform took place in an increasingly prohibitionist international environment, its primary driver was the advocacy of national actors, such as the Ministry of the Interior, the Investigative Police, and the attorney general. Originality: The findings question the popular notion that prohibitionist drug policies in South America resulted exclusively from US pressure. Furthermore, the article presents a coherent tool to carry out theory-guided research about past and present drug policy decisions.

Ibn al-Wazīr, who adopted the concept of salaf during his affliction with the Zaydiyya sect and centered his religious beliefs more on Ibn Taymiyyah's theories, shared his opinions on the subject of predestination as well as other matters of faith. He discussed the restriction of delving deeply into the subject of predestination in this last topic, and he did it within the framework of several principles. Ibn al-Wazr examined the issue both from this perspective and within the context of what the prohibition does not cover, whereas the issue is primarily discussed in the commentaries of the hadith sources and the works of Salafi scholars. The author, who addressed the issue under a different heading, listed ten hadiths that he believed to be the foundation for this ban, provided information about their degree of reliability, and then offered his opinions on how they should be interpreted. He did this while using comparison to explain what can and cannot be attributed to the prohibition stated in the relevant hadiths. He based part of the evidence that discussing predestination would not be fully prohibited, as well as the prohibition's core on the article of engaging in bid'at and inciting evil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is sufficient scientific evidence to support that residues of diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administered to livestock raised in the open, can cause fatal renal crystallization in vultures’ species, and perhaps other birds such as eagles, if treated animals enter the trophic chain. This phenomenon caused the population of vultures to decline sharply, on the brink of extinction, in India, Pakistan, Tibet, and many countries in the Middle East. For this reason, except for Spain, this medication has been prohibited for veterinary use in the rest of Europe, the United States of America, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and many other countries. In contrast, in Latin America, diclofenac is available for veterinary use in various preparations alone or combined with antibacterial drugs. The precise impact this is generating on the native species of vultures and other birds that feed on animals that die in open pastures and are not incinerated is unknown. Given the nature of our livestock production via small producers and extensive farming, most animals medicated with this NSAID can enter the natural food chain and become part of the vulture diet. Most researchers who have studied this ecological problem have recommended that countries adhere to the precautionary principle of prohibiting its sale until there is concrete evidence of the magnitude of the damage that the permissive use of diclofenac in veterinary medicine may cause in Latin America. In Mexico, the official standard NOM-064-ZOO-2000, Lineamientos para la clasificación y prescripción de los productos farmacéuticos veterinarios por el nivel de riesgo de sus ingredientes activos, recommends incinerating animals treated with diclofenac, a command that does not fit our daily reality. The question is: shall Latin American countries remain inactive despite a hitherto invisible ecological disaster? Research in Latin America needs to be carried out that supports or rejects the possible impact of diclofenac on wild species, including vultures. However, many countries on the continent, including Mexico, have adhered to the 11th Declaration of Rio for Sustainable Development in the 21st century. Based on this, we propose that action should be taken without delay to avoid or limit an ecological disaster by banning diclofenac in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the prohibition of ayahuasca in France. We analyze a broad documental framework that covers academic literature, reports from governmental bodies, judicial decisions, international treaties, and interviews with key actors involved in the process. Initially, we describe the insertion of ayahuasca in France and the arrest of the Santo Daime group. We then analyze the first pharmacological reports on ayahuasca in the country, the legal processes, and the French government's decision to ban ayahuasca in 2005. After this overview, we consider the unfolding of the decision for ayahuasca use in France. Finally, we problematize the legal framework of ayahuasca as a narcotic and the stigmatization of ayahuasca groups. We intend to demonstrate that the position of France is not random, but refers to the position of the country in relation to the issue of sects and sectarian movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of História Unisinos is the property of Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As recreational cannabis becomes increasingly legalized in the United States, the media play a key role in shaping the public's imagination about the recreational cannabis industry and its users. Cannabis prohibition rhetoric, which once associated racial minorities with criminality and deviance, has been supplanted by modern cannabis legalization rhetoric, which associates recreational cannabis with White individualists and the virtues of the neoliberal marketplace. Through a textual analysis of the docuseries High Profits, this article identifies how color-blind racial ideology found in the series reflects the greater rhetoric around recreational cannabis in media that prioritizes catering to White comfort and promoting color-blind idealizations of the American Dream over calling on media consumers to consider and address the lasting racialized harms of cannabis prohibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afghanistan is home to the largest illicit drug industry in the world. The depth, influence, and impact of its narco-economy remain unparalleled. Illicit drug production has become a dominant feature of Afghanistan's landscape. The opium economy is pervasive and deeply entrenched. Afghanistan's opium economy has become the source of security rather than the state. Therefore, the degree of dependence on the opium economy has thus become unprecedented in the modern history of drug production. The dependence means any immediate attempt toward opium poppy prohibition/eradication will result in political and socioeconomic crises not only in Afghanistan but the transit states in the region as well. In context of narco-economy, this paper expostulate that the construction of security in traditional and nontraditional discourse are linear, i.e. detached from reality or suffers from moralistic constraint, and therefore, needs to be revisited in line with ground reality of Afghanistan and transit states at large. Deviating from conventional literature on drug-security nexus, the paper argues that a complete prohibition of poppy cultivation in Afghanistan is by far a larger security concern than its retention. This research paper, therefore, takes a cursory examination of the security implications and challenges that may ensue as a result of a diminished production capacity of Afghanistan's opium economy either experienced through complete prohibition, eradication programs or through natural calamity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the study of English deontic modal means as a key linguistic phenomenon. It responds to the need of a systematic analysis of English deontic modal auxiliaries used in international legal documents of various genres. Deontic modality is studied as a conceptual category from the semantic perspective. Deontic modals that express permission, obligation and prohibition are treated with special attention to the applicability to Legal English. The corpus includes UN documents of five legal genres: the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, and the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. These texts were selected to identify frequency, distribution and semantic content of modal auxiliaries which express permission, obligation and prohibition in legal discourse. The aim to reveal similarities and differences in the use of deontic modal auxiliaries in General English and Legal English has been also set.

Film was not only one of the most popular forms of entertainment under Francoism. It was also one of the regime’s most important means of indoctrination, mainly thanks to the censorship that defined what Spaniards could and could not view. This article aims to analyze, through this censorship, the limits of what was accepted and acceptable to the Francoist society and observe the possible evolution of these limits and their relationship with social changes that occurred during the dictatorship. To this end, we will examine the role of the different methods of coercion that existed: Those exercised by official bodies and those created by the most reactionary clerical sector. Addressing what was forbidden, what was allowed and encouraged will allow us to define the limits of what was permissible and delve into Spanish society’s stance on issues such as morality and freedom. This article is part of the special theme section Film Censorship in the Iberian Dictatorships, guest-edited by Ana Bela Morais.

İslâm hukukunun en önemli meselelerinden biri, şer‘î hükmün kısmen veya tamamen, geçici veya kalıcı olarak herkes veya bazıları için değiştirilmesidir. Zarûret hâli de haramlık gibi önemli bir hükmün değişimine sebep olduğu için hem teorik hem pratik bakımdan titizlikle incelenmesi gereken bir durumdur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, zarûretlerin bazı haramları nasıl ve niçin mübah kıldığını usûl-i fıkıh cihetinden tahlil etmek, bu ibâhanın nihâî sebebini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek üzere, öncelikle haramlık hükmü ile fiil arasındaki ilişkinin mâhiyeti ele alınmıştır. Zarûretin bazı haramları nasıl ve niçin mübah kıldığını anlayabilmek için, zarûret hâlinde değişen ve değişmeyen unsurların tespit edilmesi gerekir. Zarûret hâlinde fiilin mâhiyetinde ve haramlık sebebi/illeti olarak nitelendirilen mefsedette bir değişiklik görülmezken fiili çevreleyen şartlarda ve mükellefin hâlinde bir değişim söz konusudur. Fakat haramlık hükmünün değişimini sağlayan asıl faktör, zikredilen değişiklikleri dikkate alan Şâri‘in hitâbının (o mefsedete itibarının) değişmesidir. Zarûret hâlinin sebep olduğu bu değişimlerin, mübah kılınan bütün haramlarda aynı neticeyi doğurmadığı görülmektedir. Bu gözlem, usûl alimlerinin haramlığın düşmesi ve mübaha dönüşme ifâdeleriyle ne kastettiğini ortaya koymayı gerektirir. Bu inceleme sonunda, zarûreten izin verilmiş olan haramların mübaha dönüşmede birbirlerine eşit olmadığı, mübah dâiresindeki diğer fiillerle de ibâha bakımından eşit olmadığı anlaşılmıştır. O hâlde, zarûret hâlinde mükellefe yapma izni verilen haram fiilleri, ibâha sahasındaki ma‘fuvv anh fiiller gibi değerlendirmek; mübah sahasında olmakla birlikte, mekruh sınırına yakın kısımda konumlandırmak daha doğru olacaktır. Kul açısından bakıldığında, zarûretin haram fiili mübah kılmasının sebebi, daha büyük mefsedetten kaçınmanın önceliğidir. Ancak Allah Teâlâ’nın, ihlaslı kulları ortaya çıkarmak için, zarûret durumunda da kuldan, hayatı pahasına bütün haramlardan kaçınmasını istemesi hikmetiyle çelişmez. Buna rağmen Allah Teâlâ’nın kulun zarûret hâline itibar etmesinin nihâî sebebi, sonsuz rahmetidir. Bütün bu tespitler, zarûret hâline özel ve usûl-i fıkıh genelinde bazı sonuçlara ulaştırmıştır. Zarûretin bazı haramları ibâhasını anlamak için; fiil, mükellef, bunları çevreleyen şartlar ve Şâri‘ ilişkisini doğru anlamak gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu ilişkiyi doğru anlamak, hüküm teorisi ve usûl-i fıkhı kavramak için de son derece önemlidir. Bu araştırma bir kez daha göstermiştir ki usûl-i fıkıh ve fıkhın ele aldığı meselelerin, görünenden ve zannedilenden çok daha fazla ve sıkı biçimde itikâdî kabullerle bağı bulunmaktadır. Yine, hüküm kategorilerinin her birini anlamak kadar, haram-helâl, mahzûr-haram, mübah-helâl, aslî mübah-ma‘fuvv anh vb. terimler arasındaki derin yahut ince farkları anlamanın da önemli olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bütün bunları kavramak, hüküm teorisini ve tahrîm/tahlil mantığını idrâk etmede, dinin hakikatini ve makâsıdü’ş-şerîayı anlamada önemli bir basamak teşkil etmektedir. Çalışmada, her bir hüküm kategorisinin kendi içinde de farklı dereceler bulunduğu, bir kez daha ispatlanmıştır. Fiillerin aynı hüküm dâiresi içinde bile birbirlerinden farklı değer taşımalarının sebebi, fiilin doğuracağı dünyevî ve uhrevî mefsedet veya maslahattır. Böylece teşrî‘in merkezinde mükellefin bulunduğu te’yid edilmiştir. Bu durum, hikmet sahibi olan Allah Teâlâ’nın hükümlerinin, fiil-mükellef-çevre faktörlerinden tamamen bağımsız ve bunlara itibâr etmeyen bir ilâhî meşîetten doğduğunu savunmanın zorluğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Aksine hem zarûret hükümlerinde hem de teklîfin (ve hatta tekvînin) tamamında kulun maslahatının gözetildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Diğer yandan zarûretlerin bazı haramları ibâhası, katı ve donuk olmayan, aksine dinamik ve hayata paralel seyreden bir hukuk sistemine de işâret etmektedir. Hükmün hakiki ve mutlak kaynağının Şâri‘ oluşu, hüküm sahasında müctehide çok geniş bir hareket alanı bırakılmış olması ile birlikte değerlendirilmelidir. Bu durum, zarûretlerin haramları ibâhası konusunda bir kez daha görülmüş, hangi mefsedetin daha büyük olduğunu tespit etmek, çoğu zaman müctehide bırakılmıştır.

The article is devoted to the emerging threats to human rights in the context of the development of biomedical technologies, as well as to the identification of social risks requiring legal resolution in this area. It suggests a human rights model for regulating innovative methods of diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of the article is to analyze legislation in the field of modern biomedicine, genetic engineering, and related innovative technologies. A comparative legal study applied in the work made it possible to substantiate a framework model for regulating modern biomedicine. The main task of such a model is to identify risks affecting fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms. With this approach, the details of regulation are the subject of bylaws or the corresponding prescriptions of professional medical organizations. Methods . The basis of this research was formed by such research methods as analysis of legal regulation, formal legal and comparative legal methods. The main results of the study are to determine the legal links between modern biomedical technologies and the concept of personalized medicine. In fact, the lack of interaction of new advances in biomedicine with the basic provisions of medical care has been revealed. The article proves the need to impose restrictions on the alleged popularization of innovative technologies by persons without medical education, using them for dubious social purposes. The risks of developing updated eugenics have been outlined. The tendency of relativism in consolidating the principles of mutual relations between a person, state, and society has been identified. Conclusions. The development of biomedicine requires an adequate response from the Russian legislation, which does not yet take into account most of its achievements. This creates certain risks for human and civil rights and freedoms. The article substantiates the introduction of bans on the most ethically questionable technologies and experiments. It is proposed to expand the powers of professional medical organizations (including the transfer of some of the regulatory powers to them).

Hellenistic kings were polygamous and then monogamous, transgressing social norms, then abiding by them. This paper aims to show that this transgression is best explained politically. King’s initial situation is representative of all power structure, but its peculiar salience depends on the Diadochs’ special situation: setting up a new authority, leaning on the extraordinary characteristics of one man. Paradoxically, their normalization is tied to an innovation: the women’s changing role at the head of the state.

As a human interaction, legal discourse is directed to communicate aspects such as obligation, commands, duties, rights, permission and prohibition. These aspects are realised differently in Arabic and English and, thus, need to be translated carefully. The present paper focuses on examining prohibition in the Iraqi penal code and its English translation. This is carried out by compiling a parallel corpus of the Arabic original text and its translation to analyse whether the translation carries any divergence from the source text that can result in an incompatible message being conveyed to target audience. More precisely, parallel concordances are generated to outline the diverse prohibition-coding linguistic structures in Arabic source texts and how they are translated into English. Results are then investigated qualitatively to inspect any divergences in the translation. The corpus-based analysis yield a variety of structures used to communicate prohibition in Arabic and English. The results also indicate that albeit the regulative function is restored, there are differences between the original text and its English translation in terms of the force of imposition of prohibition.

Exodus 33:1-6 stands as one of the Old Testament texts that have been used by some scholars and believers as a biblical basis to prohibit the use of ornaments and other fashion-related discourse. It has been argued tenaciously that ornaments are unbiblical, sinful and devilish with special emphasis on certain experiences from the patriarchal period of the Old Testament. Certain believers who are not using some of these ornaments like earrings, necklaces, rings or bracelets etc. see themselves as more holy and godly than those who do use them. The correct biblical position about ornaments has puzzled humanity for ages. However, the context, culture, antecedents and language used in the biblical narratives have not been carefully studied from the socio-linguistic perspective. Therefore, this work investigated the basic understanding of and rationale for ornaments. It also examined Christian attitudes to ornaments in the contemporary era, and draw implications for Christians and preachers alike. This study employed an exegetical method of biblical interpretation that utilizes discourse analysis also known as text-linguistic approach in order to bring out the nearest meaning to the author’s autograph of the pericope. The study revealed that the declaration of Yahweh to the Israelite to put off their ornament was not a complete prohibition to the use of ornaments. The instruction was situational or circumstantial and should be taken as such. Therefore, against existing beliefs that ornaments are demonic and sinful, the study revealed that, this is indeed a fallacy.