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The paper analyzes such anthropological concepts as “imagined” and “phantom” borders, which are well developed in western social sciences. The core of these concepts is the way of interpreting border as a part of human experience, including the traumatic historical one. According to this, the old physical boundaries do not disappear, but instead they are transformed into “imagined” borders and gain a new life in the form of everyday symbolic manifestations – stereotypes, clichés, beliefs, stigmas, othering, etc. The “phantom” borders arose in the places of old territorial divisive lines (e.g. administrative borders of the former states including great empires) that had already disappeared from the political and administrative maps due to historical changes. Although these borders are absent physically, they continue to influence both the local communities and the entire societies that were formed in the relevant territories later. The “phantom” border paradigm can serve as a useful tool while researching the interaction of time, space, and history, cultural neighborhood and inter-confessional relationships, as well as the traumatic past which is not reconciled. In general terms, the concepts of “imagined” and “phantom” borders could be the methodological basis for interpretations of local regionalism and separatist tendencies. Regarding the current social and political challenges of the Ukrainian society, the mentioned anthropological categories seem to be quite a promising research agenda to elaborate on.

In the article the author characterizes the process of evolution of family relations of the peasants of the South-Ukrainian region under the influence of modernization processes of the end of the 19th - the first quarter of the 20th century. The changes in the family relations of peasants of the end of the 19th and the first quarter of the 20th century can be traced on the base of the involvement of court cases, peasant diaries, statistical data, periodic materials and other historical sources. The author emphasizes that, despite the patriarchal nature of the state and church law, the strength of the marriage gradually began to shake from the second half of the 19th century: formed new models of social behavior of family members that were contrary to the traditionally established norms, for example, pre-marital relations, unregistered marriages, adultery, divorce of one's own accord, family conflict, extramarital children, double marriages, etc. It is explained that the transformation of views on marriage and family caused the searches of the alternative ways of self-realization for rural residents of Southern Ukraine. Revitalization of protest in the inside of peasant families against domestic violence is observed. At the end of the 19th - the first quarter of the 20th century the institution of the peasant family was subjected to transformations, which were associated with significant changes in the public understanding of the role and place of the family in the system of administrative and legal structures.

Los testimonios orales son una de las principales fuentes primarias dentro de la investigación histórico-educativa. Su interacción con el patrimonio de la escuela supone una experiencia ampliamente documentada que ayuda a conocer mejor elementos del pasado educativo, como las emociones y los olvidos. El presente artículo trata de exponer un taller llevado a cabo en el Museo/Laboratorio de Historia de la Educación “Manuel Bartolomé Cossío” de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid, España) en colaboración con el Proyecto de Innovación Docente “Tejiendo historia: la fotografía y el relato escolar como recursos para la formación histórico-educativa del alumnado de Magisterio” de la Universidad de Valladolid (Castilla y León, España), así como reflexionar sobre las posibilidades que ofrece esta experiencia en el ámbito de la didáctica universitaria., Oral testimonies are one of the main primary sources of historical-educational research. Its interaction with the heritage of the school is a widely documented experience that helps to better understand elements of the educational past such as emotions and forgetfulness. This article aims to present an activity carried out in the Museum/Laboratory of History of Education "Manuel Bartolomé Cossío" of the Complutense University of Madrid (Community of Madrid, Spain) in collaboration with the teaching innovation project "Tejiendo historia: la fotografía y el relato escolar como recursos para la formación histórico-educativa del alumnado de Magisterio” (Weaving stories: photography and the school story as resources for the educational-historical training of the teaching students) of the University of Valladolid (Castile and León, Spain), as well as reflecting on the possibilities it offers in the field of university didactics., Testemunhos orais são uma das principais fontes primárias da pesquisa histórico-educacional. Sua interação com o patrimônio da escola é uma experiência amplamente documentada que ajuda a entender melhor os elementos do passado educacional, como emoções e esquecimentos. O presente artigo propõe apresentar um workshop realizado no Museu/Laboratório de História da Educação "Manuel Bartolomé Cossío" da Universidade Complutense de Madrid (Comunidade de Madri, Espanha) em colaboração com o projeto de inovação pedagógica "Tejiendo historia: la fotografía y el relato escolar como recursos para la formación históricoeducativa del alumnado de Magisterio" (Tecendo história: a fotografia e a história da escola como recursos para a formação histórico-pedagógica dos alunos docentes) da Universidade de Valladolid (Castela e Leão, Espanha) bem como refletir sobre as possibilidades que oferece no campo da didática universitária., Les témoignages oraux sont l’une des principales sources de recherche historique et pédagogique. Son interaction avec le patrimoine de l’école est une expérience largement documentée qui aide à mieux comprendre les éléments du passé éducatif tels que les émotions et l’oubli. Cet article a pour but de présenter une activité réalisée au Musée/Laboratoire d'histoire de l'Éducation "Manuel Bartolomé Cossío" de l'Université Complutense de Madrid (Communauté de Madrid, Espagne) en collaboration avec le projet d'innovation pédagogique "Tejiendo historia: la fotografía y el relato escolar como recursos para la formación históricoeducativa del alumnado de Magisterio” (Tisser de histoire: la photographie et l'histoire de l'école comme ressources pour la formation pédagogique et historique des étudiants) de l'Université de Valladolid (Castille-et-León, Espagne), ainsi qu'une réflexion sur les possibilités offertes par la didactique universitaire., Le testimonianze orale sono una delle principali fonti di ricerca storico-educativa. La sua interazione con il patrimonio della scuola è un'esperienza ampiamente documentata che aiuta a comprendere meglio gli elementi del passato educativo, come le emozioni e l'oblio. Questo articolo cerca di presentare un seminario realizato nel Museo di Storia dell'Educazione "Manuel Bartolomé Cossío" dell'Università Complutense di Madrid (Communità di Madrid, Spagna), in collaborazione con il progetto di innovazione dell'Insegnamento “Tejiendo historia: la fotografía y el relato escolar como recursos para la formación histórico-educativa del alumnado de Magisterio” (La fotografia e la storia della scuola come risorse per la formazione storico-educativa degli studenti universitari) dell'Università di Valladolid (Castiglia e León, Spagna), e rifflettere sulle possibilità che questa sperienza offerte nell'ambito della didattica universitaria., Depto. de Estudios Educativos, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

This paper adopts a narrative approach to explore the role of tourism in mobilising political identity, focusing on international visitors to memorials associated with the Spanish Civil War. Analysis of narrative interview data found that political allegiance was an important component of personal and group identity, and it was influential in determining tourist behaviour and consumption choices. Visiting memorials stirred strong emotions. It reaffirmed political identity and was capable of reenergising political commitment. This paper marks an important contribution to knowledge on how identity shapes and is shaped by tourist activity. It also points to a disconnect between the desire of tourists to express political identity and a country's choice of how to (or not to) memorialise past events. A model is put forward to indicate how battlefield tourism can be developed in a country with a contested history., Depto. de Ciencias de la Comunicación Aplicada, Fac. de Ciencias de la Información, TRUE, pub

Este trabajo propone el refuerzo de la formación en competencias ligadas a la Historia de España e Historia Universal en el currículo formativo de los futuros egresados en el campo de la Comunicación Audiovisual ante el actual reto de la narrativa transmedia en la que la participación de los públicos se ha incrementado. Solo teniendo unos sólidos conocimientos culturales y bagaje histórico y humanístico, el nuevo egresado en Comunicación Audiovisual y Multimedia podrá dar respuesta al reto de tratar de explotar, en el sentido más económico del término, el auténtico valor y sentido de un producto de calidad, más allá de la obsesión por la perfección técnica o la innovación tecnológica., This article proposes the reinforcement of training in skills linked to the History of Spain and Universal History. Both subjects are basic in the training curriculum of future graduates in the field of Audiovisual Communication in the context of transmedia. Only having a solid cultural knowledge and historical and humanistic background, the new professionals of Audiovisual and Multimedia Communication will be able to respond to the challenge of trying to exploit, in the most economic sense of the term, the authentic value and meaning of a quality product, more beyond the obsession with technical perfection or technological innovation, Depto. de Periodismo y Nuevos Medios, Depto. de Periodismo y Comunicación Global, Fac. de Ciencias de la Información, TRUE, pub

Esta investigación parte de la invisibilidad de la mujer en la Revolución Rusa. Los documentos históricos se han centrado en los protagonistas masculinos. Sin embargo, tres mujeres lideraron un movimiento feminista, que debe ser investigado, con motivo del centenario. A través de una revisión bibliográfica, en castellano, inglés y ruso, ahondamos en la vida y trabajo de Inessa Armand (1874-1920), Aleksandra Kollontai (1872-1952), Nadiezhda Krúpskaya (1869-1939) y el Jenotdel o Departamento de Mujeres Trabajadoras y Mujeres Campesinas., This research is based on the invisibility of women in the Russian Revolution. Historical documents have focused on the male protagonists. However, three women led a feminist movement, which must be investigated, on the occasion of the centenary. Through a bibliographical revision, in Spanish, English and Russian, we delved into the life and work of Inessa Armand (1874-1920), Aleksandra Kollontai (1872-1952), Nadiezhda Krúpskaya (1869-1939) and the Jenotdel or Department of Working Women and Peasant Women, Depto. de Periodismo y Nuevos Medios, Fac. de Ciencias de la Información, TRUE, pub

The article outlines a range of scientific issues related to the implementation of the Nazi educational policy on theterritoryofUkraineduring the years of occupation. It pays attention to the activities of higher education institutions and research institutes that have not been evacuated due to both the objective and subjective factors and began to operate within the framework of the "Dnipropetrovsk" district ReichscommissariatUkraine. Leading Nazi officials viewUkraineprimarily as a source of food, raw materials, and cheap labor. During the rapid strategic offensive of the Soviet army across the front line, Nazis even abandoned the planned measures for the training of high-level specialists from the local population. The newly established high schools worked for a short-term period and almost all of them were closed after a while. Practically all educational institutions were launched to meet the need for a skilled workforce, namely: the specialists in technical, medical, pedagogical, and agricultural specialties.There were two diametrically opposite approaches to this issue among the senior Nazi officials. Thus, E. Koh rejected the need for education among the representatives of the "lower race", while his supervisor A. Rosenberg advocated a moderate approach to both the Ukrainian population as a whole and education in particular. As the result of such a principled struggle, the contradiction between the Reichsministry and the Reichscommissar of Ukraine directives occurred. The absence of a clearly defined attitude among the occupiers did not enable them to create a coherent and clear system of education. Quite often, the failure of the Third Reich bureaucratic machine to react clearly to the officials' orders has led to the unsatisfactory results in this issue. There were rare cases when the educational institutions functioned only nominally due to the lack of facilities at that severe times. The establishment of the research institutes, besides economic and scie

Relevance of the study. The establishment of the Ukrainian institutional framework for professional music education was an achievement of great significance in the national artistic development of Halychyna in the second half of the nineteenth and the twentieth century.The main objective of the study. The aim is to investigate the directions of development, stages of formation and features of the functioning of the Ukrainian institutional branch of musical education in Galicia in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Research methodology and how the study was done. The historiographical method and the method of primary sources were used to investigate the facts about music education in the relevant documents and publications. The information in various documents was analyzed by the comparative methods. Also, the historical method was used to study and reconstruct the development of Ukrainian musical-educational institutions.Results. Being developed in the context of Austro-Hungarian school system Ukrainian music education of Halychyna combined private and private-institutional educational establishments. In L’viv alone as of 1900 there were more than 30 schools funded by registered owners or by music societies, including Ukrainian ones. The political and social status of Ukrainians in Halychyna, the national composition of cities and towns, the relationship between people interested in music, traditional forms of musical education, world artistic and educational trends as well as a rich concert life were important factors in developing Ukrainian music education.Conclusions. Finally, a separate institutional branch of Ukrainian music education represented by the regional network of affiliates of the Mykola Lysenko Higher Music Institute was formed in Halychyna in the second half of the nineteenth and the early of twentieth centuries. It was based on a rather complex interaction of national traditions, the Austro-Hungarian musical-educational

In the article the features of the state policy on repatriation of the Crimean Tatars to their historical homeland in 1956-2014.The process of repatriation and attempt to create conditions for life in their historic homeland of the Crimean Tatars - a long and complicated process, the result of a long struggle of the Crimean Tatar people for their rights in the face of fierce discrimination on the part of the party and the Soviet leadership. Economic problems and inconsistent government policies have a negative impact on many aspects of resolving the repatriation after the Soviet collapse in independent Ukraine.Repatriation of deported peoples of Crimea was made possible by the liberalization of political life in the Soviet Union after Stalin's death and condemnation in 1956 deportations policy at the Twentieth Congress of the Soviet Communist Party. However, the legal framework that was established in 1956, included the release of Crimean Tatars from special settlements residence without the right to return to Crimea, without the return of seized property.Active political actions in 1967 Crimean Tatars have provided them political rehabilitation (canceled charges of "treason against the fatherland"). However, the discriminatory restrictions on returning to their historic homeland were not removed.The contents of the official of government policy towards Crimean Tatars changing only in the late 1980s. It was considered illegal and criminal repression of the peoples affected by forced deportation. To compensate for their loss of property during deportation have developed special state programs. However, spontaneous and massive return of Crimean Tatars in the early 1990s created serious social and economic difficulties. The failed coup in August 1991 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union led to the denunciation of state and inter-republican agreements on implementation of joint programs of repatriation. Ukraine and Crimea were left alone with this problem.In

The article is devoted to the research of the role and place of the Lviv garrison in the educational life of the city during the interwar period. High level of illiteracy among recruited soldiers, which in the early 1920s in places reached 70-80% prompted to the implementation of educational activities in the units of the Lviv garrison. Educational activities in the units were carried out in the form of primary soldiers' schools mainly. The program of such schools is analyzed in the article, the first class of a secondary school was tilled and it was called upon to teach a serviceman read, write in Polish and count. In addition, the article reveals problems of upbringing work in soldier's schools, which was assigned much of the time. Questions of officers' upbringing influence to recruits which was conducted by lectures and discussions and considerably contributed to polonization and assimilation citizens of national minority has been disclosed. In addition to the base knowledge in units recruits were trained to further social life, getting important social and professional skills. The garrison held a variety of both humanitarian and practical courses, which were designed to improve the professional level of servicemen, to give them a certain civilian specialty.Particular attention is paid to the network of military libraries in Lviv, which contributed to the development of education in the city. It included district and and assistant "educational" libraries for sergeants and privates.Conducted research proves high influence of educational process in garrison to general education population and a significant role of military libraries in supporting this process.

The article deals with the issues of formation and functioning of Ukrainian political parties during the national-democratic liberation struggle of 1917–1921. It outlines the main principles of their political doctrines and directions of activity, in particular, describes the party concepts of the nation and state-building of this period.

One of the World War II stages - the Red Army acquisition and occupying of Eastern Europe, particularly of Hungary is to be considered here. The features of relationships between the Red Army and local people are being analyzed through the revision of views on the Soviet troops presence outside the Soviet Union in 1944 - 1945 years. It is to be defined, based on real facts, the changing of relationships from the first meeting of the hungarians with Soviet units who entered the state territory due to military necessity and to the overall perception of the Soviet. Particularly is to be focused on Budapest inhabitants attitudes in anticipation of the new government establishment in the country. The facts of theb Red Army deviant behavior that led to negative attitudes among the local people are to be defined, and Soviet military and political leaders activities against combat crimes. It is to be defined Soviet propaganda special activities, that were aimed to win hearts and minds of the Hungarians and the correct understanding of the Soviet Union policy in the final stage of World War II. This work is to determine that Soviet propaganda campaign, which unfolded in that period, provided new Hungarian party institutions and consolidated Soviet power in Hungary. Nevertheless Hungarian citizens perceived the Red Army with cautious and fears, due to the Red Army atrocities, but prolonged foreign army occupation of the state and imposing of socialism changed the Hungarians mood to extremely negative. This finally led Hungarian residents to situation understanding, especially in comparison of occupation by Nazi and Soviet.

Este artículo forma parte de las ponencias presentadas en el I Congreso Internacional “El coleccionismo en las cortes virreinales de la casa de los Austrias en Hispanoamérica” organizado por el Museo de América y El Colegio de Michoacán de México del 7 al 10 de marzo de 2017 y dirigido por N. Sigaut y C. García Sáiz., El Galeón de Manila que unía ambas orillas del Pacífico debe ser estudiado desde una perspectiva más amplia que la meramente económica. Entre los siglos XVI y XVII esta conexión entre América y Asia además de reportar grandes beneficios a las coronas hispana y portuguesa, creó todo un circuito cultural en torno a los navíos, que incrementó la gama de objetos exclusivos y de lujo que reclamaban las élites españolas y novohispanas. De igual manera, como se analizará en las siguientes páginas, condicionó la cultura material de las misiones en las Indias orientales., The Manila Galleon that joined both shores of the Pacific must be studied from a broader perspective than merely economic. In the 16th and 17th centuries this connection between America and Asia reported great benefits to the Spanish and Portuguese crowns, and created a whole cultural circuit around the ships that increased the range of exclusive and luxury objects demanded by the Spaniards and New-Spaniard elites. Likewise, as will be discussed in the following pages, it conditioned the material culture of the missions in the East Indies., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

The formation and circumstances of Ukrainian military emigration in Germany in 1918-1939 are taken into consideration in this article. Ukrainian emigration in Germany between the wars had different origins and diverse character. By origin it can be divided into three groups. The first group consisted of Ukrainian soldiers released from German POW (prisoners of war) camps for the former Russian army, who for various reasons had not returned to Ukraine. The second one included military men of Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State and Galician Army who emigrated to Germany after the defeat of the national liberation struggle of 1917-1921. The third group contained deserters from the Polish army who did not want to serve in the hostile armed forces. The Ukrainian military emigration conventionally included former officers of the Ukrainian army, who were of German origin but born in Ukraine. They went to Austria and Germany for permanent residence, where they maintained contacts with the Ukrainian liberation movement. Former Ukrainian soldiers who lived in Danzig (Gdansk) were in close connection with emigration in Germany. In the interwar period that city had the status of "free", but it was under serious political and economic influence of Germany. In general, military emigration in Germany was not numerous and consolidated. But former Ukrainian soldiers who were there, created separate environments related to their new professional status, different political orientations or participation in military organizations. Some of them, especially officers of the Ukrainian army, rallied around Hetman Pavlo Skoropadski, dictator Ieuhen Petrushevych and Colonel Ieuhen Konovalets, in various ways, were involved in the continuation of Ukrainian national liberation struggle in exile in the interwar period.

The article analyzes the political preconditions for the establishment of the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance (UNDO), shows the characteristics of its activities, in particular its forms and methods. It defines the main directions of UNDO practical policy and the state effect of this Alliance on the history of Ukraine at the stage of its existence. Also, the investigation reflects the role and place of UNDO in the social and political life of Western Ukraine, discloses a spectrum of influences and relationships of the Alliance with other political parties and organizations of the region.

The article explores the participation of the Ukrainian Diaspora in volunteering, humanitarian, professional medical, and financial assistance. The main attention is paid to the formation and sending of humanitarian supplies to the Ukrainian army, delivery of medical equipment to the hospitals, treatment of the wounded abroad.

El noticiario cinematográfico Luce fue uno de los principales instrumentos de propaganda del fascismo. Para Mussolini el cine era el arma más fuerte, sin embargo, la eficacia de la propaganda cinematográfica sobre la población no fue según lo esperado, en especial la del cine de no ficción. Este artículo pretende valorar, a través de testimonios de historia oral, cuál fue la influencia que tuvo el noticiario cinematográfico Luce en la población italiana durante el fascismo: qué grado de veracidad se concedió a la información cinematográfica, qué noticias fueron las más reiteradas, así como qué imagen se ofreció de Italia, de su líder y hasta qué punto influyó en la mentalidad colectiva., The Luce newsreel was a fascist-pivotal propaganda instrument. Mussolini thought movies were the strongest weapon; however, the efficiency of cinematographic propaganda on people did not work as well as expected, especially nonfiction. This article intends to value, through oral testimonies, the influence of Luce newsreel on the Italian population during fascism, the degree of truth of film news, and which of those pieces of news were more repeated, as well as the influence of the Italian and its leader image on the collective mind., Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Depto. de Periodismo y Comunicación Global, Fac. de Ciencias de la Información, TRUE, pub

The article considers the fact of proclaiming the restoration of Ukrainian statehood in Lviv on the 30th of June, 1941 in light of the interpretations given to it by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Banderites). It investigates the commemorational peculiarities of celebrating the anniversaries of the Act of June 30, 1941; defines their role in forming the vision of the event of June 30, 1941 in the collective consciousness of Ukrainians as of the historical milestone that had embraced national aspirations and hopes of the Ukrainian nation.

La organización de la movilización de recursos para esta expedición anfibia no fue un problema económico, sino que estuvo determinada por los objetivos realmente perseguidos por el gobierno. El éxito de la puesta en marcha se logró por un cambio en la geoestrategia de movilización, con una fuerte concentración en el Bajo Guadalquivir, y mediante una activa intervención del gobierno en la movilización de recursos escasos y complejos, como fueron los soldados y la información. El gran potencial de movilización se logró cuando el gobierno permitió que las autoridades locales acudiesen a todos los recursos potenciales que ofrecía el “almacén andaluz”.

The present paper is based on original documentation: The letters exchanged between José Patiño, secretario de Guerra of the Spanish Monarchy, and the organizers of the important military expedition that was getting ready, in the spring of 1732, to recover the Algerian city of Oran, under the Ottoman Algerians control since 1708. This documentation is preserved at the General Archive of Simancas, in the Secretaría de Guerra Universal section. Other documents, from the Spanish National Library and other archival holdings, have also been used.The main objective of this work is to contextualize this military operation. Both the Spanish and the International historiography have just barely approached this episode. This is most probably due to the limited interest that the Maghribi space raises upon the historical research of the Spanish Empire. This space is very often considered as a peripheral territory in which the power was disputed in the first decades of the sixteenth century, when the Spanish presidiums in Northern Africa were conquered just to fall short after into a status quo of more than two centuries. This historical interpretation of the Spanish presidiums fails to explain the above mentioned reconquering expedition of Oran.The intended interpretation on this paper takes account of the Mediterranean history of the eighteen century. The main hypothesis aims to show that this expedition had political and economic motives which are essential to really understand what was at stake in the Western Mediterranean of those years. The amphibious expedition, which mobilized almost 30,000 soldiers, was not only a catholic prestige operation planned by Philip V in order to settle the new dynasty. It was also a military move aiming to weaken the commercial position of both Great Britain and France in Northern Africa. It also anticipated the Spanish intervention in Italy from 1733 onwards. Indeed, many of those who participated in the reconquering of Oran were also later, En este artículo se interpreta la reconquista de Orán en 1732 por el ejército del rey de España Felipe V teniendo en cuenta el contexto internacional y económico de la época. Se cuestionan así las conclusiones más difundidas sobre esta operación. Una de ellas es la que alude a una maniobra militar organizada para revalorizar la imagen del rey de la nueva dinastía borbónica mediante la reactivación del ideal de cruzada. Se trataría pues de un resurgimiento del arcaismo religioso con fines político-dinásticos. Aquí se defiende una visión que tiene en cuenta el equilibrio de intereses europeos en el Mediterráneo occidental, y también se sostiene que fue una de las operaciones militares más importantes del siglo XVIII hispano. Para ello, fue necesario demostrar una gran capacidad organizativa y logística que, en poco tiempo, movilizó a más de 30.000 hombres y 500 barcos. Frente a una visión arcaizante del acontecimiento militar, se apoya una interpretación más moderna de la política de España en el Magreb.

En el contexto de la Guerra de Sucesión Austríaca, la monarquía española intentó consolidar y expandir su presencia e influencia en Italia. En el verano de 1741, un ejército de campaña se preparaba para su traslado a la península italiana con la intención de enfrentarse a sardos y austriacos, contando con el apoyo de Francia. El cuerpo expedicionario, bajo el mando directo del infante don Felipe, estuvo activo desde esta fecha hasta 1748, aunque la intensidad de su actuación descendió tras la muerte del rey Felipe V en 1746. Estudiamos los costes financieros del ejército en campaña, su subdivisión por conceptos y las formas principales utilizadas para la contratación de la provisión, basándonos en las relaciones de lo satisfecho por el tesorero de la expedición Francisco de Larrea.

Reseña de la obra de Santiago GONZÁLEZ SÁNCHEZ: Las relaciones exteriores de Castilla a comienzos del siglo XV. La minoría de Juan II (1407-1420) –prólogo de Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada–, Madrid, Comité Español de Ciencias Históricas, 2013. A cargo de Carlos J. Rodríguez Casillas.

This paper is part of the debate on the revisionist politics of Philip V after the peace of Utrecht in 1713. His main objective was to regain control of the western Mediterranean waters and the Italian lands which had belonged to the Spanish crown before the war of succession, when they were transferred to Austria and Savoy.We start with the argument that it was a long-range political project, initially developed by the abbot Giulio Alberoni in 1714, who was able to combine the king's vindictive desire with the Duke of Parma's fear of losing the independence of his duchy to the Austrian expansion in Italy, for being feudatory of the emperor. After the marriage of Philip V with Elizabeth Farnese, the niece of the Duke, who passed the duchy inheritance rights to their children, the king made the project the axis of its foreign policy. For 15 years unsuccessful naval expeditions, wars and negotiations with the European powers took place.The first achievement of this policy took place in 1731 with the succession of the Infant Don Carlos to the duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Tuscany and the quartering of Spanish troops in Tuscany. This success was made possible thanks to a Spanish-English amphibious expedition, whose development and implementation we knew very little.The consulted unpublished original documentation has enabled us not only to reconstruct the development of the expedition, but to know much about the resources mobilized, like men, ships, supplies, food, money and the very important diplomatic and naval support of England. British cooperation was crucial to the success of the expedition, which consolidated the recovery of the Spanish naval power and was the determining step to recover the presence in the western Mediterranean and in Italy., La muerte sin herederos del duque de Parma en enero de 1731 precipitó la sucesión al ducado del infante Carlos de Borbón, dando un impulso definitivo a las negociaciones para la ratificación del emperador austriaco a la sucesión del infante a los ducados de Parma, Plasencia y Toscana y al acantonamiento de tropas españolas en ellos. A cambio, las potencias europeas reconocieron la Pragmática Sanción. La condición de Felipe V para suscribir el pacto fue que Inglaterra garantizara militarmente su cumplimiento. Entre septiembre y diciembre de 1731 se organizó una expedición anfibia conjunta con dos escuadras, una española y otra británica, para asegurar el acantonamiento en los ducados de la guarnición española, que significó el regreso de Felipe V a Italia.

Aunque el debate sobre la Revolución Militar, definida tiempo atrás por Geoffrey Parker, ha llenado cientos de páginas, no es el caso de las operaciones anfibias de las que, algunos autores, piensan que parecen sumidas en un verdadero “agujero negro”. Y, más concretamente, el vacío historiográfico es más que visible en la cuestión de la logística de las operaciones de desembarco. Dicho de otra forma, la importancia de los desembarcos y las operaciones combinadas reclama un papel esencial en la forma de explicar el desarrollo de la guerra a lo largo de los tiempos. Específicamente, para el caso de los siglos XVI a XVIII la acción anfibia fue el mayor descubrimiento de los imperios y las repúblicas navales de la Edad Moderna. Fueron un referente válido para conseguir el fin último del control del comercio enemigo, destacando dichas operaciones combinadas como la herramienta táctica más evidente. La oportunidad de operar sobre el territorio del rival, en determinados puntos estratégicos, permitía negar el tráfico mercante marítimo o fluvial y el tránsito de personas y mercancías por vía terrestre pero, esencialmente, destruía u obstaculizaba su acción política; lo que consolida el concepto de que la guerra anfibia se convirtió en la «quintaesencia bélica del imperialismo europeo». Hemos pretendido consolidar la idea de que la defensa del imperio se propuso desde la acción directa sobre los territorios de interés para la Monarquía. Abrimos, también, la puerta a que próximas pesquisas vayan llenando este hueco historiográfico enmarcado en el debate imperial y en el del estado fiscal-militar de España en la Edad Moderna. Ofrecemos un marco de análisis confrontando los debates abiertos respecto a las operaciones anfibias y aportando nuevas perspectivas para aclarar el papel de la guerra a partir de su relación con el estado y de la sociedad que la sostienen.

This paper analyzes an aspect of the Spanish strategy against the Argelian privateering in the period 1759-1785: the amphibious operation of July 1775 to conquest Argel. The research perspective is double: the naval view of the action by the lieutenant José de Mazarredo (1745-1812), considered by his contemporaries the best sea commander of its time, and the appraisal of the Count Fernán Núñez (1742-1795), a Spanish great military and diplomat. This big operation against the Regency of Argel had serious limitations in time and place, due to the European political, economic and technological context in this century. The proved incompetence of the Spanish high command in this action is contrasting with the military assessment of Fernán Núñez and the leadership of Mazarredo, who was the organizer of the landing and re-embarkation of the Army., En este trabajo se analiza un aspecto de la estrategia española en su lucha contra el corso argelino durante el período 1759-1785. Se trata de la frustrada operación anfibia de julio de 1775 para la conquista de Argel. La perspectiva elegida es doble: la visión naval del entonces teniente de navío José de Mazarredo (1745-1812), que sería considerado por sus contemporáneos como el mejor marino español de su tiempo, y la visión del militar y diplomático conde de Fernán Núñez (1742-1795). Una operación de esta envergadura poseía severas limitaciones en el tiempo y el espacio, dado el contexto político, económico y tecnológico europeo del siglo XVIII. La probada incompetencia del alto mando de la expedición española contrasta con la valoración militar de Fernán Núñez y el liderazgo ejercido por el joven Mazarredo, que se encargó del desembarco y reembarco del ejército.

This article is intended to determine the composition of the naval operation to the conquest of Majorca in 1715 and instructions of boarding in Barcelona, sailing and landing in the island. Finally there is a diary of an expeditionary that traveled in the fleet., El presente artículo tiene el objetivo de conocer la composición del operativo naval para la conquista de Mallorca en 1715 y las instrucciones para embarcar en Barcelona, navegar y desembarcar en la isla. Por último se añade un diario relatado por un expedicionario que viajó en la flota.

Durante las décadas finales del siglo XVII, la Italia española recibió continuos transvases de tropas ante el viraje de la política internacional de Carlos II hacia el Mediterráneo y el miedo al ataque de Francia. El objetivo de esta aportación es examinar los sistemas de transporte naval y las operaciones de enlace entre España y Milán en esta época, analizando toda su problemática, ante los importantes problemas navales del periodo. También estudiaremos los contingentes transportados, su número, procedencia y los métodos y sistemas empleados para su reclutamiento y embarque. Un transporte que se realizó tanto en navíos de la armada como en mercantes privados.

Reseña de la obra de Adrian R. BELL, Anne CURRY, Andy KING y David SIMPKIN: The Soldier in Later Medieval England, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, 318 pp., ISBN: 978-0-19-968082-5. A cargo de Ekaitz Etxeberria Gallastegui.

On the basis of historical-philosophical analysis of humanistic invariants the article presents showing peculiarities of discourse of the époque of Renaissance, New Times and Postmodernism.