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The majority of the single-family houses in Sweden are affected by deteriorations in building envelopes as well as heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. These dwellings are, therefore, in need of extensive renovation, which provides an excellent opportunity to install renewable energy supply systems to reduce the total energy consumption. The high investment costs of the renewable energy supply systems were previously distinguished as the main barrier in the installation of these systems in Sweden. House-owners should, therefore, compare the profitability of the energy supply systems and select the one, which will allow them to reduce their operational costs. This study analyses the profitability of a ground source heat pump, photovoltaic solar panels and an integrated ground source heat pump with a photovoltaic system, as three energy supply systems for a single-family house in Sweden. The profitability of the supply systems was analysed by calculating the payback period (PBP) and internal rate of return (IRR) for these systems. Three different energy prices, three different interest rates, and two different lifespans were considered when calculating the IRR and PBP. In addition, the profitability of the supply systems was analysed for four Swedish climate zones. The analyses of results show that the ground source heat pump system was the most profitable energy supply system since it provided a short PBP and high IRR in all climate zones when compared with the other energy supply systems. Additionally, results show that increasing the energy price improved the profitability of the supply systems in all climate zones.

Progressing urbanisation is one of the key causes of environmental degradation. This problem also applies to stormwater management. For this reason, drainage infrastructures should be designed in harmony with nature and the decision for selecting a specific stormwater management system solution must not be taken on an ad-hoc or single-perspective basis. The purpose of this paper is to identify the criteria for selecting the best solution for a problem involving the selection of a stormwater management system, and to present a method that will enable all relevant criteria to be taken into account in the decision-making process. The developed decision problem structure takes into account all criteria related to the construction and operation of stormwater infrastructure, and its individual elements were identified based on the analysis and synthesis of information regarding the principles of stormwater management in Poland. The presented approach will allow for the taking into account of all, often mutually exclusive, criteria determining the choice of the stormwater management system option. This, in turn, will make it possible to significantly simplify the decision-making process. The indicated criteria can form the basis for choosing the most favorable stormwater management system for both large urban catchments and individual facilities. Thanks to the considerable flexibility of the developed decision problem structure, its widespread application can contribute to improving the efficiency of stormwater management systems. An example of the developed model&rsquo, s application in a decision-making process is presented, concerning the selection of a design variant of a single-family residential building&rsquo, s stormwater management system in Poland. Four design variants were included in the analysis, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process was used as the tool to select the most favorable option. This study shows that nature-based solutions are the most beneficial decision stormwater management options.

Gebäude tragen in hohem Maße zum globalen Treibhausgasausstoß und Energieverbrauch bei. Um festzustellen, wie umweltverträglich ein Gebäude oder auch ein Baumaterial tatsächlich ist, muss dessen gesamter Lebenszyklus betrachtet werden. Eine Lebenszyklusanalyse kann dazu beitragen, Verbesserungen der Umwelteigenschaften von Produkten in den verschiedenen Phasen ihres Lebenszyklus aufzuzeigen. Die facheinschlägige Normung schlägt dafür Methoden und Werkzeuge vor. Viele Studien befassen sich mit Neubauten und sehr effizienten Gebäuden. Die Potentiale von bestehenden Gebäuden werden meist vernachlässigt.Zu den Potentialen zählt unter anderem, dass bei bestehenden Gebäuden bereits eine Bausubstanz vorhanden ist und diese oft nur umgenutzt, adaptiert oder saniert werden muss, während bei Neubauten meist noch unversiegelte Flächen bebaut werden. Dies hat einen positiven Einfluss auf die globale Erderwärmung.Oft steht man jedoch vor der Frage, wie mit einem bestehenden Gebäude verfahren werden soll. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich daher mit der Frage, ob verschiedene Sanierungsvarianten einem Neubau im Hinblick auf deren ökologischePerformance vorzuziehen sind - auf Basis zweier bestehender Einfamilienhäuser in Langenlois (Niederösterreich) verglichen mit einem fiktiven Neubau.Ziel dieser Studie ist es, verschiedene Renovierungsmaßnahmen an den zwei bestehenden Gebäuden unterschiedlichen Alters durchzuführen. Die daraus resultierenden Ergebnisse werden dann mit jenen des fiktiven Neubaus verglichen. Um zu einem Ergebnis der gestellten Forschungsfrage zu gelangen, werden die verschiedenen Renovierungsszenarien wie folgt mit dem Neubau verglichen: Der fiktive Neubau wird 2020 errichtet. Die Sanierungsmaßnahmen der bestehenden Gebäude werden ebenfalls im Jahr 2020 durchgeführt. Von diesem Zeitpunkt aus wird mit einer Lebensdauer von 50 Jahren gerechnet.Die Studie befasst sich in erster Linie mit den verwendeten Materialien und nicht mit unterschiedlichen Heizoptionen. Die Art der Beheizung ist für alle durchgeführten Szenarien gleich. In den Ergebnissen wird zwischen Umweltauswirkungen der Investitionsmaßnahmen sowie deren, die durch das Beheizen der Gebäude entsteht, unterschieden., Buildings are a major contributor to greenhouse gases and energy consumption. In order to determine how ecological a building or building material really is, its entire life cycle must be considered. A life cycle assessment can help to show improvements in the environmental properties of products in the various phases of their life-cycle.(Facheinschlägige Normung) Many research studies deal with new constructions and very efficient buildings. The potentials of existing buildings are mostly neglected. Potentials include, among other things, that existing buildings already have a building substance and that this often only has to be reused, adapted or renovated, while new buildings usually are built on unsealed areas. This has a positive impact on global warming.However, one is often faced with the question of how to proceed with an existing building. Therefore, this master ́s thesis deals with the question of whether various renovation options are preferable to a new building from an ecological point of view, based on two existing and one yet-to-be-built case study buildings in Langenlois, Lower Austria.The objective of this study is to gain insights into the performance of different strategies regarding building retrofit in comparison to the performance of a newly-built building. Thereby, different retrofit measures are virtually applied to the two existing buildings. Performance indicators that have been derived from these efforts include heating demand and environmental footprint. The results of each case study building are then compared and analyzed. In order to arrive at a result of the research question posed, the various renovation scenarios are compared with the new building as follows: The fictitious new building will be built in 2020. The retrofit measures of the existing buildings will also be carried out in 2020. From this point in time, a service life of 50 years is expected.This study majorly focusses on the material-related environmental footprint. Operational energy demand of the buildings is considered; however, the same heating system settings have been assumed for each of the case study buildings. The results distinguish between the environmental effects of the investment measures and those resulting from the heating of the buildings.

The article is on the issue of standardized single-family houses introduced by the Soviet government in post-war Lithuania, which later were strictly prohibited. The relation between standardization and communist ideology and the Soviet law is analysed. The author argues that despite the significant influence of the Soviet law, standardized houses were symbols of welfare, modernist architecture and modern living. The lack and absence of them had a negative impact on the architecture of standardized houses in contemporary Lithuania.

This study's purpose is to evaluate air-conditioning energy consumption by conducting interviews and recording data from 50 single-family houses. All study houses applying similar styles of tropical architecture and methods of building construction, with the U-values for building materials having moderate levels of thermal resistance. The finding reveals that the majority of households spends more than 37% of their energy costs on cooling during the raining season and estimating to increase by the drought seasons. The greater use of air-conditioners have resulted in an increased purchasing power of the population.Keywords: Single-family house; thermal performance; landscape design; evapotranspirationeISSN: 2398-4279 © 2017. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

V projektni nalogi predstavljamo zasnovo enodružinske hiše, locirane v agrarnem okolju v Spodnjem Dupleku. Cilj projektne naloge je zasnova enodružinske hiše z rastlinjakom, ki bo smiselno umeščena v prostor, prijetna za bivanje v vseh letnih časih, povezana z naravo in okolico ter glede na značaj prostora tudi ustrezno naravno osvetljena. The project proposal discusses the design of a single-family house located in agrarian region of Spodnji Duplek. The goal behind the concept is to design a single-family house with a greenhouse, which will be sensibly incorporated into the area, comfortable for living in all seasons, connected with nature and the surrounding area, and depending on the nature of each space, also appropriately lit with natural light.

V projektni nalogi predstavljamo arhitekturno zasnovo sodobne enodružinske hiše, locirane na podeželju, v naselju Škale pri Velenju, in obravnavamo problematiko regionalne arhitekture. Pri zasnovi smo kot oblikovne smernice upoštevali splošne značilnosti alpske arhitekturne tipologije, ki je značilna za lokacijo zasnovane hiše. Uporabili smo dva konstrukcijska sistema, ki sta ločena po nadstropjih. The thesis presents the design of a contemporary single-family house located in the rural settlement Škale near Velenje, and deals with the issues of the regional architecture. In design, we took into account general characteristics of the Alpine architecture typology, known for this region. We used two construction systems, separated by stories.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the carbon footprint, energy demand and life cycle costs of a model of a building located in the Central Europe climate zone. One specific example&mdash, the quantitative differences in global warming potential, life cycle costs and thermal comfort&mdash, has been shown, depending on the different construction (wood, brick) and heat sources used, traditional and energy-saving solutions have been considered. The research was carried out using the EnergyPlus simulation program for a multi-zone model of a naturally ventilated single-family house. Calculations were made for a 25-year life cycle using the standard climate data for Warsaw (Poland). The real occupancy schedule of the individual rooms was adopted and the instantaneous ventilation airflow was modeled, and its intensification due to the additional opening of windows was optimized. An estimated budget of the entire structure of the building and the heat sources was used for the cost analysis. The research has succeeded in developing some general conclusions and guidelines and recommendations for both the investors and designers of energy-saving and environmentally friendly houses. Considering the most economical an ecological solution, wooden houses are better than brick houses. In the wooden building, however, there are a larger number of thermal discomfort hours.

Around the world, electricity systems are transitioning towards renewable energy to meet humanity's climate change mitigation targets. However, in a pre-transition system, the carbon intensity of power exhibits strong variations over time, which calls for load shifting to times when its impact is lower. In this work, the case of heating in single-family houses is studied, using Model Predictive Control (MPC) to optimise multi-zone operation. Low inertia heating is used, and simulations are made upon three different insulation level using historical grid and climate data from Denmark. The results show that energy and CO2 optimisation are relevant objectives for predictive control for lowering the carbon footprint of heating, while SPOT price optimisation is comparatively undesirable. However, benefits of energy optimisation were questioned, as a well-tuned PID control might have had similar performance. Nevertheless, gains from CO2 optimisation in recent houses highlight the importance of considering the average carbon intensity of energy used, in addition to the amount of energy itself, when aiming to reduce the carbon footprint.

V nalogi smo obravnavali model tipične enodružinske hiše na območju Ljubljane, ki smo ji želeli izboljšati zasnovo z namenom zmanjšanja dovedene energije za obratovanje, predvsem za ogrevanje in hlajenje. Ukrepe za doseganje energijske učinkovitosti je potrebno uvesti že v fazi načrtovanja, ob tem pa slediti zakonskim zahtevam za načrtovanje stavb in načelom trajnostnega načrtovanja z implementacijo pasivne solarne arhitekture in ukrepi izboljšanja učinkovite rabe energije. S programskim orodjem BEopt smo izvedli simulacije energijske bilance stavbe z namenom optimizacije dovedene energije, potrebne za obratovanje stavbe. Zavedamo se, da bo ukrepe potrebno prilagoditi na prihajajoče podnebne spremembe, zato smo prikazali tudi razlike med smiselnostjo izbire načrtovalskih ukrepov v letih 2010, 2020 in 2050 ter ovrednotili ustreznost uvedbe posameznega ukrepa glede na referenčni model. Na podlagi tega smo za posamično obdobje sestavili kombinacije energijsko najučinkovitejših ukrepov. V nalogi smo izbrali scenarij A2 projekcije potenciala globalnega segrevanja organizacije IPCC, ki je opredeljen kot scenarij s srednje–visokimi izpusti. V prihodnosti bo, zaradi nadaljnjega segrevanja ozračja in višanja gostote sončnega sevanja na horizontalno površino, pri načrtovanju stavb poudarek na senčenju in zmanjšanju površine zasteklitev ter gradnji stavb z visoko maso zaradi zmožnosti časovnega zamika prehajanja toplote skozi konstrukcijo. Kot energijsko najučinkovitejša se izkažeta ukrepa pravilne izbire sistema za ogrevanje in izboljšava toplotne prehodnosti netransparentnega dela ovoja stavbe. The objective of the thesis is to improve the design of a typical single-family house in the area of Ljubljana to reduce operational energy for heating and cooling. Taking energy efficient measures in an early phase of planning is as requisite as following statutory demands for building design and sustainable design principles with passive solar architecture implementation and energy efficiency improvement of the building. Operational energy optimization was completed by using software tool BEopt for energy performance simulation. We are aware that building design measures have to be adapted appropriately to future climate change, therefore we presented the differences between individual building measures in 2010, 2020 and 2050 and evaluated adequacy of individual measure in comparison to the reference model. On this basis we designed a model with the combination of most energy efficient measures. In the thesis we chose a scenario with IPCC's A2 projection of climate change that is defined as medium-high emission scenario. Further, temperature and solar irradiation rise could be expected, which emphasizes the importance of building design measures as shading, window area decrease and the use of high thermal mass building materials to delay heat transfer. In conclusion, the most energy efficient measures are appropriate selection of heating system and improvement of building´s envelope thermal transmittance.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena analiza vplivov linijskih transmisijskih izgub najbolj pogostih toplotnih mostov, ki se pojavijo v tipični enodružinski hiši. Za določitev vpliva toplotnih mostov je uporabljena numerična metoda na podlagi izračuna toplotnega toka s pomočjo računalniškega programa UcanPsi in standardov SIST EN ISO 10211 ter SIST EN ISO 13370, del analize ter končni izračun pa temelji na standardu SIST EN ISO 14683. Za tipične predstavnike toplotnih mostov so bili izbrani: stik stene in okna, preboj konstrukcije (balkon) ter stik zunanje stene s tlemi na terenu. Rezultat diplomskega dela sta priloženi preglednici, ki omogočata uporabniku hitro oceno vpliva toplotnega mostu glede na dolžino balkona in površino zasteklitve. Preglednici prikazujeta količnik specifičnih transmisijskih toplotnih izgub (HT) ter deleže izgub, ki jih predstavljajo nesanirani linijski toplotni mostovi (DTM). The thesis describes an analysis of the effects of linear transmission losses of the most common thermal bridges that occur in a typical single-family house. Numerical method for calculating the heat flow using the UcanPsi software in combination with SIST EN ISO 10211 and SIST EN ISO 13370 was used to determine the influence of thermal bridges. Part of analysis and final calculation is based on standard SIST EN ISO 14683. Junction between window and external wall, balcony slab edge and joint between ground floor and external wall were used as typical representatives of the linear thermal bridges. As a result of the thesis there are two spreadsheets attached that might help users to quickly assess the influence of the thermal bridge in relation to the length of the balcony with correlation to the amount of glazing. Spreadsheets represent values of the transmission heat transfer coefficient (HT) and percentage of heat loss by uncontrolled linear thermal bridges (DTM).

Stakeholders, researchers and designers apply different overheating metrics because they follow different comfort theories or comply with different regulations and standards. As a result, there is no common ground for generalization, intercomparison and final concordance of their conclusions. Correlation of indices would simplify the analysis being conducted during the design (optimization process) or operational (comfort assessment) phase of buildings. This research compares and statistically correlates results of seven widely used long-term overheating indices on four ‘free-running’ representative dwellings and characteristic climatic conditions of central Europe (Denmark, United Kingdom, Austria and France). Different renovation steps and passive cooling strategies were applied on these case studies creating 66 variants for comfort assessment. The analyses were conducted with the use of a dynamic energy performance engine and widely accepted calculation methods and statistical tools. The statistical analyses show that dynamic indices originate from the same adaptive comfort theory directly related with each other. In addition, it is possible to create general and widely applied relationships between static overheating indices independently of the case study and climatic condition.

The construction and building process depends on substantial consumption of natural resources with far-reaching impacts beyond their development area. In general, a significant portion of annual resource consumption by the building and construction industry is a result of applying traditional building strategies and practices such as designing and selecting types of development (e.g. multi-unit condo and single-family house, etc.), building materials and structure, heating/cooling systems, and planning renovation and maintenance practices. On the other hand, apart from structural suitability, building developers mostly consider the basic requirements of public owners or private occupants of the buildings, where the main criteria for selecting building strategies are costs, and long-term environmental and socio-economic impacts are generally ignored. The main purpose of this paper is to develop an improved building sustainability assessment framework to measure and integrate different sustainability factors, i.e. long-term environmental upstream and downstream impacts and associated socio-economic costs, in a unified and quantitative basis. The application of the proposed framework has been explained through a case study of single-family houses and multi-unit residential buildings in Canada. A comprehensive framework based on the integration of emergy synthesis and life cycle assessment (LCA) has been developed and applied. The results of this research prove that the proposed emergy-based life cycle assessment (Em-LCA) framework offers a practical sustainability assessment tool by providing quantitative and transparent results for informed decision-making.

International audience; L'analyse retrace l'historiographie de la maison individuelle qui représenta tout au long du XXème siècle l'image associée à l'"American Way of Life". is. Elle privilégie l'hypothèse d'une mise à distance de cette image de mythe fondateur de l'urbanisation pour le XXIème siècle

L'analyse retrace l'historiographie de la maison individuelle qui représenta tout au long du XXème siècle l'image associée à l'"American Way of Life". is. Elle privilégie l'hypothèse d'une mise à distance de cette image de mythe fondateur de l'urbanisation pour le XXIème siècle

This work deals with the operation, modeling, simulation, and cost evaluation of two different cold storage systems for a single-family house in Italy, that differ from one another on the cold storage material. The two materials used to perform the numerical simulations of the cold storage systems are represented by cold water and a phase change material (PCM), and the numerical simulations have been realized by means of numerical codes written in Matlab environment. The main finding of the present work is represented by the fact that, for the considered user characteristics, and under the Italian electricity tariff policy, the use of a proper designed cold storage system characterized by an effective operation strategy could represent a viable solution from an economical point of view. © 2016 by the authors.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the housing indicators used by the singlefamilyhousing rating systems (SHRSs), in which the residential urban environment (RUE)influences buildings&rsquo, certification scores, emphasizing the relationships of six systems developedby middle‐income countries (MICs)&mdash, BEST, CASA, GBI, BERDE, Green Homes, and LOTUS&mdash, andthe two most‐recognized rating systems, BREEAM and LEED. The aim is to provide new housingindicators that are capable of bringing the concept of sustainability into the cities of MICs. Theresults reveal that the percentage of influence that single‐family housing (SFH) can achieve in themetric established by each system is relatively low. However, considering all of the identifiedindicators, this influence could increase to 53.16% of the total score in multi‐criteria evaluations.Furthermore, a significant lack of indicators for mandatory criteria evaluations was found, withCASA being the only system that considers their inclusion. This paper identifies 37 indicators formulti‐criteria assessments and two for mandatory‐criteria assessments, providing new perspectiveson several topics. Furthermore, the methodology established to obtain the indicators could be usefulfor other researchers in the identification of new sustainable indicators.

This paper investigates the effect of vegetation in modifying outdoor temperature around a single-family house in a hot and humid tropical climate. The climatic parameters, house location, and physical characteristics of landscape design are measured and surveyed. The focus of this study is on the potential impact of trees and different types of foliage on the thermal environment of the houses. The main findings are that heavily landscape around single-family houses can potentially slow heat build-up by shading, evapotranspiration, and wind channelling by as much as 4 °C.

The heat island effect influences most of the major cities around the world. This urban phenomenon occurs because air temperatures in densely built urban areas are higher than the temperatures of the surrounding rural countryside. In tropical cities, the exterior environment is already extremely warm due to high air temperatures, especially during dry seasons. However careful planning and development of exterior spaces can reduce the adverse impact of these temperatures. This paper investigates the effect of landscaping on the thermal performance of housing in a hot-humid tropical climate. The climatic parameters, physical characteristics of building construction, and landscape design of three private houses in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia were measured and surveyed. The study focuses on the potential impact of shade trees and different types of foliage on the thermal performance of houses of different ages. Sets of instrument were placed in several outdoor and indoor locations around the houses. Result show that the outdoor air temperatures of the well-landscaped houses were usually lower compared to the minimally- landscaped house. The main findings show that well-designed landscaping around single-family houses could potentially reduce heat build-up by shading, evapotranspiration, and wind channelling by as much as 3°C.

This paper conducts analyses and proposes solutions for reducing mismatch between renewable energy (RE) production and electrical demand from a 150 m2 single-family house. The RE options are photovoltaic (PV) and micro-wind turbine. This paper mainly focuses on the situation when grid feed-in is not available, but a brief economic analysis with grid feed-in is also conducted at the end of the paper. This paper specially investigates the influence of electrical storage in batteries and thermal storage in a domestic hot water (DHW) tank with suitable RE-DHW recharging strategies. The simulation results show that the recharging strategy of excess renewable electricity to a DHW storage tank with one day's DHW volume is more technically and economically effective than using electrical battery in reducing annual mismatch. Even without battery, the improvement in reducing mismatch can be 12.7–23.3% simply by using the RE-DHW recharging strategy. Furthermore, PV with 2-axis solar tracking strategy is not economically feasible in the Nordic climate, whereas south-facing PV with a 45° fixed tilt angle is recommended. Moreover, from both the energy and economic points of view, the increased hub height with multiple turbines is preferable for the application with a 6.64–16.2% improvement in reducing mismatch.

Sodobna slovenska hiša na podeželju / Enodružinska hiša pri Brežicah V nalogi je zasnovana sodobna enodružinska hiša, umeščena v podeželsko okolje Posavja na obrobje mesta Brežic. V teoretičnem delu so najprej predstavljene značilnosti tradicionalnega stavbarstva in arhitekture v Posavju. Analizi tradicionalnih primerov sledijo referenčni primeri sodobnih stavb. V nadaljevanju je razvojno predstavljena enodružinska hiša kot najbolj zaželen tip gradnje in samogradnje po drugi svetovni vojni z značilnimi sociološkimi vidiki gradnje na podeželju. Pri zasnovi sodobne hiše na podeželju smo skušali smiselno uporabiti značilnosti tradicionalne slovenske in regionalne arhitekture ter zagotoviti funkcionalnost in udobje bivanja tako v stavbi sami kot v povezavi z zunanjim prostorom v podeželskem okolju. The thesis presents a design of a single-family house, placed in the rural environment of the Posavje region, near Brežice. The theoretical part first introduces characteristics of traditional buildings and architecture in Posavje. The analysis of traditional examples is followed by reference examples of modern buildings. The next chapter illustrates a single-family house as the most desired type of construction and self build after the Second World War with all its typical sociological aspects of construction in the rural area. When designing a modern rural house we have tried to appropriately apply characteristics of typical Slovenian and regional architecture as well as provide functionality and comfort of dwelling in the building and in connection with outer space in the rural environment.

In soviet Lithuania standard single-family housing projects have been actively developed and constantly improved. It was possible to identify about 40 different standard housing projects in Lithuania’s rural areas in the early eighties. However, it was not an easy task for a family to build their own house. The construction was hampered by the lack of permanent materials and priority queues, according to which plots were distributed. Also one must take notice that the construction of single-family homes was totally prohibited in major cities. Before setting in the prohibition in the 60s, one could recognize standard housing exploiting traditional materials – brick, wood, as well as adapting architectural features of interwar housing. Meanwhile, the rural areas started to experiment with the design of industrially prefabricated homes. These attributes of, so far poorly, investigated typology are one of the components forming a standard single- family house in modern day Lithuania. The objective of the paper is to define the peculiarities of standard single-family housing development in the soviet era, with a focus on socio-political factors which determined the direction and attributes of a typical design. Article in Lithuanian. Tipinių vienbučių gyvenamųjų namų raida sovietinėje Lietuvoje Santrauka Tipiniai vienbučių gyvenamųjų namų projektai sovietinėje Lietuvoje buvo aktyviai rengiami ir tobulinami. Devintojo dešimtmečio pradžioje Lietuvos kaimo vietovėse buvo galima identifikuoti apie 40 skirtingų tipinių namų projektų. Tačiau ne kiekvienas pilietis galėjo namą pagal tokį projektą pasistatyti. Statybas varžė nuolatinis medžiagų trūkumas, prioritetinės eilės, pagal kurią buvo dalijami sklypai, sudarymo sąlygos, galiausiai draudimas statyti vienbučius namus didžiuosiuose miestuose. Miestuose iki įsigaliojant statybos draudimui vyravo tradicinės statybos namai – mūriniai, mediniai, o jų raiška turėjo tarpukario architektūros bruožų. Tuo tarpu kaimo vietovėse imta eksperimentuoti projektuojant industrinius surenkamus namus. Šios, iki šiol menkai nagrinėtos, tipologijos bruožai yra viena iš dedamųjų, formuojančių šiuolaikinį tipinį gyvenamąjį namą Lietuvoje. Tiriamojo darbo tikslas – nustatyti tipinių vienbučių raidos savitumus sovietmečiu, atkreipiant dėmesį į kertinius socio-politinius veiksnius, nulėmusius tipinio projektavimo kryptis ir bruožus. Reikšminiai žodžiai:tipinis projektas, vienbutis gyvenamasis namas, greitai surenkamas namas, sovietmečio architektūra.

Tipiniai vienbučių gyvenamųjų namų projektai sovietinėje Lietuvoje buvo aktyviai rengiami ir tobulinami. Devintojo dešimtmečio pradžioje Lietuvos kaimo vietovėse buvo galima identifikuoti apie 40 skirtingų tipinių namų projektų. Tačiau ne kiekvienas pilietis galėjo namą pagal tokį projektą pasistatyti. Statybas varžė nuolatinis medžiagų trūkumas, prioritetinės eilės, pagal kurią buvo dalijami sklypai, sudarymo sąlygos, galiausiai draudimas statyti vienbučius namus didžiuosiuose miestuose. Miestuose iki įsigaliojant statybos draudimui vyravo tradicinės statybos namai – mūriniai, mediniai, o jų raiška turėjo tarpukario architektūros bruožų. Tuo tarpu kaimo vietovėse imta eksperimentuoti projektuojant industrinius surenkamus namus. Šios, iki šiol menkai nagrinėtos, tipologijos bruožai yra viena iš dedamųjų, formuojančių šiuolaikinį tipinį gyvenamąjį namą Lietuvoje. Tiriamojo darbo tikslas – nustatyti tipinių vienbučių raidos savitumus sovietmečiu, atkreipiant dėmesį į kertinius socio-politinius veiksnius, nulėmusius tipinio projektavimo kryptis ir bruožus. In soviet Lithuania standard single-family housing projects have been actively developed and constantly improved. It was possible to identify about 40 different standard housing projects in Lithuania’s rural areas in the early eighties. However, it was not an easy task for a family to build their own house. The construction was hampered by the lack of permanent materials and priority queues, according to which plots were distributed. Also one must take notice that the construction of single-family homes was totally prohibited in major cities. Before setting in the prohibition in the 60s, one could recognize standard housing exploiting traditional materials – brick, wood, as well as adapting architectural features of interwar housing. Meanwhile, the rural areas started to experiment with the design of industrially prefabricated homes. These attributes of, so far poorly, investigated typology are one of the components forming a standard single- family house in modern day Lithuania. The objective of the paper is to define the peculiarities of standard single-family housing development in the soviet era, with a focus on sociopolitical factors which determined the direction and attributes of a typical design.

Niniejszy artykuł zawiera analizę przepisów ustawy o ochronie praw nabywcy lokalu mieszkalnego lub domu jednorodzinnego (ustawy deweloperskiej) w zakresie kwalifikacji stron umowy deweloperskiej oraz wskazanie, które podmioty podlegają ochronie wynikającej z przepisów ustawy. Analizuje również wątpliwości wokół oznaczenia jako nabywcy osoby fizycznej, a co za tym idzie postawienia na równi, jako chronionych nabywców, konsumenta i osoby fizycznej wykonującej działalność gospodarczą i w zakresie tej działalności nabywającą lokal mieszkalny lub dom jednorodzinny. Wobec wyróżnienia przedsiębiorcy - osoby fizycznej na tle innych przedsiębiorców - potencjalnych nabywców lokalu mieszkalnego lub domu jednorodzinnego i przyznaniu mu dodatkowej ustawowej ochrony powstało pytanie o zgodność z Konstytucją przedmiotowych przepisów i konieczność ich zmiany w tym zakresie oraz konieczność przyznania ochrony wszystkim podmiotom będącym potencjalnymi kupującymi w stosunku deweloper - nabywca. This paper contains an analysis of the provisions of the Act on Protecting the Rights of the Purchaser of Residential Premises or Single-Family House (i.e. Developer's Act) as to the qualification of the parties of a developer agreement and indicates which entities are protected under the said Act. It also analyses the doubts that arose in connection with the fact that the definition of a purchaser includes natural persons, and thus equals, as protected purchasers, consumers and natural persons - sole traders who, in the course of their activity purchase residential premises or single-family house. Because of the fact that sole traders were distinguished among other entrepreneurs - potential purchasers of residential premises or single-family houses and granting additional statutory protection, a question arose whether said provisions were constitutional and whether it was necessary to amend them in that respect and whether it was necessary to grant protection to all entities that could be potential purchasers in the developer - purchaser relationship.