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Climate and other environmental factors continue to play important contributions on the livelihoods of communities all over the world. Their influence during historical periods and the roles they played remain under-reported. The main objective of this review is to investigate the climatological conditions during the time of the invasion of early European settlers in Southern Africa in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It establishes the possible relationships between climate variability and historical conflicts and wars, famines, disease pandemics, and the migration of African people to towns in search of sustainable and predictable livelihoods away from unreliable agriculture. A qualitative analysis of published peer reviewed literature in the form of reports, papers, and books was used in this review. At least 60 literature items were reviewed in this paper. There is a relationship between climate variability and the historical events of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Tribal conflicts and most of the wars between the settlers and the African people for land coincided with periods of droughts. Drought were key causes of famines, instabilities, and land degradation in the region. This study highlights the influence of environmental conditions on socio-economic conditions as the world enters an era of climate change and urbanization in developing countries, particularly in Africa. It shows that the hardships caused by environmental conditions have the potential to destabilize societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the Cold War, the concept of power has witnessed several changes in international relations. It is possible to distinguish between two levels of change in the concept of power: a level specific to the actor who possesses power, especially with non-state actors possessing some sources of power and influence, and a level specific to the components of power and the various forms that force takes. The state is no longer the only active entity in international relations, but several other international actors have emerged that play a vital role in the international arena. As social media has a strategic role in international political interactions, it can be considered one of the non-state actors that can influence the developments of regional and global events. This study clarifies social media's repercussions in light of political crises and wars. It attempts to understand the new developments in social media and then develop a future vision for the role of these media in light of crises and wars for the decision-makers. The study has been divided into two sections. The first is the conceptual and theoretical framework of the study, and it includes two questions: what social media are - their types and characteristics - and what political crises and wars are. The second section discusses crises and wars in light of the growing impact of social media, and it includes two questions: the role of social networks in crises and wars and the new information war - the role of social media in the conflict. The study concludes that social media has become one of the most influential factors in shaping the public opinion to pressure decision-makers and creating the operational environment, suggesting civil and military response measures. The study also indicates that terrorist entities use social media for recruitment, providing training tools and resources, raising money, advertising their operations, and shaping the public perception of the ongoing hostilities. In addition, social media is a fertile environment for the rapid spread and circulation of rumors. The study recommends the need to stop harmful disinformation campaigns on social media by establishing effective control and strict guidelines for data management, in addition to the need for citizens to improve their ability to withstand misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 9/11, new atheists writers criticized all the religions of the world especially Islam. They linked world’s major conflicts and terrosrists attacks wih religions. Their objective is to defame religion and through this way weaken the belief of masses on the existence of God. Moreover, they want to promote atheist ideology across the world and erdaicte the role of religion in all sphere of human life. This study is an historical analysis about the common objection of new atheists that religion is the primary cause of wars and conflicts. This is qualitative reseach in which data is gathered through secondary sources; books, articles and online sources. The study finds that religion is not primary cause of wars and conflicts across the world. There are other economic and political factors and motives behind the wars, which are neglected by new atheists. Moreover, study explore that religion promotes peace and harmoney, atheist overlook this role of religion and emphasize only to attach religion with violence and anarchy. Islam prohibits the killings of innocent people and directs to save the lives of humanity. Muslim rulers have been treating with respect and diginity with non-Muslims in their regimes. Religion is necssary part of human life, and it develop individual as well as society with strong moral values. History shows that atheist regimes of the 20th century caused more bloodshed than the rest of the nineteen century. Stalin, Tito, Mao Zedong, and Pol Pot are responsible for millions of murders. Blaming religion as the sole cause of violence in the world is illogiacal and irrational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research sought to investigate the roles of libraries during and after wars, as well as Nigerian students' support for sanctions against nations that start wars. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Of the 295 survey respondents, 73.9% supported sanctions, either strongly or partially, on nations that start wars anywhere in the world. However, 57.3% would prefer that sanctions be avoided if ordinary people will suffer as a result of the economic impact. Organizing war resolution seminars, distributing war resolution books, answering users' questions about wars, judiciously sharing current war news with library users, and providing a venue for dialogs about ongoing war are the most useful roles that libraries may play during wartime. Libraries can provide up-to-date information on government aid eligibility and accessibility, financial information resources for financial stability, community rebuilding books, and a location for postwar conversation in the aftermath of a war. The study proposes that libraries in warring nations take proactive actions by conducting war resolution seminars and providing appropriate materials related to war resolution, as well as taking proactive actions in the aftermath of wars, such as collaborating with governments to ensure that libraries are regularly provided with information about aid and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the portrayal of peace in selected Xitsonga texts, namely; Mibya ya nyekanyekaby B.K.M.Mtombeni, Ndzi ngo tinciki! by F.A. Thuketana, Nsuku wa mina by W.R. Chauke, N'waninginingi ma ka tindlevebyF.A. Thuketana, N'wana wa tinhlalubyM.J Maluleke, Vutomi i vhilwa byN.R. Mgiba, Byi n'wi khele matluka by M. Malungana, Vukosi i mberha by P. Ndlovu. This study is based on constructivist paradigm, phenomenological research design, qualitative research approach and Galtung's Theory of Peace. In this study, the Textual Analysis was used to collect data and Thematic Textual Data Analysis Method used to analyse the data collected from 8 selected Xitsonga texts. An analysis of the data revealed that there is no positive peace in the families, communities, workplaces, schools, churches, the country and the whole world. This study revealed protests, abuse and misleading of children by parents, serious crimes committed by men such as robbery, theft, abduction, murders and burglary, as the causes of lack of peace in the communities. This study also revealed love, respect, cooperation, integration, and harmony as the causes of peace in the world. This study will contribute in bringing peace in the families, schools, communities and the whole country and increase knowledge of people about peace. This study recommends that parents should learn to have good conduct, teachers should teach learners to have good conduct and leaders should bring peace in the communities, churches, work places and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes using the sex ratio at birth (SRB) as a "population test" to study the impact of extreme exogenous shocks on demographic status of historical populations. 53,355 baptismal records from the years of 1801-1920 for Detva population, located in the Upper Hungary, contemporary Slovakia, were examined for the purpose of the study. The sex ratios at birth were calculated as the proportion of the number of male live births to the number of female live births. Our results show a decline in the values of SRB in the years when the population was exposed to wars, including Napoleonic wars, civil wars, and the First World War, and economic crises caused by natural disasters and crop failures. These events could have contributed to poverty, deterioration of living conditions, insecurity, social and psychological instability, loss of property and family members, and could have been the source of psychological stress to which pregnant mothers were exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of College of Education / Wasit is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jerash Journal for Research & Studies is the property of Jerash University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Procesos: Revista Ecuatoriana de Historia is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Throughout the 18th century, anarchy raged through the Ottoman Empire, the consequences of which directly affected Christian subjects, who felt growing property and legal insecurity. The Turkish central government almost did not exist. Although Porta repeatedly tried to curb anarchy and separatist movements with a series of firmans and berets, little was achieved in that regard. In the years after the Great Migration, the settlement of Arbanasi tribes from the mountainous areas of northern Albania began. Supported by the Ottoman authorities, in the following decades, the Arbanassis turned the central area of Old Serbia into a scene of feudal and tribal anarchy and bloody reckoning with the Serbian Orthodox population. Burdened with numerous taxes and levies, as well as reading, which was often imposed by force by Muslim masters, the Serbian population was increasingly materially declining. The difficult situation was further aggravated by numerous Kachak gangs, bashibozluk and janissaries, who systematically plundered the serbian christian population. The unbearability of such a difficult position will give rise in the first years of the 19th century to the desire for liberation from the centuries-old Turkish rule, which will be manifested in the outbreak of the First Serbian Uprising in 1804 in the Belgrade pashaluq.

Throughout Chinese history, the Grand Canal served as a regional infrastructure in facilitating socio-economic and political development. The core regions of each dynasty were located in China's eastern plain, and the Grand Canal ran from south to north through the plain, connecting northern and southern China. In unison, the areas along the Grand Canal also suffered from frequent wars. The role of the Grand Canal in influencing regional stability has yet to be sufficiently explored in the literature. This study seeks to (1) figure out the spatial distribution of population and wars, and (2) quantitatively measure the relationship between wars, population, and the distance from waterways in the Grand Canal Area in AD752–1910 by using their high-resolution geo-referenced data. Kernel density analysis was employed to serve the first purpose, while Pearson correlation and curve estimation analyses were applied to serve the second. Our results show that the areas surrounding the Grand Canal were densely populated. There was a war hot zone in the Beijing–Luoyang–Nanjing region near the Grand Canal, which shifted gradually over time. The correlation between war and population densities was positive, whereas the correlation between war density and distance from the waterway was negative. Finally, the cubic model captures the non-linear relationship between population, wars, and waterways. The above findings may shed more light on the Grand Canal's role in influencing regional population and war patterns in historical China, a topic that has received little academic attention. More importantly, they may help advance empirical understanding of the impact of large-scale infrastructure on regional sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the developmental stages of Israeli democracy: from the pre-state Jewish Yishuv, to the formative years of democracy in Israel; from the 1950s to the early 1960s; and during the years of liberalization and democratization, from the mid-1960s until the early 1980s. However, since the 1980s, the sense of inclusiveness and equality in Israeli society has gradually declined, amid antidemocratic legislation and the spread of antidemocratic incitement, polarization and authoritarian challenges to the political system. The article observes the dark clouds that threaten Israel's democracy and the struggle between its democratic and antidemocratic forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Percy B. Shelley's phrase "we are all Greeks," this text refers to journeys, memories, and forgetfulness of facts that took place in the territory named Latin America since the Portuguese and Spanish occupation. The guiding thread runs through journeys and how they affect the perception of the world, erasing or making visible routes and their reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global culture of empathy appears crucial for the survival of humankind and life on our planet. There is no health without mental health and no mental health without a culture of empathy at all levels: individual, family, national, and global. Similarly, there is no global security without peace, and no peace without a culture of empathy. While peace is associated with mental health promotion, wars are associated with poor or ill mental health. Humanity needs a fresh goal for global peace and sustainability that promotes the culture of empathy to prevent millions of innocent victims from dying, becoming ill, or being maimed. Education focusing on empathy, peace, and mental health literacy forms the foundation for a better future for all and Earth's sustainability. If we, as Homo sapiens - beings capable of foresight, choice, and action - are to survive, there must be New Enlightenment: a positive vision of an empathetic form of globalization for all humankind.

From 1949 to 1950, an acute epidemic of schistosomiasis struck several elite units of the People's Liberation Army during the Chinese Civil War that were preparing for an amphibious invasion of Taiwan. The crucial delay brought by the sudden outbreak of the disease may have cost communist forces control of the strategic island, changing the geopolitical calculus of the Pacific in the decades since. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present research deals with the novel Hadiqat Hayat, Hayat’s Garden, (2003) by the Iraqi female author Lutfiya Al-Dulaymi (1939 - ). The discussion focuses on the struggles the main character Hayat undergoes while confronting the debilitating circumstances of the wars and the anguish of waiting for the absent husband. While analyzing the character of the protagonist, Hayat, specific features are illustrated and highlighted such as; her self-reliance and independence, firm resolution to overcome difficulties, and her strong attachment to her house specifically her garden. The personality of the single mother, which is caught in the protagonist Hayat, breaks the stereotypical image of the helpless widow as it reveals a strong character capable of conquering the social restrains and the economic challenges with her inner vigor, determination and optimistic soul. On the symbolic level, Hayat gains another dimension of reference through her name, which means life. In this way, she becomes an embodiment of the country, Iraq, itself while confronting the calamities of wars symbolizing its survival and its continuity.

In the seventeenth century, the climate of the Arctic cooled, warmed briefly, and cooled again, just as European merchants established new industries to extract the region's resources. Few were larger or more violent than the whaling industry that exploited bowhead whales between Jan Mayen and Svalbard. This article argues that linked changes in climate and animal behavior influenced violence among whalers in different ways during three stages of the seventeenth-century industry. In the first, cooling discouraged violence by increasing the regional extent of sea ice, which led both whales and whalers to congregate in tight quarters, raising the cost of hostilities among whalers. In the second, violence provoked attempts to colonize fortified whaling stations year-round, leading to a shift in polar bear behavior and exposing overwintering whalers to some of the coldest weather of the Little Ice Age in the Arctic. In the third, sweeping changes in climate and whale culture helped doom whaling companies and their fortified whaling stations, while encouraging open-sea whaling that transformed where and how whalers could fight one another. This article reveals, above all, the potential of combining climate history with animal-human history to provide fresh perspectives on the past, present, and future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forced displacement as a consequence of wars, civil conflicts, or natural disasters does not only have contemporaneous consequences but also long‐run repercussions. This eclectic overview summarises some recent research on forced displacement in economic history. While many of the episodes covered refer to Europe, this survey points to literature across all continents. It highlights new developments, and points to gaps in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutual relations between the Bosnian Kingdom and the Serbian Despotate can be observed in the period between 1402, when Prince Stefan Lazarević received the title of despot from John VII Palaeologus, until the Ottoman conquest of the Despotate in 1459. The most significant conflicts between Bosnian rulers and nobles with Serbian despots were fought over the rich Srebrenica silver mine. This town, with the fortress of Srebrenik, was located in the Middle Podrinje region, near the river Drina, which in this area represented the border between the two countries. The stronger economic rise of Srebrenica was followed during the 14th century when it gradually developed and became one of the most important mines in Southeast Europe. The seeds of the conflict around Srebrenica were sown by the Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxembourg. The Hungarian king first managed to get Srebrenica for himself, and then in the period 1411–1413, he handed it over to his vassal, despot Stefan. From this time until the end of the existence of the Serbian Despotate in 1459, Srebrenica changed its owner several times. Bosnian kings, nobles, and Serbian despots took part in the conflicts around Srebrenica, and in certain periods specific agreements were established regarding the ownership of this place, which brought in large revenues. A solid number of sources about Srebrenica have been preserved in the State Archives in Dubrovnik due to the fact that the Ragusan merchants and craftsmen saw great economic potential in this place and established a large colony. The interests of the Ragusan authorities were moving in the direction of obtaining timely information from this place, and they often sent delegations to conduct diplomatic negotiations with the local authorities regarding the status of their citizens in this place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this interview, Mary Kaldor and Helmut K. Anheier examine the state of Eastern Europe thirty years after the fall of communism; they explore the differences between old wars and new wars, the relevance of Clausewitz in the field of international relations today, the problem of methodological nationalism, and what the social sciences mean today. They also talk about the impact of neoliberalism, the state of democracy, and the role of civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentioning Afghanistan associates with a turbulent history, wars, Soviet occupation, mujahedeen, Taliban, large numbers of ethnic communities, constant confrontation, armed conflicts, refugees, unstable country, harsh climate and unfavourable living environment, illegal drug production, poor population, international military interventions and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations. These are a large number of issues that will lead many to ask the question why, despite all the negative sides, Afghanistan is constantly the subject of interest of the great powers. We will find a number of studies in the professional and scientific literature that analyse the military and security aspects of the country and its neighbourhood, but Afghanistan is much more than that. Its geopolitical position, the multi-ethnic composition of the population, relations with neighbouring countries and natural resources are key to understanding past and present events and predicting the future. Utilizing the potential of the country for further development and not for prolonging internal conflicts as well as confronted external interests is a state to be aspired to as the population of Afghanistan deserves it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information gathered in the Municipal Historical Archives of Parral, concerning the Ocome Indian Juan Mapos, sheds light on the fragility of the colonization of the northern part of New Biscay and the hostilities with the Indian rebels in the Bolsón of Mapimí during the second half of the seventeenth century, which were located and mapped out. A century after the arrival of the first conquistadors, the assaults on the roads and on the haciendas, the horse rustling and the taking of captives were the order of the day on the part of the indian rebels, while the enslavement and the deportation of insurgents were common practices amongst the Spaniards. However, there were also violent confrontations that involved, at times, more than a thousand combatants, as a large number of Indian auxiliaries fought alongside the Spaniards and played an indispensable role as spies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mentioning Afghanistan associates with a turbulent history, wars, Soviet occupation, mujahedeen, Taliban, large numbers of ethnic communities, constant confrontation, armed conflicts, refugees, unstable country, harsh climate and unfavourable living environment, illegal drug production, poor population, international military interventions and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations. These are a large number of issues that will lead many to ask the question why, despite all the negative sides, Afghanistan is constantly the subject of interest of the great powers. We will find a number of studies in the professional and scientific literature that analyse the military and security aspects of the country and its neighbourhood, but Afghanistan is much more than that. Its geopolitical position, the multi-ethnic composition of the population, relations with neighbouring countries and natural resources are key to understanding past and present events and predicting the future. Utilizing the potential of the country for further development and not for prolonging internal conflicts as well as confronted external interests is a state to be aspired to as the population of Afghanistan deserves it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When classifying military conflicts, if we are to look beyond the balance of forces in the geopolitical and historic fields, no matter the nature and military means for carrying out wars (be they conventional or unconventional ones), the strategies being used, or the justifications employed by the world's centers of power, we can name and outline two main categories of wars, by using the method of reduction: - defensive wars, carried out according to national deterrence strategies, which are considered just wars; - wars of conquest, which are considered unjust wars. The latter category includes wars of economic disruption, interventionist wars (for various political reasons), ideological wars, economic wars, wars for the restauration of order and the rule of law, wars for imposing various interests, as well as for creating institutions and centers of power in a new administrative context under a new political leadership.

Article discusses history of Maya civilization. Author claims, that two causes of decline Maya civilization: wars between cities- states and ecological defeats are also danger for contemporaries' civilizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of regional states started in Syria around the middle of the twenty-fifth century BC, and rivalry opposed one state against another already at the beginning of the following century. Mari defeated Abarsal (Tall Ḥuwēra), and Ebla payed tribute to Mari. Ebla then destroyed Abarsal and became an ally of Nagar (Tell Brāk) against Mari. Other four wars opposed Ebla to Mari: the first three were won by Ebla, the last was fateful to it. The documentation from Ebla comprehensively covers about forty years, a period that each power spent in war: either with its rival or its own revolting allies. This article follows year after year the wars of Ibrium during his eighteen years as minister of Ebla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al Malweah for Archaeological & Historical Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presents a research based on the Human Development Reports (HDRs/UNDP/UN). The objective is to understand the political significance of the attempt, by the producers of such materials, to generate public agendas that involve States, governments, and international organizations in the process of deterring actions and procedures that have led to many war conflicts and civil wars and between countries. The perverse reflexes of bellicose policies are felt in the economy, infrastructure, and social services. Expectations of advances in the Human Development Indexes (HDI) are shattered by war conflicts and violence in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)