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Digital integrated circuits are fundamental to modern electronic devices, with increasing design complexity requiring robust verification methods to ensure error free functionality. This thesis examines the critical role of formal verification in digital Integrated Circuits (IC) design, particularly during the architecture modeling phase. Using a state machine module that controls clock frequency and reset signals as a case study, the paper outlines the key modeling steps and the complete formal verification process. The analysis of verification results, including coverage and runtime, highlights the strengths and limitations of the method. Additionally, a comparison between formal verification and simulation is provided, offering insights into the effectiveness of both approaches.

To reach Sweden's climate goals changes in the use of materials are required. Concrete can in several cases be replaced with Cross-Laminated Timber, or CLT, as framework material. Today CLT is often installed without weather protection, with the result of water ending up in cracks and joints that are difficult to cover. Based on today’s knowledge there is great uncertainty about what conditions are required to dry out thick elements of CLT that has been wetted during the construction phase. In a research project at Luleå University of Technology measurements of moisture content have been made on test pieces of CLT exposed to water, using X-ray-based computed tomography (CT), which is a method for studying moisture buffering in wood in detail. In this thesis calculations of theoretical moisture flows corresponding to the experimental tests are made. Simulations have been done using the software WUFI which calculates moisture and heat transport with the aim of finding a model that can be used to determine how and for how long components of CLT that have been moistened on the construction site need to dry to reach proper moisture levels to complete the construction. The result produced four calibrated models for four different CLT samples and the conclusion was that it requires a large number of tests to be able to produce a general model for sharp projects, Byggsektorn står för en stor del av Sveriges klimatutsläpp och har som mål att till 2045 bli klimatneutral. För att klara detta mål krävs bland annat förändringar i materialanvändning, till exempel kan materialet betong i flera fall bytas ut mot KL-trä. KL-trä används idag som stommaterial och monteras ofta utan väderskydd med resultatet att vatten i form av nederbörd hamnar i springor och spalter som varit svåra att skydda. Detta i sin tur har svårt att torka ur. Utifrån dagens kunskapsläge är osäkerheten stor om vilka betingelser som behövs för att torka ut KL-trä som fuktats upp under byggfasen och idag finns det få detaljerade mätningar av uttorkning av tjocka tvärsnitt med limfogar. I ett forskningsprojekt vid Luleå Tekniska Universitet, LTU, har mätningar av fuktinnehåll gjorts på delar av KL-trä som utsatts för vatten med hjälp av röntgenbaserad datortomografi (CT), som är en metod för att i detalj studera fuktbuffring i trämaterialet. I detta examensarbete görs beräkningar av teoretiska fuktflöden motsvarande de experimentella försöken. Simuleringar har utförts med hjälp av programvaran WUFI som beräknar fukt- och värmetransporter med syftet att hitta en modell som ska kunna användas för att bestämma hur och under hur lång tid KL-träkomponenter som fuktats upp på byggarbetsplatsen ska torkas till regelbestämda fuktnivåer för att slutföra byggnationen. Resultatet gav fyra kalibrerade modeller för fyra olika KL-träprover vilket antas bero på att träets och skarvarnas egenskaper gav ett varierat resultat på medeldensiteten i CT-skanningens mätningar. Slutsatsen är att examensarbetet lyckats ta fram kalibrerade modeller som räknar på absorption och uttorkning i enlighet med experimentet. Men det skulle krävas att många fler prover görs för att kunna ta fram en generell modell för branschen i skarpa projekt.

This project presents the design and development of “Breathe Right,” a wearable AI-powered device and app aimed at promoting a regulated and healthy breathing pattern. Our breathing pattern plays a significant role in both our physical and mental health. Even if we don’t realize it, there are proper and improper ways to breathe, and an unregulated breathing pattern can unconsciously harm our health. By maintaining an optimal breathing pattern, we are able to unlock the code for better health and overall well-being. The Breathe Right device addresses unregulated breathing patterns by using AI-powered sensors and gives real-time feedback to alert users when their breathing deviates from optimal and normal. The collected breathing pattern data is analyzed in the app to create a reward system that encourages normal and optimal breathing. The monitor can help users track their progress and development, fostering self-improvement by maintaining healthy habits and breathing right.

The negative impact on biodiversity from land use is attracting increasing attention. The urgent need to mitigate biodiversity loss calls for comprehensive methods to assess the biodiversity impact of products and services. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) represents a widely used tool to support decision making, but the inclusion of biodiversity impact in LCA remains under development. This master thesis uses LCA in an attempt support decision making concerning biodiversity impact related to the use of logging residues in southernmost Sweden. The study adopts an LCA method based on the conditions for forest biodiversity to assess the biodiversity impact related to logging residue (tops and branches) removal. Through a literature review and interviews with fve experts on forest ecology, the study identifes fve pivotal components for sustaining regional forest biodiversity: old trees, a diversity of native species, high volumes of dead wood, limited acidity and heterogeneous structures. The frst three components are subsequently translated to measurable management parameters. In turn, the parameters are combined to form a regionally specifc biodiversity impact model. The model is applied in a case study involving the local energy producer Kraftringen and a sample of seven forest owners. Ultimately, the biodiversity impact per kWh produced heat is calculated for the removal of logging residues from 12 separate forest plots. The results highlight that the biodiversity impact related to removing logging residues is dependent on the availability of other dead wood. Specifcally, if high volumes of other dead wood are present, the biodiversity impact arising from the removal of logging residues decreases. The study suggests that the biodiversity impact can be mitigated by limiting the area subjected to logging residue removal and preserving coarse branches of native trees in areas where little other dead wood is available. Through the study, retaining coarse logging residues fr, Den negativa påverkan på biologisk mångfald från markanvändning får allt större uppmärksamhet. Det akuta behovet av att minska förlusten av biologisk mångfald kräver omfattande metoder för att bedöma påverkan på biologisk mångfald från produkter och tjänster. Livscykelanalys (LCA) är ett verktyg som används för att stödja beslutsfattande, men inkluderingen av påverkan på biologisk mångfald i LCA är fortfarande under utveckling. I denna masteruppsats används LCA för att stödja beslutsfattande kring påverkan på biologisk mångfald i samband med användningen av avverkningsrester i sydligaste Sverige. Studien använder en LCA-metod baserad på förutsättningarna för skogens biologiska mångfald för att bedöma påverkan på biologisk mångfald relaterad till uttag av avverkningsrester (grenar och toppar). Genom en litteraturstudie och intervjuer med fem experter inom skogsekologi identifierar studien fem centrala komponenter för att upprätthålla den regionala skogens biologiska mångfald: gamla träd, en mångfald av inhemska trädslag, höga volymer av död ved, begränsad försurning och heterogena strukturer. De tre första komponenterna omvandlas sedan till mätbara förvaltningsparametrar. Parametrarna kombineras i sin tur till en regionspecifik modell för påverkan på biologisk mångfald. Modellen tillämpas i en fallstudie som involverar den lokala energiproducenten Kraftringen och ett urval av sju skogsägare. Slutligen beräknas påverkan på biologisk mångfald per producerad kWh värme för uttag av avverkningsrester från 12 separata bestånd i skånska skogar. Resultaten visar att påverkan på biologisk mångfald relaterad till uttag av avverkningsrester beror på tillgången på annan död ved. I synnerhet minskar påverkan på biologisk mångfald kopplad till uttaget av avverkningsrester om det finns stora mängder annan död ved. Studien föreslår att påverkan på biologisk mångfald kan mildras genom att begränsa det område som utsätts för uttag av avverkningsrester, samt genom att bevara grova gren

Exploration and inspiration: An altruistic approach to material and trend in furniture is an explorative project in trends and single-material furniture. Through research of material strengths, weaknesses and suitable uses of aluminium, the project aims to shed understanding of a, for me, new material. That is, to add a new material to my material “vocabulary”. Alongside the material aspect, the project takes interest in unique, one-off display furniture - such that can be found in public spaces, showrooms, test kitchens and libraries. By applying found knowledge, the conclusion of the project is a display shelf and an innovative combination and utilization of the material properties of Swedish birch and recycled aluminium.

Ett ofta förekommande problem inom byggbranschen är fukt- och inomhusmiljörelaterade skador. Dessa skador är både kostsamma att åtgärda och har negativa effekter på inomhusklimatet. Problem kan till exempel uppstå då ett betongbjälklag beläggs med en tät plastmatta. Vid för hög halt icke uttorkad byggfukt i bjälklaget vid tidpunkten för limningen av mattan kan kritisk relativ fuktighet överskridas i kontaktskiktet mellan plastmatta och bjälklag i framtiden. Med tiden kan RF i en tidigare torr bjälklagsyta stiga då fukt från andra delar av bjälklaget omfördelas. För att undvika de problem som kan uppstå när fukten omfördelas, görs en bedömning av risken att framtida fukttillstånd i betongbjälklaget överskrider de kritiska. Bedömningen görs antingen med RBK-metoden, eller med hjälp av projektspecifika beräkningar som bestämmer omfördelningen av fukt i bjälklaget. Beräkningarna bygger på beräkningsmodeller där resultaten i hög grad är beroende av användarens kunskaper vad gäller byggnadsfysik och byggnads-material, noggrannheten av genomförandet och att adekvat materialdata används i beräkningarna. Ytterligare ett lager av komplexitet tillkommer då omfördelningsförloppet i icke-massiva konstruktioner, som misstänks missgynnas av endimensionella omfördelningsberäkningar, ska undersökas. Studien syftar att beskriva och numeriskt undersöka två-dimensionella uttorkningsförlopp i ett håldäcksbjälklag med gjutfog och avjämningsmassa som belagts med en limmad plastmatta. Vidare avser studien att undersöka hur olika grad av noggrannhet, vad gäller de ingående materialens fuktlagringsfunktioner och beräkningsmodellens uppbyggnad, påverkar resultatet. Undersökningen genomförs med omfördelningsberäkningar i beräkningsprogrammen WUFI Pro 6.5 och WUFI 2D-3. Med hjälp av flera beräkningsuppsättningar undersöks hur det beräknade fukttillståndet vid avjämningens övre yta varierar. Scanningkurvor uppskattas med det Excelbaserade verktyget SimScan. Resultatdata från beräkningarna bearbe, The study aimed to assess the impact of varying accuracy in material parameters and calculation models on the moisture redistribution in hollow-core slabs. Previous studies emphasized the need for well-defined material properties and carefully executed calculations as crucial factors to accurately estimate future moisture levels in a structure. Furthermore, calculations of this kind demand substantial moisture transport knowledge and a good understanding of material properties. Five redistribution calculations were made in this study to highlight potential differences due to the varying accuracy of defined material properties and calculation models. These included one reference calculation using average sorption curves as moisture storage functions and four detailed calculations considering absorption, desorption, and scanning curves. Two of the detailed calculations simulated one-dimensional moisture transport, while the remaining two were two-dimensional with varying boundary conditions along the inner channel walls of the hollow-core slab: one with adiabatic boundaries and one using the indoor climate. The reference calculation showed a lower relative humidity (RH) than the other calculations. The calculation with the indoor climate boundaries resulted in a lower RH throughout the construction compared to adiabatic boundaries, though the difference in highest recorded RH was less pronounced. The one-dimensional calculations both showed higher levels of RH compared to both two-dimensional calculations, indicating the risk of overestimating the RH when only considering one-dimensional moisture transport.

Urban development and flood risk management in Quezon City, Philippines, a rapidly urbanising area with extensive informal settlements, are critical given the city's vulnerability to flooding. This thesis aims to contribute to the theoretical framework for urban development in flood-prone areas by integrating a machine-learning model with contextual urban planning. The model uses a Random Forest algorithm to predict flood risk areas within Quezon City, achieving an accuracy of approximately 93% through hyperparameter tuning. Field studies, including site visits and interviews with local authorities, NGOs, and informal settlers, provided qualitative insights into the challenges and successes of urban development projects. These findings emphasise the importance of community involvement, adequate infrastructure, and secure property rights in the success of relocation housing projects. Key strategies identified include the effective use of flood risk maps for urban planning, the critical role of knowledge and information sharing among stakeholders, and the need for urban and housing development that directly addresses informal settler families. By aligning with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11, which focuses on making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, this research offers relevant insights into urban resilience, housing development and improving living conditions for vulnerable communities and informal settlers in Quezon City. The study underscores the need for integrated approaches that combine advanced data analysis with participatory planning to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters on urban environments and its vulnerable population., En fungerande stadsbyggnad och översvämningriskhantering i Quezon City, Filippinerna, ett snabbt växande område med omfattande utbredning av informella bosättningar, är avgörande med tanke på den omfattande risken för översvämningar. Detta examensarbete syftar till att bidra till strategier för stadsplanering i översvämningsdrabbade områden genom att integrera en maskininlärningsmodell med stadsbyggnadsstrategier. Modellen använde en Random Forest-algoritm för att förutsäga områden med risk för översvämning inom Quezon City och uppnådde en noggrannhet på cirka 93% genom optimering av hyperparametrar. Fältstudier, inklusive platsbesök och intervjuer med lokala myndigheter, icke-statliga organisationer och invånare i informella bosättningar, gav kvalitativa insikter i utmaningarna med bostads- och stadsutvecklingsprojekt. Dessa insikter betonar vikten av samhällsengagemang, fungerande infrastruktur och säkrad äganderätt för lyckade flyttprojekt av befolkningen i översvämningsdrabbade områden. Viktiga strategier som identifierades inkluderar effektiv användning av översvämningsriskkartor för stadsplanering, den avgörande rollen av kunskaps- och informationsdelning mellan sakägare samt behovet av bostads- och stadsbyggnadsprojekt utförda för boende i informella bosättningar. Genom att anpassa sig till det elfte av Förenta Nationernas hållbarhetsmål, som handlar om att göra städer och samhällen säkra samt inkluderande och hållbara, belyser denna forskning relevanta insikter för att öka stadens motståndskraft mot översvämningar och förbättra levnadsförhållandena för befolkningen i Quezon Citys informella bosättningar. Studien understryker behovet av strategier som kombinerar avancerad dataanalys med inkluderande samhällsplanering för att minska effekterna av översvämningar i Quezon Citys informella bosättningar., Can Remote Sensing and Housing Development be combined for more resilient living for Quezon City’s Informal Settler Families? Quezon City is characterised by its exposure to natural hazards combined with widely spread informal settlements. This paper explores how housing for the informal settlers can be improved by using remote sensing and urban planning. A significant part of Quezon City's population lives in informal settlements. Simultaneously, the country faces annual flooding. This situation requires flood risk resilience and housing initiatives in order to produce adequate housing for its residents in endangered areas. The study initially expected to uncover how direct urban planning strategies can be found from flood risk mapping using remote sensing. In the end, the study revealed that knowledge sharing is the most important part in large-scale urban development. Above all, the emphasis on involving many stakeholders, subjects and people. The research combines two study areas: remote sensing and urban planning. By combining the different subjects the advantages from both fields could be used. The study addresses questions such as how to produce a flood risk map using remote sensing and machine learning. Moreover, it addresses the question of how urban planners can use this risk map. Last but not least, how to carry out relocating housing projects to provide long-term adequate housing for informal settlers in endangered areas. The results showed that remote sensing and machine learning can produce a reliable flood risk map. Long term relocating housing projects require community involvement, identification of flood prone areas, secure funding and secure ownership. Most importantly, the results showed that knowledge sharing is crucial at all steps: from risk mapping to urban planners, from urban planners to housing projects and the involvement of the communities and anchoring the risk mapping and planning strategies.

Hur speglar användbarhetsproblem den upphandlade kravställningen? Vad är det viktigaste att kravställa inom digitala verksamhetssystem och hur görs det på bästa sätt? Det är frågorna som detta projekt har undersökt genom att utvärdera ett digitalt verksamhetssystem i två olika kommuner i Sverige. Genom intervjuer, enkätundersökningar, och utvärdering av upphandlingsdokumenten undersöktes hur kommunerna hade gått till väga med sina upphandlingar och vilka problem deras användare i dagsläget stöter på. Tre problemområden identifierades; Saknad eller felanvänd funktionalitet, Tidskrävande, och Överskådlighet av helhet. Slutsatserna blev att det är ett dilemma för hur kommunerna ska kravställa, då för hårda krav leder till få eller inga anbudsgivare, medan för låga krav riskerar att den levererade produkten är svåranvänd eller onödigt komplex. Verifierbara krav med tydliga beskrivningar är vad som bör siktas på i den mån kommunerna kan. En långsiktig lösning är att användbarhetskrav regleras i lagstadgade dokument och riktlinjer, för att på så vis påverka marknaden och få den att göra positiva framsteg., Teknologins framfart i vårt samhälle skapar nya möjligheter, men också nya problem. Två områden som har fått känna av detta är äldre- och hemsjukvården, områden som kanske inte alltid har legat i teknologins framkant. Ofta kan det vara så att de som använder den nya teknologin här inte har någon teknisk bakgrund eller utbildning, så hur ser man då till att allt fungerar så bra som möjligt för användarna, så att vårdtagarna får den bästa vård de kan?

Recently, a newly developed family of decoders named as Guessing Random Additive Noise Decoder (GRAND) has been gaining attention. The key idea of the decoder is to look for the most probable error vectors that interacted with the transmitted message, producing the received block. Among the different variations of the algorithm, the soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoder, known as SO-GRAND, emerges as a good candidate for using with iterative schemes by employing list decoding. In this work, SO-GRAND's complexity and performance are analyzed against a trellis-based soft output decoder. These decoders are used as concatenated components of a generalized LDPC code. Results show that, while the soft-input hard-output version of GRAND (known as ORBGRAND) demonstrates good complexity qualities, the same is not true for the SO-GRAND that, in general, does not match the amount of computations of the trellis algorithm for typical scenarios of list size. Nevertheless, SO-GRAND has the nice property of trading off complexity in the expense of performance. This approach may look interesting when performance is good enough. Better performance of SO-GRAND algorithms are expected for higher order approximations in the ORBGRAND algorithm. The study also features several simulations with different types of codes (CRC, Hamming and random), demonstrating the universality quality of both trellis-based and SO-GRAND algorithms., Error-correcting codes are part of standardized protocols found in everyday technologies, such as QR codes, the 5G standard, and compact discs. These codes function by adding redundancy to data, enabling the correction of errors at the receiver. In communication systems, various strategies are employed to infer the correct set of transmitted symbols (or bits). The optimal solution is called maximum likelihood (ML) decoder. Although this strategy gives the best possible performance, it is often the case that the ML decoder algorithm is not efficient in terms of computational complexity. In the look for these efficient decoder algorithms, researches have rediscovered, at the end of the 90’s, the “low-density parity-check” (LDPC) codes. This capacity achieving coding scheme is nowadays one of the most used options for providing high throughput with relatively long code. A testament to its success is the incorporation of LDPC codes into the 5G standard. The generalized version of this decoder, known as GLDPC, allows for flexibility as it supports any type of component code in its design. This thesis investigates the performance and complexity trade-offs of the recently developed SO-GRAND (Soft-Output Guessing Random Additive Noise Decoder), compared to a trellis-based algorithm. Both decoders analyzed are used as concatenated schemes of GLDPC codes. The analysis shows that, while both SO-GRAND and trellis algorithms share similar proportional complexity with respect to block length and redundancy, SO-GRAND demands more computations due to factors like list size and the calculation of probabilities for noise vectors. However, GRAND algorithms are more flexible, offering configurable trade-offs between complexity and bit-error rate (BER) performance, making them promising candidates for future research. Additionally, the soft-input version of the algorithm shows competitive complexity compared to the trellis approach. By detailing the strengths, weaknesses, and practical

Blågrågröna system kan vara svaret på hur urbana miljöer ska hantera översvämningar, ett problem som förväntas öka enligt nuvarande forskning. Ett tydligt hinder för genomförandet av hållbarhetsåtgärder som BGG är relaterade till ekonomiska vinster. I syfte att utforska avvägningen mellan ekonomi och ekosystemtjänster genomfördes en litteraturstudie av existerande data av blågrågröna system. Dessutom genomfördes en kostnadsnyttoanalys av tre scenarier med olika dagvattenhanteringssystem på en urban gata i Lund, vars ekosystemtjänster monetärt värderades. Samtliga scenarier har ett negativt nettonuvärde, vilket innebär att scenarierna anses vara icke lönsamma. Den monetära värderingen av ekosystemtjänster var dock begränsad med endast en ekosystemtjänst som lyckats bli monetärt värderad, vilket innebär att nyttorna kan vara underskattade och därmed missvisande. Data talar för en minskad risk för urbana översvämningar vid användning av blågrågröna system, vilket är en av de ekosystemtjänster som inte är monetärt värderade i det här arbetet, men som skulle kunna göra en skillnad i kostnadsnyttoanalysen. Blågrågröna system har bevisats vara effektiva när det gäller reducering av urbana översvämningsrisker, men i nuläget överväger kostnaderna nyttorna på grund av bristen på värderingsmetoder för många ekosystemtjänster., Jämförelse mellan konventionella dagvattenhanteringssystem och blå-grön-gråa systems lönsamhet ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv Ett problem många städer står inför är det faktum att växande städer tillsammans med klimatpåverkan har lett till en ökad frekvens och mängd av nederbörd, som i sin tur har lett till fler och värre urbana översvämningar. Enligt forskning förväntas det här problemet bli värre och nu funderar flera kommuner på att använda sig av mer hållbara system för dagvattenhantering, för att minimera sin negativa påverkan på miljön. Som med många saker i dagens samhälle är ekonomin det största hindret för implementeringen av sådana system, som bland annat kallas blågrågröna (BGG) system. Mer exakt är problemet bristen på kortsiktiga ekonomiska vinster, något som är viktigt på grund av längden på mandatperioder för politiker. I det här arbetet undersöks därför lönsamheten av tre olika BGG-system med hjälp av en kostnadsnyttoanalys (CBA), i vilken lönsamheten jämförs med ett basscenario med ett konventionellt system. Arbetet består av en litteraturstudie av data kring BGG-system och CBA samt en fallstudie med en CBA av ett basscenario tillsammans med tre scenarier med olika BGG system på en urban gata i Lund. Kostnaderna för konstruktionen av samtliga scenarier beräknades med hjälp av ett kostnadsberäkningsverktyg från Edge. BGG-system använder sig av naturliga processer för att fördröja och rena dagvatten, vilket innebär att nyttorna från de här systemen är deras ekosystemtjänster. För att lättare kunna jämföra de olika systemens nyttor och kostnader är det nödvändigt att ha en gemensam enhet på dem, i det här fallet blir det den monetära enheten svenska kronor. Att monetärt värdera ekosystemtjänster visade sig vara mer komplext än att räkna ut kostnaderna, då forskningen är begränsad och metoder fortfarande utvecklas. På grund av begränsningarna med monetär värdering av ekosystemtjänsterna blev endast en ekosystemtjänst del av arbetets CBA, nämligen bindning

The construction and demolition industry are annually responsible for 40% of the total amount of waste generated in Sweden. The problem facing the industry is that a very large portion of the waste is disposed of in landfills, and only a very small portion is recycled and reused. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the construction industry can become more circular and sustainable over time. Could producer responsibility be appropriate to introduce to promote recycling and reuse. What difficulties and challenges will the industry face in transitioning to a sustainable and circular industry. Can other industries with producer responsibility be compared to draw similarities and differences in the waste chain and waste management. What effects would producer responsibility have in the construction industry, and how could it benefit reuse and recycling. After conducting a literature review, surveys, and interviews, the conclusion is that the construction and demolition industry is underdeveloped in terms of reuse and recycling, with deficient sustainable and circular waste management. Economic incentives, legislation, and clearer distribution of responsibility, through producer responsibility, are required. For the industry to achieve its goals, it needs to transition from a linear to a circular industry, with more materials and products for recycling and reuse and less waste in landfills.

Alfa Laval is the market leader within gasketed plate heat exchanger (GPHE) technology. To remain the leader of the GPHE sector, Alfa Laval regularly performs design studies to investigate new solutions and find inspiration for possible functions. Alfa Laval always work to improve their products, regarding many aspects, such as manufacturability, distribution, and maintenance as well as sustainability. The objective of this thesis was to perform a design study of large high-pressure GPHE frame designs to enhance manufacturability, distribution, and maintenance. The output of the project was intended to give new design perspectives for Alfa Laval’s development projects. The project process included interviewing stakeholders in Alfa Laval’s organization, problem decomposition, concept generation, concept selection and calculation analysis. The method applied in the project was mainly based on the methods outlined by Ulrich and Eppinger in the book Product Design and Development. The project resulted in four main concepts. The concepts incorporated wire ropes, beams, modular designs, and external supports. The most promising concept incorporated wire ropes substituting large tightening bolts to simplify maintenance processes. The project concluded that the current frame, in many ways, already is optimized, especially regarding a cost-efficient manufacturing process. While the proposed new concepts offer advantages in some areas, they also introduce new challenges. Therefore, future work should first analyze whether any of the concepts contribute to an overall improvement of the product and then refine the most promising concepts on a component level., Alfa Laval är marknadsledande på teknologin packningsförsedda plattvärmeväxlare (GPHE). För att behålla sin position som marknadsledare inom GPHE-sektorn så utför Alfa Laval regelbundet designstudier. Designstudierna utförs för att undersöka nya lösningar och få inspiration till nya möjliga funktioner. Alfa Laval strävar alltid efter att förbättra sina produkter med avseende på många faktorer, exempelvis tillverkningsbarhet, distribution, och underhåll liksom hållbarhet. Målet med detta examensarbete var att utföra en konceptstudie av stora högtrycks GPHE stativdesigner för att förbättra tillverkning, distribution och underhåll. Projektets resultat var tänkt att ge nya designperspektiv för Alfa Lavals utvecklingsprojekt. Projektprocessen inkluderade att intervjua intressenter inom Alfa Lavals organisation, problemnedbrytning, konceptgenerering, konceptval och beräkningsanalys. Metoden som tillämpades i projektet baseras på metoderna som beskrivs av Ulrich och Eppinger i boken Product Design and Development. Projeketet resulterade i fyra huvudkoncept. Koncepten inkluderar vajrar, balkar, modulära designer, och externa stöd. I stället för stora dragbultar så använde det mest lovande konceptet vajrar för att förenkla serviceprocesserna. Slutsatsen att den befintliga stativdesignen i många avseenden redan är optimerad, särskilt vad gäller kostnadseffektivitet under tillverkningsprocessen, kunde dras från detta projekt. Medan de resulterande fyra huvudkoncepten erbjuder många fördelar så introducerar de också nya utmaningar. Detta innebär att framtida utvecklingsarbete först bör analysera huruvida något av koncepten kan bidra till en övergripande förbättring av produkten och sedan förfina de mest lovande koncepten på komponentnivå.

In the field of automatic control, embedded Model Predictive Control (MPC) presents significant advantages, including efficiency, constraint incorporation, and non-causal setpoint handling. Despite its potential, the implementation of MPC in resource-constrained environments remains challenging due to its computational demands. This thesis explores the design and implementation of MPC within ABB’s distributed control system ABB AbilityTM System 800xA and with focus on ABB’s new control platform. A prototype was developed employing Quadratic Programming Online Active Set Strategy (qpOASES), an active-set algorithm, to efficiently solve the quadratic programming problem inherent to MPC. This solver is optimized for high performance in real-time applications and incorporates fail-safe functionality to handle solver failures. In this thesis, the development process began with an initialMATLAB prototype for validation, allowing for iterative refinement and verification of control features. Subsequently, the algorithm was transformed into a fully integrated C++ solution, capable of running as a hardware agnostic Execution Service within ABB’s new control platform. The developed prototype was validated through real-world tests and benchmarks, demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the prototype in an industrial context. This thesis effectively bridges the gap between academic research and practical industrial applications within the controller in ABB’s new control platform, laying the groundwork for future advancements in embedded MPC within this specific environment.

This thesis investigates the potential of hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) technology as a sustainable alternative for regional rail transport within the framework of the EU-Rail Flagship Project 6. The thesis focuses on developing a hybrid powertrain model that incorporates both HFC and battery technologies, implementing a rule-based energy management strategy to assess fuel consumption and environmental impact. A sensitivity analysis of powertrain configurations and State of Charge (SOC) reference levels were conducted. The findings reveal that lower SOC reference levels result in reduced hydrogen consumption and CO₂ emissions over the 30-year lifecycle of a regional train. The thesis concludes that while HFC technology shows promise for sustainable rail transport, its effectiveness depends on optimized energy management and the consistent use of renewable energy for hydrogen production., The thesis developed a hybrid model combining HFC and battery technology to power regional trains. A key objective was the implementation of an EMS, which efficiently managed the operation of the powertrain components and reduced hydrogen consumption, ultimately lowering the trains' carbon footprint over their 30-year lifecycle. Additionally, by managing the battery’s SOC, fuel consumption was minimized, leading to further reductions in both hydrogen use and emissions. Rail transport, although more efficient than road transport, still relies heavily on diesel engines, which contribute to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. With the growing focus on climate change, the demand for cleaner, greener alternatives in rail transport have become urgent. This thesis addresses the challenge of reducing emissions in regional rail networks, particularly in areas where full electrification is either impractical or too costly. Adopting HFC technology in rail transport has the potential to eliminate the harmful emissions associated with diesel engines, paving the way for more sustainable travel. When hydrogen is produced using renewable energy, it offers a truly zero-emission solution. As global rail usage is projected to increase, integrating green technologies like HFC is essential to meeting climate targets and reducing the transportation sector's overall environmental impact. The findings of this thesis can help shape the future development of hybrid HFC powertrains for regional rail systems. The model developed could serve as a benchmark for future comparisons with other green alternatives, such as biofuels or full electrification. With proper EMS, HFC technology can play a crucial role in lowering the carbon footprint of regional trains throughout their lifespan. Interestingly, the most significant contributor to carbon emissions in this model wasn’t the HFC or the battery itself, but the production of hydrogen fuel. This underscores the importance of using renewable

As supply uncertainties and increased lead times were more prominent than ever during the covid-19 pandemic, many companies experienced disrupted supply chains and realized the weaknesses in their inventory management and supply chain planning. Many organizations, including the case company in this thesis, Beijer Ref, experienced the impact of the bullwhip effect on their operations. The bullwhip effect, characterized by demand fluctuations magnifying up the supply chain, led to an increased inventory turnover rate for Beijer Ref. This in combination with increasing interests led to increased inventory costs throughout the organization. With this in mind, the case company decided that they should mitigate the risk of the bullwhip effect and improve their supply chain planning through an implementation of an MRP system. However, they were not entirely sure what benefits, challenges and critical success factors this would entail and what system would be a perfect fit for their employees demands on an MRP system. Therefore, the research in this thesis is structured to address three key questions: What are the advantages, challenges, and necessary activities entailed by MRP systems? Which MRP systems are available on the market and what are their functionalities? What do employees throughout the organization expect from an MRP system and which systems meet these demands? A combination of literature review and case study was employed to provide a comprehensive analysis. The literature review, integrated within the case study, outlines the theoretical benefits, potential pitfalls of MRP systems and how to mitigate them, while empirical data is gathered through interviews with key personnel at Beijer Ref, answers to a questionnaire and demonstrations from system vendors. The findings reveal that there are multiple benefits of implementing an MRP system, besides improved inventory management, there are multiple benefits related to an increased digitization of the supply cha, During the COVID-19 pandemic, supply uncertainties and increased lead times disrupted supply chains, exposing weaknesses in inventory management. Beijer Ref, the case company for this thesis, experienced the bullwhip ef ect, leading to higher inventory turnover and increased costs due to rising interest rates. Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP) systems can help companies better plan purchasing decisions and improve inventory management. The market of ers many dif erent solutions. This master thesis evaluates these options and aligns them with the needs of Beijer Ref.

Monte Carlo simulation is a numerical method that can simulate complex physical systems and is widely used in the field of medical optics. For example, the Monte Carlo method was used to evaluate the effectiveness of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the detection of intracranial hematoma (ICH). However, due to the relatively complex brain structure, the current simulation model is relatively simple and differs greatly from the actual physiological situation. Many important optical parameters are not selected accurately enough to reliably simulate the actual detection results of near-infrared spectroscopy in ICH, which limits the development and application of this important field. Based on the visualization results of Monte Carlo simulation implemented by Multi-Scattering software, this project systematically optimizes and analyzes the detection process of near-infrared spectroscopy in ICH, mainly from the two aspects of multi-layer brain structure and detection fiber parameters. Specifically, this project mainly carried out the following three aspects of work: 1. This project improved the previous brain tissue models, by optimizing the optical parameters of the hematoma layer. This includes a more realistic hematoma layer, in which the hematoma occupies a part of the area, and the rest of the area is still cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, a more realistic hematoma anisotropy factor was selected, and the erroneous 0.99 anisotropy factor of the previous researchers was not used. This means that the photon propagation simulation performed by the model is more accurate to reflect the actual situation. This is making the simulation results more reliable, ensuring that the prediction of photon behavior in different tissues is closer to reality, thereby reducing the gap between simulation and actual clinical application. 2. Photon detection is operated by using optical fibers. The influence of optical fibers is simulated with different numerical apertures, as well as, Intracranial hematoma(ICH) refers to the accumulation of blood in the brain or between the brain and the skull when there is a head injury or rupture of a cerebral blood vessel. This can cause compression of the brain, causing headaches, vomiting, confusion, and even seizures or coma. If not treated promptly, hematomas can increase intracranial pressure, leading to brain damage or brain herniation, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. Rapid diagnosis and intervention can significantly reduce the risk, and large hematomas usually require surgery to avoid serious sequelae. Detecting hematomas is the basis for rapid diagnosis of hematomas. Through accurate and timely detection, doctors can quickly make a diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Therefore, the detection of hematomas is very important. Traditional CT and MRI detection methods generate a lot of radiation, which is very harmful to the human body. In addition, the equipment is relatively large and inconvenient to use. The near-infrared(NIR) detection method that uses the penetrability of NIR light and combines it with optical imaging equipment to image biological tissues can replace these traditional methods because it is radiation-free and does not require large equipment. However, due to the complex propagation process of NIR light in head tissue, the accuracy of ICH detection still faces great challenges. Scientists introduce Monte Carlo method to describe the characteristics of intracranial light propagation. Monte Carlo simulation is a process of estimating the transmission behavior of light by tracking the movement of a large number of photons after they hit a medium through a specific process. The Multi-Scattering software developed based on this idea can efficiently perform this type of simulation. However, due to the relatively complex brain structure, the current Monte Carlo simulation model is relatively simple, which is quite different from the actual physiological situatio

The purpose of this research was to examine existing governance arrangements within the Australian federal public service and possible improvements for managing systemic risks at a national level. While there has been greater attention and discussion on systemic risks recently, research on how to govern systemic risk remains in its infancy. Where systemic risk governance is discussed, it is generally in an international context, with it rarely reflected in national risk governance arrangements. The research used two methods of data collection: semi-structured interviews and a scoping study. Six themes emerged from the thematic data analysis of the interview data including culture, institutional arrangements, politics, learning, ethical leadership, and vision. The scoping study supported these findings while providing additional insights, particularly on risk analysis and management methods. A key finding was that the federal public service governs systemic risk in an ad hoc fashion, with no public service wide governance arrangements in place. The results suggest three areas of focus for enhancing systemic risk governance: by moving to a positive risk culture, developing the federal public service’s adaptive capacity, and cultivating inclusive governance arrangements. While the federal public service has a key role to play in governing systemic risk, it is clear from the results that it struggles operating locally and lacks control over many systemic risk drivers. Rather, the federal public service needs to adopt a stewardship role, providing guidance and resources to align efforts across sectors and levels of government, and facilitate participation and co design of solutions., The rate of systemic risks — risks born from the interdependence of systems and their potential to cause cascading failures across sectors — is growing rapidly, raising the likelihood of future catastrophes like COVID-19 and the 2019-20 Black Summer Bushfires. Our daily lives depend on complex systems that provide essential services like energy, water, food, healthcare, education, transport, and communications. While these systems are not new, they are now more reliant on one another, more closely linked, and interacting faster and more often. With hazards predicted to worsen in frequency and intensity due to climate change, the risk of disasters triggering profound, far-reaching impacts across these systems is escalating significantly. Although there has been increased attention and discussion around systemic risks, research on how to manage them is still in its infancy. My research found that while these risks are recognised, the Australian federal public service’s approach to managing them is often fragmented and inconsistent, potentially leaving Australia vulnerable to even more severe impacts in the future. To improve the management of systemic risks, it is crucial to address entrenched risk aversion within the public service, promote ethical leadership, and reduce the short-term focus driven by political pressures. This requires an independent entity to coordinate action, based on a shared vision for Australia that balances economic outcomes with human rights and environmental sustainability. My findings also suggest that many of the causes of systemic risk lie outside of the public service’s control, and that the public service should take on a stewardship role, aligning efforts across sectors and collaborating more effectively with state and local governments, who are better positioned to act in a place-based and contextual way. Implementing these changes would strengthen Australia’s resilience, better preparing the public service for future challenges. By c

Plastic materials have grown to become essential in our everyday lives but the usage of plastics is connected to two significant issues; the major part is produced from fossil-based resources and only a fraction of the materials is recycled. Thermosets are especially difficult to recycle due to their permanent crosslinks, which is suboptimal. An alternative approach for crosslinking emerging in the last decades, is to utilise dynamic covalent bonds that can be formed and broken reversibly under certain stimuli. This gives rise to covalent adaptable networks (CANs) which can be recycled more easily compared to traditional thermosets. The goal of this work was to functionalize microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with furan moieties to enable reversible crosslinking via the Diels-Alder (DA) reaction. A material of this kind solves both issues of renewability of the raw material and recyclability, and therefore could contribute towards more sustainable plastics. In order to find an effective way to graft furan moieties onto MCC, thorough exploratory work was conducted, testing out numerous pathways experimentally. Eventually, an efficient route was successfully developed, synthesising a novel, fully bio-based cellulose ester with an estimated degree of substitution ranging between 0.5 and 2.5. This was done by first reacting furfuryl alcohol with succinic anhydride to form the corresponding acid ester. The carboxylic acid was then activated in-situ with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole before being reacted with cellulose homogeneously in DMAc/LiCl. The products were characterised with FTIR and solution-state NMR spectroscopy, as well as thermogravimetric analysis which showed a slightly lower thermal stability of the products compared to pristine MCC, but more importantly still high enough to handle temperatures where the reverse DA-reaction occurs. Initial testing of synthesising a CAN by combining the chemically modified cellulose with a flexible bismaleimide, showed that the DA, Plastmaterial utgör idag en fundamental del av vår vardag men användningen av plast är kopplad till två stora problem; den största delen produceras av fossilbaserade resurser och endast en bråkdel av materialen återvinns. Härdplaster är särskilt svåra att återvinna på grund av deras permanenta tvärbindningar vilket är suboptimalt. Ett alternativt tillvägagångssätt för att skapa tvärbundna material som har växt fram under de senaste decennierna är att använda dynamiska kovalenta bindningar som kan bildas och brytas reversibelt under särskilda stimuli. Detta ger upphov till dynamiska kovalenta nätverk som kan återvinnas lättare jämfört med traditionella härdplaster. Målet med detta arbete var att funktionalisera mikrokristallin cellulosa med furan-substituenter för att möjliggöra reversibla tvärbindningar via Diels-Alder-reaktionen (DA-reaktionen). Ett material av den här typen löser både problemen kring förnybarheten av råmaterialet och återvinningsbarheten, och skulle därmed kunna bidra till mer hållbara plaster. För att hitta ett effektivt sätt att modifiera cellulosa utfördes extensivt experimentellt arbete där flertalet syntesvägar testades. Till slut utvecklades en välfungerande metod, där en ny, helt biobaserad cellulosaester med en uppskattad substitutionsgrad mellan 0,5 och 2,5, syntetiserades. Detta gjordes genom att först reagera furfurylalkohol med bärnstenssyraanhydrid för att bilda den korresponderande syraestern. Karboxylsyran aktiverades sedan in-situ med 1,1'-karbonyldiimidazol innan den fick reagera med cellulosa under homogena förhållanden i DMAc/LiCl. Produkterna karakteriserades genom FTIR- och lösnings-NMR-spektroskopi, samt termogravimetrisk analys som visade en något lägre termisk stabilitet för produkterna jämfört med den ursprungliga cellulosan, men desto viktigare fortfarande tillräckligt hög för att hantera temperaturer där den omvända DA-reaktionen kan förväntas ske. Initial testning av att syntetisera ett DA-nätverk genom att kombinera de, Development of a bio-based and recyclable thermoset plastic material from cellulose In order to get away from today’s current dependence on fossil-based plastic materials that are recycled at exceedingly low rates, significant efforts will be required. This is especially evident for thermoset plastics which inherently are more difficult to recycle. During this project, a new type of more sustainable thermoset material was developed starting from cellulose, which is the most abundant polymer in nature. The synthesised material solves both issues of renewability of the raw material and recyclability, and therefore could contribute towards more sustainable plastics. Plastic materials have grown to become essential in our everyday lives and can be found practically everywhere, from e.g. food packaging and cosmetics to automotive parts and high-tech electronics. This is partly because of the versatile and tuneable properties these materials have, like low weight, good barrier properties and insulating capabilities. Plastics consist of long molecular chains, which are called polymers. These are in turn composed of many smaller repeating units, called monomers. The materials are often divided into thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics consist of linear or branched polymers that are bound together by entanglements and intermolecular forces which generally can be melted, whereas thermosets consist of networks where the polymeric chains are also covalently bonded to each other via crosslinks. The crosslinks tend to give many improved material properties such as an increased mechanical strength and thermal stability, but the materials instead suffer from worse recyclability due to the permanent covalent crosslinks, prohibiting melting. Two highly concerning issues connected to the usage of plastics today is that the major part is produced from fossil-based resources and that only a fraction of the materials is recycled. In order to enhance the poor recyclability of the, Utveckling av ett biobaserat och återvinningsbart härdplastmaterial från cellulosa För att bli kvitt dagens beroende av fossilbaserade plastmaterial som återvinns till ytterst låga nivåer kommer betydande insatser att krävas. Detta är särskilt tydligt för härdplaster som i sig är extra svåra att återvinna. Under det här projektet utvecklades en ny typ av mer miljövänligt härdplastmaterial med utgångspunkt från cellulosa, som är den mest förekommande polymeren i naturen. Det syntetiserade materialet löser både problemen kring förnyelse av råvaran och återvinningsbarheten, och skulle därmed kunna bidra till mer hållbara plaster. Plastmaterial har vuxit till att utgöra en fundamental av vår vardag och kan hittas praktiskt taget överallt, inom alltifrån t.ex. livsmedelsförpackningar och kosmetika till bildelar och avancerad elektronik. Detta beror delvis på de mångsidiga och anpassningsbara egenskaperna som dessa material har, så som låg vikt, utmärkta barriäregenskaper och isoleringsförmåga. Plast består av långa molekylkedjor som kallas polymerer och dessa är i sin tur sammansatta av många mindre repeterande byggstenar, så kallade monomerer. Materialen delas ofta in i termoplaster och härdplaster. Termoplaster består av linjära eller förgrenade polymerer som är bundna till varandra genom intermolekylära krafter och intrassling på molekylär nivå, och kan i allmänhet smältas, medan härdplaster består av nätverk där de polymera kedjorna också är kovalent bundna till varandra via tvärbindningar. Tvärbindningarna tenderar att ge många förbättrade materialegenskaper såsom ökad mekanisk hållfasthet och termisk stabilitet, men materialen är istället mycket svårare att återvinna på grund av de permanenta kovalenta tvärbindningarna som förhindrar smältning. Två stora problem kopplade till plastanvändningen idag är att den största delen framställs av fossilbaserade resurser och att endast en bråkdel av materialen återvinns. För att förbättra den dåliga återvinningsbarheten hos h

With the growing market for enhanced security combined with recent advancements in robotic technology, the possibility of integrating these two fields is of considerable interest. While traditional surveillance relies on mounted cameras and scheduled guard tours by humans, the next step would be to use a robot to complement a person in such systems. This project explores the integration of autonomous robotics into security systems by developing and implementing a robotic guard tour using Boston Dynamics’ Spot robot. An external thermal camera and computer vision algorithms were used to monitor the environment and respond to anomalies. Utilising Spot’s existing capability, the primary objective was to evaluate the robot’s ability to dynamically alter its pre-defined inspection route based on real-time sensor input, specifically the detection of anomalies. Results, gathered at the Mechanical Engineering building at LTH and the Vipan construction site in Lund, show that the robot effectively adjusted its routes in response to detected anomalies, demonstrating enhanced surveillance capabilities. The findings in different settings—LTH’s controlled environment versus the dynamically changing conditions at the construction site—proved that the robot could successfully conduct guard tours under both constant and variable conditions. The use of behaviour trees enabled decision-making and route management, suggesting potential improvements for future deployments to achieve more dynamic and autonomous surveillance operations. This thesis highlights the adaptability of autonomous robotic systems in complex and dynamic environments.

In products with multiple, movable components it is often important to know the position of them. Such an example is to localize the different optical modules used within a multidirectional surveillance camera. This thesis explores the feasibility of using ultrasound distance-measuring technology for that particular application. Various methods and technologies were examined before developing a concept that utilises commonly used piezoelectric transducers in conjunction with time of flight distance measurements. A prototype was constructed based on this concept, aiming to investigate the limitations and capabilities of this approach. In parallel, a signal processing algorithm was implemented to acquire accurate distance measurements. The prototype’s accuracy in determining distance and position was thoroughly tested, revealing a positional accuracy within ±8°. The performance of the prototype was evaluated, highlighting its strengths and limitations. Finally, recommendations for future work are proposed to further enhance the system’s accuracy and reliability.

High-performance mobile GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) handle complex graphics workloads, significantly benefiting the development of mobile gaming. However, the growing demand for enhanced GPU performance presents a major challenge in controlling power consumption, where memory usage plays a critical role. This thesis focuses on exploring methods to reduce power consumption in GPU Tile Buffer memories within the Pixel Post-Processor (PPP). To achieve this, the thesis analyzes Tile Buffer memory access patterns and proposes a new approach: the Pre-Blender Merge Queue (PBMQ). The PBMQ, built before the Blender, reduces Tile Buffer memory access by merging multiple messages before they enter the Blender. Physical implementation results show that the PBMQ occupies only small percentage of the total PPP area after synthesis. Stress test results indicate that PBMQ reduces GPU processing time by 9% to 36% for different tasks, lowers Tile Buffer memory power consumption by 12% to 20%, and decreases overall PPP power consumption by 2% to 4%., GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) are specialized integrated circuits designed for extensive parallel computation, particularly to accelerate graphics processing. The development of mobile GPUs has greatly advanced smartphone capabilities, particularly for mobile gaming. However, the growing demand for higher mobile GPU performance presents a significant challenge in managing power consumption. Increasing scene complexity leads to a rise in memory accesses related to geometry, which in turn increases memory system power consumption. Power dissipation in GPUs is typically categorized into dynamic and static power. Dynamic power is consumed when circuits are active and is proportional to network activity and switching frequency. Static power, also known as leakage power, results from leakage currents through transistors. Modern Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools offer support for estimating power consumption at the Register-Transfer Level (RTL). This thesis analyzes Tile Buffer memory access patterns and introduces the Pre-Blender-Merge-Queue (PBMQ) to reduce power consumption in GPU Tile Buffer memories. The Tile Buffer, located within the Pixel Post-Processor (PPP), is responsible for receiving pixels, storing them in internal memories, and dispatching them as needed. PBMQ is positioned before the Blender and can reduce Tile Buffer memory access by merging multiple messages before they enter the Blender. This thesis successfully designs and implements the PBMQ algorithm and architecture in RTL, and integrates it into the GPU. Physical synthesis results demonstrate that PBMQ occupies a minimal area compared to the overall PPP. Stress test results confirm PBMQ's contribution to performance improvement and power reduction.

The risk profile changes constantly as society changes, and this entails a necessity to change activities to prevent risks. Major incidents require a variety of actors who create problem-solving networks, which is why the following thesis examines the role of emergency services in such problem-solving networks. An interview study was conducted, and the results showed that the work between the fire emergency services, and other actors take place via collaboration. Furthermore, the result showed that there are differences in problem-solving networks between municipalities and that there are certain areas of development, specifically: networking, clearer areas of responsibility, improving collaboration with the police, more and larger collaboration forums, presenting the importance of management meetings, and developing communication between fire emergency services., Undersökning av samspelet i problemlösande nätverk mellan den kommunala räddningstjänsten och andra aktörer Den generella riskbilden förändras konstant och då samhället blir mer komplext krävs det att aktörer arbetar tillsammans för att lösa problem. Dessa problemlösande nätverk har undersökts i detta examensarbete där fokus har varit på räddningstjänstens perspektiv. I takt med att samhället konstant förändras, förändras också den generella riskbilden. Även om samhället utvecklar strategier för att hantera dessa risker och har väl genomförda olycksförberedande verksamheter, så som räddningstjänsten, kan olyckor inte elimineras helt. Det är sällan räddningstjänsten svarar på larm om olyckor själva utan många gånger arbetar de med andra aktörer. Större olyckor kräver fler aktörer som skapar problemlösande nätverk, ett nätverk av aktörer som syftar till att lösa problem vid en olycka. Detta examensarbete undersöker därför räddningstjänstens arbete med andra aktörer samt räddningstjänstens roll i de problemlösande nätverken. Det var även intressant att veta om de olika kommunerna arbetar olika i de problemlösande nätverken och om det finns några potentiella utvecklingsområden. För att undersöka hur räddningstjänsten arbetar med andra aktörer vid större olyckor och hur deras roll ser ut i de problemlösande nätverken genomfördes en intervjustudie. För att ge författarna en bättre inblick i ämnet genomfördes först en granskning av den befintliga litteraturen. Detta gav även inspiration till intervjufrågor som användes till de tio intervjuerna med olika räddningstjänster i södra Sverige. Resultatet från intervjustudien visade att arbetet mellan räddningstjänsten och andra aktörer sker via ett aktörsgemensamt arbete vid en olycka, samverkan, som fungerar bra. Däremot identifierades vissa utvecklingsområden. Specifikt visade resultatet följande: Individuellt nätverkande och relationer samt övningar förbättrar samverkan markant Kännedom om sin organisation men även andra aktö

One way to reduce the growing workload for radiologists is to automate the trans- formation of 3D MR images of the brain into the AC-PC coordinate system. In this thesis, both non-deformable and deformable image registration methods were used to register images to a template in the desired space, the AC-PC coordinate system. First, three non-deformable transformations were used together with three different templates and two similarity metrics. To transform an image to the AC-PC coordin- ate system, only the rotation matrix and translation vector are needed. Thus, the transformation matrix and the landmarks (AC, PC and MS) were used to extract the rotation matrix and translation vector from non-deformable and deformable image re- gistration, respectively. The combinations of transformation, template and similarity metric were evaluated with four different metrics: distance to AC, angle in sagittal, coronal, and axial plane. The non-deformable transformations were rigid, similarity and affine transformation, while the templates were Colin27 T1- and T2-weight, and MNI305. The two similarity metrics used were Mattes mutual information, which is a modification to mutual information, and cross correlation. The best combination in the non-deformable case was the affine transform with Colin27 with T1-weight and Mattes mutual information. The average angular errors for this combination were 3.45°, 0.87° and 1.18° for the angles in the sagittal, coronal, and axial plane, respectively. The average distance error to AC was 3.11mm. The second part was the development of a deformable transformation which was semi-based on the first part. This because it used the best template and the best similarity metric from the first part. The deformable transformation was symmetric normalization (SyN) with Colin27 with T1-weight and Mattes mutual information. The average angular errors for the deformable method were 1.84°, 1.24° and 1.12° for the angles in the sagittal, coronal, and axial p

User Equipment (UE) grouping entails categorizing multiple UEs, including mobile phones or smart devices, according to defined criteria. It provides valuable insights for applications to optimize network resources, enhance handover procedures, and improve user experience. This study investigates UE grouping in a Fifth Generation (5G) Time Division Duplex (TDD) system based on Uplink (UL) Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) channel fingerprints using Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Specifically, the study comprises two main blocks: UE position and direction estimation, and UE grouping. In the first block, the estimation model for UE position and Course Over Ground (COG), the actual direction of motion, is developed. This model utilized UL SRS channel estimation results collected from 5G TDD Base Station (BS) for diverse routes, including both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) scenarios. Channel Transfer Function (CTF) snapshots are created according to system specifications using SRS data. To ensure the accuracy of the CTF when encountering missing SRS, we applied forward-filling to maintain data integrity. CTF snapshots are synchronized in time with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. Supervised ML techniques, culminating in an ensemble model refined with post-processing methods, achieved highly precise estimation results. The positioning Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is less than 0.93 meters and the direction RMSE is less than 9 degree across all routes. In the second block, clustering algorithms are used to group UEs based on their estimated positions and directions. Firstly, the timestamps of the UEs' data are synchronized to assume they move simultaneously despite being measured at different times. Moreover, to ensure a fair assessment of clustering results, more UEs are needed than measured ones. Each route is then split into two halves, treating the first and second halves as distinct virtual UEs derived from real data measurements. Va, Have you ever wondered how your smartphone knows precisely where you are? Imagine using your phone to stream a movie or video call a friend on a busy street. Why does the signal sometimes weaken, or does the video start buffering? Since many people use the same network simultaneously, it can get crowded up in the digital world! What if the network could adapt to the dynamic radio environment and provide optimal performance in various situations? This would ensure that your favorite shows do not pause at the most exciting moments or that you do not encounter connection issues during important online job interviews or meetings. We have an idea! We are using advanced computer techniques to figure out exactly where each user is and in which direction they are facing. This way, we can ensure that everyone's signal stays strong and their videos keep streaming without pauses. How does it work? Think of it as having a bunch of invisible helpers in the sky who can see where everyone is and where they are headed. These helpers, powered by machine learning, analyze all the data from base stations to create a digital map of the world around us. Here is the exciting part: Once we know where everyone is, we can start organizing things better. We can group users based on their locations and directions, similar to organizing cars on a busy highway to keep traffic flowing smoothly. This approach allows for strategic capacity planning and load balancing based on user population, enhancing overall user experience. Service providers can strategically plan the placement of new base stations based on user distribution to maintain service continuity effectively. With machine learning and sophisticated data analysis, 5G networks are getting smarter every day! This technology opens up a world of possibilities, and we invite you to be a part of it by delving into our thesis report, "User Equipment Grouping in 5G TDD System using Machine Learning", to understand our methodology for utilizing

The aim of this work was to test if WebAssembly universal byte code and 5G communication technology is suitable in the context of offloading control mission of real-time systems. To test these tools a new dynamic offloading framework was implemented and tested on a Furuta pendulum, an inherently unstable and time-critical process using, among other computing units, an edge node as the offloading target. The implementation is considered dynamic because: 1) The local device which interacts with the I/O of the process dynamically send the control application to be used by the edge node. 2) The local device dynamically decides on which controller should control the process, either the local fallback linear quadratic regulator controller or the CVXGEN Model Predictive Control solver written in an Ahead-of-Time WebAssembly format, which is used by the edge node. The work concluded that Wasm run in interpreted form was too slow to control the process but AOT compiled Wasm which could be run by WasmEdge runtime worked well with an execution time close to the native speed. It was also concluded that data transfer using 5G technology without uRLCC was fast enough to balance the pendulum and is suitable for offloading, other communication medium where also tested in this work such as: Wi-Fi and cabled Ethernet. In the study we also developed a control quality measure for decision making on when to offload.

In late October 2023, the storm Babet struck the southeast coast of Sweden, high waves and extreme water levels caused significant damage to infrastructure. Simrishamn’s central harbour was particularly affected, with waves smashing and destroying the as- phalt on the southern pier. The revetment covering the entire seaward edge of the pier is estimated to tolerate a significant wave height of up to 1.81 metres by the Hudson equation. Simulations using EBED for nearshore wave transformation indicated that the storm produced waves with significant heights of at least 2.45 metres, exceeding the revetment’s design capacity. To address this issue, a submerged breakwater was modelled by manipulating the bathymetry of the area in front of the harbour. The preliminary design of the breakwater, including the crest height and width of 5 and 6 metres respectively, was based on the Friebel and Harris equation. A rubble-mound structure was chosen for its effectiveness in enhancing local biodiversity. For a reef that extended in front of the entire pier under the Babet storm conditions showed that the preliminary design was effective. Testing various widths and heights of the longer breakwater showed that the transmissioncoefficient was more dependent on the height than the width of the crest. A shorter reef, extending only in front of the problematic pier area, failed to protect the pier from damaging wave heights due to wave diffraction. The model used in this study has limitations, particularly in its inability to account for permeable structures. Further investigations are needed to find a balance between the longer and shorter reef designs and to experiment with different reef placements.

Machine calibration is important for optimal performance throughout the lifespan of industrial processes. A prime example is the pick-and-place process, where robots must manipulate objects accurately. Currently, this process is manually calibrated, which can be a complex practice. This thesis studies a software-based approach to error detection within the process, aiming to reduce the need for manual calibration. By utilizing existing sensors within the process, the method identifies translation and rotational errors within the system. The proposed approach involves measuring and comparing the perspective of mechatronic devices observing the same object. Thus, the di↵erences in perspectives can be identified and compensated for. The findings indicate promising results, demonstrating that the process could be cal- ibrated with an accuracy of a few millimeters using the proposed method. Moreover, the method is cost-e↵ective and quick to execute. In summary, this thesis demonstrates the possibility of implementing a software-based approach for calibrating the pick-and-place process. This approach has been demon- strated to be accurate, quick, and simple to use, making it a potential alternative to manual calibration.

Audio fingerprinting is a widely employed technique that involves generating unique fingerprints for given audio signals that later can be used for identification. A well-known example of this is the Shazam application where the concept is to match a short song snippet with a database to find the name of the song and artist. Generally, the audio fingerprints are created by applying a time-frequency transform on the audio signal and extracting the most prominent features in the time-frequency domain. There are different transforms with different properties but the standard choice is the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). This study compares the performance of the STFT with the Hyper Localized Wavelet Transform (HLT) within an audio fingerprinting pipeline, focusing on three key metrics: correctly identifying songs (accuracy), robustness towards noise, and memory. Results indicate that while the STFT and the HLT demonstrate comparable accuracy, the latter exhibits superior noise robustness with a smaller memory usage. The STFT was found to generate approximately 1.23 times more data when creating the fingerprint database compared to the HLT., Ljudfingeravtryck är en välkänd teknik som genererar unika fingeravtryck för ljudsignaler vilka som senare kan användas för identifiering. Ett välkänt exempel på detta är Shazam-applikationen vars koncept är att matcha en kort låtsnutt med en databas för att hitta namnet på låten och artisten. Generellt skapas ljudfingeravtrycken genom att applicera en tids-frekvens-transform på ljudsignalen och extrahera de mest framträdande komponenterna i tids-frekvensdomänen. Det är standard att använda korttids Fouriertransformen (STFT) men det finns också transformer med andra egenskaper. Denna studie jämför prestandan för STFT med Hyper Localized Wavelet Transform (HLT) inom en ljudfingeravtrycksprocess, med fokus på tre viktiga mätvärden: korrekt identifiering av låtar (precision), robusthet mot brus och minnesanvändning. Resultaten visar att medan STFT och HLT uppvisar jämförbar precision, visar den senare överlägsen robusthet mot brus med mindre minnesanvändning. Vidare visade sig STFT generera ungefär 1,23 gånger mer data vid skapandet av fingeravtrycksdatabasen jämfört med HLT., Have you ever found yourself in a situation where you hear a captivating song at a pub or a restaurant, but can not recall its name or artist? Searching for it based on fragmented lyrics often proves futile and frustrating. However, audio fingerprinting offers a solution to this common dilemma. By simply recording a snippet of the song with your phone, a unique fingerprint of the song can be extracted and matched with a large database of song fingerprints in no-time. The first step of audio fingerprinting is to perform a time-frequency decomposition of the audio to find the most characterizing frequencies over time. This Master's thesis explores two different methods for time-frequency decomposition, aiming to enhance the precision and robustness of audio fingerprinting systems for song identification. By comparing the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and Hyper Localized Wavelet Transform (HLT), this study seeks to evaluate their accuracy in correctly identifying songs. Time-frequency decomposition methods play a pivotal role in extracting meaningful features from audio signals that are later used to create audio fingerprints. In summary, the decomposition is created by dividing an audio signal into short time-segments; it is then possible to extract the frequencies that occur within each segment from the decomposition. The audio fingerprint is then created by mapping frequencies from each segment in the decomposition in a way that is as unique as possible for each audio signal. However, more often than not there is some amount of noise or distortions occurring when we want to identify a song. The noise can make it more difficult to get an accurate time-frequency decomposition which is crucial for creating a unique audio fingerprint to match with the database. It is therefore important to use a time-frequency decomposition that is accurate and resistant to noise. Our experiments reveal that the STFT and the HLT are quite similar in accurately identifying songs bu

The tangible significance of climate issues is increasingly evident. The construction sector significantly impacts the climate through resource utilization and waste generation, as is evidenced by the sector's contribution to one-third of Sweden's total waste generation. The current situation shows that wood exhibits low resource efficiency, with its value not fully exploited. The extensive consumption of virgin resources could be lessened by promoting the reuse of materials. Increased emphasis on sustainable recycling would enable the full utilization of resources, although its implementation is limited to an extent in the current state. Undeniably, there is considerable potential to increase reuse and recycling to foster circular and sustainable construction. The report examines the background of the current situation while identifying prospects for future developments within the questioned area. It aims to propose suitable developed opportunities to promote reuse and recycling within the construction sector. Additionally, an approach for implementing the proposals is presented in the report, involving the establishment of circular flows for wood waste. The method aims to address the lack of knowledge in the field of sustainable construction. To attain the study's purpose, a meticulous literature study was conducted. The report has identified several barriers hindering the upscaling of reuse and recycling to the levels required to address today's challenges. Among barriers, a lack of knowledge regarding wood waste management emerges, alongside the need for a national-level adjustment. Although several industry initiatives aim to address these challenges, many are small-scale and lack comprehensive structural impact. Furthermore, current policy instruments within the construction sector exhibit shortcomings in promoting the development of tools for increased reuse and recycling. Thus, comprehensive policy changes are crucial as an initial step towards achieving sus, Den påtagliga betydelsen av klimatfrågor framträder i allt högre grad. Byggsektorn har en betydande inverkan på klimatet genom sin resursanvändning och avfallsgenerering, vilket tydligt framgår då sektorn står för en tredjedel av Sveriges totala avfallsgenerering. Trä har för närvarande en låg resurseffektivitet och värdet hos materialet utnyttjas inte till sitt fullo. Den omfattande förbrukningen av jungfruliga resurser kan begränsas genom att främja återbruk. Ökad satsning på hållbar återvinning skulle möjliggöra för ett fullständigt utnyttjande av resurserna, dock sker detta i låg utsträckning. Oförnekligen visar sig en avsevärd potential i att öka återbruk och återvinning för att främja cirkulärt och hållbart byggande. Rapporten undersöker bakgrunden till den nuvarande situationen samt identifierar vägar för framtida utvecklingar inom problemområdet. Syftet med rapporten har varit att framföra lämpliga utvecklingsmöjligheter för att främja återbruk och återvinning inom byggsektorn. Dessutom presenteras ett tillvägagångssätt för att implementera utvecklingsförslagen, som innefattar etablering av cirkulära flöden för träavfall. Med syfte till att motverka den bristande kunskapen inom området för hållbart byggande. För att besvara frågeställningarna och uppnå syftet med studien, utfördes en noggrann litteraturstudie. Rapporten har identifierat flera problem som förhindrar uppskalning av återbruk och återvinning till de nivåer som krävs för att bemöta dagens utmaningar. Bland de identifierade hindren framträder en tydlig kunskapsbrist gällande hanteringen av träavfall samt behovet av en omställning på nationell nivå. Trots att flera initiativ inom branschen syftar till att hantera dessa utmaningar, är många småskaliga och saknar en övergripande strukturell påverkan. Dessutom visar dagens styrmedel brister när det gäller att främja utvecklingen av verktyg för ökat återbruk och ökad återvinning. Därmed är en omfattande förändring av styrmedel avgörande som ett första

Outnorth, a large Swedish Outdoor e-commerce retailer, is experiencing issues with lacking supplier performance, such as late deliveries and insufficient information. Concurrently they strive to strengthen their relationships with suppliers. In this study, a supplier performance measurement system, SPMS, is created to help Outnorth deal with supplier issues and facilitate communication and relationship building with suppliers. The purpose of this study is to design a supplier performance measurement system for Outnorth. • RQ1: What factors contribute to a successful implementation of a supplier performance measurement system? • RQ2: What supplier aspects are critical for Outnorth? • RQ3: How can a supplier performance measurement system be designed for Outnorth? The study used a qualitative case study approach. A literature review was conducted which resulted in a theoretical framework guiding the study to design a performance measurement system. The data collection primarily consisted of interviews, which explored the areas in the theoretical framework. Afterward, the data could be analyzed in order to make conclusions and recommendations regarding SPMS design. The study identified two critical success factors: strategically aligned metrics as well as communication and relationship building. Aligning metrics with strategy is crucial for a SPMS, making metrics evaluate strategy implementation. To facilitate strategic alignment, relevant stakeholders should also be involved in SPMS design. Communication and relationship building can be used in conjunction with a SPMS to promote its success. Furthermore, based on these critical success factors and the entirety of the literature review, a theoretical framework was created for design of a SPMS. The first step was to understand the environment: identifying strategic objectives and internal stakeholder priorities and examining supplier communication. The second step were designing the SPMS based on the environment. This i

In southwestern Scania there is a paleovalley, the Alnarp Valley, which holds a confined aquifer called Alnarpsströmmen. Its geology consists mainly of sand and gravel and it is generally confined by one or more layers of clayey till above, and the limestone bedrock below. In collaboration with Region Skåne and SGU, this thesis aims to gather information about Alnarpsströmmen using two geophysical methods Direct-Currect and Induced Polarization (DCIP) and Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM), both relying on measuring the ground’s resistivity to electrical current and using those measurements together with information gathered from nearby boreholes to make geological interpretations. Before resistivity data could be interpreted, it had to go through inversion, where a mathematical model is generated that outputs data that are as similar as possible to the ones gathered in the field. It was decided to focus mainly on the area around Grevietäkten, a groundwater supply area that today provides about a quarter of Malmö’s drinking water. Some sites were chosen outside of this area to offer comparison. Sites were selected by examining data gathered via helicopter borne TEM measurements, or SkyTEM, as well as data gathered from boreholes, and they were selected to be interesting from a geological standpoint or to fill a gap in the datasets. Fieldwork was carried out for three weeks. For two weeks starting on the 19th of April 2021 and concluding on the 30th of April 2021 DCIP measurements were conducted. Further fieldwork was delayed, and TEM fieldwork began on the 15th of November 2021 and concluded on the 19th. In total, 11 different profiles were investigated. Inversion of DCIP data was done in the software Res2DINV, and TEM data was inverted in SPIA. Resistivity profiles including DCIP, TEM, and SkyTEM data, as well as nearby boreholes, were created by importing data into GeoScene3D. While interpreting, some general observations were made. The clayey till often appea, Investigating the geology of the Alnarp Valley – with electricity Do you know where your water comes from? If you live in southwestern Scania, in Malmö for example, there’s a decent chance the water in your tap comes from the massive underground Alnarp Valley, and the aquifer it hosts. This thesis set out to delve deeper into the geology of this valley, especially around the main water extraction area, Grevietäkten. The methods of choice for this thesis were TEM and DCIP, two methods that both rely on sending electricity into the ground and measuring the grounds resistivity. Resistivity is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. The higher the resistivity, the harder it is for electricity to flow. Since every material responds differently, this can be used to get an idea of what lies beneath our feet. One interesting finding was that the limestone bedrock near Grevietäkten showed remarkably similar resistivity values to the profiles near the coast, at Abbekås. In coastal areas, saltwater will intrude into the groundwater. Being rich in ions, the saltwater is a great conductor of electricity, which reduces the resistivity of the material it is present in. We suggested that the low resistivty near Grevie could be a result of ionic content as well, since groundwater extraction has been known to draw up deeper groundwater, containing more ions, closer to the surface. Being an important regional water source, the geology of the Alnarp Valley has already been extensively studied, but there are still gaps is many areas, some of which this study set out to close. And while the valley is important today, it may well be even more important in the future in case of drought. Most of the valley is covered by, to water, impermeable clay, but it is also important to study where it is not, and to prevent pollution in these areas from infiltrating into the groundwater. Another stated goal of the study was to try and get an idea of the resistivity v

Intersections have long been recognized as high-risk areas for traffic accidents, with vehicle collisions in Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) scenarios resulting in significant economic and human losses. This thesis investigates a vehicle collision avoidance system that integrates Machine Learning (ML), wireless communication technologies, and sensor fusion with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning, aiming to bridge existing gaps in current research by incorporating the latest technologies and validating their effectiveness in real-world scenarios. In this study, various technologies are employed, including a combination of RealTime Kinematic (RTK) GNSS and dead reckoning methods to achieve high-precision vehicle localization. A Fully Connected Network (FCN) model is utilized to predict future trajectories with an error margin of two to three meters over a three-second prediction. Additionally, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) technology is employed to facilitate wireless communication between vehicles. Experimental results demonstrate that our system effectively provides collision warnings and prevents vehicle collisions in both Line-of-Sight (LoS) and NLoS scenarios. The findings of this research illustrate the substantial potential of combining wireless communication technologies and ML in advancing vehicle collision avoidance, establishing it as an effective tool for enhancing traffic safety. Future work will focus on optimizing trajectory prediction accuracy and exploring system performance across a wider range of real-world scenarios., Have you ever worried about a potential collision when driving through an intersection, especially when you can not see the other vehicles coming? Thanks to advancements in technology, we can now use Machine Learning (ML) to predict vehicle movements and avoid crashes before they happen. This thesis explores how we can improve vehicle positioning accuracy and predict trajectories using a combination of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) corrections, and ML. GNSS has been a standard for vehicle positioning, but its accuracy is usually limited to about three to five meters. This level of precision is not enough for collision avoidance, especially in crowded or complex environments. By combining GNSS with RTK, we can improve the accuracy to within a few centimeters. RTK works by correcting the GNSS signals with data from nearby reference stations. This is important because GNSS signals are affected by environmental factors like tall buildings or weather, which can introduce errors. RTK uses the known position of these reference stations to reduce this error, giving us a much more precise location for vehicles. Once we have this accurate position, the next step is to predict where the vehicle will be in the next few seconds. There are a lot of sensors that have been integrated into the vehicle such as camera, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), gyroscopes, and accelerometers. A lot of information could be gathered from those sensors. This fusion of data, known as sensor fusion, helps estimate things like speed, direction, and distance. Dead reckoning, another technique used in navigation, helps estimate the vehicle’s current position based on previous data. However, dead reckoning tends to accumulate errors over time, which can lead to inaccurate predictions. A traditional Kalman filter could reduce the error but it does not solve the accumulated error problem. This is where ML comes into play. The advantage of ML is that it can learn

This thesis explores the state-of-the-art methods for the optimization of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting with a view of increasing the efficiency of the Radio Frequency to Direct Current (RF-to-DC) conversion, which is a key parameter in the creation of Zero Energy Devices (ZEDs) in the context of Internet of Things (IoT). The research focuses on waveform shaping at the transmitter side as a technique of enhancing energy delivered to rectifiers. To achieve this, the project proposes to define arbitrary waveforms with high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) so as to direct more energy to the peaks of the waveform in order to enhance the rectification efficiency. The study proposes multisine signals as a reference signal and these signals have higher PAPR compared to other signals. These signals are then processed by windowing techniques like Gabor pulses and raised cosine windows thereby increasing PAPR and in turn enhancing the efficiency of the RF-to-DC conversion. The work uses theoretical modeling, simulation, and experimental testing to show that the proposed waveform shaping strategies enhance rectifier performance. It has been proved that these waveform shaping pulses that can be applied to Far Field Communication (FFC) concerns enhance the rectified DC power in order to feed any type of passive device. For the purpose of practical relevance, the thesis also provides the design and setup of a realistic test environment to evaluate the proposed ideas in a realistic setting. The experimental results also prove the efficiency of these techniques in improving the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency and the potential of energy harvesting technologies., As the future wears on and low-power devices and Internet of Things (IoT) start to assume a greater role in our lives, things are going to change spectacularly. Consider how nicest would a smart thermostat, health monitor, or environmental sensor be, if only it would work without ever needing to change the batteries or plug into a wall. This is becoming a reality with the deployment of devices in environments where traditional power is either impracticable or unavailable. The urgent need linked with this shift is for innovative, sustainable manners of powering them. Energy harvesting, in particular from radio frequency signals impregnating our environment, constitutes one of the most promising solutions. The system makes a lot more sense for IoT devices, as most of them operate autonomously for fairly long times. All these Radio Frequency (RF) signals are in our vicinity; they emanate from our mobile phones, from Wi-Fi routers, or even broadcast towers. By tapping these omnipresent signals, low-energy devices with no batteries or other external power supplies can be powered, called Zero Energy Devices (ZEDs). Energy harvesting itself is nothing new; decades of research have been devoted to it, but its application to RF signals in IoT definitely stands at the bleeding edge. Generally speaking, energy harvesting is the process of capturing ambient energy-light, heat, or radio waves and converting it into electrical power that afterwards can serve for the function of powering an electronic device. This concept is of great interest to the IoT nodes, which are expected to work autonomously for a pretty long time. This omnipresent RF signals we are talking about can be used to grant operation to low-energy devices with no classic batteries or external power supply. Considering the next step beyond, one may provide for Zero Energy Devices, or full self-sustainability. To put this into perspective, consider how far we have come: the development of wireless communication sys

Nickel gallium alloys have recently been discovered as a promising material for the catalyzation of methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide. Due to the novel nature of the material system for this purpose, there is a large potential for optimization in terms of catalytic activity and selectivity for methanol. Optimization through engineering of phases and facets in such materials is often difficult due to the limited information ex situ synthesis can yield about the mechanisms of formation. This study aims to elucidate the synthesis dynamics of nickel gallium alloys to support the development of more optimized catalysts in the future. This is done through the use of environmental transmission electron microscopy, a transmission electron microscope combined with a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system to enable atomic resolution imaging of synthesis in situ. 30 nm diameter nickel nanoparticles were supplied gallium via the metal-organic trimethylgallium in gas phase at different flow rates and at varied elevated temperatures. A flow varied between 33 and 50 nmolTMGa/min with a substrate temperature of 300 to 400°C yielded Ni2Ga3 phase particles with clear facets and pure gallium droplets on the substrate after 40 min. This indicates that these parameters are too high for synthesis of the reportedly optimal Ni5Ga3 phase. At a flow of 6 nmolTMGa/min, 400°C, a nanoparticle with composition ∼75:25 nickel to gallium ratio was observed changing to ∼65:35 through growth of a new faceted region over the course of 12 min. Here, the phases both before and after the observed event could not be determined. A flow of 23 nmolTMGa/min, 600°C, yielded what is presumed to beNi5Ga3 after a 6 min transformation from pure nickel. This indicates that the potentially desirable Ni5Ga3 phase is possible to synthesize in this environment, and could warrant further study. The rate of gallium incorporation into the particles was also indicated to depend on temperature and gas flow. Mor, Att fånga upp koldioxid från industriella utsläpp eller direkt från atmosfären och omvandla det till mer värdefulla föreningar, kallat "carbon capture and utilization", är en intressant metod för motverkandet av den globala uppvärmningen. Med en katalysator kan koldioxid och vätgas användas för att tillverka metanol som är användbart som bränsle och i kemikalieindustin. En nyligen upptäckt katalysator för att utföra den här syntesen är legeringar av nickel och gallium som jämfört med de katalysatorer som används i industrin idag ser ut att ha många bättre egenskaper, vilket behövs ifall tekniken ska få större genomslag. I det här examensarbetet har syntesen av nickel-gallium undersökts för att få insikt i hur olika faser och ytor hos materialet formas. Dessa beskriver hur atomerna i materialet är ordnade, vilket påverkar dess egenskaper. Föreningar innehållande flera grundämnen visar sig ofta ha ett antal olika strukturer beroende på hur mycket av de olika grundämnena de innehåller. När det gäller små partiklar kan också hur ytorna är formade variera. Både strukturen av en partikel och formen på dess ytor påverkar materialets katalytiska egenskaper, såsom vilka ämnen det kan användas för att tillverka och vilka biprodukter som skapas. Just därför vill vi upptäcka vilka strukturer och ytor som är möjliga för att kunna designa den bästa möjliga katalysatorn för vårt ändamål. Den huvudsakliga analysmetoden som används kallas transmissionselektronmikroskopi (TEM), en avancerad typ av mikroskopi som ger en upplösning på atomnivå, och kan användas tillsammans med en rad andra analysmetoder. Nanopartiklar av nickel kombinerades med ett gasflöde innehållade gallium för att skapa de nya legeringarna, samtidigt som TEM användes för att analysera strukturerna och ytorna i realtid. Arbetet visade att mängden gallium som tillsattes genom gasen påverkade den nytillverkade legeringens fas; högre galliumtillförsel ledde till en större andel gallium, och vice versa. Även hur snabbt

In 2018, the European daylight standard EN 17037:2018 was published to encourage designers and developers to assess and provide sufficient daylight in buildings. However, the revision process by the European Committee for Standardisation identified that the recommendations for daylight provision are often challenging to achieve; therefore, the technical committee for the daylight working group, the CEN/TC169/WG11, was established to examine the issue. While several studies have recently assessed daylight performance in northern latitudes, it has been acknowledged that southern latitudes face challenges that differ from those in Northern Europe. The reason is that there is a lack of information regarding the standard’s suitability for the regions in Southern Europe. The purpose of this master's thesis is to examine the application of the European Daylight Standard EN 17037:2018 in a Greek urban residential context as well as to discuss potential modifications to the standard that could enhance overall daylight quality. The study analyses daylight factors (D) and illuminance levels (E) in six residential buildings with a total of 235 rooms assessed. Simulations were used to evaluate the daylighting conditions in the subject buildings, considering variables such as building orientation, window-to-floor area ratio, and urban density. The research results indicate variations in daylight performance, attributed to design principles, such as wide balconies, window orientation, building shape, as well as national building code and planning regulations. Additionally, measures to improve daylight quality in Greek residential buildings are discussed with the intention of informing future versions of the Greek building code as well as other applicable daylight standards., The European daylight standard, EN 17037:2018, was introduced in 2018 to encourage designers and developers to assess and ensure adequate daylight in buildings. However, the European Committee for Standardisation’s revision process identified that the recommendations outlined in the standard are often challenging to achieve. Southern European countries, in particular, face distinct challenges compared to northern Europe, largely due to the lack of data on the standard’s applicability in southern regions. This study assessed the daylight performance of six residential buildings in Thessaloniki, following the requirements set by EN 17037:2018. It also aimed to determine whether the current daylight criteria are suitable for the Greek urban context and explored potential modifications of rules and regulations to improve overall daylight quality. Radiance-based simulations were performed using the CIE overcast sky model for the daylight factor method and with Thessaloniki’s local weather data for daylight provision analysis. The results indicate that achieving “Level Medium” and “Level High” for daylight performance is challenging, even in low-density residential areas. The findings underscore that daylight performance in Greek urban settings is influenced by multiple factors, including urban density, the surrounding environment, architectural design characteristics and building orientation. However, there are no current mandatory regulations that can address these factors to improve daylight availability. A key finding is that the daylight standard must be flexible and region-specific, especially in Southern Europe, where challenges such as excessive sunlight and overheating are more pressing than daylight availability. High daylight performance criteria may not be appropriate for these regions. Therefore, the standard should be revised to account for cultural, climatic and occupant behaviour factors. Additionally, it is crucial for architects and engineers to fully un

With the advent of 5G technology, there is a growing need for advanced antennas that can support multifunctional apertures efficiently and with minimal interference, especially at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. The thesis addresses this challenge by designing, simulating, and evaluating a cloaked dipole antenna designed for 5G applications. The main concept of this work is a cloaking mechanism that reduces the scattering profile of the antenna at 28 GHz, improving its stealth characteristics. This allows the antenna to function at 3GHz without significantly affecting its efficiency or other operational characteristics. The scattering profile, measured as the antenna extinction cross-section, affects how much the antenna interferes with signals. A special cloak was created using a capacitive metasurface to interact with the electromagnetic waves around the dipole antenna to achieve a reduction in electromagnetic scattering. This metasurface was engineered to eliminate the main scattering effects by inducing destructive interference between the scattered waves from the antenna and those generated by the metasurface itself. As a result, the electromagnetic footprint of the antenna is significantly reduced. The design process involved creating and analyzing periodic unit cells, followed by optimizing the full antenna structure using FEKO simulation software. The simulation results demonstrated a significant peak reduction in the extinction cross-section of approximately -7 dB at the cloaking frequency of 28 GHz. The bandwidth taken at -4 dB extinction cross-section spans a frequency range from approximately 25.4 GHz to 29.4 GHz. This confirms the effectiveness of the cloaking mechanism in suppressing scattering. Regarding the antenna’s performance at 3 GHz, the reflection coefficient showed a minimum value close to -24 dB, indicating efficient impedance matching and minimal signal reflection. This result suggests that the cloaking structures did not interfere sig, In the rapidly evolving world of wireless communication, 5G technology is set to revolutionize the way we connect to the internet and each other. With promises of ultra-fast speeds, minimal delays, and the capacity to support millions of devices simultaneously, 5G is poised to drive future innovations—from smart cities and autonomous vehicles to immersive augmented reality experiences. However, realizing the full potential of 5G requires overcoming significant technical challenges, particularly in designing antennas that efficiently transmit and receive wireless signals in densely populated environments. While traditional antennas were effective in earlier communication systems, they often face bandwidth and interference management limitations, making them less ideal for the complex demands of 5G. This is where the concept of a "cloaked dipole antenna" becomes essential. A dipole antenna is one of the simplest and most common types of antennas, which is widely used in applications ranging from radio broadcasts to Wi-Fi routers. However, the high-performance requirements of 5G—such as increased bandwidth, higher data rates, and improved signal quality—demand antennas that can operate efficiently across a wider range of frequencies and provide greater directional gain. As a result, a basic dipole antenna may not suffice for these advanced applications, particularly at higher frequencies. To address these challenges, multifunctional apertures offer an innovative solution. These apertures are advanced antenna structures designed to support various roles at once, such as managing multiple frequency bands and different signal types to enhance performance characteristics like directional gain and signal quality essential for the diverse needs of 5G and other advanced communication systems. This research focuses on designing a cloaked dipole antenna specifically optimized for a multifunctional aperture, which is a critical component in 5G networks. The design minimizes the

In this thesis - a Minimum viable product (MVP) for an application aimed at making deprecation and removal of REST API endpoints safer - was developed. Previous work has shown that handling deprecations and removal of endpoints in REST APIs is a problem, with REST APIs not following deprecation-removal protocols nor giving the API consumers the information needed to properly update their software. This application is aimed at providing a simple way to monitor the usage of endpoints in a way that is relevant for deprecations, as well as providing the user with a simple automatic mailer to inform the API consumer of deprecations and upcoming removals of endpoints. This was a collaboration with Homepal AB, a startup company providing data solutions for the real estate industry, who saw the importance of having a stable ecosystem between them - as the service and data provider - and their clients as the consumers of their service. Their service was comprised of a REST API where Homepal AB consolidated and processed data for their customers consuming systems, accessed via the different endpoints in their REST API. Given the fast paced development of Homepal AB as a startup company, they did not want to spend time on maintaining compatibility for deprecated endpoints and needed a way to make sure that their customers updated their consuming systems using endpoints intended for further development. The papers focus is on how one can use certain user centred design methodology with an iterative approach in order to develop a useable MVP while having a small set of intended end users and being a single combined researcher, designer and developer., I detta arbete har en Minimum viable product (MVP) för en applikation utvecklats, som gör det säkrare att avveckla och ta bort endpoints för ett REST API. Tidigare arbete har visat att hanteringen av avvecklingen av endpoints i REST API:er är ett problem, där REST API:er inte följer protokoll för avveckling och borttagning. Applikationen är gjord för att tillhandahålla ett enkelt sätt att övervaka användningen av endpoints på ett sätt som är relevant för avveckling och borttagning, såväl som att ge användaren ett enkelt sätt att sätta upp automatiska mail-utskick för att informera API-konsumenten om avvecklingar och kommande borttagningar av endpoints. Det här projektet var ett samarbete med Homepal AB, ett start-up-bolag som tillhandahåller datalösningar för fastighetsbranschen och som såg vikten av att ha ett stabilt ekosystem mellan dem, som service- och dataprovider, och deras kunder som dataconsumers av deras tjänst. Deras tjänst bestod av ett REST API med en stor mängd endpoints där Homepal AB samlade och bearbetade data för sina kunders konsumerande system. Med Homepal AB:s snabba utveckling som startup-företag ville de inte lägga tid på att upprätthålla kompatibilitet för avvecklade endpoints och behövde ett sätt att säkerställa att deras kunder uppdaterade sina konsumerande system genom att använda de endpoints som var avsedda för fortsatt utveckling. Arbetet fokuserar på hur man kan använda specifika användarcentrerade designmetoder i en iterativ process för att ta fram en användarvänlig MVP när man har en liten grupp avsedda användare och är en ensam kombinerad forskare, designer och utvecklare., Utveckling av användarvänliga applikationer kan göras på många sätt, detta arbete fokuserar på hur man kan gå tillväga för en småskalig och kostnadseffektiv process.

The need for sustainability is increasingly pressing, imposing significant demands on infrastructure and its fossil footprint. The Swedish railway network currently fails to meet future requirements, while new high-speed rail lines struggle to be established. Tight economic constraints necessitate significant time and cost savings to ensure successful project implementation. To take a step closer to achieving the transportation policy goals, this report investigates how the planning of a high-speed rail line can be optimized, with a focus on improving the efficiency of site investigations. This investigation supports the REICOR project by providing supplementary geophysical measurements of two survey areas within a potential corridor along the route between Lund and Hässleholm. The geophysical surveys were planned using synthetic models, enabling digital simulations of the measurements to pre-select the most informative setup for each site. To draw conclusions regarding the implementation of synthetic models, a current state analysis was conducted through a survey with 49 responses from experienced industry professionals. The survey revealed a strong interest and potential for using geophysics, although opinions on its reliability remain varied. Nearly half of the respondents indicated that they have used some form of synthetic model, estimating that 1-10% of the time and less than 5% of the budget for the site investigation phase is allocated to geophysics. The extent to which synthetic models can reduce costs and unnecessary work will vary from project to project. However, the overall perception is that there is significant potential, especially after an initial model has been created and tested. The initial time required to install, construct, and familiarize oneself with the software was considerable, but approximately 80% of this time could be saved when creating new models. Additionally, the study examined how a combined resistivity and seismic refraction surv, Behovet av hållbara lösningar blir alltmer akut i dagens samhälle, vilket ställer höga krav på vår infrastruktur och dess miljöpåverkan. Det svenska järnvägsnätet uppfyller inte de framtida kraven, och hårda ekonomiska ramar kräver tids- och kostnadsbesparingar för nya infrastrukturprojekt. Vår rapport undersöker hur planeringen av ett höghastighetsspår kan effektiviseras, med fokus på optimering av markundersökningar. Arbetet ingår i REICOR-projektet (Rational and efficient ground investigations for industrialised construction of new railways), vars huvudsyfte är att effektivisera anläggningsmetodiken för höghastighetsjärnvägar. Genom att analysera markens ljudvågshastighet och elektriska motstånd kan vi få en övergripande bild av geologin. Planeringen av dessa geofysiska undersökningar kan göras med hjälp av syntetiska modeller, vilket innebär digital simulering av mätningar i förväg. Arbetet utreder om det går att förbättra planeringen inför fältundersökningarna genom verkliga undersökningar av två områden norr om Lund. Potentialen för geofysik och syntetisk modellering utreds genom att besvara följande frågeställningar: 1. Undersök markförhållandena, med fokus på geologin, vid två områden utanför Lund med hjälp av geofysiska metoder. 2. Utred nyttan av syntetisk modellering vid marktekniska förundersökningar. Ytterligare delfrågor som undersöks är: Hur omfattande är geofysik som metod i branschen och hur stort är behovet? Hur lång tid tar det för någon med grundläggande kunskap att installera, konstruera och implementera en syntetisk modell inför en geofysisk undersökning? Går det att spara tid genom att utföra resistivitets- och refraktionsseismiska mätningar samtidigt? Resultat De geologiska modellerna för respektive plats stämmer väl överens med mätresultaten, vilket bekräftar våra antaganden. Dock har nya frågetecken uppkommit, vilket banar vägen för framtida undersökningar, men med förstärkt planeringsunderlag. Användningen av syntetiska modeller visar lova

P fertilizers are made from phosphate rock, which is a finite resource. It was added to the EU list of critical raw materials in 2014. The phosphorus in P fertilizers could potentially be substituted by a substance called struvite, which can be recovered from sewage sludge. In 2019, the EU updated and included struvite into fertilizer regulation 1009/2019 which made distribution of struvite possible. This thesis aims to: 1. assess the suitability of different types of struvite as a fertilizer in terms of heavy metal content and compare it to conventional fertilizers and sewage sludge, 2. estimate the market price of struvite based on nutritional content and compare it to realized market price of struvite today. Although limited in sample size, the result of this study supports previous findings of struvite’s superior quality in terms of heavy metals. Heavy metal content in struvite is roughly only a hundredth fraction of that of sewage sludge and a tenth fraction of that of commercial P fertilizers. Estimated market price of struvite based on nutritional content was determined to $280- 502/ton. Despite promising results, participating wastewater treatment plants reported selling prices of €50/ton and €90/ton – considerably lower than the estimation. The literature study also revealed polarizing results, as some wastewater treatment plants had to cease production of struvite due to it not being sellable, while one technology provider reports as high price as €1000/ton. However, the former seems to be the typical experience. This is attributed to the limited knowledge of nutrient delivery of struvite, as well as the unconventional fertilizer properties of struvite which might initially deter consumers of fertilizers. The limited production quantities of struvite might also discourage fertilizer producers from utilizing struvite in their products., Hållbart alternativ till traditionella gödselmedel utvunnet ur avloppsslam har svårt att locka köpare Struvit är ett fosfor-rikt mineral som kan utvinnas ur avloppslam och som skulle kunna ersätta konventionella bergartsbaserade fosforgödselmedel. I denna studie jämfördes tungmetallsinnehållet i 12 olika struvitprover med varandra, mot konventionella gödselmedel och mot avloppsslam som används inom jordbruk för att se hur kvaliteten står sig mot konventionella gödselprodukter som idag används inom jordbruket. Studiens resultat stödjer tidigare studiers fynd om struvits överlägsna kvalitet jämfört med jämförbara gödselalternativ med avseende på tungmetaller. Utöver detta uppskattades marknadspriset på det näringsmässiga innehållet av struvit till $280-502/ton. Trots mycket lovande resultat ligger det verkliga marknadspriset på struvit långt under det uppskattade runt €50-90/ton och flera avloppsreningsverk uppger att de har problem med att få produkten såld. Fosfor är ett makronäringsämne för växter och tillförs till åkrar genom gödselmedel. Dessa gödselmedel tillverkas av en bergart som kallas fosforit. Som all berggrund är fosforit en ändlig resurs och lades 2014 till EUs lista över kritiska råvaror. Fosforn i gödselmedlen skulle potentiellt kunna ersättas av ett ämne som kallas struvit. Struvit är ett fosfor-rikt mineral som kan utvinnas ur avloppslam via en process som kallas utfällning, där ett salt tillsätts slammet varpå små struvit-kristaller bildas. Tidigare har distribuering och försäljning av struvit försvårats på grund av skillnader i nationell lagstiftning. År 2019 uppdaterade dock EU förordning 2019/1009 som reglerar gödselprodukter inom EU och inkluderade återvunnen struvit som godkänd gödselmedel. Då struvit är en ny produkt på gödselmedelsmarknaden råder det fortfarande tvivel kring lämpligheten av struvit som gödselprodukt hos intressenter inom jordbruk, bland annat kring dess kvalitet med avseende på tungmetallsinnehåll. Kvaliteten på struvit behöv

Previous research has shown that conducting scientific research aimed at studying human behavior in a virtual environment in the context of safety is feasible. However, most applications of this kind are done with a primary focus on the visual aspects of the virtual environment. This study investigates if (a) a visual and auditory recreation of a real-world environment in Virtual Reality (VR) for the study of perceived safety is feasible and (b) if perceived safety can be influenced by modifying the soundscape of the environment. Participants were immersed in a recreation of a street in Helsingborg with two different soundscapes. We demonstrated the feasibility of collecting physiological data, including heart rate variability (HRV) and galvanic skin response (GSR), to measure and monitor the participants' stress levels and correlate them with their perceived safety. Our findings indicate that immersion in a virtual reconstruction of a real-world setting with enough realism can produce useful data to study perceived safety. In addition, we demonstrated the use of VR to investigate the possible impact of different soundscapes on perceived safety, indicating that auditory stimuli can play a critical role in human behavior.

Undersökning av inomhusmiljön i Bostadshus i Kurdistan med förslag på förbättringar Av Zahir Rashid Ibrahim Sammanfattning Den varma sommarsäsongen i Kurdistan är mycket lång och omgivningstemperaturen är cirka 45 ˚C. Byggnader kyls ner med luftkonditioneringssystem på sommaren och värms upp med eldrivna eller oljedrivna värmesystem på vintern. Oljedrivna placeras oftast i vardagsrummet och köket. Med tanke på att de placeras i rum där alla i familjen spenderar sin tid inklusive barn, leder detta till större risk för husbrand eftersom det är relativt lätt för ett barn att välta ett mobilt värmesystem som står mitt i rummet. De flesta hus i Kurdistan har fukt- och mögelproblem och saknar ventilationssystem. Detta leder ofta till ett obehagligt inomhusklimat enligt chef för byggnadsnämnden i Erbil. I uteluftsflöden finns mycket förorening såsom sand och uran. Detta tillförs byggnader genom fönster och dörrar och påverkar mest barn och äldre. Problemen har uppmärksammats men inneboende i Erbil tycker att det inte finns någon lösning för det. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att komma med förslag och lösningar för att förbättra inomhusklimatet i Kurdistan med hjälp av de byggnormer och byggnadstekniken som finns i Sverige. Med detta arbete ökas medvetenheten om brister som finns i byggnaders inomhusmiljö, de vanliga orsakerna till dem och hur de kan undvikas eller åtgärdas. Med grund i analyser av simuleringar i fuktberäkningsprogrammet WUFI ges rekommendationer om hur tak- och ytterväggskonstruktioner ska utformas mot fukt- och mögelangrepp. En litteraturstudie ligger till grund för rapporten för att kunna utföra analyser och föra diskussioner kring resultaten. En enkätundersökning för 15 bostäder gjordes i Erbil. Syftet med detta var att få mer information om inomhusmiljön. Efter samtal med byggnadsnämnden och byggherren samlades mycket information om byggtekniken i Erbil. I denna undersökning användes WUFI, vilket är ett fuktberäkningsprogram. Programmet tillåter an, Examination of indoor environment in dwellings in Kurdistan with suggestions on improvements By Zahir Rashid Ibrahim Summary The hot summer season in Kurdistan is very long and the ambient temperature is about 45 ˚C. Buildings are cooled by air conditioning systems in the summer and heated with electric or oil-fired heating systems in winter. Oil-driven are usually placed in the living room and the kitchen. Given that they are placed in rooms where everyone in the family spends its time including children, this leads to greater risk of house fire because it is relatively easy for a child to knock over a mobile heating system standing in the middle of the room. Most houses in Kurdistan have moisture and mold problems and lack ventilation systems. This often leads to an unpleasant indoor climate according to the head of the building committee in Erbil. IN outdoor air flows contain a lot of pollution such as sand and uranium. This is supplied to buildings through windows and doors and mostly affects children and the elderly. The problems have been noticed but residents of Erbil think there is no solution for it. The purpose of this thesis is to come up with suggestions and solutions to improve the indoor climate in Kurdistan using the building standards and construction techniques found in Sweden. With this work, awareness is raised about deficiencies found in buildings indoor environment, the common causes of them and how they can be avoided or remedied. With based on analyzes of simulations in the moisture calculation program WUFI, recommendations are given about how roof and exterior wall constructions should be designed against moisture and mold attack. A literature study forms the basis of the report in order to carry out analyzes and conduct discussions around the results. A survey for 15 homes was done in Erbil. The purpose with this was to get more information about the indoor environment. After conversation with the building committee and the client gathered a

Neural networks are effective for solving many complex human-level tasks, one type of neural network often used in imaging tasks is the convolutional neural network (CNN). They can effectively solve problems in areas like image recognition, object detection, and classification tasks. Using a CNN for one of these tasks requires a huge computational cost relative to what a typical algorithm would have used. However, while the processors running the CNNs can handle the computational load, they get extremely hot and draw a lot of power. This thesis explores different hardware techniques to optimize a fixed con- volutional neural network to decrease its power consumption while keeping an acceptable output result. One technique used is precision scaling where the preci- sion of weights and tensors is reduced to a lower number of bits. It reduces both the amount of bits used in calculations and data transfer. Another technique used was approximate computing. These approximate circuits are designed to have fewer gates and therefore draw less power. In this thesis an algorithm and a simulator was created to choose at which location bits should be removed. By introducing several error metrics such as mean squared error and F1 score, the results could be compared between different metrics and an almost optimal solution could be found. With our precision scaling method, we have been able to save almost half the energy while maintaining an acceptable F1 score of 0.8. When evaluating approx- imate multipliers for the same task, the results were more difficult to interpret. The approximate multipliers work well in some cases while they work significantly worse in other cases. Our results show that using hardware techniques like precision scaling and approximate circuits can be used to reduce power consumption., In recent years AI has become a powerful tool for solving complex tasks and there are lots of different use cases for it. This thesis uses a convolutional neural network that takes an input image and outputs a class for each pixel in the image. Each pixel is divided into one of three classes, based on which class it is the most likely to belong to. This is called semantic segmentation. The problem with using neu- ral networks are that they are computational heavy which leads to a high power consumption. There are many ways to reduce the power consumption for neural networks. This thesis focuses on precision scaling where the normally 8-bit long weights and input tensors are reduced to fewer bits. Since fewer bits have to be both transported to the memory as well as used in computations, less power will be consumed. Lowering the precision of the weights and input tensors affects the ac- curacy of the result. We have developed a method that non-uniformly reduces the bit precision while maintaining an acceptable result. Our method was evaluated with a simulation program, written in Python and C++, which was also developed during this thesis. The thesis also discusses the possibility of replacing the multiplier in parts of the neural network with approximate multipliers. Approximate multipliers are circuits that behave like normal multipliers but consumes less power at the cost none exact outputs. There are many different approximate multipliers with differ- ent levels of error and power consumption. Using only precision scaling we have been able to cut the power consumption in half.