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Previous research has mostly focused on Internet use behaviors, such as usage time of the Internet or social media after individuals experienced offline social exclusion. However, the extant literature has ignored online response behaviors, such as online review responses to social exclusion. To address this gap, drawing on self-protection and self-serving bias, we proposed three hypotheses that examine the effect of offline social exclusion on online reviews, which are verified by two studies using different simulating scenarios with 464 participants. The results show that when individuals are socially excluded offline, regardless of where the exclusion comes from (businesses or peers), they will be more likely to give negative online reviews. In addition, brand awareness moderates the effect of offline social exclusion on online reviews. Specifically, if the brand is less known, compared with social inclusion, offline social exclusion will lead individuals to give more negative online reviews; conversely, for well-known brands, no significant difference exists in the online reviews between social exclusion and inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a socialization and counseling program anchored on the themes “self-protection” and “stop bullying.” The program aims to explain the importance of knowing what parts of our body can and cannot be touched by other people, the need to be vigilant when invited to quiet places either by known or unknown people, and how to act in such situations. Bullying is sometimes undetected because it is considered normal or funny. Therefore, children must be told that calling names in the form of ridicule or hitting others is an unjustified action. The methods used in this program are socialization and counseling. The program, which was attended by 50 children, was implemented in the Sungai Bambu Child-friendly Integrated Public Space (RPTRA) Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta on Saturday, December 01, 2018. The children sang “Sentuhan Boleh Sentuhan Tidak Boleh.” (What You Can Touch and What You Can’t Touch) together with their peers. Results show that children who participate in community service activities exhibit an increased level of knowledge and awareness of self-protection by following the instructions in the song.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging trend referring to an interconnected network of ubiquitous intelligence. It is a revolution for Internet, computing and communication. Further extensions of IoT, Social Internet of Things (SIoT) provides a platform for people posting messages and photos, sharing knowledge, and connecting with each other. It is effective and efficient for people to manage their interpersonal relations through SIoT, but produces stress and tension issue coincidentally. Therefore, this study explores how users share knowledge through assessment and response under stress cognition. Three demand appraisals and three coping strategies are proposed to discuss user's behaviour on knowledge sharing, and Smart-PLS is used to test the conceptual framework. Results show that self-protection, anxiety, and avoidance increase when members of the community are threatened or injured. Nevertheless, members with high self-efficacy could reduce anxiety production and improve self-protection. Consequently, the purpose of knowledge sharing is achieved. This study discusses users' psychological perspectives when participating in the SIoT. It provides a better understanding of the human activities on the Internet through the SIot. Meanwhile, further prediction of users' behavior of knowledge sharing provides benefits and opportunities for businesses to establish their marketing strategy.

Previous research has mostly focused on Internet use behaviors, such as usage time of the Internet or social media after individuals experienced offline social exclusion. However, the extant literature has ignored online response behaviors, such as online review responses to social exclusion. To address this gap, drawing on self-protection and self-serving bias, we proposed three hypotheses that examine the effect of offline social exclusion on online reviews, which are verified by two studies using different simulating scenarios with 464 participants. The results show that when individuals are socially excluded offline, regardless of where the exclusion comes from (businesses or peers), they will be more likely to give negative online reviews. In addition, brand awareness moderates the effect of offline social exclusion on online reviews. Specifically, if the brand is less known, compared with social inclusion, offline social exclusion will lead individuals to give more negative online reviews; conversely, for well-known brands, no significant difference exists in the online reviews between social exclusion and inclusion.

People sometimes exhibit a costly preference for humans relative to algorithms, which is often defined as a domain-general algorithm aversion. I propose it is instead driven by biased evaluations of the self and other humans, which occurs more narrowly in domains where identity is threatened and when evaluative criteria are ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • β -lonone, citral, γ -terpinene and myrcene inhibit the growth of A. alternata. • Biotransformation of monoterpenoids was achieved by fermentation of A. alternata. • These biotransformations were related to self-protective mechanism of A. alternata. • Combination of P450 enzyme inhibitor could enhance the activity of monoterpene. Alternaria alternata is a critical plant pathogen, and the black spot caused by this fungus is the main cause of crop loss. In this study, four monoterpenes commonly found in plant essential oils, β -lonone, citral, γ -terpinene and myrcene, were found to possess a two-way interaction relationship with A. alternata. Four monoterpenes exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against A. alternata with MIC values of 128, 256, 512 and 256 μg/mL, respectively. However, when the concentration of monoterpenes in the culture medium was reduced to 1/4 MIC, A. alternata could facilitate the biotransformation of the aforementioned four monoterpenes by hydroxylation, dihydroxylation or carboxylation. These biotransformations were verified to be promoted by the P450 enzyme. Considering that none of the converted products showed inhibitory activity against A. alternata , these transformations were hypothesized to be self-protective mechanism of A. alternata. Expectedly, the combined use of P450 enzyme inhibitors and monoterpenes exhibited stronger antifungal activities, and could significantly inhibited black spot development in tomatoes. This work provides a reference for the development of effective antifungal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus disease has ravaged many health systems around the world and has brought many economies to their knees. In the absence of an approved curing medicine or approved vaccine to date, the major control of the surge of infections is through use of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) and imposing specific standard operating procedures (SOPs) in instances when the disease spread curbs are relaxed. It is thus essential to quantify the extent to which specific NPIs can be useful in containing the pandemic. To achieve this, we constructed a mathematical model that accounts for both person to person transmission as well as transmission through contact from pathogen-contaminated surfaces. The model assumes that there is change of behaviour resulting from the surge of the number of cases, hence a class of susceptible individuals who practise self-protection measures. Basic properties of the model including the conditions for existence and stability of steady states are explored. The model was fitted to new-cases data for South Africa and baseline parameter values were estimated. Sensitivity analysis of the model was performed to determine the most influential parameters on the disease threshold. Our results show that practising of self-protection measures is vital in slowing the spread of the infection. In addition, it is evident from the results that minimizing contact through "physical distancing" as well as with contaminated surfaces can significantly help in containing the infection. The model was extended to account for testing and quarantining of both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected individuals. In addition, migration and potential use of a vaccine were explored. In the case of migration, the scenarios considered included aspects when there are both border control and illegal crossings as well as the case where the government is in full control with proper SOPs. Our results show that, although testing and isolating/quarantining of infected individuals is essential in curbing new infections, it ought to be done in conjunction with implementation of other control measures if the disease is to be curtailed in a shorter period of time. More still, when an effective vaccine is available, even a 98 % coverage in one community may not be enough to completely stop new infections in the presence of migration. We therefore recommend that vaccination ought to be done universally if the daily number of new infections is to be reduced to zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of new COVID-19 cases continues to rise rapidly in many countries despite vaccination. The best way to counter the spread of COVID-19 is self-protection. This study documents the development of a web-based serious game (WSG-COVID-19.SP) to promote effective learning strategies for self-protection against COVID-19 and to test the game's content validity and usability. WSG-COVID-19.SP was developed using situated learning theory and diagnostic feedback mechanism. The game includes six situation storylines with 17 learning objectives. It uses a problem-solving approach to foster practices such as wearing masks, washing hands, and social distancing. Portfolio analysis was used to diagnose learning problems and report on the learning process. An overall summary index--the scale-level content validity index (S-CVI)-- was used to evaluate content validity. Usability was tested through a website survey from 71 students from one university to gauge their technological acceptance and the game's capability to promote future self-protection behaviors. The S-CVI was 0.81. Usability and acceptability were neither related to the users' college major (whether it is information technology-related) nor to gender. Among the respondents, 84.5% agreed to continue with the self-protection practice as they were motivated by the real-time diagnostic function. The WSG-COVID-19.SP game system has adequate content validity and a high user satisfaction rating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I clarify issues surrounding the homeostatic model of identity protection. These issues include the dynamic interplay between psychological homeostasis and environmental control; the relevance of interoception and nature of self-threat; the value of a single psychological immune system (rather than multiple ones); and the model's applicability and implications. Various other observations the commentators made enrich aspects of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-protection and self-enhancement, once depicted as biases that impede accurate self-knowledge and hinder effective environmental control, have more recently been viewed as misbeliefs that can have fortuitous, adaptive consequences. I take the next step forward by construing identity protection and enhancement mechanisms as part of a routine, adaptive system. Whereas biological homeostasis regulates physiological processes, psychological homeostasis regulates the emotional states that threaten a desired identity. Ι elaborate on the nature of psychological homeostasis, the identity system that it modulates, and the immune system that safeguards it from harm. Ι discuss the construction of self-views and narratives in the ordinary stream of mental activity, as well as reparative responses to contemporaneous threats, similar to the immune system's response to microbes that breach the body's initial defenses. Using basic immunological principles, Ι distinguish between innate and adaptive psychological immunity, compare the spread of disease to that of threatening information among related self-views and narratives, and consider the "memories" of the biological and psychological immune systems to redress future threats. In addition, Ι offer a set of propositions that include predictions about various aspects of immunity, and end by considering the roles of awareness and self-deception in the immunity process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines, in the context of physical education (PE) classes, if having the opportunity to report disadvantages before performing a physical test could reduce students' self-reported level of fear of failure. Forty-six students (31 males, Mage = 14.2 years and 15 females, Mage = 12.5 years) from a middle school and a high school in France participated in the study. A repeated measures design (intra-individual) was used, such that the fear of failure was measured before and after students were given (week 1) or not given (week 2) the opportunity to report disadvantages that could impair their future performance. The main results indicated that when students had the opportunity to report disadvantages, their self-reported level of fear of failure declined before performing the physical test. Conversely, when they had no opportunity to report disadvantages, their self-reported level of fear of failure increased. Implications for educational psychologists and teachers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology risk arises when the effectiveness of self‐insurance and self‐protection activities depends on exogenous factors or is only imperfectly known. It affects optimal behavior via a preference channel and a technology channel. In this paper, we identify conditions for unambiguous comparative statics with respect to the presence of, as well as various stochastic changes in technology risk. These conditions involve prudence, relative risk aversion, relative prudence, and several new measures of mitigation efficacy. We highlight cases where technology risk raises the optimal level of effort, consistent with the precautionary principle. We discuss several applications of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suitability of insurance products often depends greatly on individual circumstances. This paper examines the challenges of heterogeneity in a relatively new product, weather‐indexed insurance. This index insurance product has been launched in over a dozen countries, with the goal of enabling households engaged in agricultural activity a means to manage risk. Using data from a large‐scale field experiment, we build and calibrate a model which accounts for household investment decisions, including the scope for self‐insurance via labor markets to (risky) wage work. Our results show that insurance is most valuable to households with reduced access to wage labor, or to those who face wages that are sensitive to rainfall risk. These findings have important implications for areas where index insurance is most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime motivates self-protection, such as undertaken quite visibly by individuals, households, and businesses. But we know much less about self-protection by public institutions, including schools, especially from an economic perspective. This paper examines how universities use campus police for that purpose. Conceptually, self-protection reduces vulnerability to crime but incurs costs whether a victimization happens or not; an actual crime further imposes a victimization cost. The agent (university administration) determines the equilibrium level of self-protection within this analytical environment. Empirical analysis of a two-year panel of U.S. universities reveals increased campus police use given larger external and internal crime threats and in the presence of better students and faculty. Larceny appears particularly influential, but the violent crimes of rape and aggravated assault do not. Extended analysis reveals that schools plagued by burglary and vehicle theft on campus utilize significantly more ancillary, procedural protections such as night-time police escorts. Larger-acreage, larger-enrolment, and religious-affiliated universities exhibit the most ongoing vulnerability to crime, showing significantly lesser campus police use even when facing higher internal crime threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though self-compassion and self-protection are associated with well-being and mental and physical health, qualitative research in this area is very rare. As no study has compared self-compassionate and self-protective responses during the two-chair technique, the aim was to analyze participants' subjective responses in reacting to self-criticism during the technique and compare self-compassionate and self-protective statements. The research sample comprised 80 participants; 60 women and 20 men (M = 23.86; SD = 5.98). The investigation underwent consensual qualitative analysis. The results showed four main domains for self-compassion and self-protection: cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal aspects. In several cases, the participants utilized self-compassion and self-protection simultaneously or subsequently, and both types of responses to some degree supplemented each other or were intertwined. Self-protection and self-compassion are complimentary. Only by combining these two constructs can individuals assertively protect themselves while being kind to themselves and others. In the case of self-compassion, the results confirm several findings from previous studies, but in the case of self-protection, this is the first more detailed exploration of this construct because it has not been studied sufficiently to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how exposure to terrorism-related news is associated with perceived threat of terrorist attacks and self-protective actions taken in response to terrorism. Data were obtained from a nationwide survey of U.S. residents. Results indicated that more frequent exposure to terrorism news was associated with higher perceived terrorism threat and more intended self-protective actions. The frequency of local television-based news exposure was positively associated with self-protective actions. There was no association between the news medium and perceived threat, with the exception of radio. Discussing news with others was positively associated with self-protective actions. Higher trust in the news was associated with increased perceived threat and greater intent to take self-protective action. Thinking critically about the news was associated with lower intent to engage in self-protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explores the distinction between self-enhancement and self-protection as regards basic need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and psychological adjustment (i.e., global and contingent types of self-esteem and intolerance of uncertainty) in young adults. 531 undergraduates (365 females and 166 males) completed questionnaires assessing self-enhancement and self-protection, basic need satisfaction, global self-esteem, contingent self-esteem, and intolerance of uncertainty tendencies. Correlation, partial correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses were used. The results revealed that self-enhancement and self-protection were differently associated with basic need satisfaction and the other indicators of psychological adjustment. Accordingly, self-enhancement was positively predicted by need satisfaction and global self-esteem. However, self-protection was negatively predicted by these variables but positively predicted by the contingent type of self-esteem and intolerance of uncertainty. The results suggest that self-enhancement and self-protection are distinct motives. Selfenhancement is linked to psychological adjustment; whereas, self-protection is related to psychological maladjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the coronavirus pandemic, governments across the globe ordered physical‐distancing and hygiene restrictions to slow down the spread of COVID‐19. The present work was conducted during the peak of restrictions in Germany (April/May 2020). In a convenient (N = 218) and representative sample (N = 715), we examined people's motivations to comply with these restrictions during the lockdown: Were they motivated by personal self‐protection, or rather by solidarity with people in risk groups? Specifically, we investigated predictors of personal self‐protection (compliance to protect the self against infection) and group‐protection behaviours (compliance for reasons of solidarity in protecting people in risk groups). Results indicate that self‐ and group‐protection result from different psychological processes: Whereas personal self‐protection seems to be a form of coping with personal anxieties (epistemic and existential needs, personal threat), group protection is an intergroup phenomenon that is enabled by identification with a collective goal (common identity), the perception that society is capable of dealing with the virus (group efficacy), and concern for people in risk groups. We discuss potential implications for behavioural change in pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results of a sociopragmatic study of mitigation in the PRESEEA corpus of Santiago de Chile. The method of analysis follows the proposals of, among others, Cestero and Albelda (2012), Briz and Albelda (2013), Cestero y Rodríguez Alfano (2014) and Albelda et al. (2014), which allows to integrate the linguistic, pragmatic-discursive and social factors. From the examination of nine hours of recordings of the Chilean variety of Spanish, obtained from 18 semi-structured interviews, it is concluded that speakers produce 750 mitigated speech acts and a total of 1731 mitigating devices. It is also shown that the main function of mitigating devices in Chilean Spanish is self-protection, and that modus mitigation tends to be the most widely used type of mitigation, mainly through reasons and excuses. Finally, it is concluded that the greater variability occurs in relation to the age and level of education of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are both the only species known to have a morality of fairness, and the only species in which the social hierarchy is headed by an alliance (a 'reverse dominance hierarchy'). I present evidence in support of the argument by Boehm (1999, 2012) that these two features are causally linked. The reverse dominance hierarchy is detectable in the fossil record around 300,000 years ago with the origin of Homo sapiens. From then onwards, according to the execution hypothesis, an alliance of adult males held the power of life and death over all members of the social group, and they used this power to advance their interests. The result was an intense selective pressure against antisocial behaviour and in favour of prosociality, cooperation and conformity to group norms, whether the norms were beneficial for the group as a whole or merely for the male alliance. The execution hypothesis thus argues that group dynamics have operated for at least 12,000 generations to favour the evolution of moral emotions, many of which are designed to protect individuals from the threat of severe punishment or death at the hands of a dominant alliance of males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Level of self-criticism has a significant impact on people's psychopathology because severe self-criticism activates the sympathetic nervous system, and that further stimulates the physiological and psychological stress response which lead to impairment of mental health and wellbeing (Singer & Klimecki, 2014). Therefore, self-criticism is widely studied, but authors use mainly quantitative approaches which allow generalisation of knowledge but do not allow in-depth insights into the phenomenon. Hence our research aim was to identify the kinds of statements individuals utter when self-criticizing using the two-chair dialogue technique which enable to expose inward dialogues people lead with their self-critical parts. Out of 80 participants, the 20 most expressive participants were selected for the analysis: 15 women and 5 men (M = 27.7; SD 7.60). The data were analysed using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR; Hill et al., 1997) with three members of a core team and one auditor. We identified three domains of self-criticism - Emotional (mainly inadequacy, fear, contempt, and disgust), Behavioural (mainly hurting and neglecting others, stating one's shortcomings and motivating oneself), and Cognitive (primarily generalized judgements about one's negative traits and reactions, perceived judgements by others or based on comparisons with others, and judgements relating to criticized situations and the effects of these). Expanding on the qualitative knowledge in the area of self-criticism would make for better planning and the provision of better treatment for highly self-critical people by mental health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intra-layer no-insulation (LNI) method is effective for protecting a layer-wound REBCO coil from a quench. However, a recently reported hoop stress modification (both increase and decrease) due to screening currents is a potential problem causing conductor degradation during charging. Epoxy impregnation can suppress the hoop stress modification and in this work, we develop prototypes of epoxy-impregnated LNI-REBCO coils to be charged at 77 K. Degradation of the coil performance due to cooling down can be prevented by mechanically isolating each layer. The coil shows a reasonably short field delay and current bypassing behavior, which are major technical benefits of the LNI-REBCO coil. A structural analysis with screening current-induced electromagnetic forces qualitatively suggests that the epoxy-impregnated LNI-REBCO coil can support a compressive hoop stress which causes conductor degradation due to buckling. The tensile hoop stress, however, is still very high at the upper and lower ends of each layer, causing fracture of a superconducting layer; i.e., additional reinforcement is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a definition of stochastic superiority. One random variable is stochastically superior to another whenever it stochastically dominates the other after the risk in each random variable has been optimally reduced. Stochastic superiority is implied by stochastic dominance, but the reverse is not true. Stochastic superiority allows more pairs of random alternatives to be ranked, and efficient sets to be smaller. A very strong sufficient condition for stochastic superiority is demonstrated to also be necessary when preferences are risk averse. This condition provides a relatively easy way to conduct stochastic superiority tests. As an alternative to "almost stochastic dominance," stochastic superiority also provides a natural solution to the "left tail problem" that arises often when comparing random alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I provide new results on how risk preferences affect optimal prevention. I identify a comparative risk aversion and a comparative downside risk aversion effect and highlight those cases where both effects are aligned. Alignment depends on a probability threshold, which, in turn, only depends on the preferences of the benchmark agent. This allows to define an entire class of decision-makers who all share the same comparative static prediction relative to the reference agent. I relate my findings to different intensity measures of downside risk aversion and apply them to parametric preference changes and specific classes of utility functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1996, 1997, and 1998, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted large-scale surveys asking about defensive gun use (DGU) in four to seven states. Analysis of the raw data allows the estimation of the prevalence of DGU for those areas. Data pertaining to the same sets of states from the 1993 National Self-Defense Survey (Kleck & Gertz, 1995) allow these results to be extrapolated to the U.S. as a whole. Possible sources of error in surveys of DGU are reviewed, and the results of previous surveys compared. CDC's survey data confirm previous high estimates of DGU prevalence, disconfirm very low estimates derived from the National Crime Victimization Survey, and indicate that defensive uses of guns by crime victims are far more common than offensive uses by criminal offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security risk assessment is an important challenge in the design of Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). Even more importantly, the intrinsically dynamical nature of these systems, due to changes in their environment, as well as evolutions in their infrastructures, makes them self-adaptive systems, where security aspects have to be considered in terms of management of detections and reactions for self-protection. In this work, we propose an approach to autonomously mitigate the threats in each reconfiguration at application or infrastructure levels of CPS. We propose and implement a framework for self-adaptive security: software architecture, design method, and integration with model-based decision. We use Attack-Defense Trees for modeling threats, and our approach involves security risk assessment, taking into account its balancing and coordination with quality-of-service aspects. We formulate and formalize the on-line decision problem to be solved at each cycle of the self-adaptation control loop in terms of Constraint Programming (CP) modeling and resolution. The CP model implements a set of constraints that allow to specify secure configurations, evaluated regarding their impact on system performance to pinpoint the most relevant one portraying a good balance between the security and quality of service. We perform validation of our approach with its application to Smart Grids, more particularly to an industrial case study from RTE (the French Energy Transmission company). • We propose and implement a framework for self-adaptive security in CPS. • Our approach involves Security Risk Assessment, taking into account QoS aspects. • We formalize the on-line decision problem to be solved using Constraint Programming. • We perform the validation of our approach on RTE's Smart Grids case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist incivility exacerbates tension with locals, jeopardizes tourism sustainability, and tarnishes destination image, prompting investigations into its causes. Leveraging relative deprivation theory, this study examined how two types of relative deprivation influence tourist incivility via a pretest and three scenario-based experiments. Experiments 1a and 1b indicated that relative deprivation increased uncivil behavioral intentions, with economic relative deprivation being more influential than social relative deprivation. Experiment 2 revealed the mediating roles of the psychological needs for self-protection and self-compensation. This study extended relative deprivation theory in the tourism context by focusing on two distinct components. Tourism stakeholders may mitigate uncivil behavior by aligning their offerings with tourists' expenditures and cater to their psychological and emotional needs with adequately equal respect and courtesy. Tourism providers may also offer avenues for tourists to release negative emotions and reverse their defensive motives, reducing the likelihood of incivility during service failures or conflicts. • Tourists may engage in uncivilized behavior to counter relative deprivation. • Economic (ERD) and Social (SRD) relative deprivation are categorized. • Compared to SRD , ERD has a stronger impact on intention to behave uncivilly. • The needs for self-protection and self-compensation are the two mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The number of child sexual abuse cases in Indonesia are still high, including in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatera. One of the preventive effort that can be practiced is teaching them about children self-protection knowledge from sexual abuse through sexual education using appropriate methods and media, such as watching animated video and dreall healthy. The aim of this research was to determine difference in dreall healthy and animated video about sexual education toward children self-protection knowledge from sexual abuse. Methods: This research was a quantitative study and use quasi experiment design with pretest-postest group. Samples in this research were 40 children in dreall healthy group and 37 children in the animated video group, the samples were taken using purposive sampling technique. The data were collected by using questionnaire and data analysis was using paired t test and independent t test. Results: This research showed that there was difference in children self-protection knowledge from sexual abuse before and after sexual education with dreall healthy and animated video with p value 0.000 (α ≤0.05) and there was difference in children self-protection knowledge from sexual abuse between dreall healthy and animated video with p value 0.014 (α ≤0.05). Conclusion: Sexual education with dreall healthy is more effective to increase children self-protection knowledge because it can stimulate the children’s brain nerves so that their memory could be better. It was expected that parents, public health center staffs, and counselor in schools be able to provide sexual education as early as possible to the children.

In the paper, we present and design a self-restored wavelength multiplexing division passive optical network (WDM-PON) configuration to prevent the fiber failure and data disconnection. Here, the new remote node (RN) and optical network unit (ONU) are proposed in the fiber network to provide the protection behavior to increase the network reliability and flexibility. Moreover, the network performances of WDM signals are also analyzed and discussed.

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Private organizations suffer great losses due to cybersecurity incidents, and they invest increasing resources to prevent attacks, but little is known about the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures for prevention. Based on the framework of Routine Activity Theory, this paper analyzes the impact of companies' online activities and cybersecurity measures on victimization. Our analysis of the UK Cybersecurity Breaches Survey shows that the most promising ways to minimize cyber-attacks and their impacts is to invest in in-house cybersecurity human resources and enhance the employees' online self-protection by providing cybersecurity training, rather than just basic software protection and guidance about strong passwords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a short-term sharp increase in the demand for auxiliary staff in emergency rooms and intensive care units. Against this background student tutors of the Medical Faculty Erlangen have developed a training concept. The aim was to familiarize students in the clinical section quickly and effectively with skills that are particularly important in a clinical assignment as (student) assistant in the care of corona patients (e.g.: personal protective equipment, intubation assistance, arterial blood collection, assessment of blood gas values and ventilation parameters). In a blended learning concept, learning materials were prepared in advance and then implemented and deepened in a presence phase. The selection of learning materials and the low supervision ratio (1:2) made it possible to realize an internally differentiated approach. The offer met with great interest among students of all clinical semesters and was evaluated very positively. The skills learned can be applied widely even independently of a pandemic.

The aim of this study was to analyze changes in muscle activity between high and low self-critical participants during the imagery of self-compassion, self-protection, and self-criticism. Muscle activity was measured by the Biopac MP36 while participants were listening to the imagery audio recording. Levels of self-criticism were measured by The Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS; Gilbert et al., 2004). From overall number of 110 participants, 30 participants were selected for further analysis based on their extreme level of self-criticism. The research sample consisted of 15 participants with high level of self-criticism and 15 with low level of self-criticism. The results showed that participants with higher levels of self-criticism had similar levels of muscle activity during the self-critical and self-protective phases of imagery. However, during the last self-compassionate imagery, participants with lower self-criticism returned to the baseline EMG levels, while those with higher self-criticism remained at high EMG levels. The results showed lower muscle activity in low self-critics while imagining inner compassionate part meaning. Therefore, low self-critics are probably better able to calm themselves down compared to high self-critics.

Circular RNAs (circRNA) have been reported as regulators involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but their mechanism of activity remains unknown. This study performed quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction to determine if circNFATC3 was downregulated in 46 paired HCC tissues and cell lines. 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide, apoptotic, and transwell assay proved that circNFATC3 can inhibit hepatoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration/invasion in vitro. Mouse xenograft assay demonstrated that circNFATC3 suppressed tumor size and weight and reduced lung metastasis in vivo, and vice versa. The RNA‐seq results showed that NFATC3 itself was the most significantly differentially expressed gene when circNFATC3 was manipulated, and bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays verified circNFATC3 regulated the expression of NFATC3 by interacting with the hsa‐miR‐548I. Additionally, it was also indicated that the level of NFATC3 was downregulated in HCC patients also and was significantly correlated with the staging and prognosis of HCC. Moreover, both circNFATC3 and NFATC3 were shown to inhibit the phosphorylation of JNK, c‐Jun, AKT, and mTOR signaling pathways. Overall, the circNFATC3 can sponge miR‐548I to protect NFATC3 itself, then it regulates hepatoma cell function via the JNK, c‐Jun, AKT, and mTOR signaling pathways, and the circNFATC3 can be a tumor‐repressor on HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, I document how members of the public perceive active shooter risk in their communities and their perceptions of the effectiveness of common efforts to prevent and respond to active shooters. I further investigate how news media exposure shapes these perceptions. I applied Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to explore how perceptions and news media exposure might shape self-protective actions taken by individuals and their households. Data were obtained in 2019 from a cross-sectional, state-representative sample of 668 Pennsylvania adults who completed a web survey. Those who perceived higher community active shooter risk and those who felt community prevention and preparation efforts were effective were more likely to take self-protective steps themselves. Increased news exposure through apps, social media, family and friends was associated with increased perceived risk and effectiveness of prevention and preparation strategies. These results suggest that self-selected news and news through personal ties are linked to active shooter perceptions while other news mediums, like television or radio broadcasts, are not. News exposure was largely unrelated to self-protection. Those who felt community efforts were effective in prevention or preparation, however, were more likely to take self-protective actions. This finding indicates that community efforts may be more influential than news media in directing personal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomic computing was the term coined by IBM in 2001. The term autonomic computing was used to define the self-adaptable nature of the human body. According to IBM, the same self-adaptable feature was the need to be incorporated in the software systems. Autonomic computing is the combination of few self-capabilities such as self-configuration, self-healing, self-optimization, self-protection, self-awareness, etc. So, autonomic computing approach was then used to develop autonomic software systems. This approach makes the computing systems self-adaptable and self-decision-making support systems for various activities. It also helps to reduce the human intervention in the software management process. Though, the implementation of autonomic self-capabilities may increase the software complexity, which further requires human intervention for the software maintenance-related specific tasks. Still, IT industries are approaching to develop autonomic features in their existing architecture or developing new self-adaptable software systems. Autonomic computing has its importance for providing a bridge for handling and managing the run-time computation-based issues/exceptions of the software. So, the discussion of this solution has become a necessity for making the vision of autonomic decision making more clear and understandable for researchers and developers for the improvement in an autonomic area. The paper provides an insight vision of the autonomic decision-making concept and its importance for the various purposes such as intrusion detection, cloud-based data security, wireless sensor network, Internet of Things, Big Data and many other areas where management cannot be handled by a human in real time. To assess the degree of autonomic feature, there is another term used which is known as autonomicity. The paper also discusses some solutions suggested and implemented by different researchers during their studies for estimating the system's autonomicity level. These solutions will help in comparing different autonomic applications based on the autonomic features implemented in each application. This paper is an attempt to provide better understandability in the autonomic computational field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insider threat is a problem that organizations have to deal with. Regardless of its size, mission, or location, any company that uses information systems is potentially vulnerable to insider attacks. Federal agencies, non-governmental organizations, as well as data centers face the same risk of being attacked by an insider. Countering the insider threat is a difficult and daunting task. Organizations concerned with the problem usually train their employees on security-related matters, rules of behavior policies, and the consequences of committing criminal activities. More technically-oriented solutions include enhanced credentialing and access control, and the use of monitoring tools that provide insight into the health and status of systems. This paper addresses the deficiency of widely-used monitoring tools and strategies. It discusses the difference between traditional security approaches and autonomic-based self-protection. The paper then proposes a solution that equips a system with innate self-defense mechanisms that relieve the system from having to rely on human intervention. The paper introduces the Insider Threat Minimization and Mitigation Framework. This framework equips systems with self-defense mechanisms such that a system can instantaneously respond to potential threats and defend itself against users who have unfettered access to it. The framework employs the autonomous demotion of power users' access privileges based on analysis and evaluation of the user's risk level. The paper presents the details of the proposed framework and simulates its effectiveness within a data center environment of mission-critical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gliotoxin (GT) is a dual fungal secondary metabolite (SM). It displays pleiotropic activities and possesses medicinal properties and biocontrol abilities but, unfortunately, has toxic properties in humans. Various Trichoderma species are used as fungal biological control agents (BCAs), as a sustainable alternative for crop protection worldwide. Among them is Trichoderma virens, a GT-producing fungus. Since no information was available on the genetically coded prerequisites for the production of GT in other Trichoderma spp., genome analyses were carried out in 10 Trichoderma spp. genomes. Moreover, a real-time PCR assay setup ad hoc and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were employed to understand the GT-producing biological systems in T. virens GV29-8 (TvGv29-8) and Trichoderma afroharzianum T6776 (TaT6776), two relevant biocontrol fungi. The structure of the GT biosynthesis genes (GT-BG) is polymorphic, with two distinct types associated with the ability to produce GT. GliH, a key protein for GT synthesis, is absent in most of the Trichoderma GT biosynthetic pathways, which may be the reason for their inability to produce GT. The GT-BG are expressed in TvGv29-8 as expected, while they are silent in TaT6776. Interestingly, in the GT-non-producing TaT6776, only gliA (putative GT transporter) and gtmA (putative GT S-methyltransferase) were induced by exogenous GT, underlining the ability of this strain to reduce the deleterious effect of the toxin. This ability is confirmed by growth assays and by the detection of the bis-thiomethylated form of GT catalyzed by GtmA in the culture medium supplemented with GT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first general description of the GT biological system in different Trichoderma spp. as far as the GT-BG content and organization is concerned and a preliminary insight into their functionality.

It is commonly known from the literature that Machiavellian individuals have negative attitudes towards people and in general towards the world´s affairs. They are distrustful of the intentions of others, and they get cautiously involved into interpersonal interactions and take risks only if that may not have any severe negative consequence. It is also a fact that there are few ventures in life that potentially involve as much insecurity and personal vulnerability as the establishment and maintenance of close relationships. In our study, we were seeking the answer to the question: do people with high levels of Machiavellianism show a generally negative, distrustful and cautious attitude in their intimate relationships, as well? What effect their pessimistic approaches have on the other consequences of the relationship (satisfaction, commitment, investment, quality of alternatives)? This question was investigated on a dyadic sample of heterosexual couples (N = 101 pairs) with Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). The results of the correlations and actor effects show that men with high levels of Machiavellianism perceive in a negative way not just people in general, but their romantic partners and relationships as well and they experience an increased level of distrust, risk, and dissatisfaction into their close relationships. Women with high levels of Machiavellianism are less negativistic and feel less discontent towards their intimate partner and relationship, but even they are unable to put their distrust and precaution aside. The results of partner effects have revealed that women's Machiavellianism undermines men's trust, while men's Machiavellianism has the effect of minimizing women's investment into their relationship.