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Tensiomyography (TMG) has advantage in measuring fatigue. However, no studies have used a meta-analysis approach to analyze the trend of changes in TMG variables for acute muscle fatigue induced by an acute exercise. This study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to establish criteria for measuring acute fatigue using TMG by quantifying trend of changes in TMG variables. Searches were conducted in Web of Science and Pubmed from December 6, 2020 to January 7, 2021. 16 studies were included that they used in TMG for measuring acute muscle fatigue that was caused by acute exercises in rectus femoris or biceps femoris. The meta-analysis results indicated that in the biceps femoris, showed a significant (p < .05) decrease in all TMG variables of the elite athletes. Also, in the overall effects of maximum displacement and mean velocity until 90% Dm (Vc90) showed significant (p < .05) decreasing trend. In the rectus femoris, showed a significant (p < .05) decreasing trend was found for maximum displacement (Dm) in the average person, while contraction time (Tc) showed a decreasing trend in elite athletes and overall. In conclusion, acute muscle fatigue was induced decreased Dm, Tc, Vc90 in the TMG measurement after an acute exercise. These results TMG could be used as a muscle fatigue indicator and help develop a more proper protocol for testing the response of body to muscle fatigue.

The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in muscle contractile properties measured by the TMG method between top-level football players of different playing positions. The sample consisted of 57 football players from the Serbian Super League, divided into three groups: defenders—DF, midfielders—MF, and forwards—FW. Muscles included in the study were the Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Medialis (VM), Vastus Lateralis (VL), Biceps Femoris (BF), and Semitendinosus (ST) of the right (R) and left (L) leg. The TMG parameters used in this study were contraction time (Tc), delay time (Td), relaxation time (Tr), maximal displacement (Dm), and sustain time (Ts). The ANOVA results showed that differences in TMG parameters between top-level football players of different playing positions are small and exist only in the Tr of RF (F = 4.658, p = 0.014), BF (F = 4.433, p = 0.016), and ST muscle (F = 3.808, p = 0.028), and the Tc (F = 3.214, p = 0.048) and Td (F = 3.705, p = 0.031) of the VM muscle. All differences were detected between DF and FW players, and all differences were in the left (non-dominant) leg. The results obtained in this study indicate that the training and selection process in football, from the aspect of functional and mechanical muscle properties, should be similar for all players, regardless of playing position. It has been shown that TMG has relatively low sensitive strength for detecting differences between football players of different playing positions.

Background: Understanding fatigue mechanisms is crucial for exercise performance. However, scientific evidence on non-invasive methods for assessing fatigue in trail running competitions is scarce, especially when vertical kilometer trail running races (VK) are considered. The main purpose of this study was to assess the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity (i.e., central fatigue) and the state of muscle activation (i.e., peripheral fatigue) before and after a VK competition. Methods: A cross-sectional pilot study was performed. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 8 recreational male trail runners (31.63 ± 7.21 yrs, 1.75 m ± 0.05 m, 70.38 ± 5.41 kg, BMI: 22.88 ± 0.48, running experience: 8.0 ± 3.63 yrs, weekly training volume: 58.75 ± 10.35 km) volunteered to participate and were assessed for both central (i.e., via heart rate variability, HRV) and peripheral (via tensiomyography, TMG) fatigue before and after a VK race. Results: After the VK, resting heart rate, RMSSD (p = 0.01 for both) and SDNN significantly decreased (p = 0.02), while the stress score and the sympathetic-parasympathetic ratio increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). The TMG analyses suggest that runners already suffered peripheral fatigue before the VK and that 20–30 min are enough for muscular recovery after the race. In summary, our data suggest that participants experienced a pre-competition fatigue status. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying fatigue during trail running races, while training periodization and tapering strategies could play a key role for minimizing pre-competition fatigue status.

The aim of this study was to compare the immediate effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) and hot-water immersion (HWI) versus passive resting after a fatigue-induced bout of exercise on the muscle contractile properties of the Vastus Medialis (VM). We conducted a randomised cross-over study involving 28 healthy active men where muscle contractile properties of the VM wer recorded using Tensiomyography (TMG) before and after CWI, HWI or passive resting and up to one-hour post-application. The main outcomes obtained were muscle displacement and velocity of deformation according to limb size (Dmr and Vdr). Our results showed a significant effect of time (F(3.9,405) =32.439; p

Purpose This study aimed to compare the effects of ground and treadmill running on energy metabolism and muscle contractile properties, providing a basis for the general public to choose running venues. Methods Ten male college students (age, 20.10 ± 1.53 years; height, 176.20 ± 5.49 cm; weight, 72.14 ± 8.25 kg; body fat percent, 12.41% ± 4.65%) were recruited in this study. Energy expenditure (EE) was measured using the accelerometer (GT9X) combined with specific estimation equations. Average heart rate (HR) was measured using a heart rate band (Polar). Muscle contractile properties were assessed by measuring muscle displacement (Dm) and contraction velocity (Vc) using tensiomyography (TMG-S1). Blood glucose (Glu) and lactate (Lac) were measured by portable devices (eB-G and Lactate Scout). The running speed was 9 km/h and the duration was 25 min. Two-way ANOVA (protocol × time) was used to analyze the effect of running protocols on energy metabolism and muscle contractile properties. Results EE of treadmill running was significantly higher than EE of ground running (protocol main effect, P < 0.001), and HR of treadmill running was significantly higher than that of ground running in the first testing time (protocol simple effect, P = 0.026; protocol × time interaction P = 0.043). The decrease in Dm of the rectus femoris after treadmill running was significantly higher than that of ground running (protocol main effect, P = 0.009). The interaction of different running protocols and testing times on Lac was significant (P = 0.025), but all results of the simple effects analysis were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Our study found a difference in energy expenditure between treadmill and ground running at 9 km/h with duration of 25 min. In addition, treadmills are more likely to cause a decrease in muscle displacement distance of the rectus femoris measured after exercise than ground running. Future studies are needed to further investigate whether the differences are induced by internal metabolism or the environmental conditions of running.

Uvod: Izokinetična dinamometrija predstavlja zlati standard merjenja mehaničnih lastnosti hotene mišične kontrakcije, s katero ovrednotimo mišično zmogljivost. Izokinetični dinamometer posreduje podatke o mišični jakosti ter razmerjih med antagonističnimi mišicami v opazovanem sklepu. Neravnovesje med mišicami fleksorji in ekstenzorji kolena lahko privede do večjega tveganja za poškodbo sklepa. Poleg hotene mišične kontrakcije lahko merimo tudi nehoteno. To je kontrakcija mišice, ki je izzvana z refleksom na nateg ali zunanjo električno stimulacijo. Merimo jo z različnimi metodami, mednje spadajo magnetna resonanca, elektromiografija ter mehanomiografija. Ena izmed mehanomiografskih metod, ki se uporablja za ocenjevanje kontraktilnih lastnosti mišic, je tenziomiografija. Veljavnost razmerij med antagonističnimi mišicami kolena, izmerjenimi s tenziomiografijo, do danes ni bila raziskana. Namen: Na vzorcu mladih odraslih primerjati konvencionalna in funkcionalna izokinetična razmerja navorov fleksorjev in ekstenzorjev kolena, izmerjena z izokinetično dinamometrijo z razmerji časovnih in amplitudnih parametrov tenziomiografije. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 30 zdravih preiskovancev (15 žensk in 15 moških), ki smo jim s tenziomiografijo (TMG) izmerili časovne (čas zakasnitve, Td in čas kontrakcije, Tc) in amplitudne parametre kontraktilnost fleksorjev in ekstenzorjev kolena in iz njih izračunali različna razmerja. Nato smo z dinamometrom izmerili največje izokinetične koncentrične in ekscentrične navore pri treh različnih kotnih hitrostih (60°/s, 180°/s in 240°/s), iz njih izračunali konvencionalna in funkcionalna razmerja in jih korelirali s TMG-razmerji. Rezultati: Obstaja zmerna negativna povezava med funkcionalnim izokinetičnim razmerjem mišic kolena pri 180°/s in TcFL/TcEKST (r = –0,465) ter TcBF/TcEKST (r = –0,468). Šibka negativna povezava obstaja tudi med funkcionalnim izokinetičnim razmerjem mišic kolena pri 240°/s in TcFL/TcEKST (r = –0,366) ter TcBF/TcEKST (r = –0,408). Poleg tega obstaja tudi šibka negativna povezava (r = –0,397) med konvencionalnim izokinetičnim razmerjem ekstenzorjev in fleksorjev kolena pri 60°/s ter razmerjem TdFL/TdEKST. Razprava in zaključek: Korelacijski koeficienti med opazovanimi razmerji mišic kolena so bili večinoma neznačilni in nizki zaznali smo le nekaj posameznih šibkih do zmernih povezav, zato ugotavljamo, da razmerja nehotene mišične kontraktilnosti, izračunana iz TMG-parametrov, v splošnem slabo napovedujejo razmerja mišičnih navorov pri hotenem gibanju. Potrebne so nadaljnje visokokakovostne raziskave veljavnosti razmerji TMG-parametrov antagonističnih mišičnih skupin kolena. Introduction: Isokinetic dynamometry is a gold standard for measuring the mechanical properties of voluntary muscle contraction. It is used to evaluate muscle performance. The isokinetic dynamometer provides data on muscle strength and the relationship between antagonistic muscles in the observed joint. An imbalance between the knee flexors and extensors can lead to a greater risk of injury to the joint. In addition to voluntary muscle contraction, we can also measure involuntary contraction. This is a muscle contraction that is triggered by a stretch reflex or external electrical stimulation. It is measured by different methods, including magnetic resonance, electromyography and mechanomyography. One of the mechanomyographic methods used to assess the contractile properties of muscles is tensiomyography. The validity of the relationships between antagonistic knee muscles measured with tensiomyography has not yet been investigated. Purpose: In a sample of young adults, conventional and functional isokinetic torque ratios between knee flexors and extensors measured with isokinetic dynamometry were compared with the ratios between time and amplitude parameters of tensiomyography. Methods: 30 healthy volunteers (15 women and 15 men) participated in the study. We measured the time (delay time, Td and contraction time, Tc) and amplitude parameters of the contractility of the knee flexors and extensors with tensiomyography (TMG) and thus calculated different ratios. We then measured the maximum isokinetic concentric and eccentric torques with a dynamometer at three different angular velocities (60°/s, 180°/s and 240°/s), calculated conventional and functional ratios and correlated them with the TMG ratios. Results: There is a moderate negative correlation between the functional isokinetic ratio of the knee muscles at 180°/s and TcFL/TcEKST (r=-0,465) and TcBF/TcEKST (r=-0,468). A weak negative correlation also exists between the functional isokinetic ratio of the knee muscles at 240°/s and TcFL/TcEKST (r=-0,366) and TcBF/TcEKST (r=-0,408). In addition, there is also a weak negative correlation (r=-0,397) between the conventional isokinetic ratio of the knee extensors and flexors at 60°/s and TdFL/TdEKST. Discussion and conclusion: The correlation coefficients between the observed knee muscle ratios were mostly non-significant and low we detected only a few significant weak to moderate associations. We conclude that involuntary muscle contractility ratios calculated from TMG parameters are generally poor predictors of torque ratios achieved during voluntary movement. Further high quality studies on the validity of TMG parameter relationships of antagonistic knee muscle groups are needed.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether equine riding affects static or dynamic mechanical contractions on the thighs and trunk muscles in inactive women. METHODS: Participants consisted of 30 women with a mean (SD) age of 21.06 (0.44) years. They were randomly allotted as follows: equine group (EQG, n= 15) and control group (CON, n= 15). Two types of muscle contraction properties in their thighs and trunk were measured through a tensiomyography (static muscle tester) and an isokinetic device (dynamic muscle tester), respectively. Using the body weights of EQG and CON as covariates, a 2-way between-groups multivariate analysis of covariance was used to investigate group differences in the mechanical quantification of the thighs and trunk. RESULTS: The effectiveness of 8 weeks of equine riding was hardly observed in a static muscle test, whereas in the dynamic muscle test, the dominant and non-dominant hip extensor/flexor, the dominant hip abductor/adductor, and trunk extensor in the EQG showed a significant increase, compared to no changes in the CON. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not find any particular differences in a static muscle test in inactive women, but showed improvements in the dynamic mechanical properties of the thighs and trunk, which are major muscle groups related to spinal alignment.

This study aims to investigate whether bilateral asymmetries of lower extremities of U21 male judoka regarding markers of isometric and isokinetic strength, contractile properties, flexibility and anthropometry exist and whether these are associated with each other.

Današnji nogomet na profesionalnoj razini zahtijeva od igrača iznimne napore te izvrsnu pripremljenost kako bi mogli pružiti vrhunsku izvedbu iz utakmice u utakmicu, a sportska dijagnostika može nam pomoći u prevenciji ozljeda i optimizaciji treninga. Cilj je ovog istraživanja utvrditi postoji li funkcionalni disbalans mišića stražnjeg kinetičkog lanca kod profesionalnih igrača u nogometu. U istraživanju se koristilo uzorcima 52 zdrava profesionalna nogometaša: seniora HNK-a Rijeka, NK-a Lokomotiva i nogometnog kluba FK Titograd. Prosjek godina iznosi 22,88 ± 5,11 godina, težine 76,57 ± 6,31 kg, a visine 182,30 ± 5,81 cm. Metoda kojom se koristilo u istraživanju jest tenziomiografija, a korišteni parametri tenziomiografije bili su vrijeme kontrakcije (𝑇𝑐) i maksimalni pomak trbuha mišića (𝐷𝑚), a testirani mišići jesu: biceps femoris (BF), erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GT), semitendinosus (ST). Iz dobivenih rezultata možemo zaključiti kako postoji funkcionalni mišićni disbalans stražnjeg kinetičkog lanca kod profesionalnih nogometaša u ovom istraživanju. Smatra se kako je regija stražnjeg kinetičkog lanca kod nogometaša jedna od najpogođenijih ozljedama, što je, u principu, i točno, a ovo istraživanje dokazuje postojanje funkcionalnog mišićnog disbalansa stražnjeg kinetičkog lanca kod profesionalnih nogometaša. Možemo zaključiti kako je potrebno provoditi kvalitetne prevencijske programe te kontrolno-dijagnostičke postupke u cilju smanjenja broja i težine ozljeda. Professional football nowadays requires exceptional effort and excellent physical condition from players to be able to provide top performance from game to game, and sports diagnostics can help us prevent injuries and optimize training routines. The goal of this research is to determine whether there is a functional posterior kinetic chain muscle imbalance associated with professional football players. The study used a sample of 52 healthy professional football players from HNK Rijeka, NK Lokomotiva and FK Titograd. The average age of players was 22,88 ± 5,11 years, weight 76,57 ± 6,31 kg, and height 182,30 ± 5,81 cm. The method used in the study was tensiomyography, and its parameters were time of contraction (Tc) and maximal muscle displacement (Dm). Tested muscles are: biceps femoris (BF), erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GT), semitendinosus (ST). From the obtained results we can conclude that there is functional muscle imbalance of the posterior kinetic chain in professional footballers in this research. The region of the posterior kinetic chain in footballers is considered to be one of the most affected, which is in principle correct, and this research shows that there are functional muscle imbalances in professional football players. We can conclude that it is necessary to implement good prevention programs and control-diagnostic procedures in order to reduce the number and severity of injuries.

Piqueras-Sanchiz, F, Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sanchez-Valdepenas, J, Bachero-Mena, B, Sanchez-Moreno, M, Martin-Rodriguez, S, Garcia-Garcia, O, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Acute Mechanical, Neuromuscular, and Metabolic Responses to Different Set Configurations in Resistance Training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of set configuration on mechanical performance, neuromuscular activity, metabolic response, and muscle contractile properties. Sixteen strength-trained men performed 2 training sessions in the squat exercise consisting of (a) 3 sets of 8 repetitions with 5 minutes rest between sets (3 × 8) and (b) 6 sets of 4 repetitions with 2 minutes rest between sets (6 × 4). Training intensity (75% one repetition maximum), total volume (24 repetitions), total rest (10 minutes), and training density were equalized between protocols. A battery of tests was performed before and after each protocol: (a) tensiomyography (TMG), (b) blood lactate and ammonia concentration, (c) countermovement jump, and (d) maximal voluntary isometric contraction in the squat exercise. Force, velocity, and power output values, along with electromyography data, were recorded for every repetition throughout each protocol. The 6 × 4 protocol resulted in greater mechanical performance (i.e., force, velocity, and power) and lower neuromuscular markers of fatigue (i.e., lower root mean square and higher median frequency) during the exercise compared with 3 × 8, particularly for the last repetitions of each set. The 3 × 8 protocol induced greater lactate and ammonia concentrations, greater reductions in jump height, and greater impairments in TMG-derived velocity of deformation after exercise than 6 × 4. Therefore, implementing lower-repetition sets with shorter and more frequent interset rest intervals attenuates impairments in mechanical performance, especially in the final repetitions of each set. These effects may be mediated by lower neuromuscular alterations, reduced metabolic stress, and better maintained muscle contractile properties.

Munoz-Lopez, A, Marin-Galindo, A, Corral-Perez, J, Costilla, M, Sanchez-Sixto, A, Sanudo, B, Casals, C, and Ponce-Gonzalez, JG. Effects of different velocity loss thresholds on passive contractile properties and muscle oxygenation in the squat exercise using free weights. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The current study assessed the impact between different velocity loss thresholds on changes in the muscle contractile properties and muscle oxygenation after a single resistance training (RT) session. Thirty physically active men participated in a crossover study performing 3 sets of the squat exercise at a lifted speed of ≈0.75 m·s -1, with 2 different velocity loss thresholds: 20% (VL20) vs 40% (VL40) in a randomized order. Contractile properties of the knee extensor muscles were tested using tensiomyography. In addition, muscle oxygenation was continuously measured from baseline until the end of the exercise session. The vastus lateralis showed a significant moment by condition interaction in time delay (p = 0.044), muscle displacement (p = 0.001), and contraction velocity (p = 0.007), with greater reductions in VL40. In both trainings, oxygenated hemoglobin and tissue oxygen index decreased, whereas deoxygenated hemoglobin increased (moment as the main effect, p < 0.05), but without a moment by condition interaction. VL40 showed a lower deoxygenation slope in set 1 (-0.468%·s-1, p = 0.001) and set 3 (-0.474%·s-1, p = 0.037) as well as higher losses in set 1 (-41.50%, p = 0.003), set 2 (-41.84%, p = 0.002), and set 3 (-62.51%, p < 0.001), compared with VL20. No differences were found in the recovery period between conditions. In conclusion, during the RT program design, coaches and athletes should consider that VL40 produces higher mechanical and neuromuscular impairments than VL20, which seems to be necessary for hypertrophy to occur; however, VL40 also produces a longer period of lower oxygen supply than VL20, which can induce fast-to-slow muscle fiber transition.

Context: It has been recently demonstrated that tissue flossing around the ankle joint can be effectively used to improve ankle range of motion, jump, and sprint ability. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the acute effects of tissue flossing applied using different wrapping pressures. Objective: To investigate the acute effects of tissue flossing and the degree of floss band pressure, around the upper thigh on knee range of motion, strength, and muscle contractile characteristics. Design: Crossover design in 3 distinct sessions. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: A total of 19 recreationally trained volunteers (age 23.8[4.8] y) participated in this study. Intervention: Active knee extension and flexion performed for 3 sets of 2 minutes (2-min rest between sets with wrapped upper thigh). Individualized wrapping pressures were applied to create conditions of high and moderate vascular occlusion, while a loose band application served as a control condition. Main Outcome Measures: Participants were assessed for active straight leg raise test; tensiomyography displacement and contraction time for rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and biceps femoris muscles; and maximum voluntary contractions for knee extensors and flexors for pre, after, and 30 minutes after applying the floss band. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in maximum voluntary contractions for knee extensors and a significant shortening in rectus femoris contraction time for the moderate condition, which was associated with small to medium effects in favor of the moderate condition. There were no statistically significant changes observed between control and high conditions. The active straight leg raise test was unaffected regardless of intervention. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that tissue flossing around the upper thigh might have a localized as well as pressure-sensitive response, thereby improving neuromuscular function of the knee extensors.

The purposes of this study were to determine if there are sex-based differences in muscular contractile properties as measured by tensiomyography (TMG) and to determine if plyometrics or the isometric midthigh pull are effective methods of eliciting postactivation potentiation (PAP). Thirty strong, resistance-trained men (n = 15) and women (n = 15) underwent 3 testing days consisting of a PAP or control protocol, and pre-TMG and post-TMG and performance testing. Contractile properties from TMG were assessed in the gastrocnemius medial head (GMH), gluteus maximus (GM), rectus femoris (RF), and biceps femoris (BF). Performance testing included countermovement jumps (CMJs) and 30-m sprints. A time x sex interaction was found for GM delay time with women primarily influencing changes (mean difference = 2.74 ms) rather than men (mean difference = 1.32 ms). Main effects for time revealed an increase in GMH velocity of contraction (+0.004 mm[middle dot]ms-1) and reductions in GM contraction time (-2.85 ms), GM delay time (-2.03 ms), RF delay time (-0.65 ms), CMJs (-2.74 cm), and 30-m time (0.05 seconds). Main effects for sex revealed greater values in women for GM contraction time (+15.50 ms), GM delay time (+6.65 ms), RF delay time (+2.26 ms), BF contraction time (+8.44 ms), BF delay time (+4.07 ms), BF maximal displacement (+2.27 mm), and 30-m time (+0.67 seconds), and lower values in women for GM velocity of contraction (-0.039 mm[middle dot]ms-1) and CMJs (-13.46 cm).These findings may help practitioners optimize performance through enhanced assessments for injury risk, targeting specific muscles for training, and by selecting proper CAs and rest periods when using PAP.

Martin-San Agustin, R, Benitez-Martinez, JC, Medina-Mirapeix, F, and Casana-Granell, J. Sex differences and patterns of muscle stiffness in the knee flexor and extensor musculature through analysis of isolated bellies. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1044-1049, 2021-Muscle stiffness (MS) is one of the key factors in joint control. The purpose of this study was to determine sex differences in the MS of 5 isolated muscle bellies (biceps femoris [BF], semitendinosus [ST], rectus femoris [RF], vastus medialis [VM], and vastus lateralis [VL]) and in the pattern of differences among their respective MS. Twenty female and 20 male recreational athletes participated. Muscle stiffness was measured by tensiomyography using maximum radial deformation (Dm) as an indirect indicator of MS. Sex differences were observed only in the Dm of RF (mean difference = 2.07 mm, p < 0.05) when values were adjusted by body mass and stature. Males and females showed a similar pattern in the Dm between the muscle bellies: within the hamstrings, ST had a significantly higher Dm than BF in females (3.02 mm) and males (4.28 mm); within the quadriceps, RF also had a significantly higher value than VL and VM in females (6.50 and 7.38 mm, respectively) and males (4.87 and 4.82 mm, respectively). Sex differences in patterns were found between BF and the vastus muscles: the BF of females had a significantly higher Dm than VL (3.78 mm) and VM (4.51 mm), but this was not observed in males. Differences may imply different involvement of the bellies in countering the movements of the lower extremities. Our results can help to direct exercises to improve the MS in certain muscular bellies.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Few physical exercise programs for children with limb loss have been described in detail recently. We provided information regarding the characteristics and effectiveness of an alternative rehabilitation exercise developed for children with lower-limb amputation. METHODS: An 8-year-old boy with a below-knee amputation and a 9-year-old bilateral amputee girl performed an exercise program of one 2-h session per week for 20 weeks, aimed at developing muscular strength and coordination. Walking ability and walking speed were assessed by using the L-test of functional mobility and 10-m walk test, respectively. Mechanical and neuromuscular muscle function was assessed by using tensiomyography. RESULTS: In case 1, a decrement of 9.5% and 10.5% was found in the L-test (42 s vs. 38 s) and in the 10-m test (19 s vs. 17 s) scores, respectively. In case 2, walking ability remained unchanged (L-test score: 38 s), while a 5.2% reduction in walking speed was observed (10-m test score: 19 s vs. 18 s). No relevant changes were observed in the muscular tone in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should be aware that, contrary to what could be expected, a multidisciplinary training program held once per week for 5 months had a minimal impact on the gait pattern and neuromuscular function of two children with lower-limb amputation.

We studied the effects of age on different physiological parameters, including those derived from (i) maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), (ii) moderate-intensity step transitions, and (iii) tensiomyography (TMG)-derived variables in moderately active women. Twenty-eight women (age, 19 to 53 years), completed 3 laboratory visits, including baseline data collection, TMG assessment, maximal oxygen uptake test via CPET, and a step-transition test from 20 W to a moderate-intensity cycling power output (PO), corresponding to oxygen uptake at 90% gas exchange threshold. During the step transitions, breath-by-breath pulmonary oxygen uptake, near infrared spectroscopy derived muscle deoxygenation (ΔHHb), and beat-by-beat cardiovascular response were continuously monitored. There were no differences observed between the young and middle-aged women in their maximal oxygen uptake and peak PO, while the maximal heart rate (HR) was 12 bpm lower in middle-aged compared with young (p = 0.016) women. Also, no differences were observed between the age groups in τ pulmonary oxygen uptake, ΔHHb, and τHR during on-transients. The first regression model showed that age did not attenuate the maximal CPET capacity in the studied population (p = 0.638), while in the second model a faster τ pulmonary oxygen uptake, combined with shorter TMG-derived contraction time (Tc) of the vastus lateralis (VL), were associated with a higher maximal oxygen uptake (∼30% of explained variance, p = 0.039). In conclusion, long lasting exercise involvement protects against a maximal oxygen uptake and τpulmonary oxygen uptake deterioration in moderately active women. Novelty: Faster τ pulmonary oxygen uptake and shorter Tc of the VL explain 33% of the variance in superior maximal oxygen uptake attainment. No differences between age groups were found in τ pulmonary oxygen uptake, τΔHHb, and τHR during on-transients.

Background: In volleyball, offensive (Hitters) and defensive players (Non-Hitters) perform differing actions that vary both kinematically and in terms of intensity. This may impose contrasting demands on the musculature involved in performing these actions. Previous research has identified differences in the muscle activation and contractile properties of the lower-body musculature between positions. Additionally, asymmetries between dominant and non-dominant limbs of the upper-body musculature has been observed in athletes performing overhead movements.\ud \ud Purpose: The aim of this study was to use Tensiomyography (TMG) to examine the contractile properties of the shoulder musculature in elite volleyball players.\ud \ud Study Design: Cross-sectional study.\ud \ud Methods: Thirty-one elite volleyball players participated in this study (Age: 23 ± 2 yrs, Body Mass: 76.5 ± 9.8 kg, Stature: 181 ± 9.3 cm), 26 of which displayed right-limb dominance and five displayed left-limb dominance. Contractile properties of the shoulder musculature including the anterior deltoid (AD), biceps brachii (BB), posterior deltoid (PD), and the upper trapezius (UT) were assessed bilaterally using TMG measures on one occasion prior to any training or exercise. The contractile measures provided by TMG included the maximal displacement (Dm), contraction time (Tc), delay time (Td), sustain time (Ts), and the relaxation time (Tr).\ud \ud Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between positions or limbs, except that Hitters displayed a significantly lower Ts of the left AD compared to Non-hitters ( p = 0.01, ES = 1.02), and significant differences between dominant and non-dominant sides in the Td of the UT in Non-hitters were present ( p = 0.05, ES = 0.8).\ud \ud Conclusion: These data suggest that irrespective of playing position and limb dominance, contractile properties of the shoulder musculature in elite volleyball players, as measured using TMG, display few significant differences.\ud \ud Levels of Evidence: 3b.

New technological advances are constantly being developed to assess fatigue and muscle damage in sports. Tensiomyography (TMG) has been used as an alternative method to indirectly assess these physiological responses. The aim of this study was to explore the potential use of TMG parameters (muscle radial deformation [Dm], time of contraction [Tc], delay time [Td], deformation rate until 10% [V10] and 90% [V90]) to detect neuromuscular acute fatigue-related responses during a duathlon compared to well-known biochemical (blood lactate [BLa]), perceptual (rate of perceived exertion [RPE]), and functional (jump performance [CMJ]) variables. Twenty-three well-trained athletes (age 33.6 ± 7.2 years, weight 64.4± 9.2 kg, height 1.7 ± 0.2 m, VO2max 56.7± 6.9 mL/kg/min, body fat 16.6 ± 8.4%, lean mass 53.2 ± 11.6 kg) performed a 5k-25k-5k duathlon under controlled indoor conditions at 23°C. TMG muscle properties (left and right gastrocnemius lateralis), BLa, RPE, and CMJ were measured pre-duathlon, during transition 1 (T1), during transition 2 (T2), and post-duathlon. After one-way analyses of variance, there were large differences in BLa ( p10, and V90 as TMG muscle mechanical markers. Compared to well-known fatigue variables (CMJ, RPE, and BLa), Tc and Dm as TMG parameters measured in gastrocnemius lateralis seem to be sensitive enough to detect acute fatigue-related changes during duathlon. Differences reported in Td, V10, and V90 could be the result of muscle post-activation potentiation (PAP) after T1, and more evidence is needed for understanding this PAP phenomenon using TMG.

Toskić, LD, Dopsaj, MJ, Marković, MR, Toskić, DR, Ignjatović, AM. Mechanical and contractile properties of knee joint muscles measured by the method of tensiomyography in differently trained men and women. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1532-1539, 2022-The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in mechanical and contractile properties of knee joint flexor and extensor muscles between differently trained men and women, using tensiomyography (TMG). The sample consisted of 159 subjects (84 men and 75 women), who were assigned to one of 5 groups according to the following levels and types of their physical activity: physically inactive, physically active nonathletes, strength and power athletes, endurance athletes, and team sports athletes. Measurements were performed on the following knee flexor and extensor muscles of the dominant leg: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus. The results showed significant differences in contraction time-Tc (F = 1.911, p = 0.010) and delay time-Td (F = 1.989, p = 0.007) parameters between differently trained men and women, whereas in other TMG parameters, there were no differences between groups. It is indicated that physical activities characteristic of strength and power sports (combat sports and sprint disciplines) could lead to an increased speed of twitch force generation and fast twitch muscle fibers, and that almost any regular, systematic, and planned physical activity leads to increased muscle responsiveness. Obtained results also indicated that TMG parameters do not have enough specific discriminatory power for detecting differences between differently trained young adults.

To determine clinical and neuromuscular properties in patients with normal or sub-normal subjective knee function after finalisation of 6 months’ post-operative rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Sixty patients after primary anatomical single-bundle hamstring ACLR were prospectively enrolled. Demographics, subjective, clinical and functional status of the injured knee were recorded at baseline, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. Return to pre-injury activities time (months) was monitored. Tensiomyography and isokinetic dynamometry of thigh muscles were performed at 6 months, when standard ACLR rehabilitation is finalized. Based on their IKDC Subjective Knee Evaluation scores at 6 months, they were assigned into “Normal” or “Sub-normal” group. All the above measured parameters were then compared between the two groups. At 6 months’ timeline, 21 patients (35%) perceived their knee function as “Normal”, while 39 (65%) were “Sub-normal”. There were no differences in clinical status between both groups, but patients in Normal group achieved higher IKDC, Lysholm, Tegner scores as well as higher single-leg hop test. They were taller, had lower body mass index and more of them achieved their preinjury level of activity at 12 months (67% vs. 33%). Tensiomyography revealed higher biceps femoris as well as semitendinosus and semimembranosus radial displacement values on the operated leg in Normal group. Isokinetic dynamometry showed significantly higher normalised peak torque and average power of knee extensor muscles. Patients who perceive their knee function as normal at 6 months following ACLR presented with better neuromuscular properties of the thigh muscles. Decreased hamstring stiffness seems to be the key to higher return-to-preinjury activity. Postoperative rehabilitation should be more focused on reducing hamstring stiffness in addition to improving knee extensor muscle strength. Level of evidence II (prospective cohort study).

This study investigated redistributing long inter-set rest intervals into shorter but more frequent intervals at 2 different concentric velocities. Resistance-trained men performed 4 randomised isokinetic unilateral knee extension protocols, 2 at 60°·s−1 and 2 at 360°·s−1. At each speed, subjects performed 40 repetitions with 285 s of rest using traditional sets (TS; 4 sets of 10 with 95 s of inter-set rest) and rest-redistribution (RR; 20 sets of 2 with 15 s inter-set rest). Before and at 2, 5, and 10 min after exercise, tensiomyography (TMG) and oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy; NIRS) were measured. NIRS was also measured during exercise, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after every 10 repetitions. At both speeds, RR displayed greater peak torque, total work, and power output during latter repetitions, but there were no differences between TS or RR when averaging all 40 repetitions. The RPE was less during RR at both speeds (p < 0.05). RR increased select muscle oxygen saturation and blood flow at both speeds. There were no effects of protocol on TMG, but effect sizes favoured a quicker recovery after RR. RR was likely beneficial in maintaining performance compared with the latter parts of TS sets and limiting perceived and peripheral fatigue. Novelty Although effective at slow velocities, rest-redistribution was likely more effective during high-velocity movements in this study. Rest-redistribution maintained the ability to produce force throughout an entire range of motion. Rest-redistribution reduced RPE during both high-velocity and high-force movements.

Munoz-Lopez, A, De Hoyo, M, Nunez, FJ, and Sanudo, B. Using tensiomyography to assess changes in knee muscle contraction properties after concentric and eccentric fatiguing muscle actions. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The purposes of this study were to analyze the effects of different types of muscle contraction (concentric and eccentric) on the passive muscular contraction properties of knee muscles and how muscle contraction can affect the muscles in different knee functions. In total, 23 active healthy men (age: 24.65 ± 1.95 years, height: 1.78 ± 0.05 m, mass: 75.33 ± 8.37 kg) participated in this study. Muscle soreness, muscle contractile properties assessed with tensiomyography (TMG) (vastus lateralis [VL] and biceps femoris [BF]), and isometric peak torque were tested before and immediately after 32 maximal repetitions of an isokinetic leg extension and flexion exercise at 180° per second. Muscle contractions were randomized to each subject's leg. From the TMG variables, only contraction velocity showed significant interactions in time × muscle × contraction (p = 0.046; partial ηp = 0.19). A greater reduction was observed in the BF (-29.03%) than in the VL (-21.25%). There was a significant decrease in contraction velocity after concentric p < 0.001, d = 1.18) and eccentric (p = 0.007, d = 0.51) exercise for the BF, while for VL, a decrease was only observed after concentric exercise (p = 0.007, d = 0.66). The leg extension exercise showed reductions in the isokinetic peak torque (p < 0.001; partial ηp = 0.83). Isometric peak torque (p < 0.001; partial ηp = 0.80) and muscle soreness (p < 0.001; partial ηp = 0.70) decreased after exercise. In conclusion, muscle mechanical properties were differently affected in relation to the muscle contraction and knee muscles involved, after a fatiguing leg extension isokinetic exercise. Isometric peak torque and muscle soreness were also reduced immediately after exercise. These results are particularly important to understand how TMG parameters are modified depending on the type of contraction.

Gutierrez-Vargas, R, Martin-Rodriguez, S, Sanchez-Urena, B, Rodriguez-Montero, A, Salas-Cabrera, J, Gutierrez-Vargas, JC, Simunic, B, and Rojas-Valverde, D. Biochemical and muscle mechanical postmarathon changes in hot and humid conditions. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 847-856, 2020-The aim of this study was to compare biochemical changes and mechanical changes in the lower-limb muscles before and after a marathon race in hot and humid conditions. Eighteen healthy runners participated in a marathon at between 28 and 34° C and 81% humidity in Costa Rica. Serum magnesium (Mg), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase, and hematocrit (HCT) were measured before and after the marathon. Tensiomyography measurements from the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis, muscle displacement (Dm), contraction time (Tc), and velocities of contraction to 10 and 90% of Dm (V10 and V90) were obtained before and after the marathon. Postrace measurements showed a 544% increase in CPK (t(17): -6.925, p < 0.01), a 16% increase in HCT (t(17): -7.466, p < 0.01), a 29% decrease in Mg (t(17): 3.91, p = 0.001), a 2% decrease in body mass (t(17): 4.162, p = 0.001), a 4% increase in Tc of the RF (t(17): -2.588, p = 0.019), and a 12% increase in Dm of the RF (t(17): -2.131, p < 0.048) compared with prerace measurements. No significant biochemical or mechanical differences were found between runners in terms of their finish times. These findings showed that completing a marathon in hot and humid conditions induced a significant reduction in lower-limb muscle stiffness, body mass, and Mg, and increased neuromuscular fatigue, CPK, and HCT, because of muscle damage and dehydration. Knowledge of the effects of heat and humidity may be of value for coaches and sports medicine practitioners in developing effective hydration and recovery protocols for marathon runners in these special conditions.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of four resistance training (RT) programs with different velocity loss (VL) thresholds: 0% (VL0), 10% (VL10), 20% (VL20) and 40% (VL40) on sprint and jump performance, muscle strength, neuromuscular, muscle hypertrophy and architectural adaptations. Methods: Sixty-four young resistance-trained men were randomly assigned into four groups (VL0, VL10, VL20, and VL40) that differed in the VL allowed in each set. Subjects followed an RT program for 8 weeks (2 sessions per week) using the full-squat (SQ) exercise, with similar relative intensity (70-85% 1RM), number of sets (3) and inter-set recovery period (4-min). Before and after the RT program the following tests were performed: 1) muscle hypertrophy and architecture of the vastus lateralis (VLA); 2) tensiomyography; 3) 20-m running sprint; 4) vertical jump; 5) maximal voluntary isometric contraction in SQ; 6) progressive loading test in SQ; and 7) fatigue test. Results: No between-group differences existed for RT-induced gains in sprint, jump and strength performance despite the differences in the total volume performed by each group. VL20 and VL40 showed significant increases (P < 0.001) in muscle hypertrophy (group × time interaction, P = 0.06). However, only VL40 exhibited a significant slowing (P < 0.001) of the delay time in the VLA muscle (group × time interaction: P = 0.05). Moreover, VL40 showed a significant decrease in the early rate of force development (P = 0.04). Conclusions: Higher VL thresholds (i.e. VL20 and VL40) maximized hypertrophic adaptations, although an excessive VL during the set (i.e. VL40) may also induce negative neuromuscular adaptations. Therefore, moderate VL thresholds should be chosen to maximize strength adaptations and to prevent negative neuromuscular adaptations.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the changes in neuromuscular contractile properties in elite cyclists associated to the peripheral fatigue produced in a maximal incremental test in ...

Purpose: To examine the variations in the velocity of contraction (Vc) assessed using tensiomyography, vertical jumping ability, and sprinting speed induced by 4 different exercise protocols (ie, strength, sprint, plyometric, and technical training sessions) in 14 male national-team rugby players (age 21.8 [2.6] y, weight 83.6 [8.5] kg, and height 177.4 [6.7] cm). Methods: Physical tests were conducted immediately before and after 4 distinct workouts in the following order: tensiomyography in the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles, squat and countermovement jumps, and 30-m sprint velocity. To analyze the differences in the assessed variables before and after each training session, the differences based on magnitudes were calculated. Results: After strength and plyometric workouts, the players presented possible to almost certain impairments in sprint and jump performance and in the Vc of the rectus femoris (effect sizes 0.26–0.64). After the sprint-training session, possible to very likely decreases were observed in the squat jump, 30-m sprint, and Vc of the biceps femoris (effect sizes 0.21–0.44). By contrast, after the technical training, athletes demonstrated a possible increase in the squat jump and Vc in both muscles examined (effect sizes 0.13–0.20). Conclusions: The main finding of this research is that, for the vast majority of results, the direction of changes observed in Vc were the same as those observed in performance assessments. This suggests that Vc might be used as a sensitive marker of acute variations in speed and power performance of elite team-sport athletes.

Es necesario diagnosticar el Parkinson y llevar un seguimiento de su evolución, ya que es una enfermedad que mezcla la rigidez como un síntoma y afecta a gran cantidad de la población. Por lo tanto, se planteó un sistema TSM “tensiomiografía” que obtiene aspectos de movimiento y fuerza, relacionados con los parámetros implícitos por la MDS\_UPDRS “La escala unificada de la enfermedad de Parkinson modificada por la Sociedad de Trastornos del Movimiento” la cuantificación de la rigidez muscular que le permita al médico llevar a cabo un diagnóstico. Por lo tanto, se desarrolló un sistema de medición mecatrónico para la rigidez muscular en una persona utilizando los movimientos pasivos o activos implícitos de la MDS-UPDRS, a través de medición de vibración por impacto controlado en el tejido. Las características obtenidas a través del impacto son rigidez dinámica, decrecimiento y frecuencia las cuales pasan a un método de clasificadas SVM “máquina de soporte vectorial” para, definir el nivel de rigidez en un músculo. Sin embargo, la rigidez involucrada en el movimiento rotacional varía con relación al músculo medido, por eso se midió la posición angular al miembro antagonista, obteniendo otra característica que puede usarse como etiqueta de salida o atributo de entra. Los resultados permiten validar y diferenciar el grado de rigidez entre tres niveles diferentes, considerando que el instrumento en su método de clasificación muestra una exactitud del 98\% y se verifica que el sistema TSM permite usar la posición angular para conocer el nivel del síntoma o entrenar para conocer por medio del impactó generado la posición angular del miembro antagonista. Otro aspecto que se valora del sistema TSM es que permite trabajar con movimiento pasivos y activos. It is necessary to diagnose Parkinson's and try to monitor its evolution since it is a disease that mixes rigidity as a symptom and affects a large number of patients. Therefore, a proposed TSM (\textit{tensiomyography}) system obtains movement and strength features, related to the implicit parameters by the MDS\_UPDRS for the quantification of muscle stiffness that allows the doctor to carry out a diagnosis. Accordingly, a TSM “tensiomyograph” system was proposed that obtains aspects of movement and strength, related to the implicit parameters by the MDS\_UPDRS “The Unified Parkinson's Disease Scale modified by the Society of Movement Disorders” to quantify the muscle stiffness in diagnosis stage of clinical routine. Herefore, a mechatronic measurement system for muscle stiffness in a person was developed using the implicit passive or active movements of the MDS-UPDRS, through vibration measurement by controlled impact on the tissue. The features obtained during the impact are dynamic stiffness, decrease and frequency, which are passed to a classified SVM “support vector machine” method to define the level of stiffness in a muscle. However, the stiffness involved in the rotational movement varies in relation to the muscle measured, so the angular position of the antagonist limb was measured, obtaining another characteristic that can be used as an output label or input attribute. The results allow validating and differentiating the degree of stiffness between three different levels, considering that the instrument in its classification method shows an accuracy of 98\% and it is verified that the TSM system with the same accuracy allows using the angular position to know the level of the symptom or train to know through the impact generated the angular position of the antagonist limb. Another aspect that is valued is that the TSM system allows working with passive and active movements. Maestría Magíster en Instrumentación Física ´Indice general 1. Introduccion 17 ´ 1.1. Definicion del problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 17 1.1.1. Problematica de Investigaci ´ on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 20 1.2. Justificacion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 20 1.3. Objetivos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3.1. Objetivo general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3.2. Objetivos espec´ıficos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2. Marco Teorico 23 ´ 2.1. Marco Conceptual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.1.1. Definicion de la Bradicinesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 23 2.1.2. Definicion de la Rigidez en el Cuerpo Humano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 23 2.1.3. Funcionamiento e importancia de la MDS UPDRS y como se aplica al ´ obtener la rigidez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.1.4. Actividades F´ısicas que se Encuentran en Relacion con Rigidez Activa en ´ Articulaciones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.1.5. Actividades F´ısicas en Relacion con la Rigidez Pasiva en Articulaciones . . ´ 27 2.1.6. Caracterizacion de la Rigidez Pasiva Muscular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 28 2.2. Tipos de hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.1. Sistemas de comunicacion y protocolos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 30 2.2.2. Tipos de Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.2.3. Instrumentos para experimentos externos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3. Estado del Arte 37 3.1. Por qu´e la Rigidez es Variable Fundamental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 8 Cap´ıtulo 0 3.2. Tipos de Variable fisiolog´ıa que se Encuentran en la Rigidez . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.3. Tipos de Variables F´ısicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.4. Tipos de Variable y Dispositivos Para la Rigidez Activa o Pasiva . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.5. Caracter´ısticas e investigacion de otros instrumentos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 39 3.6. Sistema Myoton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.7. Posicion de los Sensores en el Cuerpo Humano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 42 3.8. Investigacion Cuantitativa Realizada a los M ´ ´etodos de Aprendizaje . . . . . . . . 44 3.8.1. Aspectos Metodologicos de Otras Investigaciones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 45 3.8.2. Descripcion de la importancia de los atributos a usar . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 46 4. Desarrollo Hardware del Instrumento 48 4.1. Descripcion General del Instrumento. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 48 4.2. Desarrollo Mecanico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 50 4.3. Desarrollo Electronico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 55 5. Desarrollos de dispositivos externos 62 5.1. Descripcion y desarrollo del experimento de una b ´ ascula de impacto . . . . . . . ´ 62 5.2. Descripcion y desarrollo del experimento de geles bal ´ ´ısticos para determinar la rigidez en materiales blandos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.2.1. Resultado del experimento . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 6. Desarrollo del Software para Instrumento TSM 77 6.1. Descripcion de la interfaz gr ´ afica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 79 6.1.1. Caracter´ıstica y funcionamiento de cada boton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 81 6.1.2. Descripcion del software para el sistema de adquisici ´ on de datos. . . . . . ´ 92 6.2. Descripcion del Sistema en Base de Datos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 99 6.3. Descripcion del Comportamiento F ´ ´ısico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.4. Aplicacion del proceso para m ´ ´etodo de aprendizaje . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.4.1. Descripcion de las estancias o conjuntos de salida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 105 6.4.2. Descripcion de las etapas del m ´ ´etodo de clasificacion . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 109 7. Pruebas y Resultados 113 7.1. Pruebas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.1.1. Pruebas de calibracion y caracterizaci ´ on f ´ ´ısica del instrumento. . . . . . . 113 7.1.2. Pruebas para evaluar el instrumento de medicion muscular en un miem- ´ bro superior a partir de factores relacionados con el analisis estad ´ ´ıstico las componentes en frecuencia de la vibracion muscular, rigidez y decre- ´ mento logar´ıtmico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7.1.3. Prueba de validacion en el m ´ ´etodo de clasificacion utilizando los datos ´ evaluados por las geles sint´eticas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.1.4. Prueba de validacion sistema TSM al impulso en un paciente en los m ´ uscu- ´ los art´ıculos Biceps Brachii izquierdo, Flexor Carpi Radialis izquierdo. . . . 116 7.1.5. Prueba del sistema TSM para conocer por medio de impactos la posicion´ angular a 0º, 60º, y 90º (grados), de forma indirecta utilizando entrena miento para algoritmo de clasificacion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 117 7.2. Resultados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.2.1. Resultado de caracterizacion f ´ ´ısicas del instrumento. . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.2.2. Respuesta para evaluar el instrumento de medicion muscular en un miem- ´ bro superior a partir de factores relacionados con el analisis estad ´ ´ıstico para las componentes en frecuencia de la vibracion muscular, rigidez y ´ decremento logar´ıtmico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 7.2.3. Resultado de validacion en el m ´ ´etodo de clasificacion utilizando los datos ´ evaluados por las geles sint´eticas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 7.2.4. Resultado de la validacion sistema TSM al impulso en un paciente en los ´ musculos Biceps Brachii derecho, Flexor Carpi Radialis derecho. . . . . . . ´ 133 7.2.5. Resultado del sistema TSM en prueba con posicion angular a 0º, 30º, 60º, ´ y 90º grados, para conocer la rigidez muscular en miembros superiores identificando. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 8. Conclusiones 138 8.1. Recomendaciones futuras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Bibliografía....................................................................................................... 141 Apendices ........................................................................................................148