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In the 1980s, in the period before the collapse of Yugoslavia, football stadiums became one of the most important public spaces in which forbidden and suppressed discourses were exposed. Correspondingly, it has been widely accepted that the state repressive apparatus perceived football supporter groups as an exceptionally dangerous political opponent to the socialist system. However, according to the analysis of archival materials from the Yugoslav secret service Croatian supporters per se were not perceived as such. Supporter groups were approached primarily as subculture actors with a special system of social norms and values. This is evident from a 1989 operative investigation codenamed ‘Stadion’, the purpose of which was to surveil four of the largest Croatian supporter groups. The surveillance of supporters began mainly as a consequence of the foundation of the first opposition political parties. This increased the possibility that supporter groups would be instrumentalized, which was a real potential danger from the perspective of the secret service.

BackgroundIn 2021, a fan-led review of football governance in England recommended that legislation surrounding alcohol and football be reviewed to determine whether it is still fit for purpose, the first such review since the mid-1980s. Restricting football fans’ alcohol consumption has been debated in the UK for over 40 years. However, more research is needed into the current attitudes of fans and influential stakeholders on this matter.MethodsFocus groups with football supporters (n=79) and semi-structured interviews (n=15) with key organisational stakeholders were conducted between November 2019 and February 2021. Focus groups included fans who regularly attended matches and supported various teams from professional leagues in Scotland and England, casual fans who usually watched games at home or in bars, and fans who followed the Scotland and England national teams. Stakeholders were selected to represent organisations likely to be instrumental in any regulatory change, such as the UK and Scottish Governments, Police, football supporters’ groups and safety organisations.ResultsThe current law does not allow for alcohol to be consumed within view of the pitch. Participants from England suggested this could be changed. While in Scotland, where the legislation only allows alcohol to be sold in hospitality, most participants were in favour of allowing the general sale of alcohol at football stadia via a pilot scheme. The reasons for these changes included: reducing unhealthy drinking behaviours; minimising the health and safety risk of fans arriving at the stadium just before kick-off; and a potential increase in much needed revenue for clubs.ConclusionOur data suggests an evidence-based review of current laws regarding alcohol and football may be appropriate. However, any discussion regarding changes to the law regarding alcohol at football stadia, including potential pilot schemes, should be evaluated and monitored in terms of both financial impact and the impact on public health and safety.

This ethnographic work, is based on my own field research, provides a close look at the interior of a Mexican soccer team, Cruz Azul, and the relationship with the organized group of fans "La Sangre Azul". For this study I carried out a documentary research work, and also a social study in which I conducted two hundred interviews with members of the fan club, and lived with them in the stadium where I observed their relationship with the club management. On the other hand, I lived with the fans at the stadium and around their neighborhoods. The investigation demonstrates the organization of the supporters, its members, the relationship with the kinship unit, and the relationship with the soccer club. The work has several results, one of them was to understand the relationship with the club managements, the clientel relationship of the organized fans with the soccer club officials, and to understand, in this sense, the relationship of closeness and distancing of the fans with the direction of the Cruz Azul club. Este trabajo etnográfico fue basado en investigación de campo original; provee una mirada cercana al interior de un equipo mexicano de futbol Cruz Azul y la relación con el grupo organizado de aficionados “la Sangre Azul”. Para este estudio desarrollé un trabajo de investigación documental, además realicé un estudio social donde llevé a cabo docenas de entrevistas con los integrantes de la barra y conviví con ellos en el estadio donde observé la relación con la directiva. Por otro lado, conviví con los barristas en los espacios del estadio, alrededores y su barrio. La investigación demuestra la organización de la barra, sus integrantes, la relación con la unidad de parentesco y la relación con el club de futbol. El trabajo tiene varios hallazgos, uno de ellos fue entender la relación con dirigentes del club, la relación clientelar de aficionados organizados con los dirigentes del club de futbol, y entender en este sentido, la relación de acercamiento y distanciamiento de la barra con la dirigencia del club Cruz Azul. Este trabajo etnográfico fue basado en investigación de campo original; provee una mirada cercana al interior de un equipo mexicano de futbol Cruz Azul y la relación con el grupo organizado de aficionados “la Sangre Azul”. Para este estudio desarrollé un trabajo de investigación documental, además realicé un estudio social donde llevé a cabo docenas de entrevistas con los integrantes de la barra y conviví con ellos en el estadio donde observé la relación con la directiva. Por otro lado, conviví con los barristas en los espacios del estadio, alrededores y su barrio. La investigación demuestra la organización de la barra, sus integrantes, la relación con la unidad de parentesco y la relación con el club de futbol. El trabajo tiene varios hallazgos, uno de ellos fue entender la relación con dirigentes del club, la relación clientelar de aficionados organizados con los dirigentes del club de futbol, y entender en este sentido, la relación de acercamiento y distanciamiento de la barra con la dirigencia del club Cruz Azul.

Former studies indicate that social media is a good way to communicate with stakeholders which also makes it an interesting and relevant focus for this study. As football is becoming more and more commercialized, the demands that non sports related activities are professionalized are raised ever higher. Between the professionals and Sunday league football teams, we find Division 1. A Swedish football league in limbo between the professionals and the amateurs. A league where the clubs manage to survive on pocket money and seldom with the possibility to hire staff on full time. The clubs in Division 1 have been the subject of this research to map how they communicate on the image sharing app, Instagram. The purpose of this essay is to, through the issue “What patterns can be found on Instagram among the football clubs in the Swedish third tier leagues?” shine the light on the small sports clubs, and their day to day activity and communication. In the long run it will contribute to more effective communication for small organizations. The thematic analysis of the empirical material shows that the clubs in Division 1 often use Instagram by routine or for the sake of it, rather than with a cut out strategy or plan. Even though it’s evident that a social media presence has positive effects in itself when it comes to building an identity as a club, with supporters and other parties, there are several measures football teams can take to improve their communication on Instagram. Having a clear cut plan and goals can achieve things such as getting more active and loyal supporters with raised ticket sales as a long term result.

Denna studie behandlar supportrars upplevda trygghet på Eleda Stadion i Malmö under fotbollsmatcher. Kunskapen om supportrars trygghet på allsvenska arenor är begränsad, men samtidigt så har ämnet fått ett stort utrymme i media de senaste åren. Syftet med den här studien är därmed att undersöka trygghetsupplevelsen vid fotbollsmatcher på Eleda Stadion, vad som påverkar den och hur den skiljer sig mellan olika grupper. Frågeställningarna som studien ämnar besvara är följande: “Hur upplever supportrar tryggheten vid fotbollsmatch på Eleda Stadion?”, “Hur påverkar bakgrundsfaktorer, ordningsstörningar, aktörer, förtroende samt tidsliga faktorer trygghetsupplevelsen på Eleda Stadion?” och “Hur varierar trygghetsupplevelsen mellan sittplats och ståplats, samt mellan män och kvinnor?”. Studien har använt sig av både en kvantitativ respektive kvalitativ metod för att besvara frågeställningarna i form av en enkätundersökning samt intervjuer. Urvalet bestod av personer över 15 år gamla som varit på en Malmö FF-match på Eleda Stadion de senaste 12 månaderna. Datainsamlingen skedde genom att dela ut enkäter i samband med matcher samt digitalt på Facebook och forumet Svenska Fans. Personer som intervjuades hade själva önskat om att få delta via enkäten. Datamaterialet analyserades utifrån flera metoder i form av bivariat-, univariat-, och regressionsanalys för enkäten samt tematisk analys för intervjumaterialet. I resultatet framkom det att den upplevda tryggheten var stor samtidigt som den påverkades av ett antal faktorer och skilde sig mellan olika grupper. Pyroteknik var den faktorn som påverkade tryggheten mest samtidigt som flera ansåg det som stämningshöjande. Motståndarsupportrar var även det en faktor som påverkade tryggheten negativt. Den aktuella studien ämnar bidra till en aktuell bild och förbättrad kunskap om den upplevda tryggheten i samband med fotbollsmatcher i framför allt Malmö, men kan även ge en bild för tryggheten på övriga allsvenska arenor runt om i Sverige. This study deals with the subject of supporters’ sense of security at Eleda Stadion in Malmö during football matches. The knowledge of supporters’ sense of security is limited, but at the same time the subject has been given a lot of room in media the last years. The aim of this study is thus to examine the sense of security during football matches at Eleda Stadion, what affects it and how it differs between groups. The study intends to answer the following questions: “What is supporters’ sense of security during football matches at Eleda Stadion?”, “How do the background factors, disturbances, actors, trust and temporal factors affect the sense of security at Eleda Stadion?” and “How does the sense of security vary between the sitting and standing crowd as well as between men and women?”. Both a quantitative and qualitative method has been used to answers the questions in form of a questionnaire survey as well as interviews. The selection consisted of people over the age of 15 who have been to a Malmö FF match in the last 12 months. The collection of data was acquired by handing out the survey in conjunction with the matches as well as digital on Facebook and the forum Svenska Fans. Individuals who were interviewed had themselves wished to participate via the survey. The data was analysed using different methods in form of bivariate-, univariate-, and regression analysis for the survey and thematic analysis for the interviews. The result showed that the perceived sense of security was high while being affected by several factors and differed between groups. Pyrotechnics was the factor that affected the sense of security the most, while many still considered it to contribute to the atmosphere. The opposing supporters was also a factor that impacted the sense of security negatively. This study intends to contribute to a current depiction and improved knowledge of the sense of security in conjunction football matches, especially in Malmö, but can also provide a picture of the sense of security in other arenas in Allsvenskan around Sweden.

Mestrado Bolonha em Marketing Todos os anos os clubes de futebol realizam a venda de bilhetes de época como forma de financiarem o seu investimento, sendo o número de lugares anuais limitado é importante para os clubes que os clientes que já os adquiriram no passado voltem a renovar. Assim o objetivo do presente estudo consiste em identificar os fatores mais significativos, da qualidade do relacionamento com os seus adeptos detentores de bilhete de época, e como esse relacionamento influencia os adeptos a renovarem o seu lugar anual. Bem como estudar quais os antecedentes que impactam esse relacionamento. Desta forma realizou-se um estudo quantitativo mono-método, o qual decorreu num horizonte cross-sectional. Com base num questionário online, foi possível obter uma amostra não probabilística por conveniência com um total de 381 respostas validas. Sendo o tratamento e análise dos dados realizado com recurso ao IBM SPSS Statistics 26 através de técnicas estatísticas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a intenção de renovação por parte dos adeptos detentores de bilhetes de época é influenciada pelas dimensões da qualidade do relacionamento, em particular pela confiança, comprometimento e identificação dos adeptos. O estudo realizado comprova também o impacto positivo dos antecedentes nas dimensões da qualidade do relacionamento. Ao nível académico, a presente dissertação contribui para o enriquecimento do conhecimento do marketing desportivo, mais concretamente o relacionamento entre os adeptos e as equipas desportivas, ajudado a colmatar lacunas existentes. A nível prático, fornece informação às organizações desportivas e respetivos marketers, ilustrando a importância do relacionamento e quais as variáveis que os adeptos mais valorizam no mesmo. Every year football clubs sell season tickets to finance their investment. Once there are a limited number of annual seats, it is important for clubs that customers who have acquired season tickets in the past renew them. The objective of this study is to identify the most significant factors in the quality of relationship with their customers and how the relationship can increase the number of season ticket renews. This study also analyze how and which antecedents had a positive impact in the relationship Club-Customer. A mono-method quantitative study was carried out. This research was elaborated in a cross-sectional time horizon, based on an online questionnaire. It was obtained a non- probabilistic sample by convenience with a total of 381 valid answers. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 through statistical techniques. The results demonstrate that the intention of ticket renewal by customers are impacted by the quality of the relationship. The main positive impact areas are the trust, the commitment and the identification with the club. The study also proves the positive impact of antecedents on the relationship quality dimensions. At academic level, this dissertation contributes to the increase the knowledge of sports marketing, more specifically the relationship between fans and sports teams. This will help to fill in existing gaps. At practical level, it provides information to sport clubs marketers, emphasizing the importance of the relationship club-customer and indicating the variables the supporters most value in it. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In Senegal, wrestling, from contract signing to combat itself, is characterized by specific jargon and popularity. Indeed, the wrestlers, those of the Balla Gaye team, in particular have unconditional fans who are quick to imitate their idols out and in the arena. And when, the words used by the combatants carry violence, it is logical to wonder about its impact on the supporters. Where appropriate, the mixed methods with semi-structured interviews with the 3 star and 2 coaches of this team, as well as the questionnaire survey for 41 supporters selected according to the quota technique, made it possible to distinguish between the discourse of the wrestlers three categories of words and expressions namely, wrestling techniques that remember the boldness, the power, the force, etc., the violent terms referring to the brutality, the domination, the bloody , the weakening of the opponent etc. and the mention others. Thus, legitimized violence is expressed both verbally and in wrestling between wrestlers while the illegitimate one of imitating, daring and threatening supporters occurs in and out of the stadiums. The latter is the culmination of a process that begins with insults, pitched battles and ends with physical clashes.

The article summarizes a case study, that of the practices of a group of “activists-supporters” of the Club Atlético River Plate between 1996 and 2013, with the purpose of knowing their meanings and motivations in basically two dimensions: the emotional ones and those of political nature. The case is addressed at a double level: on the one hand, the emotional meaning, related to their actions the days of the first team's soccer games — mainly in the so-called “party at the stands”, in native voice —, and secondly, the passage of some of these soccer fans to the institutional and political activism inside the club, which leads them to become important political actors. The investigation goes in depth in the traditional model of sports clubs in Argentina, as non-profit civil associations, as part of social capital and sociability, and in the historical, political and institutional peculiarities of Club Atlético River Plate, to describe and analyze the football activism of these fans based on their “hinchismo” and sense of belonging to the culture of endurance (“aguante”) and, from there, towards the political arena of the club. The investigation expands on a series of specificities in relation to its activities and the bonds with other actors of the football configuration as leaders, “barras bravas” and other club supporters, after the political crisis of 2001 and 2002 in Argentina and prior to the process opened in 2003 — deepened from 2008 on — of opening up to political activism by groups of young people and adolescents. The article discusses whether their emotional practices imply certain “communitarian” values, concluding that both soccer and these actions achieves in them an integrating, identity and symbolic social function, able to gather and recreate a mixed feeling of community, not necessarily in terms of resistance to modern individualism, but in terms of an emotional collective that consolidates them as a social identity. El artículo resume un estudio de caso, el de las prácticas de un grupo de hinchas militantes del Club Atlético River Plate entre los años 1996 y 2013, con el objetivo de conocer respecto de sus sentidos y motivaciones centralmente en dos dimensiones, las de tipo emotivas y las de carácter políticas. Se aborda el caso en un doble nivel: el sentido emotivo, relacionado a sus acciones los días de partido de fútbol del primer equipo -principalmente en la llamada fiesta en la tribuna, en la voz nativa-, y en segundo término, desde el pasaje de algunos de estos hinchas de fútbol a la militancia institucional y política en el club, para ir constituyéndose en actores políticos del mismo. El desarrollo profundiza en el modelo tradicional de los clubes en Argentina en tanto asociaciones civiles sin fines de lucro, como parte del capital social y la sociabilidad, y en las particularidades históricas, políticas e institucionales del Club Atlético River Plate, para describir y analizar la militancia futbolera de estos hinchas a partir de su hinchismo y pertenencia a la cultura de aguante y, desde allí, hacia la arena política agrupacional del club. El proceso desarrolla una serie de especificidades con relación a sus actividades militantes y a los vínculos con otros actores de la configuración futbolística como dirigentes, barras bravas y otros hinchas del club, luego de la crisis política nacional de los años 2001 y 2002 y previamente al proceso abierto en 2003 -profundizado a partir de 2008- de apertura a la militancia política por parte de grupos de jóvenes y adolescentes. Se discute si sus prácticas emotivas implican determinados valores comunitaristas, para concluir que el fútbol y la acción cumple en ellos una función social integradora identitaria y simbólica capaz de congregar y recrear un sentimiento de comunidad mixto, no necesariamente en términos de resistencia al individualismo moderno, sino en términos de un colectivo emocional que los consolida en tanto identidad social. O artigo resume um estudo de caso das práticas de torcedores militantes do Clube Atlético River Plate entre os anos 1996 e 2013, com o objetivo de saber a respeito de seus sentidos e motivações, centralmente em duas dimensões, as do tipo emocionais e as de caráter político. O caso é abordado em duplo nível: o sentido emocional, relacionado às suas ações nos dias de jogos de futebol do time principal – especialmente na chamada fiesta em la tribuna, nos dizeres nativos-, em segundo lugar, desde a passagem de alguns desses torcedores de futebol até a militância institucional e política no clube, a fim de se tornarem, nele, atores políticos. No desenvolvimento se aprofunda no modelo tradicional dos clubes da Argentina enquanto associações civis sem fins lucrativos, como parte do capital social e da sociabilidade, e nas particularidades históricas, políticas e institucionais do Club Atlético River Plate, a fim de descrever e analisar a militância futebolística destes torcedores do ponto de vista de seu torcer e pertencimento à cultura "do torcedor apaixonado" e, a partir daí, em direção à arena política de afiliação ao clube. O processo desenvolve uma série de especificidades com relação às suas atividades militantes e aos vínculos com outros atores da configuração futebolística como dirigentes, barras bravas, e outros torcedores do clube, logo após a crise política nacional dos anos 2001 e 2002, e antes do processo aberto em 2003 – aprofundado a partir de 2008 – de abertura à militância política por parte de grupos de jovens e adolescentes. Se discute se suas práticas emocionais implicam determinados valores comunitários, para concluir que o futebol e a ação cumprem neles uma função social integradora identitária e simbólica, capaz de congregar e recriar um sentimento de comunidade misto, não necessariamente em termos de resistência ao individualismo moderno, mas, em termos de um coletivo emocional que os consolida enquanto identidade social.

Hated and Proud is the result of Mark Dyal’s ethnographic research with the Roma’s Ultras supporters. This work presents in detail the performative components of this modality of cheering in the stadiums around that country, as well as other traits of their everyday life experience. In addition, the book unravels the Ultras’ categories aiming to reflect about the patterns and senses that conform their morality. From the theoretical point of view, Dyal proposes to approach the political issues in these groups with the purpose of making visible their social relations with their Others: other fans, the State, and any other agents in football, unveiling their counter-Modern condition. Published in 2018, this work went unnoticed by the Brazilian public although it introduced a theoretical framework that could renew the interest on fan groups and its practices of supporting based in Brazil. Hated and Proud é resultado da etnografia de Mark Dyal com grupos de torcedores Ultras da Roma, tradicional clube do futebol italiano. O trabalho apresenta detalhadamente os elementos da presença desta modalidade de torcer nos estádios daquele país, bem como outros aspectos de sua experiência em esferas mais cotidianas da vida. Além disso, destrincha conceitos e categorias próprias desses torcedores com o propósito de pensar os valores que conformam sua moralidade. No panorama teórico, o autor propõe uma abordagem da política nesses grupos para avaliar como se relacionam com torcedores rivais, com Estado e demais agentes do mundo do futebol, o que revela sua condição contra-Moderna. O livro, publicado em 2018, até o momento passou despercebido pelo público brasileiro, no entanto insere um quadro teórico capaz de renovar o interesse a respeito das torcidas organizadas de futebol no país e suas práticas do torcer.

Depuis 2011, les nombreuses interdictions de déplacement de supporters de football jalonnent l’actualité sportive française. La presse, au départ distante, s’est peu à peu mise à traiter l’actualité autour de ce phénomène, allant même jusqu’à basculer de registre rédactionnel. Pour répondre aux questions du pourquoi et du comment, cette étude a cherché à analyser les articles existants sur les interdictions de déplacement et le registre choisi pour les écrire, premier indicateur du positionnement de la presse vis-à-vis de ces décisions. Le caractère éminemment polémique du sujet entre ses différents acteurs a effectivement rapidement interpellé la presse française, qui est devenu involontairement un acteur à part entière du débat. Travel bans against football fans make the headlines of French sport news since 2011. At first, the cautious and distant news started to report on the phenomenon, newspapers even started to change their editorial terminology. In order to answer the questions about how and why this changes appeared, the aim of this paper is to analyse the press articles written about travel bans and the terminology used to write them, which in fact, is the first indicator of the position the press chose to take on the matter. The way this subject is controversial for its several protagonists, aroused the French Press curiosity, thus leading it to unintentionally become a member of the debate.

RESUMO O presente trabalho busca desenvolver e validar uma escala que mensure os efeitos da identificação clubística em torcedores de futebol. Esses efeitos são explorados a partir de duas avenidas: atitudinal (comprometimento clubístico) e comportamental (lealdade e consumo clubístico). Foi aplicada uma survey em duas amostras, sendo uma online e não-probabilística para análise fatorial exploratória (477 respondentes) e outra presencial e probabilística para análise fatorial confirmatória (363 respondentes). Considerando que o futebol é um dos principais veículos de expressão dos brasileiros, a escala fornece uma abordagem útil à mensuração de elementos importantes inerentes ao consumo do esporte. O artigo contribui com a área de marketing, ampliando a capacidade científica para capturar a complexidade dos efeitos da identificação do torcedor de futebol com seu clube. A utilização prática do instrumento permite que os clubes possam ter diagnósticos mais consistentes e confiáveis das atitudes e comportamentos dos seus torcedores. ABSTRACT This paper aims to develop and validate a scale for measuring the effects of team identification among Brazilian soccer fans. These effects are explored from attitudinal (team commitment) and behavioral avenues (team loyalty and consumption). A survey was conducted in two samples, an online and non-probabilistic sample for exploratory factor analysis (507 respondents) and a face-to-face and probabilistic sample for confirmatory factor analysis (363 respondents). Considering that soccer is one of the leading expressions of Brazilian life, the scale provides a useful tool for measuring elements inherent to sports consumption. The article contributes to marketing, advancing the scientific capacity to comprehend the complex effects of soccer fans identifying so strongly with their teams. The practical application of the instrument allows soccer teams to gather more reliable and consistent diagnoses of their fans’ attitudes and behaviors. RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desarollar y validar una escala que mida los efectos de la identificación con un cluben aficionados de fútbol brasileño. Estos efectos se explorarán a partir de dos vías: actitudinal (compromiso clubista) y conductual (lealtad y consumo clubista). Se aplicó una encuesta a dos muestras, una online y no probabilística para un análisis factorial exploratoria (477 encuestados) y otra presencial y probabilística para un análisis factorial confirmatoria (363 encuestados). Tomando en cuenta que el fútbol es uno de los principales vehículos de expresión de los brasileños, la escala proporciona un enfoque útil para la medición de elementos importantes inherentes al consumo del deporte. El artículo contribuye al área de marketing, ampliando la capacidad científica para capturar la complejidad de los efectos de identificación de los aficionados del fútbol con su equipo. La utilización práctica del instrumento permite a los clubes tener diagnósticos más consistentes y confiables de las actitudes y comportamientos de sus aficionados.

À partir d’une approche ethnographique de l’usage de la voix et de la musique par la foule lors de plusieurs manifestations sportives et mobilisations collectives observées en immersion à Marseille en 2019, cet article propose de saisir les enjeux de la vocalisation collective des foules dans le contexte de l’appropriation d’un territoire. Il s’agit d’analyser comment les foules réunies dans un stade de football unissent leurs voix afin de produire divers objets sonores censés performer collectivement cette appropriation. Il en ressort que cette pra­tique est devenue particulièrement populaire en France depuis les années 1980 sans discontinuité jusqu’à nos jours. Elle s’étend même en dehors des stades comme on a récemment pu le vérifier avec le cas des chants accompagnant le mouvement des Gilets Jaunes. Les diverses modalités de supportérisme vocal et musical de trois clubs français (le Racing Club de Lens, l’Olympique de Marseille et le Paris Saint-Germain) ont fait l’objet d’une étude fondée sur des observations en cours de matchs, des entretiens avec des supporters et des analyses du contenu sonore de matchs actuels et anciens. Cette étude propose d’utiliser des outils d’analyse musicale pour approcher des objets dont quelques-uns sont portés au rang de véritables hymnes par les supporters. Les caractéristiques musicales des pratiques chorales et hymnodiques étudiées participent à organiser l’espace du supportérisme en France à plusieurs échelles, du stade au territoire français. Based on an ethnographic account of the use of voice and music by the crowd during several demonstrations observed in-depth observations in Marseille in 2019, this article proposes to capture some of the issues of the collective vocaliza­tion of the masses in a context of appropriation of a place. The aim is to analyse how the crowds unite their voices in order to produce various sound objects that are supposed to collectively perform this appropriation. It appears that this practice has become particularly common in France since the 1980s until today, with the recent example of the songs supporting the demonstrations of the Yellow Vests. The various modalities of vocal and musical support of three French clubs (Racing Club de Lens, Olympique de Marseille and Paris Saint-Germain) were the subject of a study based on observations during matches, interviews with supporters, and analyses of the sound content of current and former games. This study proposes to use musical analysis tools to approach this topic, some of which are raised to the rank of actual anthems by the supporters. The musical characteris­tics of the choral and hymnodic practices studied support the symbolic appropriation of the places by the supporters, in various degrees since the 1980s and depending on the clubs, while organizing the space of supportism in France on several scales, from the stadium to the French national territory.

This article surveys the presence of the Direct Method (henceforth, DM), between the first half of the twentieth century in Spain. We will narrow down our study to the particular case of English manuals published in Spain as well as the private and official institutions which were prone to adopt the DM. My purpose, therefore, is to outline some implicit or explicit traces of or references to the DM in manuals, prefaces and other paratexts of the time as well as in some extracts of the historical press. In this regard, we have found some manuals that implemented the DM or ‘scientific method’, ‘conversation method’, ‘practical method’, as it was also known in Spain, thus proving that the DM became a debated topic among some manual writers and intellectuals interested in the study of foreign languages. We can conclude that the DM’s presence in Spain is rather scarce in terms of actual English manuals that subscribed to it in contrast to the larger amount of references for or against found in the paratexts of some manuals, in the curricula of some institutions, and in the historical press. Cet article examine la présence de la Méthode Directe (MD), pendant la première moitié du XXe siècle en Espagne. On limite cette étude au seul cas des manuels anglais publiés en Espagne dans des institutions, publiques ou privées, dans lesquelles on a utilisé la MD. Mon but est de souligner quelques références à la MD dans des manuels et des programmes de certaines institutions. À cet égard, j’ai trouvé certains auteurs de manuels et institutions qui ont accueilli la MD (ou méthode scientifique, méthode de la conversation, méthode pratique, telle qu’elle était aussi connue en Espagne). Je démontre que la MD est devenue un sujet de débat parmi des auteurs et intellectuels intéressés par l’étude des langues étrangères. On peut conclure que la présence de la MD en Espagne est rare dans les manuels anglais, bien qu’elle fasse l’objet d’une grande quantité de références qui lui sont favorables ou bien qui s’y opposent, que j’ai trouvées soit dans les paratextes des manuels soit dans les programmes de certaines institutions, ou dans la presse de l’époque.

Aim of the study: evaluate of components of business model in Lithuanian football clubs. Objective 1. Explain theoretical aspects of understanding the concept of Business Model 2. To identify the present business model used by football clubs playing in the first division. 3. To identify the present business model used by football clubs playing in the second division. 4. To compare the present business model used by football clubs playing in the first and second division. Research methods and organization. A quantitative study was done using questionnaire including 15 questions and 9 sections. An ethical approval was obtained from the university ethical commettee and informed consent was signed by the participants. Participants were coaches, clubs administrators, directors, accountants, directors, sports managers with minimum 3 or more years of experience with current football club. Data was collected using questionnaire and changed into numerics using Microsoft excel spread sheets and statistical analysis was done using SPSS 2.11. Descriptive analaysis was done according to age category, gender and position in the football club. To check the normal distribution of the data Shapiro-wilk test was used. When data was found not normally distributed then non parametric test Kruskal Wallis Test to analize the independent parameters according to the varibales. Conclusions 1. Present business model used by football clubs playing in the first league is a strong business model but still lacking to utilise 4 P principle and their supporters engagement. 2. Present business model used by football clubs playing in the second league is a progressive business model which probably will help them to raise their funds and value. 3. Second league clubs are strong in their supporters engagement and relationship with the organizing bodies but still lacking a strong platform to develop youth. 4. The present business model used by football clubs playing in the first and second league has many differences in terms of marketing strategies, supporters engagement program and youth program., Tyrimo tikslas: įvertinti verslo modelio komponentus Lietuvos futbolo klubuose. Uždaviniai: 1. Paaiškinti teorinius verslo modelio koncepcijos supratimo aspektus 2. Apibūdinti verslo modelį, kurį naudoja pirmajame divizione žaidžiantys futbolo klubai. 3. Nustatyti verslo modelį, kurį naudoja antrajame divizione žaidžiantys futbolo klubai. 4. Įvertinti verslo modelius, kuriuos naudoja futbolo klubai, žaidžiantys pirmajame ir antrajame divizionuose. Tyrimo metodai ir organizavimas. Kiekybinis tyrimas buvo atliktas naudojant klausimyną, įskaitant 15 klausimų ir 9 skyrius. Iš universiteto etikos komiteto buvo gautas etinis pritarimas, o dalyviai pasirašė informuoto asmens sutikimą. Dalyviai buvo treneriai, klubų administratoriai, direktoriai, buhalteriai, direktoriai, sporto vadybininkai, turintys ne mažiau kaip 3 ar daugiau metų patirtį futbolo klubuose. Duomenys buvo surinkti naudojant klausimyną ir interviu metodus, statistinė analizė buvo atlikta naudojant SPSS 2.11. Aprašomoji analizė buvo atliekama pagal amžiaus kategoriją, lytį ir poziciją futbolo klube. Siekiant patikrinti normalų duomenų pasiskirstymą, buvo naudojamas Shapiro-wilk testas. Išvados 1. Dabartinis verslo modelis, kurį naudoja pirmoje lygoje žaidžiantys futbolo klubai, yra stiprus verslo modelis, tačiau jam vis dar trūksta 4 P principo ir jų rėmėjų įsitraukimo. 2. Dabartinis verslo modelis, kurį naudoja antroje lygoje žaidžiantys futbolo klubai, yra progresyvus verslo modelis, kuris tikriausiai padės jiems surinkti savo lėšas ir vertę. 3. Antrosios lygos klubai yra stiprūs palaikančiųjų santykiuose ir santykiuose su organizatoriais, tačiau vis dar neturi tvirtos platformos jaunimui ugdyti. 4. Įvertinti verslo modeliai, kuriuos naudoja pirmoje ir antroje lygoje žaidžiantys futbolo klubai, turi daug skirtumų rinkodaros strategijų, sirgalių įsitraukimo ir jaunimo programų vystymo požiūriu.

I Sverige har damidrotten ur ett historiskt perspektiv ständigt legat efter herrarna, både ekonomiskt och organisatoriskt. Inom damidrotten är det främst individuella idrottare som på senare tid har närmat sig herrarna på kommersiell och professionell nivå. Vad gäller lagidrotter så har utvecklingen hamnat efter och det här visar sig inte minst inom ishockeyn. Skillnaderna visar sig tydligt mellan herrar och damer och inte minst ekonomiskt där herrarna på högsta elitnivå kan försörja sig genom ishockeyn. Samtidigt så behöver genomsnittspelaren på motsvarande nivå bland damer ha ett arbete vid sidan av ishockeyn. Det här beror på flera faktorer däribland att intresset kring herrhockeyn är betydligt större vilket ger fler kommersiella möjligheter. För att damhockeyn ska närma sig den nivå som herrarna befinner sig, krävs en ökad kännedom, ett ökat intresse samt en kunskap omsupportrars uppfattning.I den här undersökningen har författarna i samarbete med Svenska Damhockeyligan studerat problemområdet med fokus på supportrarnas perspektiv och hur kunskap om dessa kan fungera som underlag till att stärka spelarnas varumärkesimage. En kvantitativ enkätundersökning genomfördes där supportrars kännedom om spelare och ligan generellt studeras samt vad supportrar värderar hos spelares egenskaper. Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning som studerat damidrottens möjligheter för kommersiell utveckling. I undersökningen betraktas spelarna i SDHL som varumärken för att möjliggöra en koppling till varumärkesimage och aktiviteter som görs för att stärka en sådan. Med bakgrund av tidigare forskning och modeller lutar sig studien på tre centrala variabler; individuell kvalité, attraktivitet och image. Dessa tre var vägledande för insamlad empiri genom en webbenkät. Studiens insamlade data analyseras via deskriptiv statistik där diagram och tabeller redovisas. Slutligen diskuteras enkätresultat med koppling till de teorier och modeller som studien utgår ifrån. Diskussionen leder till flertalet förslag för hur SDHL kan använda sig av kunskap om supportrarnas kännedom och värdering av spelaregenskaper i syfte att stärka spelarnas varumärkesimage. In Sweden, from a historical perspective, women's sports have constantly lagged behind men, both financially and organizationally. In women's sports, it is mainly individual athletes who have recently approached men on a commercial and professional level. As far as team sports are concerned, the development has lagged behind and this is evident not least in ice hockey. The differences are clear between men and women and not least financially where men at the highest elite level can support themselves through ice hockey. At the same time, the average player at the corresponding level among women needs to have a job alongside ice hockey. This is due to several factors, including that the interest in men's hockey is significantly greater, which provides more commercial opportunities. In order for women's hockey to approach the level that the men are at, an increased knowledge, an increased interest and a knowledge of supporters' opinion.In this study, the authors in collaboration with the Swedish Women's Hockey League have studied the problem area with a focus on the supporters 'perspective and how knowledge about these can serve as a basis for strengthening the players' brand image. A quantitative survey was conducted where supporters 'knowledge of players and the league is generally studied and what supporters value in players' characteristics. The study is based on previous research that has studied women's opportunities for commercial development. In the survey, the players in SDHL are regarded as brands to enable a connection to brand image and activities that are done to strengthen one. Based on previous research and models, the study is based on three key variables: individual quality, attractiveness and image. These three were indicative of empirical data collected through an online survey. The study's collected data are analyzed via descriptive statistics where diagrams and tables are reported. Finally, survey results are discussed in connection with the theories and models on which the study is based. The discussion leads to several suggestions for how SDHL can use knowledge about the supporters 'knowledge and evaluation of player characteristics in order to strengthen the players' brand image.

O Atlético Clube de Portugal é um clube histórico da cidade de Lisboa. Depois de ter sofrido, num passado recente, com decisões de gestão deficitárias, podemos afirmar que se encontra numa fase de evolução muito positiva, com objetivos bem definidos: no futebol sénior masculino, o objetivo principal é chegar ao campeonato nacional e aí permanecer; na formação futebolística o objetivo é construir uma base sólida que permita ao plantel principal ser abastecido com talentos produzidos internamente e, assim, aumentar o prestígio do clube como entidade formadora. Para o efeito, o clube candidatou-se à Federação Portuguesa de Futebol (FPF) para certificação como Entidade Formadora, o que permite que as instalações e recursos humanos e técnicos sejam reconhecidos pela mais alta gestão do futebol em Portugal. O meu envolvimento neste processo, bem como na organização dos recursos humanos a nível operacional, marcou o início do meu estágio no clube. Posteriormente, assumi a responsabilidade de traçar uma estratégia com vista a elevar o interesse dos adeptos na ação diária do clube, com especial enfoque para o aumento do número de espectadores nos jogos. Desta forma, o Estádio da Tapadinha voltará a ter um grande número de espectadores, os níveis de motivação vão subir e as receitas de bilhetes e merchandising crescerão, para além de aumentar o poder de negociação do clube com potenciais patrocinadores. O presente relatório começa por apresentar o enquadramento teórico que suporta a implementação de iniciativas eficazes de captação de adeptos, seguindo-se a descrição do enquadramento da prática profissional, no qual são explicitadas as condições da entidade onde decorreu o estágio. O corpo do relatório centra-se nas tarefas que desempenhei durante o estágio e nas diferentes situações em que me encontrei, contendo ainda a descrição das iniciativas a serem implementadas pelo clube, as tarefas envolvidas no seu desenvolvimento e os problemas e obstáculos que encontrei. Por fim, são apresentadas minhas conclusões e propostas para futuras ações do clube Atlético Clube de Portugal is a historic club in the city of Lisbon. After having recently suffered from deficient management decisions, it is now recovering with a number of important objectives having been defined. For senior male football, the main objective is to reach the national championship and remain there. For football training the objective is to build a strong base that will allow the main squad to be supplied with talent produced internally and thus increase the prestige of the club as a training entity. To accomplish this, the club applied to the FPF (Portuguese Football Federation, for certification as a Training Entity. This certification permits facilities and human and technical resources to be recognized by the highest football management body in Portugal. My involvement in this process, as well as in the organization of human resources at the operational level, marked the beginning of my internship at the club. Subsequently, I took it upon myself to outline a strategy to increase the interest of the supporters in the daily life of the club, with special focus on increasing the number of spectators at the club's matches. In this way, Estádio da Tapadinha will again have large numbers of spectators, motivational levels will rise and revenues from tickets and merchandising will grow, in addition to increasing the club's bargaining power with potential sponsors. This report begins by presenting the theoretical framework supporting the implementation of effective initiatives aimed at attracting supporters, followed by a description of the framework of professional practice, in which the conditions of the entity where the internship took place are explained. The body of the report focuses on the tasks I carried out during the internship and the different situations in which I found myself. It ends with a description of the initiatives to be implemented by the club, the tasks involved in their development and the problems and obstacles I encountered. Lastly, my conclusions and proposals for future club action are presented

International audience; It may be incongruous to hold humour as a modality of involvement in the football spectacle. Apparently, the game is not a funny story. This seems true if one takes the radical supporters groups for field of investigation. Yet, making people laugh occupies an important place among the qualities valued within these groups. The scenes where the supporters stand are territories for humorous words circulation. Apparently anecdotal, laugh is heuristic if one considers that the combative dimension of the supporters’ commitment on the one hand, the festive and facetious dimension on the other, form the two sides of the same coin. Thus, humour is a relevant way to grasp the motives of the action and in particular the transition to the violent act, seen as the result of both integration and the establishment of a boundary between the inside and the outside of the group.; Retenir l’humour comme modalité de participation au spectacle footballistique peut paraître incongru. A priori, le match de football n’est pas une histoire drôle. La chose semble entendue si l’on prend pour terrain d’enquête les collectifs de supporters radicaux. Pourtant, la capacité à faire rire occupe une place importante parmi les qualités valorisées au sein de ces groupes et les lieux de la présence supportériste sont autant de territoires de circulation de la parole humoristique. En apparence anecdotique, la question du rire se révèle heuristique si l’on considère que la dimension combative de l’engagement supportériste, d’une part, et la dimension festive et facétieuse, d’autre part, forment les deux faces d’une même pièce. Ainsi, l’humour forme une voie d’entrée pertinente pour saisir les motifs de l’action et notamment le passage à l’acte violent, vu comme le résultat de l’intégration au collectif et de la fixation d’une frontière entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur du groupe.

A presente tese investiga o panorama de relações sociais que envolveram as principais torcidas organizadas de São Paulo e Campinas entre 1968 e 1988 a partir da análise de jornais, revistas e entrevistas com torcedores. Ao apresentar diversas torcidas organizadas desde suas fundações, buscou-se balizar as pautas e os interesses de cada entidade, suas trajetórias políticas dentro dos clubes e as correlações que estabeleceram com os demais grêmios de torcedores, com os representantes da Federação Paulista de Futebol, com a mídia e com os agentes da segurança pública. Esse vasto ambiente de relações envolvendo as torcidas organizadas estimulou a percepção de lideranças do movimento quanto às possibilidades de uma ação conjunta, o que deu ensejo à criação da Atoesp, a Associação das Torcidas Organizadas do Estado de São Paulo, em 1976. A intensificação das rivalidades violentas entre torcedores na capital levou à suspensão do pacto de não agressão entre os grêmios e ao encerramento da associação em 1983. O surgimento da torcida Mancha Verde, no mesmo ano, tornou-se símbolo da centralidade da conduta violenta como meio de amealhar status no movimento dos torcedores, e os crescentes enfrentamentos ao longo da década de 1980 culminaram com o assassinato do torcedor Cleofas Sóstenes Dantas, presidente da Mancha Verde, em 1988. Sob a concepção teórica de Pierre Bourdieu acerca das distintas formas de capital e o conceito de E. P. Thompson de economia moral, buscou-se compreender a atuação dos grêmios de torcedores como uma jornada para reunir capitais no intuito de transformar os clubes e a estrutura do futebol de São Paulo e de resistir às investidas de uma lógica economicista, que visava solapar o futebol enquanto consumo popular. Por fim, concluímos o importante papel das torcidas organizadas na maior participação dos torcedores nas decisões sobre o futebol; contudo, o aumento da violência entre adeptos fragilizou as ações conjuntas entre os grêmios e estigmatizou o movimento perante outros agentes do esporte. This thesis investigates the social backgrounds and relations among football organized supporters in Campinas and São Paulo (both in São Paulo state), from 1968 to 1988, using newspapers, magazines and supporters interviews as primary sources. Our main goal is to map the network of interactions among the organizations themselves, their political history inside football clubs, their relations with the Paulista Football Federation, public security agents and media channels. This vast network was well perceived by supporters’ leaderships, who created the Football Supporters Association of São Paulo State (ATOESP) in 1976. However, the increasing animosities among rival organizations led to the suspension of the non-aggression pact and the Association was closed in 1983. In the same year, the Mancha Verde Organization was created and it became a symbol of violent behavior as a central way to gain social status among supporters during the 80’s. It culminated with the assassination of its own president, Cleofas Sóstenes Dantas, in 1988. Under the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu’s capital and E. P. Thompson’s moral economy, we looked into supporters organizations as entities whose efforts went mostly towards funding the transformation of soccer in São Paulo, influencing Club structures and resisting the economicist facets that threatened to overstep soccer as a popular sport. Finally, we conclude by supporting that such organizations had a positive role in elevating supporter’s participation in decisions concerning the sport’s development. Nonetheless, we also point out that increasing violence became a stigma that weakened collective actions and made a poor image of the organizations in comparison to other social agents.

Retenir l’humour comme modalité de participation au spectacle footballistique peut paraître incongru. A priori, le match de football n’est pas une histoire drôle. La chose semble entendue si l’on prend pour terrain d’enquête les collectifs de supporters radicaux. Pourtant, la capacité à faire rire occupe une place importante parmi les qualités valorisées au sein de ces groupes et les lieux de la présence supportériste sont autant de territoires de circulation de la parole humoristique. En apparence anecdotique, la question du rire se révèle heuristique si l’on considère que la dimension combative de l’engagement supportériste, d’une part, et la dimension festive et facétieuse, d’autre part, forment les deux faces d’une même pièce. Ainsi, l’humour forme une voie d’entrée pertinente pour saisir les motifs de l’action et notamment le passage à l’acte violent, vu comme le résultat de l’intégration au collectif et de la fixation d’une frontière entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur du groupe. It may be incongruous to hold humour as a modality of involvement in the football spectacle. Apparently, the game is not a funny story. This seems true if one takes the radical supporters groups for field of investigation. Yet, making people laugh occupies an important place among the qualities valued within these groups. The scenes where the supporters stand are territories for humorous words circulation. Apparently anecdotal, laugh is heuristic if one considers that the combative dimension of the supporters’ commitment on the one hand, the festive and facetious dimension on the other, form the two sides of the same coin. Thus, humour is a relevant way to grasp the motives of the action and in particular the transition to the violent act, seen as the result of both integration and the establishment of a boundary between the inside and the outside of the group.

Mestrado em Gestão de Sistemas de Informação Numa era onde os avanços tecnológicos têm impactado diversos setores de atividade, as organizações procuram encontrar diversas formas de obter vantagens competitivas face à sua concorrência. Neste sentido, um dos setores onde se têm assinalado grandes mudanças é o desportivo. Contudo, e apesar de muitas organizações desportivas disporem de elevados volumes de informação, estas não implementam as estratégias adequadas que lhes permitam o aumento das receitas e da sua reputação num panorama social. Assim, surgiu a necessidade destas organizações reorientarem o foco da sua visão e da sua estratégia para o coração do seu negócio: os adeptos. Deste modo, o foco passa por criar, desenvolver e melhorar as relações com estes, expandindo a marca e aumentando o grau de lealdade da massa associativa, com a finalidade de aumentar receitas e de desenvolver um ambiente saudável em torno da organização. Neste trabalho, que teve por base um estudo de caso a uma organização desportiva, irá ser abordado o conceito de Fan Relationship Management, a forma como a visão e os sistemas de informação da organização impactam as relações com os adeptos e, ainda, as estratégias que devem ser adotadas para aumentar a lealdade destes. Assim, foram realizadas entrevistas e um questionário aos adeptos. Os resultados destas abordagens foram positivos, permitindo concluir que a estratégia da organização está bem definida e focada nos adeptos, as campanhas têm aumentado a lealdade dos adeptos, existe uma elevada intensidade de interação dos adeptos para com o clube e, finalmente, os adeptos sentem-se reconhecidos pelo clube. In an era where technological advances have affected several sectors of activity, organizations are seeking to find different ways to gain competitive advantages. In this context, one of the sectors where some of the biggest changes have been noted, at the level of the instruments and processes used, is the sports. However, and despite the fact that many sports organizations have high volumes of information, they do not implement the appropriate strategies to increase revenues and their reputation in a social panorama. Thus, the need arose for these organizations to refocus their vision and strategies on the heart of their business: their supporters. This way, the focus is on creating, developing and improving relationships with them, expanding their brand and increasing the level of loyalty of the associative mass, with the aim of increasing revenues and developing a healthy environment around the organization. This paper, which was based on a case study of a sports organization, will discuss the concept of Fan Relationship Management, the way the vision and information systems of the organization affect the relationships with the fans and the strategies that should be adopted to increase their loyalty. To achieve this, interviews were conducted and a questionnaire to the supporters. The results of these approaches were positive, concluding that the organization's strategy is well defined and focused on the fans, the campaigns have increased their loyalty, there is a high intensity of interaction of the fans with the club and, finally, they feel recognized by the club. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Através do presente estudo pretende-se compreender a importância das estratégias de comunicação, levadas a cabo por parte dos clubes portugueses da primeira liga de futebol, Sport Lisboa e Benfica e Sporting Clube de Portugal, na plataforma Instagram, quanto ao seu impacto no conhecimento das marcas que os patrocinam, nos seus adeptos. Este estudo, focar-se-á numa vertente do impacto das publicações e patrocínios exercidos por parte das duas entidades desportivas para com o seu público. Como forma a obter dados que possibilitem uma análise e posteriormente resultados em conformidade com o objetivo traçado para o estudo, a recolha de dados empíricos passará por uma recolha e análise mista, querendo desta forma significar que será feita uma recolha de dados quantitativos através de um questionário online destinado a respostas por parte de utilizadores de redes sociais online, assim como a obtenção de dados qualitativos através da realização de entrevistas a profissionais da área da comunicação desportiva portuguesa, nomeadamente na área do futebol. Através do método de recolha dos dados empíricos apresentados, completando com a componente teórica a desenvolver ao longo do estudo, pretende-se alcançar dessa forma conhecimento relativamente à realidade das estratégias de comunicação dos dois clubes mencionados, e o impacto nos adeptos e seguidores das páginas oficiais dos clubes nas redes sociais online, com destaque para o Instagram. This study aims to understand the importance of communication strategies, carried out by the portuguese clubs of the first football league, Sport Lisboa e Benfica and Sporting Clube de Portugal, on the Instagram platform, as to their impact on the knowledge of the brands that sponsor them, by their supporters. This study will focus on an aspect of the impact of the posts and sponsorship exercised by the two sports entities towards their public. In order to obtain data that will enable an analysis and later results in accordance with the objective outlined for this study, the collection of empirical data will involve a mixed collection and analysis, meaning that quantitative data will be collected through an online questionnaire for answers by users of online social networks, as well as obtaining qualitative data through interviews with professionals in the field of portuguese sports communication, particularly in the area of football. Through the method of collecting the empirical data presented, completing with the theoretical component to be developed throughout the study, it is intended to achieve knowledge regarding the reality of the communication strategies of the two clubs mentioned and the impact on fans and followers of the official pages of the clubs on online social networks, especially Instagram.

International audience