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This study aims to reconsider the impact of the Rasāʾil Iḫwān al-Ṣafāʾ on the Rutbat al-ḥakīm (The Rank of the Sage) and the Ġāyat al-ḥakīm (The Aim of the Sage). Exclusively concerned with textual evidence taken from the three works and making extensive use of the programme Qawl , it shows that the way Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī refers to the Iḫwānian corpus in the Rutba reveals a far less familiarity with that work than at the time he writes the Ġāya. This difference of treatment suggests that, contrary to what was previously assumed, Maslama had no access to the text of the Rasāʾil before he started writing his ultimate treatise. Résumé: Cette étude vise à reconsidérer l'impact des Rasāʾil Iḫwān al-Ṣafāʾ sur la Rutbat al-ḥakīm (Le rang du Sage) et la Ġāyat al-ḥakīm (Le but du Sage). Exclusivement axé sur les preuves textuelles tirées des trois ouvrages et faisant un usage intensif du programme Qawl , il montre que la façon dont Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī se réfère au corpus iḫwānien dans la Rutba révèle de sa part une familiarité avec cette œuvre bien moins profonde qu'à l'époque où il écrit la Ġāya. Cette différence de traitement suggère que, contrairement à ce qu'on supposait précédemment, Maslama n'avait pas accès au texte des Rasāʾil avant d'entamer la rédaction de son ultime traité. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling complexity through the use of abstractions is a critical part of problem solving in programming. Thus, becoming proficient with procedural and data abstraction through the use of user-defined functions is important. Properly using functions for abstraction involves a number of other core concepts, such as parameter passing, scope and references, which are known to be difficult. Therefore, this paper aims to study students' proficiency with these core concepts, and students' ability to apply procedural and data abstraction to solve problems. We collected data from two years of an introductory Python course, both from a questionnaire and from two lab assignments. The data shows that students had difficulties with the core concepts, and a number of issues solving problems with abstraction. We also investigate the impact of using a visualization tool when teaching the core concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, updated versions of the clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery, the Canadian Adult Obesity Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Dutch Federation for Medical Specialist clinical practice guidelines on bariatric surgery were published. We systematically reviewed and compared them on recommendations and references. Although the authors would have had access to the same literature, only 5 out of 655 unique references were used by all 3 guidelines and just 49 references by any combination of 2 guidelines. These findings attest to the subjectivity involved in clinical practice guidelines development and could be the cause for the observed differences in recommendations. International cooperation in guideline development might be a conceivable solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jerash Journal for Research & Studies is the property of Jerash University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of research. Currently, the problem of plagiarism is quite relevant and affects the scientific and educational spheres. Thus, the experts of the Russian State Library have organized special research, and they are issuing a series of articles devoted to that activity. Within the framework of fighting plagiarism and other negative phenomena, it becomes necessary to highlight mostly wide-spread problems of reference-arrangement for research papers, and to outline possible solutions for them. We will consider this issue in the first article of the series.Materials and methods. In order to achieve the aforementioned target the article uses the results of the plagiarism tests for research papers carried out by the Russian State Library with the help of specially designed software “Antiplagiat.RSL”.Results. The common defects of research papers are: inclusion of fictitious sources into the reference list, lack of homogeneity in reference arrangement, inadequate references to the groups of sources, quoting the derivative sources instead of the original one, spreading false information because of blind copying other researchers’ mistakes. Plagiarism tests carried out over scientific texts helped to identify the most frequent incorrect borrowings (overlapping wording of conclusions and generalizations, the same sentences used for describing results and methods, as well as word – for – word reproduced literature reviews). The documents revealed to become sources for such plagiaristic borrowings would often be works of research advisors and other authoritative specialists, candidate dissertation theses close in theme or structure, earlier publications of authors themselves, including those written in co-authorship.Conclusion. Numerous flaws are made by emerging authors due to the lack of knowledge, that is why students’ and post-graduates’ efficient training in work with GOST state standards as well as the quality of educational and methodological literature in research-paper writing would be of use. The article offers ways of improvement for research publication arrangement and specialized software products destined to make reference arrangement automatic.

Abstract Background Ultrasound scanning during the 2nd or the 3rd trimester of pregnancy for fetal size disturbances screening is heavily dependent of the choice of the reference chart. This study aimed to assess the agreement of Salomon and the Intergrowth 21st equations in evaluating fetal biometric measurements in a rural area of Burkina Faso, and to measure the effect of changing a reference chart. Methods Data collected in Nazoanga, Burkina Faso, between October 2010 and October 2012, during a clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of several antimalarial treatments in pregnant women were analyzed. We included singleton pregnancies at 16–36 weeks gestation as determined by ultrasound measurements of fetal bi-parietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL). Expected mean and standard deviation at a given gestational age was computed using equations from Salomon references and using Intergrowth 21st standard. Then, z-scores were calculated and used subsequently to compare Salomon references with Intergrowth 21st standards. Results The analysis included 276 singleton pregnancies. Agreement was poor except for HC: mean difference − 0.01, limits of agreement − 0.60 and 0.59. When AC was used as a surrogate of fetal size, switching from the reference of Salomon to the standards of Intergrowth 21st increased ten times the proportion of fetuses above the 90th percentile: 2.9 and 31.2%, respectively. Mean differences were larger in the third trimester than in the second trimester. However, agreement remained good for HC in both trimesters. Difference in the proportion of AC measurements above the 90th percentile using Salomon and Intergrowth 21st equations was greater in the second trimester (2.6 and 36.3%, respectively) than in the third trimester (3.5 and 19.8%, respectively). The greatest difference between the two charts was observed in the number of FL measurements classified as large in the second trimester (6.8 and 54.2%, using Salomon and Intergrowth 21st equations, respectively). Conclusion The agreement between Intergrowth 21st and Salomon equations is poor apart from HC. This would imply different clinical decision regarding the management of the pregnancy.

The analysis covered interesting, in terms of kind, fiction, language, and above all narration, prose texts of Sylvia Chutnik and the last novel by Krzysztof Varga. The winner of the “Polityka Passport” combines the high with the low – what is full of acute seriousness and authenticity with what is gaudy, vulgar, cheap and sensational. From the collision of contradictions arise portraits of women, people of Warsaw streets, daily and festive situations, sketched with humor and seriousness, distance and irony. Whereas “Massacre” by Varga in a satirically-ironic form, feature as to its spirit and marked with distance, diagnoses contemporary Polish afflictions focused as in a lens in the Warsaw area. The main context are poetic issues of the literary work, which is why the centre of gravity was placed on the most interesting, in the case of these novels, way of telling the story and presenting the main characters. It is clearly visible, on the one hand, that they are rooted in traditional storytelling techniques, mainly Bakhtin’s dialogism, but on the other hand, the novels, within the meaning of the author, set new trails, new possibilities of organising the narrator’s and characters’ utterances. Technical measures, involving the combination of “voices”, their partial merger, mutual influence and other trans- formations result, paradoxically, in a breakup. The predominant effect, resulting from the application of these measures, related to the use of “someone else’s speech”, is even greater stratification of consciousness and languages, their atomisation and separation, without the possibility of participating in the real, not illusory dialogue. In effect, an image is created of a socio-linguistic magma with separated, although apparently linked consciousnesses – a cacophony of voices.

The accuracy of the citations is crucial in scientific writing. The present study aims to investigate the accuracy of citations in the obstetrics and gynecology journals indexed in the Web of Science. Major and minor citation errors, type of errors, and citation errors in the Q1 to Q4 journals investigate as the objectives. The journals were retrieved by searching the "Obstetrics & Gynecology" category in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) in the Web of Science, and journals in different quartiles (Q1-Q4) were identified by applying the JIF Quartile filter. Eight hundred forty citations were selected from articles in the first five Q1 to Q4 journals using systematic sampling and article type citations were included in the study (730 citations). Bibliographic elements were assessed for citation errors. Findings show that 554 citations (75.89 %) involved errors. Only 24.1 per cent of the citations had no errors. The highest citation errors were related to the volume and issue, with 582 major errors (79.72 %). The citation accuracy in the Q2 and Q3 journals is higher than in other journals. The high rate of citation errors, especially in volumes and numbers, indicates that the journals need to pay attention to citation accuracy in these sections and the use of valid and complete citation styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing scientific information in the research process is a great challenge for university thesis students due to the difficulty of systematizing and structuring the excess of information available in different digital or physical sources. The objective of the study was to analyze the importance of reference manager as a technological tool for the management of scientific information in university theses students. We carried out a systematic bibliographic review by searching electronic databases of scientific articles published in journals indexed to Latindex Catalog, Scielo and Scopus between the years 2016 and 2020. The results of the review describe the characteristics, functionalities, aspects and studies main ones on the benefits that reference manager provide to manage scientific information. We conclude that functions such as the organization of information, bibliographic citation and referencing, and collaboration between researchers provided by reference manager, constitute important resources for university thesis students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Perceptual visualisation of semi-transparent structures in volumetric datasets is challenging due to its inherent visual complexity. This is however of primary importance in medical visualisation where raymarching of volumetric data is common. While rendering volumetric data itself is a well-explored area, perception of volume-rendered images combined with semi-transparent mesh data remains an underexplored topic. As virtual reality (VR) is increasingly employed for medical data inspection, it becomes important to understand how different mesh visualisations affect performance in medical tasks in this context. When considering direct volume rendering in immersive VR, the effects of stereoscopic vision and motion parallax require additional consideration. We investigate how surface transparency modes affect task performance in VR. For two medical image analysis tasks, we conduct a user study (n = 23) to analyse the impact of mesh rendering methods on task outcome and subjective preference. Our evaluation indicates that user performance with wireframe rendering varies greatly between tasks while constant opacity and silhouette provide a stable benefit. Overall, transparent visualisations led to improved precision (lower error rate, lower inter-observer variability) and increased user confidence, while the efficiency of visualisation methods was task-dependent. This demonstrates how semi-transparent rendering will improve visual analysis in medical applications and other disciplines n = 23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cosmopolitan subfamily Acidocerinae (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) is one of the largest and most taxonomically challenging lineages of water scavenger beetles. Recent phylogenetic studies have substantially advanced our understanding of acidocerine relationships but also illuminated the twin challenges of poorly delineated generic concepts and a classification broadly incompatible with the phylogeny. Here, these two challenges are addressed by providing a comprehensive synthesis and taxonomic tools for the Acidocerinae, including (1) a brief history and the current state of acidocerine classification, (2) a review of acidocerine ecology and collection methods, (3) the current knowledge of larval and fossil acidocerines, (4) a morphological primer on characters of taxonomic and systematic importance within the lineage, (5) a key to the world genera of Acidocerinae, (6) diagnoses, habitus, and aedeagal images, distribution maps, and summary of knowledge for each of the 23 extant genera in the subfamily, and (7) a complete annotated taxonomic catalog including the published distributions, synonyms, and references for all described 541 acidocerine species recognized as of 1 April 2021. The following nomenclatural acts are proposed to bring the phylogeny and classification into alignment: Colossochares gen. nov. is established to accommodate two African species previously described as Helochares (s. str.); Novochares gen. nov. is newly established to accommodate 15 Neotropical species previously included in Helochares (s. str.); the remaining Helochares subgenera Helocharimorphus Kuwert syn. nov. and Hydrobaticus MacLeay syn. nov. are synonymized with Helochares Mulsant. Peltochares Régimbart sensu nov. is redefined to include eight Old World species previously included in Helochares (s. str.). A lectotype is designated for Peltochares conspicuus Régimbart, the type species of the genus. The taxonomic and morphological circumscription of Helochares sensu nov. is narrowed and redefined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the emergence of applied behavior analysis (ABA) through referencing patterns, analyzing 309 references cited in 36 ABA articles discerned as founding articles in prior research. We also analyzed 338 references in 26 articles in the first volume of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) to see if referencing patterns changed as the field became institutionalized. We identified two research groups whose publications seemed particularly influential – the Ayllon and Wolf Groups. We also found five referencing patterns that revealed a higher frequency of: (a) journal articles, (b) applied research, (c) operant research, (d) recent publications, and (e) references to publications by Ayllon and Wolf, to co-authored publications, and to male-authored publications. The results for JABA were similar, suggesting these patterns were not altered by the field's institutional founding. We discuss unexpected findings (e.g., the dearth of references to Skinner and classic articles), limitations, and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Arts & Languages is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a successful college can not be forgotten the existence of this one factor is the lecturer. Lecturers are the key to success in universities to educate students and students to be useful for the nation and the nation in the future. Some of the lecturers' duties include teaching, research and community service often mentioned by Tri Darma Perguruaan Tinggi. Of the three obligations of a lecturer is asked to have the ability to write skills such as Reports, Theses, Theses, Dissertations, Books, Articles and others. However, to be able to write well it is necessary to practice continuously and know the tools to write one is the tool for the citation and bibliography. Therefore required tools / applications that can help lecturers to write citations and bibliography. Mendeley is an application that can be used to write citations and bibliography but not all lecturers can use this application. Methods in an effort to improve the ability to write lecturers do with several stages of lecture training materials / workshops about the contents of the introduction of Mendeley applications and videos about the ease of using this application, Practice using Mendeley application, Provide an opportunity for participants to ask questions or discussions about the material submitted, Conducting a survey to evaluate is done by spreading Pretest & Posttest quizoner with success indicator of success level understanding of participants in this program is 80%. The result of this activity proves that the lecturer can improve his writing ability is very positive for the development of lecturers expertise in making scientific research work.

A textbook plays an important factor in teaching and learning processes. Thus, this study attempted to analyze an English textbook entitled Bahasa Inggris Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA SMK/MAK Kelas X which is used by almost teachers in secondary level education. This study used qualitative study by using Biocchi’s (2000) coursebook evaluation and interview which was adopted open-ended questions from Biocchi’s (2000) coursebook evaluation. The analysis encircled the contents, grammar, levels of the material, kind of the materials, and the methodology used in the textbook. The results revealed that this textbook was well designed and encouraged students’ autonomy to learn and use the language. Besides, this textbook achieved Biocchi’s (2000) coursebook evaluation (contents, grammar focus, level, material, and methodology) well. Although this book is good enough, there is a weakness; it is not provided by CD for listening activity, so the teachers have to find and create their own audio.

The purpose of the article is the conduction a linguistic comparative analysis of the speeches of the President of Russia V.V. Putin and the 44th US President Barack Obama, delivered by these leaders at the jubilee 70th UN General Assembly. The author of the article uses the method of system linguistic analysis, which involves study of the semantic structure of texts, the analysis of vocabulary and rhetoric techniques used by President of Russia V.V. Putin and the 44th US President, Barack Obama. The speech of the state leader being a special type of the political discourse apart from the linguistic realizations of the linguistic personality of a particular person also reflects the basic principles of the mindset of the people and reveals its attitude to history and current political situation. The basis for carrying out of the comparative analysis was the general theme of the speeches by V.V. Putin and B. Obama - the 70th anniversary of the United Nations Organization - an important international event. Each word of the leaders of such states as Russia and the USA pronounced from the high tribune of the UNO is meaningful, therefore analyzing of those meanings that are hidden behind the use of appeals, metaphors, comparisons, and constructions of pronouns ‘we/I’ is a matter of particular interest.

The AIBN initiated radical polymerization of o‐carborane functionalized styrenes has been developed. The styrene decorated on the cage boron or cage carbon vertex of o‐carboranes were all compatible with this polymerization. The Mw of the desired P[4‐(B3‐o‐carborane)‐styrene] and P[C1‐methylene‐o‐carborane‐4‐vinylbenzene] could up to 3.5×105 and 1.7×105, respectively. This work offers an efficient method for synthesis of o‐carborane functionalized polystyrenes, which has important reference for synthesis of o‐carborane containing polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• References on lung cancer guidelines show impact of research on clinical practice. • Such research is very clinical and includes mostly clinical trials and treatments. • This evaluation can show effects on own-country healthcare and international repute. • It is more appropriate than citation counts in journals for clinical research. • It depends on a new clinical impact® database developed by Minso Solutions AB. The impact of medical research is usually judged on the basis of citations in the serial literature. A better test of its utility is through its contribution to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat illness. This study aimed to compare the parameters of lung cancer research papers with those cited as references in lung cancer CPGs from 16 countries, and the Cochrane Collaboration. These comparisons were mainly based on bibliographic data compiled from the Web of Science (WoS). We examined 7357 references (of which 4491 were unique) cited in a total of 77 lung cancer CPGs, and compared them with 73,214 lung cancer papers published in the WoS between 2004 and 2018. References used by lung CPGs were much more clinical than the overall body of research papers on this cancer, and their authors predominantly came from smaller northern European countries. However, the leading institutions whose papers were cited the most on these CPGs were from the USA, notably the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Texas, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, and the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. The types of research cited by the CPGs were primarily clinical trials, as well as three treatment modalities (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery). Genetics, palliative care and quality of life were largely neglected. The median time gap between papers cited on a lung CPG and its publication was 3.5 years longer than for WoS citations. Analysis of the references on CPGs allows an alternative means of research evaluation, and one that may be more appropriate for clinical research than citations in academic journals. Own-country references show the direct contribution of research to a country's health care, and other-country references show the esteem in which this research has been held internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic research is vital for innovation and industrial growth. However, a potential burden of processing ever more knowledge could be affecting research output and researchers' careers. We look at a dataset of researchers who have published in journals in the field of economics during a period of 45 years. For a subset of these researchers, we amass data from journals listed in the EconLit database, supplemented with years of birth from public sources. Our results show an increase in the age of researchers at their first publication, in the number of articles referenced in debut articles, and in the number of co-authors. Simultaneously, we observe a decline in the probability of researchers changing research fields. Our findings extend earlier findings on patents and hint at a burden of knowledge pervading different areas of human progress. Moreover, our results indicate that researchers develop strategies of specialisation to deal with this challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dirasat Tarbawiya is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The role of English as the major language in the world has been impacting language policy in non-English speaking countries, including policy on scientific publication. Scholars are urged to access English sources. This study aimed to qualitatively explore Islamic economic students’ perceptions about referencing their academic works with sources written in English. The data were obtained through interviewing the students and were analyzed descriptively. The majority of students did not refer to English-written sources. There are several factors which limit them in doing so, despite its importance and even though most of the participants have access to the sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This study discusses Leiden University Library reference services through the KITLV-Jakarta. Since KITLV was acquired by the Leiden University Library, the KITLV-Jakarta Library which was a KITLV-Dutch representative, is now a representative of the Leiden University Library in Jakarta. Data Collection Method. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive research involving observations and interviews as well as primary document data sources. Data Analysis. The data was analyzed by involving the process of data reduction, interpretation, and conclusion. Results and Discussions. The results of the study indicate that reference services, particularly for reference collections found in the Leiden University Library cannot be accessed directly through the KITLV-Jakarta Library. Only KITLV librarians can request the reference service from Leiden University librarians. Conclusion. Librarians at the KITLV-Jakarta Library do not have the same access as librarians at the Leiden University Library, even though the KITLV-Jakarta Library is a representative of the Leiden University Library in Jakarta.

The main goal of this paper is to summarize the main guidelines of scientific writing presented in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2020). Specifically, we will focus on the recommendations regarding the structure and content of a manuscript, formatting styles, citations, and references. This paper is useful for students and researchers who are initiating scientific writing and researchers trained to use the previous edition of the Publication Manual. In particular, to facilitate the integration of the revised guidelines, we will also systematize the main differences between the last two editions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A citation index is a bibliographic database that provides citation links between documents. The first modern citation index was suggested by the researcher Eugene Garfield in 1955 and created by him in 1964, and it represents an important innovation to knowledge organization and information retrieval. This article describes citation indexes in general, considering the modern citation indexes, including Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Crossref, Dimensions and some special citation indexes and predecessors to the modern citation index like Shepard's Citations. We present comparative studies of the major ones and survey theoretical problems related to the role of citation indexes as subject access points (SAP), recognizing the implications to knowledge organization and information retrieval. Finally, studies on citation behavior are presented and the influence of citation indexes on knowledge organization, information retrieval and the scientific information ecosystem is recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a survey carried out by the author among practising accountants in Bulgaria regarding the publication of research and development (R&D) disclosures in the financial statements of innovative enterprises. The aim is to study some of the potential reasons for the current accounting practice of underestimating the mandatory and voluntary disclosure of R&D data. The adopted research methods are based on logical, deductive and comparative methods. The study results encourage literature development by presenting a more in-depth analysis of the factors influencing R&D data disclosure by Bulgarian enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Manuscript & Book Heritage of Ukraine is the property of V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (VNLU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: A significant body of valuable data about the myxomycetes of Ukraine lies in a "grey zone". This encompasses undigitised historical books and articles published in languages such as Polish, French or German, as well as proceedings from local conferences, articles featured in local scientific journals and annual reports submitted to public authorities by employees of protected areas, published in Ukrainian or Russian. Yet, due to their exclusive existence in print and often the Cyrillic alphabet, these publications remain neither findable nor accessible to a wider audience., New Information: The datasets presented here aim to summarise over 150 years of myxomycetes research in Ukraine. The majority of the data has been extracted from published literature sources spanning the years 1842 to 2023, with a minor supplement from unpublished herbarium specimens. The datasets include 5036 georeferenced occurrences, 339 taxa and 91 literature sources. Seventy-one of the used literature sources, mostly published before 2010, were uploaded to Zenodo and are available in open access., (Iryna Yatsiuk, Yuliia Leshchenko, Vitalii Viunnyk, Dmytro V. Leontyev.)

Background: Large language models (LLMs) have gained prominence since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022., Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of citations and references generated by ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) in two distinct academic domains: the natural sciences and humanities., Methods: Two researchers independently prompted ChatGPT to write an introduction section for a manuscript and include citations; they then evaluated the accuracy of the citations and Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). Results were compared between the two disciplines., Results: Ten topics were included, including 5 in the natural sciences and 5 in the humanities. A total of 102 citations were generated, with 55 in the natural sciences and 47 in the humanities. Among these, 40 citations (72.7%) in the natural sciences and 36 citations (76.6%) in the humanities were confirmed to exist (P=.42). There were significant disparities found in DOI presence in the natural sciences (39/55, 70.9%) and the humanities (18/47, 38.3%), along with significant differences in accuracy between the two disciplines (18/55, 32.7% vs 4/47, 8.5%). DOI hallucination was more prevalent in the humanities (42/55, 89.4%). The Levenshtein distance was significantly higher in the humanities than in the natural sciences, reflecting the lower DOI accuracy., Conclusions: ChatGPT's performance in generating citations and references varies across disciplines. Differences in DOI standards and disciplinary nuances contribute to performance variations. Researchers should consider the strengths and limitations of artificial intelligence writing tools with respect to citation accuracy. The use of domain-specific models may enhance accuracy., (©Joseph Mugaanyi, Liuying Cai, Sumei Cheng, Caide Lu, Jing Huang. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 05.04.2024.)

Plant metabolite profiling reveals the diversity of secondary or specialized metabolites in the plant kingdom with its hundreds of thousands of species. Specialized plant metabolites constitute a vast class of chemicals posing significant challenges in analytical chemistry. In order to be of maximum scientific relevance, reports dealing with these compounds and their source species must be transparent, make use of standards and reference materials, and be based on correctly and traceably identified plant material. Essential aspects in qualitative plant metabolite profiling include: (i) critical review of previous literature and a reasoned sampling strategy; (ii) transparent plant sampling with wild material documented by vouchers in public herbaria and, optimally, seed banks; (iii) if possible, inclusion of generally available reference plant material; (iv) transparent, documented state-of-the art chemical analysis, ideally including chemical reference standards; (v) testing for artefacts during preparative extraction and isolation, using gentle analytical methods; (vi) careful chemical data interpretation, avoiding over- and misinterpretation and taking into account phytochemical complexity when assigning identification confidence levels, and (vii) taking all previous scientific knowledge into account in reporting the scientific data. From the current stage of the phytochemical literature, selected comments and suggestions are given. In the past, proposed revisions of botanical taxonomy were sometimes based on metabolite profiles, but this approach ("chemosystematics" or "chemotaxonomy") is outdated due to the advent of DNA sequence-based phylogenies. In contrast, systematic comparisons of plant metabolite profiles in a known phylogenetic framework remain relevant. This approach, known as chemophenetics, allows characterizing species and clades based on their array of specialized metabolites, aids in deducing the evolution of biosynthetic pathways and coevolution, and can serve in identifying new sources of rare and economically interesting natural products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Paulo Freire is the most cited author in bibliographic references of papers in the Brazilian area of Science Education destined for teacher training. However, analytical-contextual knowledge on this is lacking and still requires further investigation. For example, what would be the profile of the citations? In which types of citations does Freire appear? For what purpose? Why? To answer most of these questions, this study aims to analyze Paulo Freire citations in papers from the Brazilian area of Science Education. We carried out a Bibliometric survey where we analyzed citations. We researched five journals: Ciência & Educação, Ensaio Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências, Investigações em Ensino de Ciências, Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências, and Alexandria: Revista de Educação em Ciência e Tecnologia. If Freire's ideas have been challenged within the restricted environment of a few political parties in Brazil, in the area of scientific knowledge there was an opposite effect: in research on teacher training in the Brazilian area of Science Education, Paulo Freire's theoretical and methodological contributions prevailed quantitatively and qualitatively in citations characterized as organic, conceptual, evolutionary and confirmatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sixteenth International Conference on Knowledge Organization was to have been held in Aalborg, Denmark in July 2020. Cancelled due to COVID-19, the proceedings were published online on 4 December 2020 containing 48 full papers, 17 short papers and 14 posters. Informetric analysis of the proceedings reveals the shifting intension and extension of the knowledge organization domain. International participation was extensive as usual. There is a much larger share of empirical and applied technical research, and therefore much less historical or analytical work than before. The shape of the research front continues to revolve around concept theory and domain analysis, but cultural and ethical issues are more prevalent than before, having attained nearly core status. There is new emphasis on concepts around interdisciplinarity and phenomenon-based knowledge organization systems, and facet analytical theory has been extended into new approaches in the linked data environment. There are more journal articles than before. No monographs are highly cited but interdisciplinarity, Wittgenstein, domain analysis and music classification are prominent alongside archival science and ontology construction on the bookshelf for this conference. Among conferences ISKO and its chapters predominate. The discourse represented by the works on ISKO 16's bookshelf seems to be rooted in classical concept theory. There is some concretization of discourse concerning interoperability and the continued distancing from ideas of single or "universal" knowledge organization systems. There is a recurrence of concepts of warrant buttressing the extension of research into issues of culture and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Application of ultrasound (US) to evaluate attainment and morphology of glandular tissue provides a new rationale for evaluating onset and progression of female puberty, but currently no hormone references complement this method. Furthermore, previous studies have not explored the predictive value of endocrine profiling to determine female puberty onset.Objective: To integrate US breast staging with hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal hormone references and test the predictive value of an endocrine profile to determine thelarche.Design Setting and Participants: Cross-sectional sample of 601 healthy Norwegian girls, ages 6 to 16 years.Main Outcome Measures: Clinical and ultrasound breast evaluations were performed for all included girls. Blood samples were analyzed by immunoassay and ultrasensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) from the subpicomolar range.Results: References for E2, E1, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were constructed in relation to chronological age, Tanner stages, and US breast stages. An endocrine profile index score derived from principal component analysis of these analytes was a better marker of puberty onset than age or any individual hormone, with receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve 0.91 (P < 0.001). Ultrasound detection of nonpalpable glandular tissue in 14 out of 264 (5.3%) girls with clinically prepubertal presentation was associated with significantly higher median serum levels of E2 (12.5 vs 4.9 pmol/L; P < 0.05) and a distinct endocrine profile (arbitrary units; P < 0.001).Conclusions: We provide the first hormone references for use with US breast staging and demonstrate the application of endocrine profiling to improve detection of female puberty onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) is continuing to develop as a multidisciplinary, international field of practice and a topic of study itself. As the field matures, one area of interest has been the SoTL literature review. However, there has not been an evidence-based study of SoTL citation practices. The purpose of this study was to analyze one year’s worth of articles from this journal to see how references and in-text citations are used. Overall, 514 references and 954 in-text citations were found across 18 articles. A diverse range of multidisciplinary and specialized academic journals were cited; 8 percent of in-text citations cited a source other than an academic journal. Each reference and in-text citation was coded as either substantive (Applied, Contrastive, or Supportive) or non-substantive (Reviewed or Perfunctory). A high rate of in-text citations (74 percent) were found to be non-substantive, with the majority of non-substantive in-text citations (71 percent) found in either the Introduction or Literature Review sections of the articles. Conversely, of the 26 percent of in-text citations considered substantive, 50 percent were found in either the Results & Discussion or Conclusion sections. We demonstrate the use of the coding scheme as a self-assessment tool and conclude by suggesting that SoTL authors and reviewers could use it to assess the depth and breadth of their literature reviews.

This article deals with the figure of a foreigner who finds refuge in Paris in Salim Bachi's novel, Amours et aventures de Sindbad le Marin. The character manages to leave and follows the literary marks in this city he is discovering. The finding of the city is linked both to cultural and literary references. The streets travelled and drawn by the walker he is becoming. From this foreigner's eyes, Paris shows hidden faces and shadow, previous and nowadays migrants. Thus who remind the character that he is himself in exile in this capitale. He is having a particular relationship by becoming a Sorbonne's student to proof that he owns a cultural capital.

This article presents a game semantics for higher-rank polymorphism, leading to a new model of the calculus System F, and a programming language which extends it with mutable variables. In contrast to previous game models of polymorphism, it is quite concrete, extending existing categories of games by a simple development of the notion of question/answer labelling and the associated bracketing condition to represent "copycat links" between positive and negative occurrences of type variables. Some well-known System F encodings of type constructors correspond in our model to simple constructions on games, such as the lifted sum. We characterize the generic types of our model (those for which instantiation rejects denotational equivalence), and show how to construct an interpretation in which all types are generic. We show how mutable variables (a la Scheme) may be interpreted in our model, allowing the definition of polymorphic objects with local state. By proving definability of finitary elements in this model using a decomposition argument, we establish a full abstraction result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Gestational weight gain differs according to pre-pregnancy body mass index and is related to the risks of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Gestational weight gain charts for women in different pre-pregnancy body mass index groups enable identification of women and offspring at risk for adverse health outcomes. We aimed to construct gestational weight gain reference charts for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grades 1, 2 and 3 obese women and to compare these charts with those obtained in women with uncomplicated term pregnancies. Methods We used individual participant data from 218,216 pregnant women participating in 33 cohorts from Europe, North America, and Oceania. Of these women, 9065 (4.2%), 148,697 (68.1%), 42,678 (19.6%), 13,084 (6.0%), 3597 (1.6%), and 1095 (0.5%) were underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grades 1, 2, and 3 obese women, respectively. A total of 138, 517 women from 26 cohorts had pregnancies with no hypertensive or diabetic disorders and with term deliveries of appropriate for gestational age at birth infants. Gestational weight gain charts for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grade 1, 2, and 3 obese women were derived by the Box-Cox t method using the generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape. Results We observed that gestational weight gain strongly differed per maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index group. The median (interquartile range) gestational weight gain at 40 weeks was 14.2 kg (11.4–17.4) for underweight women, 14.5 kg (11.5–17.7) for normal weight women, 13.9 kg (10.1–17.9) for overweight women, and 11.2 kg (7.0–15.7), 8.7 kg (4.3–13.4) and 6.3 kg (1.9–11.1) for grades 1, 2, and 3 obese women, respectively. The rate of weight gain was lower in the first half than in the second half of pregnancy. No differences in the patterns of weight gain were observed between cohorts or countries. Similar weight gain patterns were observed in mothers without pregnancy complications. Conclusions Gestational weight gain patterns are strongly related to pre-pregnancy body mass index. The derived charts can be used to assess gestational weight gain in etiological research and as a monitoring tool for weight gain during pregnancy in clinical practice.

Abstract: Compliments and insults play an important role in our daily lives, and even more when a high part of it is in social networks. Some authors have focused on research on responses to compliments (Holmes, 1986) responses to compliments on-line (Maíz-Arévalo, 2013), compliments in Japanese (Adachi, 2011), or compliments in audio-recorded, face-to-face conversations (Maíz-Arévalo, 2012). Nevertheless, little research has been done on how English compliments and insults are constructed in the comments section of famous people posts in social media. This is the aim of this text, as well as answering the following questions: what kind of compliments do fans use? What kind of insults do users employ? Do they change depending on the sexual preference of the celebrity that social networks users address? Results display that compliments and insults can be used explicitly and implicitly, although the explicit way is the most frequent type, both among compliments and insults. Also, regarding the sexual preference of celebrities, we can find that a there is a low influence over social media users when complimenting and insulting famous individuals in social networks. Keywords: compliments, insults, social networks, English, celebrities, Facebook, post. Resumen: Los halagos e insultos desempeñan un papel importante en nuestra vida cotidiana, incluso más cuando gran parte de ella está publicada en las redes sociales. Algunos autores se han centrado en investigar las respuestas a halagos, respuestas a halagos en línea, halagos en japonés o halagos en conversaciones cara a cara grabadas en audio. Sin embargo, poco se ha investigado acerca de cómo se construyen los halagos en insultos en inglés a lo largo de la sección de comentarios de las publicaciones de famosos en redes sociales. Este es el objetivo de este texto, así como responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Qué tipo de halagos usan los fans? ¿Qué tipo de insultos se usan? ¿Cambian dependiendo de la orientación sexual de los famosos? Los resultados demuestran que los halagos e insultos pueden ser usados explícitamente e implícitamente, aunque la forma más común es la explícita, tanto en halagos como en insultos. Además, en cuanto a la orientación sexual de los famosos, vemos que los usuarios de redes sociales se ven poco influenciados a la hora de halagar o insultar a famosos –Donald Trump y Neil Patrick Harris– en redes sociales. Palabras clave: halagos, insultos, redes sociales, inglés, celebrities, Facebook, publicación.

It is obvious that referencing is an essential part in scientific writing and ethical values that authors should be used in their work. It is strongly informed that reference avoids plagiarism and supports the author arguments. For instance, when a student wrote scientific writing, she or he should quote and cite other related literates or findings to make their writing trustworthy. In other word, it was not just collection of ideas but something authentic and scientific. It was still inchoate if a student who did her thesis without stating her or his sources in reference. In fact, the students frequently did not write their citations in reference. It was found that the students did not write the sources taken from any experts based on the guideline. They did not write down their references by determining the resources from the books, journals, magazine, articles, newspaper, document, thesis, and internet. Most of them only tended to make their reference from the book. It was not moot point that students did not write about city and publisher in some cases. On the contrary, in advanced writing class, they have been taught how to quote and cite other ideas and how to write them on references based on guideline MLA and APA style. Meanwhile, they also had two supervisors to help them during writing their final project. Briefly, the result showed that a number of students did not write all their sources and not follow the rule or reference guideline.

In this study, two indicators derived from references in papers were proposed to characterize the papers regarding technological relevance: (1) the number of reference papers that obtained citations from patents by the time of observation, i.e., the publication years of papers to be assessed (NR-PCP), and (2) the number of reference papers authored by the firms' researchers (NR-FP). Next, the two indicators were applied to papers published in 2001 to assess their performance. The results obtained by the two indicators were evaluated by citations from patents until 2016 in various conditions: scientific field, institutional sector, and period of measurement. Results showed a robustness of both indicators in many conditions. NR-PCP showed better results in most cases than NR-FP, although its recall was inferior to NR-FP for papers in which all references were newer than 1996. Based on the result that NR-PCP was preferred as an indicator, the rationale of using reference papers cited in the patent by the period of observation (R-PCP) as an indicator was considered based on the papers' potential distances from the border between science and technology, which was obtained from an extended version of the citation network originally proposed by Ahmadpoor and Jones (Science 357:583–587, 2017. 10.1126/science.aam9527). Finally, issues to be addressed were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]