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In the contemporary era, the prevailing trend among individuals is the widespread utilization of streaming technology to indulge in audio or video content emanating from a server. This innovative approach negates the necessity for downloading the content beforehand, allowing users to seamlessly revel in the material through the streaming mechanism. However, this cuttingedge technology mandates a substantial bandwidth to uphold its Quality of Service (QoS) at an optimal level. Challenges may arise, such as packet loss, attributed to the restricted bandwidth provided by the network service provider, thereby compromising the delivered content's quality. To address this issue, one viable solution is the integration of CDN (Content Delivery Network), a technology proven to enhance the quality of content delivered through streaming services. This research endeavors to elevate the quality of live video streaming by leveraging CDN. The HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) format for content streaming, the study empirically demonstrates that CDN significantly improves the Quality of Service. As a result, the proposed method Content Delivery Network (CDN) using H.265 plays vital role in live video streaming. The result shows that live video streaming with CDN outperforms without CDN. Specifically, the live video streaming experience with CDN showcases a remarkable throughput average of 5899.7 kbps, coupled with a minimal packet loss ratio average of 0.05%. This stands in stark contrast to the version without CDN, which exhibits a comparatively diminished throughput average of 5287.3 kbps and a higher packet loss ratio average of 0.22%. These empirical findings strongly emphasize the effectiveness of CDN in elevating the Quality of Service for live video streaming. The tangible enhancements in throughput and the reduction of packet loss achieved through CDN implementation contribute significantly to an enriched user experience. The evidence supports the notion that integrating CDN technology not only optimizes the technical performance of live video streaming but also plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall satisfaction and engagement of users with the content delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing a national comprehensive PNT (Positioning, Navigation, and Timing) system has become a consensus among major countries worldwide. As a crucial component in completing the entire PNT system, the 5G NR (new radio) time service signal plays a vital role. This paper proposes a 5G NR time service signal that uses a spread spectrum system, shares the 5G signal frequency band, but does not occupy the bandwidth of the 5G communication signal. This timing service signal has relatively low power, making it appear "submerged" within the power of the 5G communication signal. The spread spectrum code for this timing signal employs the chaotic orthogonal composite sequence proposed in this paper. Compared to traditional spread spectrum sequences, this sequence offers better security than m-sequences, improved autocorrelation than Walsh sequences, and an effective suppression of the short-period characteristics exhibited when the Skew Tent-Map chaotic sequence takes special values. This paper simulates the capture of the 5G NR time service signal in an environment with a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB using an FFT-based parallel code phase search algorithm, successfully capturing the 5G NR time service signal and verifying the feasibility of the proposed chaotic orthogonal composite sequence as a spread spectrum code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the algorithmic framework for a multimodal hearing aid (HA) prototype designed on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), specifically the RFSOC4*2 AMD FPGA, and evaluates the transmitter performance through simulation studies. The proposed architecture integrates audio and video inputs, processes them using advanced algorithms, and employs the 5G New Radio (NR) communication protocol for uploading the processed signal to the cloud. The core transmission utilizes Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), an algorithm that effectively multiplexes the processed signals onto various orthogonal frequencies, enhancing bandwidth efficiency and reducing interference. The design is divided into different modules such as Sound reference signal (SRS), demodulation reference signal (DMRS), physical broadcast channel (PBCH), and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). The modulation algorithm has been optimized for FPGA parallel processing capabilities, making it better suited for the hearing aid requirements for low latency. The optimized algorithm achieves a transmission time of only 4.789 ms and uses fewer hardware resources, enhancing performance in a cost-effective and energy-efficient manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Future 5G/6G and DTT networks implementation in the UHF spectrum. This paper analyzes practical solutions for implementing 5G/6G and Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) network coexistence in the UHF band. Two potential scenarios are explored using the case study of a nationwide DTT network: spectrum splitting and spectrum interleaving. Both scenarios are thoroughly examined based on current UHF spectrum usage and the DTT network structure based on a case study of Poland. The analysis includes potential future benefits and limitations of each scenario. The results presented in this paper can guide administrations in implementing decisions made at the International Telecommunication Union—Radiocommunication Sector, World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 (ITU-R WRC23), improving spectrum efficiency and 5G/6G networks development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth-generation (5G) technology standard in telecommunications is expected to support ultra-reliable low latency communication to enable real-time applications such as industrial automation and control. 5G configured grant (CG) scheduling features a pre-allocated periodicity-based scheduling approach, which reduces control signaling time and guarantees service quality. Although this enables 5G to support hard real-time periodic traffics, synthesizing the schedule efficiently and achieving high resource efficiency, while serving multiple communications, are still an open problem. In this work, we study the trade-off between scheduling flexibility and control overhead when performing CG scheduling. To address the CG scheduling problem, we first formulate it using satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) so that an SMT solver can be used to generate optimal solutions. To enhance scalability, we propose two heuristic approaches. The first one as the baseline, Co1, follows the basic idea of the 5G CG scheduling scheme that minimizes the control overhead. The second one, CoU, enables increased scheduling flexibility while considering the involved control overhead. The effectiveness and scalability of the proposed techniques and the superiority of CoU compared to Co1 have been evaluated using a large number of generated benchmarks as well as a realistic case study for industrial automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Southern Energy Construction is the property of Southern Energy Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The wireless technology is witnessing two interconnected trends that have significant implications. Firstly, there is an ever-increasing demand for high-speed data transfer and extensive bandwidth, driven by the rapid expansion of modern smart applications. This relentless demand has forced new wireless networks, such as 5G and 6G, to explore new frequency bands, such as Sub-6 GHz, to accommodate the surging data requirements. Secondly, the remarkable growth in applications with stringent environmental conditions, extending beyond healthcare and biomedical research, to industries such as industrial automation, environmental monitoring, agriculture, transportation, and smart cities, demand wireless devices and communication technologies that can function optimally in delicate and sensitive environments, without compromising on performance. Hence, the simultaneous growth of these trends highlights the critical significance of incorporating eco-friendly and environmentally adaptable polymers in the design of new antennas. This approach becomes essential to ensure the development of resilient and flexible wireless devices that can function optimally in diverse and challenging environments. The present work delves into the performance analysis of rectangular and circular microstrip antennas design for sub-6 GHz band. The specific areas of interest include investigating how the thickness of the PLA (Polylactic Acid) substrate influences antenna design and employing Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as the conductive material for both the antenna feed and the ground plane. The combined use of PLA and CNTs resulted in compact circular and rectangular antennas, with dimensions of 25.8 × 45.8 mm2 and 26.4 × 42.1 mm2, respectively. Notably, both antennas exhibited an impressive realized gain exceeding 4.9 dBi and an efficiency surpassing 73% at 5.8 GHz, demonstrating robust performance under various substrate thicknesses, including flat and bending scenarios. These outstanding outcomes position the proposed microstrip antennas as highly suitable candidates for a broad spectrum of emerging applications within the sub-6 GHz band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth-generation (5G) cellular infrastructure is expected to bring about the widespread use of connected vehicles. This technological progress marks the beginning of a new era in vehicular networks, which includes a range of different types and services of self-driving cars and the smooth sharing of information between vehicles. Connected vehicles have also been announced as a main use case of the sixth-generation (6G) cellular, with ultimate requirements beyond the 5G (B5G) and 6G eras. These networks require full coverage, extremely high reliability and availability, very low latency, and significant system adaptability. The significant specifications set for vehicular networks pose considerable design and development challenges. The goals of establishing a latency of 1 millisecond, effectively handling large amounts of data traffic, and facilitating high-speed mobility are of utmost importance. To address these difficulties and meet the demands of upcoming networks, e.g., 6G, it is necessary to improve the performance of vehicle networks by incorporating innovative technology into existing network structures. This work presents significant enhancements to vehicular networks to fulfill the demanding specifications by utilizing state-of-the-art technologies, including distributed edge computing, e.g., mobile edge computing (MEC) and fog computing, software-defined networking (SDN), and microservice. The work provides a novel vehicular network structure based on micro-services architecture that meets the requirements of 6G networks. The required offloading scheme is introduced, and a handover algorithm is presented to provide seamless communication over the network. Moreover, a migration scheme for migrating data between edge servers was developed. The work was evaluated in terms of latency, availability, and reliability. The results outperformed existing traditional approaches, demonstrating the potential of our approach to meet the demanding requirements of next-generation vehicular networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of 5G/6G cellular systems operating in millimeter wave (mmWave, 30–100 GHz) and sub-terahertz (sub-THz, 100–300 GHz) bands is conventionally assessed by utilizing the static distributions of user locations. The rationale is that the use of the beam tracking procedure allows for keeping the beams of a base station (BS) and user equipment (UE) aligned at all times. However, by introducing 3GPP Reduced Capability (RedCap) UEs utilizing the Radio Resource Management (RRM) Relaxation procedure, this may no longer be the case, as UEs are allowed to skip synchronization signal blocks (SSB) to improve energy efficiency. Thus, to characterize the performance of such UEs, methods explicitly accounting for UE mobility are needed. In this paper, we will utilize the tools of the stochastic geometry and random walk theory to derive signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), spectral efficiency, and rate as an explicit function of time by accounting for mmWave/sub-THZ specifics, including realistic directional antenna radiation patterns and micro- and macro-mobilities causing dynamic antenna misalignment. Different from other studies in the field that consider time-averaged performance measures, these metrics are obtained as an explicit function of time. Our numerical results illustrate that the macro-mobility specifies the overall trend of the time-dependent spectral efficiency, while local dynamics at 1–3 s scales are mainly governed by micro-mobility. The difference between spectral efficiency corresponding to perfectly synchronized UE and BS antennas and time-dependent spectral efficiency in a completely desynchronized system is rather negligible for realistic cell coverages and stays within approximately 5–10% for a wide range of system parameters. These conclusions are not affected by the utilized antenna array at the BS side. However, accounting for realistic radiation patterns is critical for a time-dependent performance analysis of 5G/6G mmWave/sub-THz systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multipath wireless access aims to seamlessly aggregate multiple access networks to increase data rates and decrease latency. It is currently being standardized through the ATSSS architectural framework as part of the fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks. However, facilitating efficient multi-access communication in next-generation wireless networks poses several challenges due to the complex interplay between congestion control (CC) and packet scheduling. Given that enhanced ATSSS steering functions for traffic splitting advocate the utilization of multi-access tunnels using congestion-controlled multipath network protocols between user equipment and a proxy, addressing the issue of nested CC becomes imperative. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of such nested congestion control loops on throughput over multi-access tunnels using the recently introduced Multipath DCCP (MP-DCCP) tunneling framework. We evaluate different combinations of endpoint and tunnel CC algorithms, including BBR, BBRv2, CUBIC, and NewReno. Using the Cheapest Path First scheduler, we quantify and analyze the impact of the following on the performance of tunnel-based multipath: (1) the location of the multi-access proxy relative to the user; (2) the bottleneck buffer size, and (3) the choice of the congestion control algorithms. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate the superior performance of BBRv2 as a tunnel CC algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) used multipath for achievement of data instantaneously to improve its performance. Anyhow, the preceding TCP protocol in the Internet of Things (IoT) network experienced a struggle to transmit a superior number of subflows. The Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time (BBR) generate a network path model by assessing the available bottleneck bandwidth and the minimal Round-Trip Time (RTT) to achieve the desired delivery rate, consequently reducing the latency. However, some research studies have indicated the presence of significant fairness issues related to RTT in the BBR algorithm. To overcome this issue, we proposed a New Enhanced Congestion Control (CC) mechanism referred to as Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time (BBR-NEnh) which is cross-layer-based efficient congestion control in a 5G IoT heterogeneous network. The proposed work encloses three sequential processes including grid-based network construction, improved two-factor clustering, and Hybrid TCP congestion control. Initially, we perform network construction by grid-based to improve the information transfer rate and increase connectivity among devices. After that, IoT devices are clustered based on two factors congestion and buffer space using the Improved K-Medoids algorithm (IK-Med) by the edge server. Further, to enhance the efficiency of TCP, the proposed research adopts a BBR-NEnh by optimizing the congestion control parameters using the Adaptive Tunicate Swarm Optimization (ATSO) algorithm. Finally, the dynamic handover and adjustment of windows are performed based on the Fast Adaptation Technique (FAdT) which can send the data quickly without congestion. The implementation of the proposed research is carried out using NS- 3.26 and the performance of the proposed BBR-NEnh model is evaluated using a variety of performance metrics, including goodput, delay, packet loss, queue length, transmission rate, and throughput. The performance of the proposed work is compared with IMPRTT (Improved RTT) and CW-IoT (Congestion Window Algorithm for the Internet of Things). The average throughput, goodput, and packet loss of the proposed work for 1500 packets size are 4, 0.9, and 10.3, and the average delay, transmission rate, and queue length over 150 seconds are 0.004, 2500, and 36.1, demonstrating that the proposed work outperforms earlier work like IMPRTT and CW-IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine to Machine communication or Internet of things are emerging fields of communication. To support such technologies advanced electronics like wearable devices are popular field of research. The proposed Button shaped wearable Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) is specially designed to support IoT applications at 2.4 GHz band. The planer section of the DR antenna is developed over FR4 substrate and Dielectric resonator consists of Alumina material. An Aperture coupled feed is used to excite the antenna. There are two holes arranged on the structure such that it can be easily placed over any upper outfit like jacket or coat. To investigate the performance of the proposed wearable DRA over the body and to identify the best portion of the body where the antenna can be worn, the simulation has been done on three different phantoms of different age groups and gender on CST voxel phantom models. To analyse the performance four important parameters reflection coefficient, gain, radiation pattern, and bandwidth are selected. It is discovered that the button-shaped wearable CDRA well satisfies the performance requirements for IoT applications at 2.4 GHz band. Finally, the proposed antenna is developed and its performance has been measured. The measured output and the simulated results have been found to be in good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical wireless technologies like Free Space Optics (FSO) have proven to be a perfect choice for 5G communication systems. FSO can offer low latency, high capacity, extensive connectivity, and high reliability at a low cost. However, the major limitation of FSO is its susceptibility to atmospheric turbulences, especially rain at high frequencies. In this paper, a rain efficient 10 Gbps 5G communication system using multibeam FSO and multilevel Differential Phase Shift Keying (M-ary DPSK) encoder is proposed. To evaluate the system performance at different rain intensities, the state-of-the-art Charbonneau channel model for rain attenuation has been used. The performance efficiency of the proposed system is evaluated in terms of quality factor (Q-factor), bit error rate (BER), optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), and received power. The results convey that the proposed system can perform well up to 4.25 km, 3.24 km, and 2.55 km under below average, average, and above average rain conditions, respectively, with attenuation of 6.28 dB/km, 9.65 dB/km, and 19.27 dB/km, respectively. Moreover, the comparative analyses show that the proposed system performs better than the recent conventional systems in terms of bandwidth and power efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, four-element Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna system has been proposed for Intelligent Internet of Everything (IIoE) and high-speed data applications. The presented antenna design operates at 4.9 GHz (5G millimeter wave applications) with high isolation in a small size. Defected Microstrip Structure (DMS), slot modification and orthogonal polarization are used to generate the desired frequency band, improve the impedance bandwidth, and enhance the isolation between antenna elements at 4.9 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, the usefulness of the proposed MIMO antenna has been verified by comparing the simulated and the measured results using a fabricated version of the considered 4 × 4 MIMO antenna. In addition, the results indicate a high diversity performance in terms of: Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain (DG), Efficiency, Gain, Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) and Total Channel Capacity Loss (CCLTotal). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, different concepts of reconfigurable RF-MEMS attenuators for beamforming applications are proposed and critically assessed. Capitalizing on the previous part of this work, the 1-bit attenuation modules featuring series and shunt resistors and low-voltage membranes (7–9 V) are employed to develop a 3-bit attenuator for fine-tuning attenuations (<−10 dB) in the 24.25–27.5 GHz range. More substantial attenuation levels are investigated using fabricated samples of coplanar waveguide (CPW) sections equipped with Pi-shaped resistors aiming at attenuations of −15, −30, and −45 dB. The remarkable electrical features of such configurations, showing flat attenuation curves and limited return losses, and the investigation of a switched-line attenuator design based on them led to the final proposed concept of a low-voltage 24-state attenuator. Such a simulated device combines the Pi-shaped resistors for substantial attenuations with the 3-bit design for fine-tuning operations, showing a maximum attenuation level of nearly −50 dB while maintaining steadily flat attenuation levels and limited return losses (<−11 dB) along the frequency band of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks is emerging as a key enabler of modern factory automation (FA) applications that ensure timely and reliable data exchange between network components. Network slicing (NS), which shares an underlying infrastructure with different applications and ensures application isolation, is the key 5G technology to support the diverse quality of service requirements of modern FA applications. In this article, an end-to-end (E2E) NS solution is proposed for FA applications in a 5G network. Regression approaches are used to construct a performance model for each slice to map the service level agreement to the network attributes. Interference coordination approaches for switched beam systems are proposed to optimize radio access network (RAN) performance models. A case study of a non-public network is used to show the proposed NS solution. Simulation result shows that for services with different QoS requirements, different IC approaches should be used as optimization methods. Design prediction using regression approach has been evaluated and shows that the prediction successful rate increases when more existing data are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In everyday life, 5G-based localization technology is commonly used, but non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments can block the propagation of the localization signal, thus preventing localization. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a reconfigurable intelligent surface non-line-of-sight time difference of arrival (TDOA) localization (RNTL) algorithm. Firstly, a model of a reflective-surface-based intelligent localization (RBP) system is constructed, which utilizes multiple RISs deployed in the air to reflect signals. Secondly, in order to reduce the localization error, this paper establishes the optimization problem of minimizing the distance between each estimated coordinate and the actual coordinate and solves it via the piecewise linear chaotic map–gray wolf optimization algorithm (PWLCM-GWO). Finally, the simulation results show that the RNTL algorithm significantly outperforms the traditional gray wolf optimization and particle swarm optimization algorithms in different signal-to-noise ratios, and the localization errors are reduced by 46% and 53.5%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are an important tool to mitigate cybersecurity threats in the ICT infrastructures. Preferable properties of the IDSs are the optimization of the attack detection accuracy and the minimization of the computing resources and time. A signification portion of IDSs presented in the research literature is based on Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) elements, but they may be prone to adversarial attacks, which may undermine the overall performance of the IDS algorithm. This paper proposes a novel IDS focused on the detection of cybersecurity attacks in 5G networks, which addresses in a simple but effective way two specific adversarial attacks: (1) tampering of the labeled set used to train the ML algorithm, (2) modification of the features in the training data set. The approach is based on the combination of two algorithms, which have been introduced recently in the research literature. The first algorithm is the Extremely Randomized Tree (ERT) algorithm, which enhances the capability of Decision Tree (DT) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms to perform classification in data sets, which are unbalanced and of large size as IDS data sets usually are (legitimate traffic messages are more numerous than attack related messages). The second algorithm is the recently introduced Infinite Feature Selection algorithm, which is used to optimize the choice of the hyper-parameter defined in the approach and improve the overall computing efficiency. The result of the application of the proposed approach on a recently published 5G IDS data set proves its robustness against adversarial attacks with different degrees of severity calculated as the percentage of the tampered data set samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flying base stations, also known as aerial base stations, provide wireless connectivity to the user and utilize their aerial mobility to improve communication performance. Flying base stations depend on traditional stationary terrestrial base stations for connectivity, as stationary base stations act as the gateway to the backhaul/cloud via a wired connection. We introduce the flying base station channel capacity to build on the Shannon channel capacity, which quantifies the upper-bound limit of the rate at which information can be reliably transmitted using the communication channel regardless of the modulation and coding techniques used. The flying base station's channel capacity assumes aerial mobility and ideal positioning for maximum channel capacity. Therefore, the channel capacity limit holds for any digital and signal processing technique used and for any location or positioning of the flying base station. Because of its inherent reliance on the stationary terrestrial base station, the flying base station channel capacity depends on the stationary base station's parameters, such as its location and SNR performance to the user, in contrast to previous research, which focused on the link between the user and the flying base station without the stationary base station. For example, the beneficial region (where there is a positive flying base station capacity gain) depends on the stationary base station's power and channel SNR in addition to the flying base station's own transmission power and whether it has full duplex vs. half-duplex capability. We jointly study the mobility and the wireless communications of the flying base station to analyze its position, channel capacity, and beneficialness over the stationary terrestrial base station (capacity gain). As communication protocols and implementations for flying base stations undergo development for next-generation wireless networking, we focus on information-theoretical analyses and channel capacity to inform future research and development in flying base station networking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The congestion management mechanism is essential to manage the explosive evolution of data traffic associated with advanced applications and services in the 5G system. As a result, we suggest a novel methodology to manage congestion for mobile edge computing in the 5G system. Furthermore, the proposed model enhances delay, energy consumption, and throughput. The enhanced random early detection strategy and the K-means approach are used in the suggested model to execute this. Also, a virtual list is realized to maintain packet information and suit more packets. The proposed model is realized in NS2 green cloud simulator. In comparison with the traditional cloud model and the fog computing model, the simulation results confirm that the proposed model reduces delay, boosts throughput, and decreases energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work puts forward a sub-6 GHz 5G microstrip patch antenna at 2.22 GHz. The simplicity and symmetry inherent in its design gives it an exceedingly high fabrication tolerance rate, and these characteristics coupled with its actual functional capabilities, makes it a much more potentially preferable device, in comparison to similar works in its specific category. The specific numerical values of the variables/parameters of this particular sub-6 GHz 5G microstrip patch antenna, which has a high fabrication tolerance, are as such: s11 = -9.77 dB, frequency = 2.22 GHz, εθ = -28.36 dB, εΦ = 5.27 dB. The inspiration for this work came from slot-based patch antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G applications discussed in the literature, which posed three slits and no slots, whereas this work has produced a geometry, with five slits and three slots, along with many other unique characteristics. The results showed that this small antenna shows significant reach and significantly lower costs due to the simple manufacturing process compared to similar devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a triband bandpass filter has been proposed for millimeter wave and 5G applications. The filter design is progressed using a complementary spiral resonator superimposed on a hexagonal patch measuring about 7 mm × 4.2 mm × 0.8 mm. employing Rogers 5880 as substrate with εr = 2.2. This triband filter is highly selective with sharp rejections emulating bandwidths of about 1.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 1.8 GHz capable of supporting millimeter wave and 5G communications. The qualifying parameters of filter-like insertion loss have been realized between −0.6 dB and −0.16 dB and return loss between −19.12 dB and −28 dB for the corresponding three bands. Moreover, the performance attainment of the filter has been verified from the surface current distribution of the filter. The filter resonates at millimeter wave frequencies of 29.6 GHz, 32.5 GHz, and 35.8 GHz portraying a triband response. The simulated and measured results substantiated very well with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While cloud computing is crucial in processing data from devices with low computational power, the latency introduced by the Internet backhaul limits real-time applications. By situating computing resources at the network's edge, edge computing offers low-latency services by offloading computations from high-performance computing (HPC) data centers to the edge servers, reducing wide Area network (WAN) strain. As a result, edge computing has unlocked opportunities for innovative applications that were previously unfeasible, such as connected vehicles or medical robotics. Nonetheless, deploying the infrastructure required to support edge computing services raises sustainability and energy consumption concerns. Consequently, the development of tools enabling researchers to explore innovative approaches to reducing the energy impact of edge computing is crucial. In this work, we present MintEDGE, a network simulator focused on the energy consumption of edge computing. Our simulator allows testing energy-saving approaches and task placement algorithms in realistic large-scale scenarios encompassing entire regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study thoroughly investigates a two-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system tailored for 5G operation at 28 GHz. The proposed antenna is patched on a Rogers (RT5880) substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and total size of 20×12×0.508 mm3. The mutual relationship between the radiating patches is refined using an H-shaped metamaterial structure to reduce the isolation to –55 dB. A MIMO configuration with attractive features is employed to reduce the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) to about 0.00062 and the channel capacity loss (CCL) to about 0.006 bits/sec/Hz, while magnify the gain to about 9.39 dBi and the diversity gain (DG) to about 9.995. Additionally, it boasts a compact size with stable radiation pattern. The simulations of the MIMO antenna are executed using CST microwave studio, subsequently validated with Advanced Design System (ADS) for an equivalent circuit model, then measured using Vector Network Analyzer. Discrepancies between measured and simulated results were analyzed, with observed variations attributed to cable losses and manufacturing tolerances. Despite these challenges, a comprehensive comparison with prior research highlights the notable advantages of the proposed design, positioning it as a compelling solution for 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces an innovative circular and compact ultra‐wideband (UWB) radiator designed specifically for 5G microwave applications. This antenna incorporates a “TU”-shaped ground plane on its reverse side, with strip lines feeding the circular element on the front side. Notably, the antenna exhibits impressive characteristics, including an outstanding impedance bandwidth of 107%, and an impressive return loss of -32 dB. Its operational frequency range spans from 2.4 GHz to 11 GHz, centered at 6.7 GHz. Extensive simulations were conducted using CST microwave studio software to validate its performance. The antenna’s physical dimensions are defined by a size of 0.12 λ × 0.08 λ × 0.012 λ relative to its wavelength. Furthermore, this antenna demonstrates exceptional stability in its polar patterns and maintains a high-efficiency level, achieving a substantial gain of 3.75 dBi with an efficiency rating of 84.5%. These remarkable attributes make this antenna suitable for a wide range of applications, including Wi-Fi, 5G, WLAN, and various other microwave communication scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) reduces latency, provides high-bandwidth applications with real-time performance and reliability, supporting new applications and services for the present and future Beyond the Fifth Generation (B5G). Radio Network Information Service (RNIS) plays a crucial role in obtaining information from the Radio Access Network (RAN). With the advent of 5G, RNIS requires improvements to handle information from the new generations of RAN. In this scenario, improving the RNIS is essential to boost new applications according to the strict requirements imposed. Hence, this work proposes a new RNIS as a service to the MEC framework in B5G networks to improve MEC applications. The service is validated and evaluated, and demonstrates the ability to adequately serve a large number of MEC apps (two, four, six and eight) and from 100 to 2000 types of User Equipment (UE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a meticulously engineered MIMO antenna system tailored specifically for 26 GHz millimeter-wave applications. It integrates a compact planar-patterned metamaterial (MTM) structure, carefully designed with split square and hexagonal unit cells to realize an effective near-zero index (NZI) range for both permeability and permittivity. Comprehensive wave propagation analysis along the y-axis rigorously examines the MTM's characteristics. The antenna system showcases impressive technical attributes, including an extensive 8.7 GHz bandwidth, notably highlighting mu-near-zero (MNZ) characteristics spanning over 8.7 GHz wide frequency spectrum, and epsilon near zero (ENZ) properties covering 8 GHz (26–34 GHz). Notably, a 4-ports MIMO antenna design is adopted with each element meticulously crafted using a 4-unit cell array configuration. The designed 4 × 4 MIMO antenna is fabricated using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate and it occupies a compact dimension of 45.5 × 45.5 × 0.8 mm3. Experimental validation reveals compelling performance metrics, including a bandwidth spanning from 24.3 to 30.9 GHz, isolation levels below − 25 dB, and a maximum peak gain of 15.48 dBi. Additionally, the antenna exhibits circular polarization characteristics, maintaining an axial ratio below 3 dB within the frequency bands of 25.35 to 28.05 GHz and 28.10 to 29.83 GHz. Furthermore, the fabricated MIMO antenna demonstrates outstanding diversity parameters, exemplified by a high diversity gain (DG > 9.99), low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.0001), minimal channel capacity loss (CCL < 0.5), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC < − 8 dB). The suggested MTM-based MIMO antenna system with sophisticated design and exceptional performance could be an exemplary choice for seamless integration into the evolving landscape of 5G NR networks, particularly those operating within the n257/n258/n261 bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical networks for 5G communications express key features such as integrated device connections, resource availability, and high capacity for meeting user demands. Direct Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are less usable for optical networks, wherein visible light communication (VLC) is less viable for mass users. The spectrum allocation and usage for massive users interfere with VLC channels. This issue is addressed using a Self-Interference Cancellation-based Channel Allocation Technique (SIC-CAT). This technique classifies interference and non-interference allocations due to increasing user densities. Based on the available interference levels, the channel reassignment is pursued. The interference levels before and after allocation and reallocation are analyzed using transfer learning for channel shifting and interference cancellation. The interference cancellation is performed based on the shifting levels using weighted filters. The filter weight is determined using the interference level and the number of channels reassigned for the available users. Hence, in this case, the self-interference cancellation approaches rely on optimal channel allocations across various shifts. This feature is revisited if the VLC exceeds its capacity for accommodating users. Therefore, the 5G communication features coexist with the optical networks to prevent interference losses and improve channel allocation without reducing the maximum sharing. Therefore, the self-interference cancellation reduces communication errors and improves the allocation rate. From the experimental analysis, the proposed technique improves the data rate by 11.89%, the channel allocation by 8.75%, the confining loss by 12.92%, and the interference rate by 10.36% for the varying allocation requests/intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To tackle the challenge of keeping 5G mobile devices compact while supporting millimeter-wave bands, we've created an ultra-compact 4-port dual-band MIMO antenna with a defected ground structure (DGS). This design minimizes mutual coupling and covers a broad frequency range. Built on a Rogers TMM4 substrate with dimensions of 17.76×17.76 mm2, the antenna includes four planar patch antennas positioned perpendicularly at the corners. Each antenna operates at 28/38 GHz and features a rectangular patch with four rectangular slots and a full ground plane. The patches are separated by 0.5 λo, with the DGS further reducing mutual coupling. Both simulations and measurements indicate a significant reduction in mutual coupling (−39 to −60 dB), improving ECC, TARC, MEG, and DG. Time-domain and SAR analyses confirm the antenna's efficiency and its suitability for 5G devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review encompasses additive manufacturing techniques for crafting 5G electronics, showcasing how these methods innovate device creation with novel examples. A wearable phased array device on commonplace 3D printed material is described, with integrated microfluidic cooling channels used for thermal regulation of integrated circuit bulk components. Mechanical and electrical tunability are exemplified in an origami-inspired phased array structure. A 3D printed IoT cube structure shows the flexibility in the number of geometries additively manufactured 5G devices can adhere to. Finally, integrating 3D optical lenses with 5G electronics is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of 5G technology aims to revolutionize wireless communication by providing significantly higher data rates, ultrareliable low latency, and enhanced connectivity. However, optimizing 5G network performance remains a challenging task, particularly in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and spectral efficiency. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology, coupled with beamforming algorithms, offers a promising solution to these challenges. This study investigates the application of the Fractional Least Mean Square (FLMS) algorithm for beamforming in MIMO systems to improve BER and spectral efficiency in 5G networks. The primary problem addressed is the need for effective interference mitigation and signal enhancement in densely populated environments, which traditional methods struggle to handle. The proposed method utilizes the FLMS algorithm to dynamically adjust the beamforming weights, thereby optimizing the signal reception quality. The algorithm's fractional nature allows for finer adjustments and better adaptation to varying channel conditions compared to conventional LMS algorithms. Simulation results show the efficacy of the proposed method. Specifically, the implementation of the FLMS algorithm in a 4x4 MIMO system shows a reduction in BER by 30% and an improvement in spectral efficiency by 25% compared to traditional beamforming techniques. These numerical values highlight the potential of FLMS in enhancing 5G network performance, making it a viable approach for future wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of Blockchain technologies. The types of distributed networks are defined and established as open, closed, consortium, and hybrid. Due to the variety of platforms in the Industry 4.0 society, which cannot be distinguished exactly as one type among those listed, the advantages and disadvantages of public and private networks are analyzed. Creating a real project requires compliance with various criteria. The synergism of standard and specialized environmental factors suggests difficulty in developing a techno-economic analysis for a specific task. Therefore, a SWOT analysis is proposed through which strengths and weaknesses, threats, and challenges are determined. To reduce the impact of threats and weaknesses when implementing technology in the industry, a combination of an Enterprise Resource Planning (shortly ERP) software platform and a fast data-transfer environment (such as 5G) is proposed. For this purpose, the features of the latter, which overcome threats and weaknesses, are established. It is established that the collaborative integration of technologies fosters business growth enhances economic impact, and serves as a strong foundation for long-term development across various fronts, positioning ahead of competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sustainable transport system is one which offers economical solutions and causes no/little damage to the environment. We usually categorize transport into three sections - roads, airways and water. Such systems need to be set up in order to have a transportation medium or ecosystem with minimum environmental impact. Public buses are an excellent example of sustainable road transportation. They can accommodate a large number of people economically and help ease the financial burden on individuals. Unfortunately, the majority of public buses are powered by non-renewable energy sources such as diesel. This results in the release of hazardous pollutants, leading to a degraded environment. Although the cost of using this form of transportation is relatively affordable, it nonetheless has an adverse effect on the environment. Therefore, it cannot be considered sustainable in that regard. We are constantly pushing the boundaries of innovation by introducing new technologies such as IoT, AI, Blockchain and 5G into our smart and sustainable transportation system. This way we can ensure its sustainability from all angles. The impact of transportation on our society is undeniable- both in terms of economic, social and environmental implications. To ensure a better quality of life for all, we must shift to smart and sustainable transport solutions. This research seeks to present a clever and eco-friendly transport system that brings economic and social advantages for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital transformation is taking place across all levels of governance, from small businesses to governments. If the seed of digital transformation is data, then reliable connectivity is the nourishing soil that data need to prosper. With digital transformation, billions of connections require more broadband. In response to this need, some countries are preparing national 5G strategies, as 5G technology has been identified as a significant driver of the digital economy. In this study, 16 national 5G strategies have been systematically and comprehensively analyzed, and a checklist has been developed to formulate national 5G strategies and policies. The checklist can be used by policymakers, especially in developing countries, to guide the preparation of national 5G strategies and policies. Of course, each country's national strategy will differ regarding resources, culture, etc. It is hoped that this checklist may speed up the preparation process by providing a baseline during the strategy formulation phase and make the process more efficient by incorporating lessons learned, especially for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the transmission of data at high speed, the requirement of using a larger bandwidth increases due to the rise in wireless communication technologies like smart devices, mobiles, etc. An abrupt increase in the requirement for internet data due to an increase in internet users demanded time-to-time upgrades in available techniques. A significant modernization has been done by technology in mobile and wireless communication and networking fields. Therefore, the development of mobile communication began with the First Generation (1G) and has progressed continuously to the Fifth Generation (5G). To address the weaknesses of previous generations, each successive generation has been developed with improvements. Fifth Generation (5G) is the latest technology in wireless communication cellular systems, providing the highest internet speeds to everyone, anywhere, anytime. 5G has attracted many global researchers, universities, and research institutes to invent new techniques for enhancement in channel capacity and spectrum utilization of communication systems. This paper describes the evolution of cellular networks, expectations from 5G, the challenges and advantages of 5G, and the techniques on which 5G relies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents Multiple Traffic Light Advisor (MTLA), a novel Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) system that leverages 5G communication technology. GLOSA systems are emerging as a key component in intelligent transportation systems, thanks to the development of effective communication technologies. At its core, MTLA serves as a guidance system for drivers, providing real-time instructions to adjust vehicle speed to optimize the utilization of current and future states of traffic lights along their route.The work addresses several limitations in the current state-of-the-art approaches, including the use of an overly simplified velocity profile, the omission of potential grip and jerk in problem formulation, and the absence of a detailed description of the algorithm’s implementation aspects. Initially, we comprehensively present an optimization-free implementation of the overall control architecture based on an unconventional speed profile. Subsequently, MTLA is improved within a non-linear Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework which uses the latter nonoptimal solution as an initial guess and considers potential grip and jerk in the problem formulation. The developed systems are numerically tested and compared within a high-fidelity simulation environment using the IPG CarMaker simulator. The results demonstrate promising performance in terms of energy savings, with a significant reduction of 37% in energy usage, as well as improved overall comfort with respect to the case where no guidance is given to the driver. These findings suggest a high potential for future developments in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, an eight-port antenna array is presented for 5G handheld terminals to support multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operations. The reported design involves three layers: the top contains eight circular microstrip feed elements; the middle is a low-cost FR-4 substrate, and the bottom layer is a ground plane with four etched octagonal slots. Each resonating element is fed by 50-ohm sub-miniature connectors. To mitigate the detrimental effects of mutual coupling of ports and enhance overall isolation between the adjacent microstrip-fed circular patch elements, a neutralization line is strategically implemented between the feed lines of the antenna array. The design configuration involves two elements at each vertex of the printed circuit board (PCB). The overall dimensions of the PCB are 150 × 75 mm2. Each slot and its corresponding radiating elements exhibit linear dual polarization and diverse radiation patterns. The proposed antenna design achieves the required operating bandwidth of more than 1000 MHz spanning from 3 to 4.2 GHz, effectively covering all the upper C-band frequency range of 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz allocated for 5G n77 and n78 frequency range 1 (FR1). Required port isolation and lower envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) are achieved for the band of interest. The proposed design gives a peak gain of up to 4 dB for the said band. In addition to these results, degradation in the performance of the antenna array is also investigated during different operating modes of the handheld device. Measured results from the fabricated unit cell and whole array also have a good match with simulated results. On the whole, the proposed antenna possesses the potential to be used in 5G and the open radio access network (ORAN) compliant handheld devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the auspice of further developing 5G mobile communication technology and integrating it with the latest advancements in the field of Industrial Internet-of-Things, this study conducts in-depth research and detailed analysis on the combination of 5G with industrial systems based on composite structures, communication network architectures, wireless application scenarios, and communication protocols. The status quo, development trend, and necessity of 5G mobile communication technology are explored and its potential in industrial applications is analyzed. Based on the current practical development level of 5G technology, by considering different requirements for bandwidth, real-time performance, and reliability in communication networks of industrial systems, this study proposes three feasible paths for the integration between 5G and industrial systems, including the method to use 5G in place of field buses. Finally, by introducing real-world cases, this study has successfully demonstrated the integration of 5G and industrial systems by extending 5G terminals as field bus gateways. This study provides valuable references for research and practice in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing need for higher speed data, the 5G terrestrial heterogeneous wireless network deployments are expected to happen quickly throughout the world in the next decade. In such type of networks, mm-wave small-cells overlapped the sub-6 GHz macro-cells being used to serve to population-rich areas. Subsequently, many problems appear with the antenna design technologies. The presented antenna is functioning at a frequency range from 24.8 to 31.6 GHz, with a 24% bandwidth and 8.5 dB peak gain at 27 GHz. It encompasses the complete 28 GHz frequency band utilized through 5G applications. Consequently, fifth-generation communication systems are best suited for it. The proposed Hamiltonian deep neural network optimized with pelican Optimization Algorithm-fostered Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Antenna Design for 5G (SIW-HDNN-POA-5G) is implemented, and performance of proposed technique is estimated based on several metrics, including resonant frequency (GHz), reflection coefficient (S11 in dB), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The proposed SIW-HDNN-POA-5G method provides 24.36%, 33.55% and 44.22% higher gain and 43.21%, 38.87% and 25.65% lesser mean absolute error comparing to the existing designs, like Design of Zero Clearance SIW End fire Antenna Array Based on Machine Learning-Assisted Optimization (SIW-MLAO-5G), SIW-Fed Wideband Filtering Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications (SIW-5G-MLOM), and Compact SIW Fed Dual-Port Single Element Annular Slot MIMO Antenna for 5G mm Wave Applications (SIW-FWFA-MMWA), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design of a compact dual-band antenna for 5G application is presented in this research article. The dual-band operation includes the 3.6 GHz and 5.4 GHz frequency bands of the sub-6 GHz frequency band for 5G technology. The proposed antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory antenna performance parameters. Moreover, the dual-band antenna showcases the independent tuning ability for both frequency bands. The prototype of the dual-band antenna is manufactured and when tested for various antenna performance parameters shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. The proposed dual-band antenna has compact dimensions along with a peak gain of 2.2 dB and antenna efficiency of more than 90%. The antenna performance parameters are also compared with various dual-band antenna designs from the literature. The proposed dual-band antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory performance parameters and outperforms its counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the background of the rapid development of global information technology, "5G+Artificial Intelligence" has become a key technology to promote innovation in the field of education. 5G technology has excellent network speed and connectivity, which makes large-scale online teaching and learning possible, while AI redefines the way of teaching and learning through accurate data analysis and personalized learning path design. and learning. The convergence of "5G+AI" has brought disruptive changes to traditional education and raises the important question of how to effectively integrate new technologies and educational practices to meet the needs of modern society. In this paper, we will discuss the application of "5G+Artificial Intelligence" in modern vocational education classroom teaching, analyze its potential impact on the quality, equity, and efficiency of vocational education, and how to build a more flexible and interactive learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating demand for high-quality video streaming poses a major challenge for communication networks today. Catering to these bandwidth-hungry video streaming services places a huge burden on the limited spectral resources of communication networks, limiting the resources available for other services as well. Large volumes of video traffic can lead to severe network congestion, particularly during live streaming events, which require sending the same content to a large number of users simultaneously. For such applications, multicast transmission can effectively combat network congestion while meeting the demands of all the users by serving groups of users requesting the same content over shared spectral resources. Streaming services can further benefit from multi-connectivity, which allows users to receive content from multiple base stations simultaneously. Integrating multi-connectivity within multicast streaming can improve the system resource utilization while also providing seamless connectivity to multicast users. Toward this end, this work studied the impact of using multi-connectivity (MC) alongside wireless multicast for meeting the resource requirements of video streaming. Our findings show that MC substantially enhances the performance of multicast streaming, particularly benefiting cell-edge users who often experience poor channel conditions. We especially considered the number of users that can be simultaneously served by multi-connected multicast systems. It was observed that about 60 % of the users that are left unserved under single-connectivity multicast are successfully served using the same resources by employing multi-connectivity in multicast transmissions. We prove that the optimal resource allocation problem for MC multicast is NP-hard. As a solution, we present a greedy approximation algorithm with an approximation factor of (1 − 1 / e) . Furthermore, we establish that no other polynomial-time algorithm can offer a superior approximation. To generate realistic video traffic patterns in our simulations, we made use of traces from actual videos. Our results clearly demonstrate that multi-connectivity leads to significant enhancements in the performance of multicast streaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A double-stub matching technique is used to design a dual-band monopole antenna at 28 and 38 GHz. The transmission line stubs represent the matching elements. The first matching network comprises series capacitive and inductive stubs, causing impedance matching at the 28 GHz band with a wide bandwidth. On the other hand, the second matching network has two shunt inductive stubs, generating resonance at 38 GHz. A Smith chart is utilized to predict the stub lengths. While incorporating their dimensions physically, some of the stub lengths are fine-tuned. The proposed antenna is compact with a profile of 0.75 λ 1 × 0.66 λ 1 (where λ 1 is the free-space wavelength at 28 GHz). The measured bandwidths are 27–28.75 GHz and 36.20–42.43 GHz. Although the physical series capacitance of the first matching network is a slot in the ground plane, the antenna is able to achieve a good gain of 7 dBi in both bands. The proposed antenna has a compact design, good bandwidth and gain, making it a candidate for 5G wireless applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the performance of deep neural network (DNN)-based signal detection in multiple input, multiple output (MIMO), communication systems. MIMO technology plays a critical role in achieving high data rates and improved capacity in modern wireless communication standards like 5G. However, signal detection in MIMO systems presents significant challenges due to channel complexities. This study conducts a comparative analysis of signal detection techniques within both the single input, single output (SISO), and MIMO frameworks. The analysis focuses on the entire transmission chain, encompassing transmitters, channels, and receivers. The effectiveness of three traditional methods—maximum likelihood detection (MLD), minimum mean square error (MMSE), and zero-forcing (ZF)—is meticulously evaluated alongside a novel DNN-based approach. The proposed study presents a novel DNN-based signal detection model. While this model demonstrates superior computational efficiency and symbol error rate (SER) performance compared to more conventional techniques like MLD, MMSE, and ZF in the context of a SISO system, MIMO systems face some challenges in outperforming the conventional techniques specifically in terms of computation times. This complexity of MIMO systems presents challenges that the current DNN design has yet to fully address, indicating the need for further developments in wireless communication technology. The observed performance difference between SISO and MIMO systems underscores the need for further research on the adaptability and limitations of DNN architectures in MIMO contexts. These findings pave the way for future explorations of advanced neural network architectures and algorithms specifically designed for MIMO signal-processing tasks. By overcoming the performance gap observed in this work, such advancements hold significant promise for enhancing the effectiveness of DNN-based signal detection in MIMO communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mugla Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Mugla Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) has brought forth new challenges in electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. This paper utilizes operational data from the 5G real-time system of EV and traffic platforms (5gRTS-ET) in China, encompassing 12,597,109 cases and 32,259 EVs. By employing frequency density analysis, a dynamic charging behavior model is devised to address the limitations of static models in accommodating the diverse roles of EV users. Analysis reveals distinct charging behavior preferences among three urban EV operation modes, paving the way for an adaptive model for integrating charging points into networked operations on the platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]