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With the growth of the food industry, fructose, the intake of which increases with food, causes obesity and metabolic syndrome. Kidney damage may develop from metabolic syndrome. Selenium (Se) participates in the structure of antioxidant enzymes and has a medicinal effect. In this work, the protective impact of Se on kidney damage produced by high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was examined. The study comprised four groups, each consisting of ten experimental animals: control, HFCS (20%-HFCS), HFCS (20%-HFCS), + Se (0.3 mg/kg/day/po), and Se (0.3 mg/kg/day/po) alone. The duration of the experiment was 6 weeks. Kidney tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to assess TNF-α and caspase-3 levels. The spectrophotometric evaluation was performed to measure TOS (total oxidant status), TAS (total antioxidant status), and OSI (oxidative stress index) levels. The PERK, ATF4, CHOP, BCL-2, and caspase-9 gene expression levels were assessed by the RT-qPCR method. After Se treatment, histopathological abnormalities and TNF-α and caspase-3 levels in the HFCS+Se group decreased (p < 0.001). While TOS and OSI levels increased dramatically in the HFCS group, TAS values decreased significantly but improved after Se application (p < 0.001). The expression levels of the genes PERK, ATF4, CHOP, and caspase-9 were significantly lower in the HFCS group when compared to the HFCS+Se group (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that Se may protect against ER stress, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and kidney damage caused by high-dose fructose consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sequence analysis of the Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) polymerase (L gene) mRNA, using online tools, identified a highly ranked −1 programmed ribosomal frameshift (FS) signal including an ideal slippery sequence heptamer (UUUAAAA), with an overlapping coding region featuring two tandem UGA codons, immediately followed by an RNA region that is the inverse complement (antisense) to a region of the mRNA of the selenoprotein iodothyronine deiodinase II (DIO2). This antisense interaction was confirmed in vitro via electrophoretic gel shift assay, using cDNAs at the EBOV and DIO2 segments. The formation of a duplex between the two mRNAs could trigger the ribosomal frameshift, by mimicking the enhancing role of a pseudoknot structure, while providing access to the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element contained in the DIO2 mRNA. This process would allow the −1 frame UGA codons to be recoded as selenocysteine, forming part of a C-terminal module in a low abundance truncated isoform of the viral polymerase, potentially functioning in a redox role. Remarkably, 90 bases downstream of the −1 FS site, an active +1 FS site can be demonstrated, which, via a return to the zero frame, would enable the attachment of the entire C-terminal of the polymerase protein. Using a construct with upstream and downstream reporter genes, spanning a wildtype or mutated viral insert, we show significant +1 ribosomal frameshifting at this site. Acting singly or together, frameshifting at these sites (both of which are highly conserved in EBOV strains) could enable the expression of several modified isoforms of the polymerase. The 3D modeling of the predicted EBOV polymerase FS variants using the AI tool, AlphaFold, reveals a peroxiredoxin-like active site with arginine and threonine residues adjacent to a putative UGA-encoded selenocysteine, located on the back of the polymerase "hand". This module could serve to protect the viral RNA from peroxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) has garnered increasing attention in the field of nutrition, as it is essential for both humans and animals. Certain microorganisms can enrich inorganic selenium and convert it into organic selenium. The growth and metabolomic profiles of six lactobacilli strains exposed to 50 μg/mL of sodium selenite were performed using gas chromatography tandem time-off light mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) analysis. The addition of selenium significantly increased both the population and weight of the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PS5, Lbs. rhamnosus RT-B, Limosilactobacillus reuteri 3630, and Lmb. reuteri 1663 strains, while those of the other two strains decreased. A total of 271 metabolites were determined, with their concentrations ranked from highest to lowest as follows: organic acids and derivatives, oxygen compounds, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and benzenoids. In certain groups, the concentrations of serine, aspartic acid, trehalose, palmitic acid, methylthreonine, and melibiose increased significantly, whereas glucuronic acid, ribose, ornithine, and methionine were downregulated. The metabolic pathways were significantly associated with ABC transporters, glycine, serine, threonine metabolism, and aminobenzoate degradation and other pathways. Based on these findings, we concluded that the transport, absorption, assimilation, and stress response to selenium by lactobacilli in metabolomic changed. Furthermore, the metabolomic alterations among different types of lactobacilli varied primarily due to their distinct properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study addresses the challenge of temperature sensitivity in pristine gelatin hydrogels, widely used in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, low cost, and cell adhesion properties. Traditional gelatin hydrogels dissolve at physiological temperatures, limiting their utility. Here, we introduce a novel method for creating stable hydrogels at 37 °C using pristine gelatin through photopolymerization without requiring chemical modifications. This approach enhances consistency and simplifies production and functionalization of the gelatin with bioactive molecules. The stabilization mechanism involves the partial retention of the triple-helix structure of gelatin below 25 °C, which provides specific crosslinking sites. Upon activation by visible light, ruthenium (Ru) acts as a photosensitizer that generates sulphate radicals from sodium persulphate (SPS), inducing covalent bonding between tyrosine residues and "locking" the triple-helix conformation. The primary focus of this work is the characterization of the mechanical properties, swelling ratio, and biocompatibility of the photopolymerized gelatin hydrogels. Notably, these hydrogels supported better cell viability and elongation in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) compared to GelMA, and similar performance was observed for human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). As a proof of concept for functionalization, gelatin was modified with selenous acid (GelSe), which demonstrated antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities, particularly against E. coli and S. aureus. These results suggest that pristine gelatin hydrogels, enhanced through this new photopolymerization method and functionalized with bioactive molecules, hold potential for advancing regenerative medicine and tissue engineering by providing robust, biocompatible scaffolds for cell culture and therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selenium and zinc are essential trace elements known to regulate cellular processes including redox homeostasis. During inflammation, circulating selenium and zinc concentrations are reduced in parallel, but underlying mechanisms are unknown. Accordingly, we modulated the zinc and selenium supply of HepG2 cells to study their relationship. Methods: HepG2 cells were supplied with selenite in combination with a short- or long-term zinc treatment to investigate intracellular concentrations of selenium and zinc together with biomarkers describing their status. In addition, the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NRF2 was analyzed. Results: Zinc not only increased the nuclear translocation of NRF2 after 2 to 6 h but also enhanced the intracellular selenium content after 72 h, when the cells were exposed to both trace elements. In parallel, the activity and expression of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) increased, while the gene expression of other selenoproteins remained unaffected or was even downregulated. The zinc effects on the selenium concentration and TXNRD activity were reduced in cells with stable NRF2 knockdown in comparison to control cells. Conclusions: This indicates a functional role of NRF2 in mediating the zinc/selenium crosstalk and provides an explanation for the observed unidirectional behavior of selenium and zinc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is one of the essential trace elements for humans. Plants are the main source of Se for humans, while soil Se is the primary source of Se for plants. Biofortification, which involves the transfer of Se from soil to plants and animals, is currently recognized as the safest and most effective approach for Se supplementation for humans. However, Se in soil primarily exists in forms that plants cannot easily utilize, so enhancing Se transfer from soil to plants is crucial for optimal Se utilization. In this paper, we provided a comprehensive analysis of Se forms in soil. Then we summarized the strategies for enhancing Se transfer from soil to plants. These strategies include adjusting redox potential, managing soil moisture, modulating pH value, improving organic matter, optimizing ion competition, promoting beneficial microbes, and considering the synergy between plant rhizosphere and soil. Furthermore, we reviewed Se forms and metabolism after uptake into plants to better understand its role in human health. Finally, we came up with the challenges and perspectives, to provide new insights for further study in this area. This work also offers potential solutions for enhancing Se transformation from soil to plants and utilizing soil Se to produce naturally Se-rich products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thyroid hormone (TH) status is routinely assessed by thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroxine (T4). Both biomarkers are mainly regulated by TH receptor beta, whereas many peripheral organs employ the alpha receptor. Serum cluster of differentiation 5‐like molecule (CD5L) is a liver‐derived protein under control of both TH receptor isoforms. However, clinical data on its relation to TH status are sparse. An additional biomarker of TH status is needed in particular during pregnancy, where the routine biomarkers become dynamically disturbed. This study aimed to determine possible covariates regulating serum CD5L and to test its potential suitability as additional TH biomarker during pregnancy. A sandwich ELISA for serum CD5L was established using newly raised antibodies. Circadian effects and the impact of liver disease on serum CD5L concentrations were assessed. Serum samples from pregnant women with well‐characterized TH and trace element status were analyzed, and CD5L concentrations were correlated with other indicators of TH status including TSH, fT4, fT3, copper, and selenium concentrations. The new quantitative assay for CD5L showed high accuracy. Serum CD5L was stable in dilution and refreezing experiments and did not show strong circadian variance or dependency on liver disease. In serum of pregnant women, CD5L correlated positively to fT3, but not to fT4 or TSH. Significant positive correlations of CD5L were observed with serum levels of the TH‐responsive trace elements selenium and copper. The data support the potential suitability of serum CD5L as an additional marker of TH status, with potential value for pregnancy and thyroid disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants can recruit beneficial microbes to enhance their ability to resist disease. It is well established that selenium is beneficial in plant growth, but its role in mediating microbial disease resistance remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the correlation between selenium, oilseed rape rhizosphere microbes, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Soil application of 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg–1 selenium [selenate Na2SeO4, Se(VI) or selenite Na2SeO3, Se(IV)] significantly increased the resistance of oilseed rape to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum compared with no selenium application, with a disease inhibition rate higher than 20% in Se(VI)0.5, Se(IV)0.5 and Se(IV)1.0 mg kg–1 treatments. The disease resistance of oilseed rape was related to the presence of rhizosphere microorganisms and beneficial bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere inhibited Sclerotinia stem rot. Burkholderia cepacia and the synthetic community consisting of Bacillus altitudinis , Bacillus megaterium , Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus velezensis , Burkholderia cepacia , and Flavobacterium anhui enhanced plant disease resistance through transcriptional regulation and activation of plant-induced systemic resistance. In addition, inoculation of isolated bacteria optimized the bacterial community structure of leaves and enriched beneficial microorganisms such as Bacillus , Pseudomonas , and Sphingomonas. Bacillus isolated from the leaves were sprayed on detached leaves, and it also performed a significant inhibition effect on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Overall, our results indicate that selenium improves plant rhizosphere microorganisms and increase resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research investigated the impact of selenium-nanoparticles (Se-NPs) supplemented in sunflower meal (SM)-based diets on digestibility, mineral absorption, and growth performance of Catla catla. Se-NPs were added to seven test meals in varying amounts (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mgkg− 1). A total of 315 fish were evenly allocated three replicate tanks, with 15 fish per tank, and given diets equivalent to (5%) of their wet biomass daily for a period of 90 days. Results: The test diet (T-D) supplemented with 1.5 mgkg− 1 Se-NPs yielded remarkable results, including a significant increase in mean weight gain (14 g), an impressive average weight gain percentage (208%), a 100% survival rate, with no mortality observed and the highest specific growth rate (1.25). Moreover, 1.5 mgkg− 1 Se-NPs (T-D-IV) demonstrated superior nutritional digestibility (CP, 76%; CF, 79% and GE, 74%). Additionally, the diet 1.5 mgkg− 1 Se-NPs showed enhanced mineral absorption (K, P, Ca, Na, Zn, Cu and Fe) than other diets. Conclusion: It was practically proven that the growth indices, nutrient absorption, and mineral status of C. catla were significantly improved by Se-NPs supplemented SM-based diets, with the optimum level of supplementation being 1.5 mgkg− 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent extraction of selenium(IV) ions from highly concentrated hydrochloric acid using 0.4 mol/L Aliquat 336 dissolved in kerosene was investigated. As a modifying agent, 1-octanol (10% v/v) was added to the organic phase to avoid the third phase formation. The effect of different parameters affecting the liquid-liquid extraction of selenium(IV) such as the acid concentration, shaking time, metal ion concentration in the aqueous phase, loading capacity, diluents, and temperature, was studied. The results indicate that selenium(IV) is extracted efficiently by 0.4 mol/L Aliquat 336 dissolved in kerosene. It was noticed that the extraction increased with the increase in the acid and Aliquat 336 concentrations, reaching an extraction percentage of about 92% at 8 mol/L HCl and 97.1% at 1 mol/L extractant. The extracted organic species is postulated to be [H2SeO2Cl2.2R4NCl]org by using the slope analysis method, and the value of Kex for selenium(IV) extraction was found to be 26.17 ± 2 M− 2. The structure of the extracted organic species was confirmed by FT-IR. The effect of diluents using various aliphatic and aromatic diluents indicated that kerosene is the most preferred diluent. This is owing to safety ground purpose, economic consideration, the lower cost, availability, and lower toxicity. Thermodynamic parameters indicate the endothermic nature for the solvent extraction of selenium(IV) for the investigated system according to the positive value obtained of the enthalpy change (ΔH). Depending on the obtained results, the method was used to recover selenium(IV) from a simulated solution synthesized in hydrochloric acid medium, which is expected in anode slime leach liquor solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel selenium dioxide promoted selenylation/cyclization of leucosceptrane sesterterpenoids was reported. Two types of leucosceptrane derivatives with different valence states of selenium atoms (Se2+ and Se4+) were obtained. The mechanisms of these two processes were proposed, and the selenium-containing derivates may serve as intermediates of Riley oxidation that could be trapped with appropriate substrates. Immunosuppressive activity screening revealed that 10 and 11 had obvious inhibitory effects on IFN-γ production, with IC50 values of 5.29 and 17.60 μM, respectively, which were more active than their precursor leucosceptroid A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete characterization of selenium-enriched yeast in terms of selenium species has been the goal of extensive research for the last three decades. This contribution addresses the two outstanding questions: the mass balance of the identified and reported selenium species and the possible presence of inorganic selenium. For this purpose, four procedures have been designed combining, in diverse order, the principal steps of selenium speciation analysis in Se-rich yeast: extraction of the Se-metabolome, derivatization of cysteine and Se-cysteine (SeCys) residues, proteolysis, and definitive Se recovery using SDS extraction, followed by mineralization. The recovery of selenium in each step and its speciation were controlled by ICP MS and by reversed-phase HPLC-ICP MS, respectively. The study, carried out for the SELM-1 reference material, demonstrated the presence of about 10% of inorganic selenium and a serious risk of losses of SeCys during derivatization and proteolysis. As result of our work, we postulate the following values for SELM-1: Se-metabolome fraction (SeMF) 14.8 ± 0.7%; total selenomethionine (SeMet) 66.2 ± 2.7% (including ca. 1.5% SeMet present in the SeMF); total SeCys 12.5 ± 1.5% (including 2% of SeCys present in the Se-MF); total inorganic selenium 9.7 ± 1.7%, accounting for > 99.8% of the selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between selenium and renal function has always attracted widespread attention. Increased selenium level has been found to cause impaired renal function in our previous study, but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, we evaluate the potential mediating effects of plasma proteome in the association of selenium level and renal function to understand the mechanisms of selenium's effect on renal function. Methods: Utilizing two-sample two-step mediating mendelian randomization (MR) methodology to investigate the genetically causal relationship between selenium level and renal function as well as the role of the plasma proteome in mediating them. Additionally, the mediating proteins were enriched and analyzed through bioinformatics to understand the potential mechanisms of selenium effects on renal function. Results: In the MR analysis, an increase in selenium level was found to decrease estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Specifically, for each standard deviation (SD) increase in selenium levels, eGFR levels are reduced by 0.003 SD [Beta (95% CI): -0.003 (-0.004 ~ -0.001), P=0.001, with no observed heterogeneity and pleiotropy]. Through mediation analysis, 35 proteins have been determined mediating the genetically causal effects of selenium on the levels of eGFR, including Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), Fibulin-1, Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 45, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2), and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF3, and the mediation effect rates of these proteins ranged from 1.59% to 23.70%. In the enrichment analysis, 13 signal transduction pathways, including FGFR4 mutant receptor activation and Defective SLC5A5 causing thyroid dyshormonogenesis 1, were involved in the effect of selenium on eGFR levels. Conclusion: Our finding has revealed the underlying mechanism by which increased selenium level lead to deterioration of renal function, effectively guiding the prevention of chronic kidney disease and paving the way for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element integral to numerous biological processes in both plants and animals, with significant impacts on soil health and ecosystem stability. This review explores how soil microorganisms facilitate Se transformations through reduction, oxidation, methylation, and demethylation processes, thereby influencing the bioavailability and ecological functions of Se. The microbial reduction of Se compounds, particularly the conversion of selenate and selenite to elemental Se nanoparticles (SeNPs), enhances Se assimilation by plants and impacts soil productivity. Key microbial taxa, including bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus, exhibit diverse mechanisms for Se reduction and play a substantial role in the global Se cycle. Understanding these microbial processes is essential for advancing soil management practices and improving ecosystem health. This review underscores the intricate interactions between Se and soil microorganisms, emphasizing their significance in maintaining ecological balance and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disturbances in pro/antioxidant balance emerge as a crucial element in bipolar disorder (BD). Some studies suggest that treatment effects on trace element concentration in BD. This study aimed to identify (a) the changes related to oxidative stress in BD and their relationship with trace elements engaged in pro/antioxidant homeostasis; (b) BD biomarkers using machine learning algorithm classification and regression tree (C&RT) analysis. 62 individuals with BD and 40 healthy individuals (HC) were included in the study. The concentration of pro/antioxidant state and concentration of selenium, zinc, arsenic in blood were assessed. We found a higher concentration of total antioxidant capacity, catalase, advanced oxidation protein products and a lower concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in BD compared to HC. All examined trace elements were lower in the BD group compared to HC. A combination of two variables, 4-HNE (cut-off: ≤ 0.004 uM/mg protein) and GPx (cut-off: ≤ 0.485 U/mg protein), was the most promising markers for separating the BD from the HC. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for C&RT was 90.5%. Disturbances in the pro/antioxidant state and concentration of trace elements of patients with BD may be a target for new therapeutic or diagnostic opportunity of BD biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1973, two major discoveries changed the face of selenium chemistry: the identification of the first mammal selenoenzyme, glutathione peroxidase 1, and the discovery of the synthetic utility of the so‐called selenoxide elimination. While the chemical mechanism behind the catalytic activity of glutathione peroxidases appears to be mostly unveiled, little is known about the mechanisms of other selenoproteins and, for some of them, even the function lies in the dark. In chemistry, the capacity of organoselenides of catalyzing hydrogen peroxide activation for the practical manipulation of organic functional groups has been largely explored, and some mechanistic details have been clearly elucidated. As a paradox, despite the long‐standing experience in the field, the nature of the active oxidant in various reactions still remains matter of debate. While many successes characterize these fields, the pharmacological use of organoselenides still lacks any true application, and while some organoselenides were found to be non‐toxic and safe to use, to date no therapeutically approved use was granted. In this review, some fundamental and chronologically aligned topics spanning organoselenium biochemistry, chemistry and pharmacology are discussed, focusing on the current mechanistic picture describing their activity as either bioactive compounds or catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe the synthesis of a new class of selanylfullerene derivatives in a convergent strategy route, affording the desired products in a few steps and in good yields. C60 compounds were evaluated as photosensitizers to be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) via the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), using the chemical trapping method. The photooxidation of the chemical probe1,3‐diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) sensitized by selanylfullerenes followed a first‐order kinetic and the values of singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ) are appropriate for its use in PDT. The electronic absorption spectra, and the intersystem crossing tax rates for the most prominent synthesized compounds were calculated using the density functional theory and the Marcus electron transfer theory, with the theoretical results confirming the experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenocysteine (Sec) is an essential amino acid that distinguishes itself from cysteine by a selenium atom in place of a sulfur atom. This single change imparts distinct chemical properties to Sec which are crucial for selenoprotein (Sec-containing protein) function. These properties include a lower pKa, enhanced nucleophilicity, and reversible oxidation. However, studying Sec incorporation in proteins is a complex process. While we find Sec in all domains of life, each domain has distinct translation mechanisms. These mechanisms are unique to canonical translation and are composed of Sec-specific enzymes and an mRNA hairpin to drive recoding of the UGA stop codon with Sec. In this review, we highlight the obstacles that arise when investigating Sec insertion, and the role that Sec has in proteins. We discuss the strategic methods implemented in this field to address these challenges. Though the Sec translation system is complex, a remarkable amount of information has been obtained and specialized tools have been developed. Continued studies in this area will provide a deeper understanding on the role of Sec in the context of proteins, and the necessity that we have for maintaining this complex translation machinery to make selenoproteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial cancer is reported to be one of the most prevalent cancers of the female reproductive organs worldwide, with increasing incidence and mortality rates over the past decade. Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. Recently, there has been a growing focus on the role of nutrition and micronutrient and macronutrient status in patients with gynecologic cancers, including endometrial cancer. In the following paper, we have conducted an in-depth narrative literature review with the aim of evaluating the results of metallomic studies specifically concerning the micro- and macronutrient status of patients with endometrial cancer. The main objective of the paper was to analyze the results regarding the nutritional status of endometrial cancer patients and describe the role of chosen elements in the onset and progression of endometrial carcinogenesis. Further, we have focused on the evaluation of the usage of the described elements in the potential treatment of the abovementioned cancer, as well as the possible prevention of cancer considering proper supplementation of chosen elements in healthy individuals. Calcium supplementation has been proposed to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer, although some studies offer conflicting evidence. Deficiencies in phosphorus, selenium, and zinc have been inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk, suggesting they may play a protective role, whereas excessive levels of iron, copper, and cadmium have been positively correlated with increased risk. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these elements affect endometrial carcinogenesis are not fully understood, and current findings are often contradictory. Further research is needed to clarify these relationships and to evaluate the potential of nutritional interventions for the prevention and treatment of endometrial cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkynes are simple yet important organic feedstocks. The selenylation of alkynes is able to produce complex selenium‐containing compounds in a facile way. Although there are some reviews about the selenylation of alkynes, most of them focus on one specific reaction or what types of products that can be obtained. There is a lack of attention given to the various uses of different selenium reagents and their mechanisms. This review mainly focuses on recent advances (2013–2023) based on diverse selenium reagents. Mechanisms and how the added reagents work will be discussed. Different reaction types, including difunctionalization, Se‐annulation, spiro‐cyclization, C−Se coupling, click reaction will be recorded in this review. The regioselectivity can be achieved through various mechanisms, including radicals, seleniraniums or electrophilic cyclization. We hope it will do help for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusions Selenium, an essential micronutrient for humans, has been shown to be protective against ulcerative colitis (UC), but the exact mechanism remains unclear. The role of selenium, protecting against ferroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in colitis, was investigated in this current study.Serum selenium level and ferroptosis‐related gene expression in the colonic mucosa were measured in UC patients and healthy controls. The effects of sodium selenite supplementation on experimental colitis were investigated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐treated mice. The influence of sodium selenite on IEC ferroptosis was evaluated through assessing cell death rate, intracellular ferrous iron content, lipid reactive oxygen species level, and mitochondrial membrane damage of DSS‐treated Caco‐2 cells. Moreover, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and acyl‐CoA synthetase long‐chain family member 4, ferroptosis‐related genes, were detected in Caco‐2 cells and mouse intestines.Serum selenium was decreased in UC patients in comparison with healthy individuals. Additionally, serum selenium level was negatively correlated with disease activity and was associated with clinical inflammation and nutrition indicators. The expression of GPX4 in the mucosa of UC was positively correlated with serum selenium level. The in vivo experiments showed that selenium treatment ameliorated DSS‐induced colitis and inhibited ferroptosis in IECs. The in vitro results suggested that selenium supplementation inhibited DSS‐induced ferroptosis in Caco‐2 cells. GPX4 was upregulated after selenium supplementation both in vivo and in vitro.Serum selenium level was associated with IEC ferroptosis in UC patients. Selenium supplementation alleviates DSS‐induced colitis and inhibits ferroptosis in IECs by upregulating the expression of GPX4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) shows promise as a cathode candidate for all‐solid‐state lithium (Li) batteries due to its impressive theoretical volumetric energy density, much higher electronic conductivity, and improved safety in comparison to those for sulfur (S). An active cathode additive, lithium iodide (LiI) is demonstrated, to address the major challenge for all‐solid‐state Li–Se batteries, namely the sluggish redox kinetics resulting from the huge solid‐state conversion barrier. The LiI additive enhances Li+ transport and provides catalytic sites for Se cathode, thus endowing the batteries with accelerated reaction kinetics and extra capacity. DFT calculation and experimental analysis clearly reveal that LiI additive efficiently accelerates the conversion between polyselenide intermediates and Li2Se. With the above advantages, the battery with LiI using Li6PS5Br electrolyte gives an outstanding capacity of 862 mAh gSe−1 beyond the theoretical specific capacity of Se and a superlong life over 1800 cycles at 1C under room temperature. This work offers a simple strategy to facilitate the kinetics of all‐solid‐state Se cathodes and paves the way for the practicality of high‐capacity and long‐life all‐solid‐state Li–Se batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is considered a beneficial element for plants. It plays a fundamental role in several physiological processes that influence their growth, development, and productivity. However, the influence of Se depends on both the concentration used and the method of application. It was hypothesized that low concentrations of Se stimulate plant growth and development, and foliar applications are more effective as a method of application. For that reason, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of 5, 10, 25, and 50 µM of Se applied radically and foliarly in bell pepper crop employed in a soilless cultivation system. The presence of Se by both application methods stimulated plant production, dry biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic pigment content, as well as leaf concentration of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), except for calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) which were influenced by the application method and Se concentration factor, respectively. Fruit size was favored by the Se concentration factor while shelf life was favored by the application method. Se concentration in fruit dry matter varied as a function of Se concentration and application method, being more effective for human consumption by foliar application. This demonstrates the potential of Se as a beneficial element and reinforces the importance of proper management of both the concentration and method of Se application in agricultural crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient that has multiple biochemical effects ranging from a nutritional deficiency at low levels to toxicity at high levels. Its quantification in environmental systems is vital to protect the health of people and animals. This study developed and validated methods to determine the total selenium (Se) concentration in soil, maize plants, and maize flour. The performance of the methods was ascertained using matrix certified reference materials (CRMs), namely NMIJ CRM 7303-a (trace elements in lake sediments), NIST SRM 1646-a (estuarine sediments), NIST SRM 1570-a (spinach leaves), NIST SRM 1571 (orchard leaves), NCS ZC 73010 (maize flour) and NIST RM 8437 (hard red spring wheat flour). All methods fulfilled the performance requirements of the AOAC International. An acceptable accuracy was achieved with percentage recoveries between 57 and 102% and E n ‐ scores within ±1 limits. Repeatability ( RSD r , %) and intermediate precision (RSD R , %) ranged from 4 to 12%, and 9 to 15%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for soil were 0.024 ng. g−1 and 0.082 ng. g−1, respectively. The LODs and LOQs for maize plants and flour were 0.0036 and 0.0179 ng. g−1, respectively. The performance characteristics of the methods were comparable with previously reported methods, confirming reliability. The measurement uncertainty was evaluated following the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). Relative expanded uncertainty at a 95% level of confidence (k = 2) was less than 24% for the final measurement results for all the different matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of selenium (Se) against cadmium (Cd) toxicity, 180 healthy grass carp were separated into three groups and fed diets containing 0.147 (control group), 0.562, and 1.044 mg/kg of selenium Yeast throughout 60 days. In grass carp livers, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and apoptosis-related gene expression were examined. As a result of acute exposure to cadmium, MDA content decreased significantly. With time, catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities changed. The relative transcript levels of heavy metal scavenging genes abcc2 and mt2 were significantly reduced. The relative levels of expression of jnk, bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 in apoptosis-associated factors were significantly elevated after cadmium exposure. Selenium-supplementation downregulated the expression of apoptosis-related factors. As compared to the control group, liver cells supplemented with selenium had a significantly lower apoptotic index. Comprehensive analysis showed that dietary selenium supplementation significantly attenuated cadmium-induced peroxidative damage and apoptosis in liver by increasing GSH-Px activity, and that cadmium toxicity could be alleviated by the addition of yeast selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Selenium deficiency in patients with gastrointestinal diseases treated with long-term central venous nutrition is a clinical problem. Only injectable selenium is approved in Japan, and oral selenium preparations are prepared in hospitals from reagents, but their efficacy and safety are unknown. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study investigating the relationship between selenium administration and oral selenium formulations and adverse events. Results: In this study, 239 selenium-treated cases and 220 selenium-untreated cases adjusted for patient background were selected as a reference group. The median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 1.3 (0.4–4.4) and 1.3 (0.3–4.5) years, respectively; gastrointestinal diseases were most common in 110 (46.0%) and 104 (47.3%) cases. The median (IQR) duration of treatment or observation with oral selenium was 446 (128–1157) and 414 (141–1064) days, respectively. The median (IQR) dose per body weight at the maintenance dose was 2.6 (1.7–3.9) μg/kg, and the median (IQR) serum selenium concentration at the maintenance dose was 8.5 (7.0–10.6) μg/mL within the upper tolerated dose limit and approximately the reference range. There was no difference in selenium dose, serum selenium concentration, or serum-selenium-concentration-to-dose ratio (C/D ratio) for adverse events. The incidence of adverse events was compared with that of patients not treated with selenium. Conclusions: An oral selenium preparation administered below the upper tolerated dose limit can be used effectively and safely in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of the use of layered double hydroxides (LDH) in the removal of selenium species from contaminated water sources. Key studies on sorption mechanisms and the impact of competing ions on selenium removal are presented, and the effectiveness of LDH is compared across different structures and compositions. Scholarly sources extensively document the application of conventional LDH for effective selenium removal, with notable advancements achieved through innovative synthesis approaches. Comparative studies between LDH synthesized through various methods reveal the potential of tailored LDH for enhanced selenium adsorption. The paper further explores the influence of competing anions on LDH efficacy, emphasizing the impact of sulfate on selenium removal. Additionally, investigations into calcined LDH and commercially available variants underscore the potential for industrial applications. Beyond conventional LDH, the paper delves into iron-based LDH, LDH with intercalated thiomolybdate anions, and layered rare earth hydroxides, exploring their effectiveness in separating different selenium species. The role of pH in the removal of selenium species and the impact of three-metal cation LDH are also discussed. The study extends to nanocomposites, combining LDH with zero-valent iron, carbon-based materials, and organic compounds, illustrating their potential for selenium species immobilization. The presented findings offer valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in environmental science, addressing the growing demand for efficient selenium remediation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Cardamine violifolia is a significant Brassicaceae plant known for its high selenium (Se) accumulation capacity, serving as an essential source of Se for both humans and animals. WRKY transcription factors play crucial roles in plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses, including cadmium stress, iron deficiency, and Se tolerance. However, the molecular mechanism of CvWRKY in Se accumulation is not completely clear. Results: In this study, 120 WRKYs with conserved domains were identified from C. violifolia and classified into three groups based on phylogenetic relationships, with Group II further subdivided into five subgroups. Gene structure analysis revealed WRKY variations and mutations within the CvWRKYs. Segmental duplication events were identified as the primary driving force behind the expansion of the CvWRKY family, with numerous stress-responsive cis-acting elements found in the promoters of CvWRKYs. Transcriptome analysis of plants treated with exogenous Se and determination of Se levels revealed a strong positive correlation between the expression levels of CvWRKY034 and the Se content. Moreover, CvWRKY021 and CvWRKY099 exhibited high homology with AtWRKY47, a gene involved in regulating Se accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The WRKY domains of CvWRKY021 and AtWRKY47 were highly conserved, and transcriptome data analysis revealed that CvWRKY021 responded to Na2SeO4 induction, showing a positive correlation with the concentration of Na2SeO4 treatment. Under the induction of Na2SeO3, CvWRKY021 and CvWRKY034 were significantly upregulated in the roots but downregulated in the shoots, and the Se content in the roots increased significantly and was mainly concentrated in the roots. CvWRKY021 and CvWRKY034 may be involved in the accumulation of Se in roots. Conclusions: The results of this study elucidate the evolution of CvWRKYs in the C. violifolia genome and provide valuable resources for further understanding the functional characteristics of WRKYs related to Se hyperaccumulation in C. violifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcogen bonds (ChB) are moderately strong, directional, and specific non‐covalent interactions that have garnered substantial interest over the last decades. Specifically, the presence of two σ‐holes offers great potential for crystal engineering, catalysis, biochemistry, and molecular sensing. However, ChB applications are currently hampered by a lack of methods to characterize and control chalcogen bonds. Here, we report on the influence of various substituents (halogens, cyano, and methyl groups) on the observed self‐complementary ChB networks of 2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazoles. From molecular electrostatic potential calculations, we show that the electrostatic surface potentials (ESP) of the σ‐holes on selenium are largely influenced by the electron‐withdrawing character of these substituents. Structural analyses via X‐ray diffraction reveal a variety of ChB geometries and binding modes that are rationalized via the computed ESP maps, although the structure of 5,6‐dimethyl‐2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole also demonstrates the influence of steric interactions. 77Se solid‐state magic‐angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, in particular the analysis of the selenium chemical shift tensors, is found to be an effective probe able to characterize both structural and electrostatic features of these self‐complementary ChB systems. We find a positive correlation between the value of the ESP maxima at the σ‐holes and the experimentally measured 77Se isotropic chemical shift, while the skew of the chemical shift tensor is established as a metric which is reflective of the ChB binding motif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice grown in cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil, is a potential threat to human health, but exogenous selenium (Se) application on rice can mitigate Cd toxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying Se mitigation of Cd stress in ratoon rice (RR) are still poorly understood. We conducted a pot experiment with moderate Cd-contaminated yellow–brown paddy soil on two rice varieties 'Taoyouxiangzhan' (TX) and 'Liangyou 6326'(LY). For all treatments, 1.0 mg kg−1 sodium selenite solution was added to soil. Treatment T1 was sodium selenite only, and in the other treatments 100 mg L−1 Se solution was sprayed on the leaves at seedling stage (T2), at tillering stage (T3), and in early anthesis stage (T4). Se treatments decreased Cd accumulation in rice grains and herbage. Under foliar spraying 100 mg L−1 Se at the seedling + 1.0 mg kg−1 Se in soil (T2), leaf Cd content decreased 16.95% in the current season and grains content decreased 46.67% in the subsequent season. Furthermore, grain Se content increased 0.94 mg kg−1 for the TX variety combined with the analysis of Cd bio-accumulation factor in grains, and Se treatments effectively decreased Cd grain concentrations due to reduced Cd translocation from roots to grains. TX variety rice showed a more pronounced response to Se treatments than LY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exogenous melatonin (MT) can promote horticultural crops growth under stress conditions. Methods: In this study, the effects of exogenous MT on the accumulation of selenium (Se) in grape were studied under Se stress. Results and discussion: Under Se stress, exogenous MT increased the biomass, content of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzyme activity of grapevines. Compared with Se treatment, MT increased the root biomass, shoot biomass, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase activity, and peroxidase activity by 18.11%, 7.71%, 25.70%, 25.00%, 25.93%, 5.73%, and 9.41%, respectively. Additionally, MT increased the contents of gibberellin, auxin, and MT in grapevines under Se stress, while it decreased the content of abscisic acid. MT increased the contents of total Se, organic Se and inorganic Se in grapevines. Compared with Se treatment, MT increased the contents of total Se in the roots and shoots by 48.82% and 135.66%, respectively. A transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that MT primarily regulated the cellular, metabolic, and bioregulatory processes of grapevine under Se stress, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily enriched in pathways, such as aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, spliceosome, and flavonoid biosynthesis. These involved nine DEGs and nine metabolic pathways in total. Moreover, a field experiment showed that MT increased the content of Se in grapes and improved their quality. Therefore, MT can alleviate the stress of Se in grapevines and promote their growth and the accumulation of Se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently described crystalline cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene with a 1,1’‐ferrocenylene (fc) backbone fc(CPh2−C−NMes) (A, Mes=mesityl) is highly reactive due to its particularly pronounced ambiphilicity and is thermally not stable in solution due to an intramolecular insertion of the divalent carbon atom into a methyl C−H bond of the Mes substituent. The closely related congener fc(CPh2−C−N‐p‐C6H4‐tBu) (1) cannot undergo such an insertion reaction. Nevertheless, 1 is too short‐lived for isolation due to a rapid 1,2‐shift of a phenyl group, furnishing the isomeric cyclic enamine fc[C(Ph)=C(Ph)−N‐p‐C6H4‐tBu] (1’) in a specific decomposition process unprecedented for CAACs. Trapping of 1 was possible with carbon monoxide, elemental selenium and with [CuBr(SMe2)], respectively affording the aminoketene 1=C=O, the selenoamide 1=Se and the homoleptic CuI complex [Cu(1)2][CuBr2]. 1 is an even stronger ambiphile than A according to NMR spectroscopic data. Similar to A, 1 does not react with H2, because the experimentally observed intramolecular process is kinetically more favourable according to DFT results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicate has been proven to be highly-effective at immobilizing soil heavy metals, but the effects of silicate stabilizers on rice grain cadmium (Cd) reduction and rice quality under field conditions are not clear. In this study, a field experiment was conducted over three consecutive years was conducted to examine the Cd reduction in rice grains and to reveal the potential effects of silicate stabilizers on rice grain nutrients, by setting different amounts of bentonite (B), silica‒calcium fertilizer (SC) and zeolite powder (ZP). The results revealed that the application of the B, SC and ZP significantly decreased the soil CaCl2‒Cd concentration (> 39%) and significantly reduced the grain Cd concentration in both early rice (> 70%) and late rice (> 18%) under field conditions; the silicate stabilizers reduced the soil available iron (Fe) but did not limit rice grain Fe nutrition. Additionally, the three silicates promoted rice yield and improved the rice grain Ca and Mg contents; and the application of B increased the amylose concentration of the late rice grains. In conclusion, high amounts of silicate stabilizers did not adversely influence the soil conventional nutrient indices, rice minerals or rice taste, but changes in rice selenium content need attention. Overall, in comparison with lime, silicate stabilizers can improve not only the safety of rice but also the nutritional and taste qualities of rice and are more eco-friendly for long-term use in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma start, development, and exacerbation have all been linked in numerous studies to exposure to a variety of metal elements. However, there is still a dearth of epidemiological data linking heavy metal exposure to death in asthmatics. The investigation included 2432 eligible adults with asthma. The study examined the possible correlation between blood heavy metal levels and all-cause mortality. This was done by utilizing Cox proportional hazards models, restricted cubic spline (RCS), threshold effect models, and CoxBoost models. Subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate the associations between blood metal levels and all-cause mortality among distinct asthmatic populations. An inverse association was found between blood selenium and all-cause mortality in asthmatics, while blood manganese showed a positive association with all-cause mortality. However, there were no significant connections found between blood lead, cadmium, mercury, and all-cause mortality via multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. In model 3, after accounting for all factors, all-cause mortality dropped by 10% for every additional 10 units of blood selenium (μg/L) and increased by 6% for every additional unit of blood manganese (μg/L). The RCS and threshold effect model found a U-shaped correlation between blood selenium, blood manganese, and all-cause mortality. The lowest all-cause mortality among asthmatics was observed when blood selenium and manganese were 188.66 μg/L and 8.47 μg/L, respectively. Our investigation found a U-shaped correlation between blood selenium levels, blood manganese levels, and all-cause mortality in asthmatic populations. Optimizing dietary selenium intake and effectively managing manganese exposure could potentially improve the prognosis of asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The material of a bandage plays an important role in wound management. Microorganisms can colonize the dressing and release toxins, which create dead cells in the wound. This allows the microorganisms to bind the dead cells and infect the wound. Thus, a dressing is needed that kills bacteria in the bandage. To combat health care–associated infections, antimicrobial treatment of medical textiles, such as gauze, uniforms, curtains, bed sheets, gowns, and masks, is required. Besides, antimicrobial resistance is another major problem of this century. Antibacterial overuse has contributed to drug-resistant bacteria. To combat these two problems, we synthesized new organo-selenium compounds that can be attached to the cotton of the dressing. We then used an in vivo wound model, which allowed us to measure the effectiveness of selenium attached to a cotton dressing, to prevent bacteria from infecting a wound. Materials and Methods Organo-selenium was attached to cotton fabric, resulting in a fabric with 0.1% selenium covalently attached to it. Staphylococcus aureus (as well as methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , Enterococcus faecalis , Staphylococcus epidermidis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were chosen for the wound infection study. All the bacteria were enumerated in the wound dressing and in the wound tissue under the dressing. Wounds were made on the backs of mice. The material was used as a bandage over the wound. Bacteria were injected into the wound under the bandage. The amount of bacteria in the wound after 5 days was determined. A similar study was performed using dressing material that was soaked in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C for 3 months before use. Results Cotton dressing with selenium attached showed complete inhibition (7 logs, as compared with control dressing) of different bacterial strains, in both the dressing and "the tissue" of the wound. Similar results were obtained using selenium cotton dressing that was soaked for 3 months before use. Control cotton with no selenium showed complete infiltration of bacteria into the wound and the dressing. In addition, a study was performed under Food and Drug Administration standard methods to show the ability of the selenium to kill bacteria in the fabric, using material that was washed 5 times in detergent. This also showed complete killing of bacteria in the fabric. Conclusions The results show that the selenium remains in the dressing after washing and is able to completely protect the wound from bacterial infection. In the selenium bandage, no bacteria were found in the bandage or the wound after 5 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) supplementation on the growth, blood parameters, antioxidant levels, immune response, and carcass traits of rabbits under summer heat stress in Egypt. Thirty male New Zealand White rabbits, aged 35 days with an average weight of 637.96 ± 15.70 g, were divided into three groups: a control group, a zinc-supplemented group (50.0 mg/kg diet), and a selenium-supplemented group (0.3 mg/kg diet). The results revealed that Zn supplementation led to significant improvements in feed intake, body weight, and feed conversion ratio compared to Se supplementation and the control. Both Zn and Se supplementation increased serum total protein, albumin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A (IgA), while decreasing total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), urea, creatinine, and MDA. However, no significant differences were observed in all hematological parameters, blood contents of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), or immunoglobulin G (IgG), as well as carcass traits among the experimental groups. In conclusion, supplementing rabbit diets with Se (0.3 mg/kg diet) or Zn (50 mg/kg diet) could ameliorate the adverse effects of heat stress on rabbit growth and health in hot climates of the summer season in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Intraspecific variation in flower microbiome composition can mediate pollination and reproduction, and so understanding the community assembly processes driving this variation is critical. Yet the relative importance of trait‐based host filtering and dispersal in shaping among‐species variation in floral microbiomes remains unknown. Methods: Within two clades of Brassicaceae, we compared diversity and composition of floral microbiomes in natural populations of focal nickel and selenium hyperaccumulator species and two of their non‐accumulating relatives. We assessed the relative strengths of floral elemental composition, plant phylogenetic distance (host filtering), and geography (dispersal) in driving floral microbiome composition. Results: Species in the nickel hyperaccumulator clade had strongly divergent floral microbiomes, the most of that variation driven by floral elemental composition, followed by geographic distance between plant populations and, lastly, phylogenetic distance. Conversely, within the selenium hyperaccumulator clade, floral microbiome divergence was much lower among the species and elemental composition, geography, and plant phylogeny were far weaker determinants of microbiome variation. Conclusions: Our results show that the strength of elemental hyperaccumulation's effect on floral microbiomes differs substantially among plant clades, possibly due to variation in elements as selective filters or in long‐distance dispersal probability in different habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress and varicocele have been linked to male infertility. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of selenium therapy on semen parameters in infertile men with varicocele. Forty infertile men with varicocele (Group 1) and forty infertile men without varicocele (Controls, Group 2) with oligoasthenospermia who fulfilled the selection criteria were included in the study. All participants received selenium (200 µg/day) orally for three months. Seminal fluid analysis (WHO 5th criteria) was performed at baseline and after three months of selenium treatment. The results were compared between groups before and after therapy. Following three months of selenium therapy, sperm progressive motility significantly increased in patients with and without varicocele (P<0.01, P<0.05 respectively; 32.7% change vs. 24.1% respectively) but the improvement was higher in patients with varicocele. Similarly, sperm total motility significantly increased in patients with and without varicocele P<0.01, P<0.05 respectively; 23.6% change vs. 12.6% respectively) and the increment was higher in infertile men with varicocele. Sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology; however, did not significantly change before and after selenium therapy. In conclusion, treatment of infertile men with varicocele and oligoasthenospermia with selenium (200 µg/day) for 3 months improves sperm progressive and total motility and the increment is higher than in infertile men without varicocele. Thus, selenium could be an adjuvant treatment for varicocele-associated male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of selenium (Se) supplementation on growth performance of growing Awassi lambs. Twenty-five lambs were divided randomly into three groups. Lambs received the basal diet plus: no Se (CON; n = 8), 0.15 mg/lambs/day of supplemental Se to the diet as Se selenite (DSE; n = 8), or 0.5 mg/lamb of Se injection as Se selenite (ISE; n = 9). At the end of the study that lasted for 50 day, 3 lambs from each treatment randomly selected and individually housed in metabolism crates to evaluate nutrient digestibility. Nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and EE) intake of lambs and nutrient digestibility were not affected by Se supplementation. Growth performance (final body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio) of lambs were similar among treatment groups. Selenium supplementation (dietary or injection) failed to improve the performance of growing Awassi lambs fed high-concentrate diets containing 0.13 mg Se/kg of dry matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are limited data available regarding the connection between heavy metal exposure and mortality among hypertension patients. Aim: We intend to establish an interpretable machine learning (ML) model with high efficiency and robustness that monitors mortality based on heavy metal exposure among hypertension patients. Methods: Our datasets were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2013–2018). We developed 5 ML models for mortality prediction among hypertension patients by heavy metal exposure, and tested them by 10 discrimination characteristics. Further, we chose the optimally performing model after parameter adjustment by genetic algorithm (GA) for prediction. Finally, in order to visualize the model's ability to make decisions, we used SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) and Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) algorithm to illustrate the features. The study included 2347 participants in total. Results: A best-performing eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) with GA for mortality prediction among hypertension patients by 13 heavy metals was selected (AUC 0.959; 95% CI 0.953–0.965; accuracy 96.8%). According to sum of SHAP values, cadmium (0.094), cobalt (2.048), lead (1.12), tungsten (0.129) in urine, and lead (2.026), mercury (1.703) in blood positively influenced the model, while barium (− 0.001), molybdenum (− 2.066), antimony (− 0.398), tin (− 0.498), thallium (− 2.297) in urine, and selenium (− 0.842), manganese (− 1.193) in blood negatively influenced the model. Conclusions: Hypertension patients' mortality associated with heavy metal exposure was predicted by an efficient, robust, and interpretable GA-XGB model with SHAP and LIME. Cadmium, cobalt, lead, tungsten in urine, and mercury in blood are positively correlated with mortality, while barium, molybdenum, antimony, tin, thallium in urine, and lead, selenium, manganese in blood is negatively correlated with mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil mercury (Hg) contamination is a serious threat to local ecology and public health. Exogenous selenium (Se) supplementation can effectively reduce the toxicity of Hg. However, the mechanisms affecting the changes in soil Hg speciation, soil properties and the microbial Hg-resistant system during the Se–Hg interaction after exogenous Se supplementation are not clear. Therefore, in this study, soil culture experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of different Se additions on the transformation of Hg speciation, soil properties and Hg-resistant microorganisms and resistant genes (mer operon). The results indicated that Se supplementation facilitated the transformation of soil Hg from bioavailable (exchangeable and carbonate-bound) to stable forms (organic material-bound and residual), significantly reducing Hg bioavailability. Se supplementation notably decreased the electrical conductivity of Hg-contaminated soil, but had no significant effect on the soil pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity or alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities. The maximum activity levels of soil sucrase and urease were observed when 1 mg kg−1 Se was added. Se significantly inhibited soil peroxidase and ascorbate oxidase activities, thereby alleviating the oxidative stress in the soil system caused by Hg. Additionally, Se significantly activated the Hg-resistant system in soil microorganisms by either decreasing or increasing the regulatory genes merD and merR, and it significantly upregulated the cytoplasmic protein gene merP and the membrane protein genes merC, merF and merT. This further increased the abundance of the organomercury lyase gene merB and the mercuric reductase gene merA, promoting the conversion of Hg species to Hg⁰. Furthermore, the abundance of mer operon-containing microorganisms, such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidants, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Cryptococcus, significantly increased with Se addition, explaining the role of soil microorganisms in mitigating soil Hg stress via Se supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between epilepsy and myasthenia gravis has rarely been reported, and when it has been reported, it has only been in a small case series. The aim of the present study was to report the frequency of epilepsy and myasthenia gravis and to describe a case series of patients with myasthenia gravis and epilepsy, focusing on their clinical characteristics and searching for a possible physiopathological mechanism. A retrospective, observational, adult center study was conducted in 2022. Patients were recruited from the database of the outpatient clinic of the Myasthenia Gravis and Epilepsy Unit of the Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge. Five patients were included. The frequency of epilepsy in the myasthenia gravis cohort was 5/469 (1.1%), and the frequency of myasthenia gravis in the epilepsy cohort was 5/1432 (0.35%). All patients suffered from focal epilepsy, mainly temporo-central, which was drug-resistant in 3/5 Myasthenia gravis, which was generalized and with exacerbations in 3/5. Three patients were thymectomized (anatomopathology: thymic hyperplasia). Other autoimmune diseases were found in two (40%). Epilepsy onset preceded myasthenia gravis onset in all patients. Both diseases were considered autoimmune-related in 3/5, related to genetic predisposition due to altered innate immune system in 1/5, and due to chance or to treatment in 1/5. Epilepsy and myasthenia gravis are only infrequently associated. In adult patients, epilepsy onset precedes myasthenia onset in most cases. In some cases, epilepsy has an autoimmune etiology and coexists with other autoimmune conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral raw materials have always been of great importance in human history and have been the cause of numerous military conflicts. In addition, new technologies to mitigate climate change, sustainable energy production and mobility, as well as digitalisation, make particular chemical elements indispensable. Some of these raw materials are not mined from own deposits but are minor constituents of basic raw material deposits such as copper, zinc, aluminium and nickel and can only be produced together with them. Since geological resources and reserves of minor metals are generally not included in classification codes — such as JORC — their reserves or resources are not sufficiently documented. Consequently, no reliable assessment of their criticality is possible. We assume that different types of copper deposits have characteristic Se-concentrations. These values are linked and extrapolated with our own database of copper deposits, which is precisely structured according to the type of deposit, tectonic setting, age of mineralisation, copper grades, reserves and resources and geographic location. The result is a tabular listing of selenium's geological reserves and resources according to the relevant countries, type of deposit, tectonic setting, regions and geological age. These findings show the average Se-content and size of copper deposits. The calculated resources of around 25 million tonnes of selenium are well over two hundred times higher than previously documented and are available to accommodate increasing demand. The methodology presented is suitable for estimating the reserves and resources of other minor metals such as platinum, cobalt, bismuth, molybdenum and tantalum as they are typical constituents of primary mineralisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is a common cancer among males in the US, but little is known about its risk factors, including trace elements. The primary aim of this study was to examine prostate cancer and its association with arsenic and selenium in toenails. We conducted a small, nested case-control study of men residing in Iowa within the Agricultural Health Study cohort, where we also collected toenail samples to test for arsenic and other trace elements. Toenail samples were sent for neutron activation analysis aimed at long-lived trace elements, including arsenic. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for trace element exposures and prostate cancer. A total of 66 prostate cancer cases and 173 healthy controls returned questionnaires, over 99% of which included toenail samples. An increased risk was seen for the highest levels of arsenic (OR = 3.4 confidence interval (CI) of 1.3–8.6 and OR = 2.2, 95% CI of 0.9–5.6) and the highest level of selenium (2.0, 95% CI of 1.0–4.0). These data also show detectable levels of over 50% for 14 of 22 elements detected in the toenails. The association seen here with arsenic and prostate cancer further supports ecological studies finding an association with community levels of arsenic and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human exposure to cyclophosphamide (CP) is highly frequent because it is widely used chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive. CP has potential toxic effects on liver and kidney that make it an issue of concern to public health. Selenium (Se) is an essential dietary element with a high nutritional value, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of Se against toxic effects of CP in hepatic and renal tissues of adult male albino rats. Methods: The study was carried on 42 adult male albino rats were divided into 6 groups, 7 rats for each group. Group I (Negative control). group II (Positive control): divided into group IIA (Distilled water), group IIB (Normal saline), group III (Selenium), group IV (CP) and group V (CP + Se). The following markers were measured: serum ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), AST(Aspartate transaminase), LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase), Urea and Creatinine. Hepatic and renal tissue MDA (Malondialdehyde), PCC (Protein carbonyl content), catalase, GSH (Reduced glutathione) and IL-6 (Interleukin six). Histopathological and Immunohistochemical staining studies were demonstrated. Results: In CP administrated rats, serum ALT, AST, LDH, Urea and Creatinine levels increased. Also, CP induced elevation in hepatic and renal tissues MDA, PCC and IL-6 and a decrease in hepatic and renal tissues catalase and GSH. Histopathology and Immunohistochemical staining showed that: CP induced histological damages and strong immunoreaction decreased by cotreatment of Se. Conclusion: Administration of Se improved liver and kidney functions and histology beside improvement in oxidative stress and inflammation caused by CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is an essential micronutrient for ruminants, which participates in the optimal functioning of proteins and enzymes that can combat oxidative stress in the body; however, its toxicity is documented in different species. The objective of this work was to describe macroscopic and microscopic lesions in lambs intoxicated with selenium administered through intraruminal boluses. The main lesions at necropsy were pulmonary oedema; the myocardial surface presented multifocal pale areas; the thyroid and thymus glands were decreased in size, and areas of necrosis, haemorrhage and hyperkeratosis were observed in the reticulum and rumen. At the microscopic level, congestion, haemorrhage, oedema and hyaline membranes were observed in the lung; hepatic congestion, haemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis; degeneration and necrosis of the reticulum mucosa, as well as areas of hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis; myocardial degeneration, necrosis and fibrosis; congestion, haemorrhage, degeneration and renal tubular necrosis; thyroid follicular atrophy and thymic cortical atrophy. This study evidenced the main lesions related to selenium poisoning in lambs supplemented with the mineral through intraruminal boluses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal properties of transition metal complexes are greatly influenced by the nature and physico-chemical features of the ligand present in the complex structure. Due to the unique biological properties of the organoselenium compounds reflected in the variety of pharmacological activities (such as antioxidative, antiviral, antimicrobial and anticancer), the last years have brought increased interest for their use as a ligands compounds in the design and syntheses of range of transition metal-based coordination compounds that have been explored as antitumor and antimicrobial agents. Our aim in this review is to provide the overview of an recent development of the transition metal complexes bearing organoselenium ligands in the structure that could be promising choice for the treatment of various diseases, particularly cancer and infective diseases. For this purpose, the complexes of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, Pd, Pt, Au and Sn as the most explored examples will be included and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]