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The virtualization of hardware resources like network, memory and storage are included in the core of cloud computing and are provided with the help of Virtual Machines (VM). The issues based on reliability and security reside in its acceptance in the cloud environment during the migration of VMs. VM migration highly enhanced the manageability, performance, and fault tolerance of cloud systems. Here, a set of tasks submitted by various users are arranged in the virtual cloud computing platform by using a set of VMs. Energy efficiency is effectively attained with the help of a loadbalancing strategy and it is a critical issue in the cloud environment. During the migration of VMs, providing high security is a very important task in the cloud environment. To resolve such challenges, an effective method is proposed using an optimal key-based encryption process. The main objective of this research work is to perform the VM migration and derive the multi-objective constraints with the help of hybrid heuristic improvement. The optimal VM migration is achieved by the hybrid algorithm as Improved Binary Battle Royale with Moth-flame Optimization (IBinBRMO). It can also be used to derive the multi-objective functions by some constraints like resource utilization, active servers, makespan, energy consumption, etc. After VM migration, the data transmission should take place securely between the source and destination. To secure the data, the HybridHomophorphic and Advanced Encryption Standard(HH-AES) Algorithm, where IBinBRMO optimizes the key. After optimizing the keys, the data are securely transformed along with multi-objective functions using parameters includingthe degree of modification, hiding failure rate and information preservation rate. Thus, the effectiveness is guaranteed and analyzed with other classical models. Hence, the results illustrate that the proposed work attains better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptography protects the data stored in the network from unauthorized access. It is very essential to transfer data with high security. Biometrics is a unique part of human beings and it is a widely-known person authenticator. The exchange of all medical data has been done across the globe abundantly. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm is used for high security and it is most powerful cryptographic algorithm. This algorithm is widely preferred because of its long term security and has wide range of application and protocols. Protecting data over the network has become a significant issue due to enormous exchange of sensitive information takes place. Cryptography is used for secret information transmission in various fields like hospitals, research, medical applications etc., This article is a survey of familiar encryption techniques from which researches can acquire conception of suitable techniques to be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the medical image watermarking technique is performed by using lifting wavelet transform, singular value decomposition, and Hessenberg decomposition. Multimedia security is one of the most significant concerns in the current digital era even though it is effortless to reproduce, disseminate, and modify multimedia data. Digital watermarking is a technique for shielding critical information to protect it from illegitimate duplication and distribution. The performance of the proposed scheme is checked with several wavelets. For this purpose, various wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal, and reverse biorthogonal are applied. The scaling factor plays a significant role in watermarking. So, to get the optimized scaling factor, particle swarm optimization and JAYA optimization algorithms are used. The authentication process is done by using advanced encryption standards. The performance of the proposed algorithm is checked by applying different types of attacks such as salt and pepper noise, Gaussian noise, filtering, geometrical, and compression attacks. Peak signal-to-noise ratio, normalized correlation coefficient, mean square error, and structural similarity index measurement are calculated to evaluate the resilience and indistinguishability of the proposed watermarking algorithm. The results of the proposed technique show the significant improvement in the performance and can be used to protect the critical medical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Design of high-speed encryption algorithms in 6G systems via the AESNI instruction set（Intel ?Advanced Encryption Standard AES; New Instructions Set) is extensively received attention in academic community,（e. g. ROCCA encryption algorithm). However, how to design an efficient cryptographic algorithm in the environment that does not support the AESNI instruction set appears to be one of the current research difficulties. An efficient encryption algorithm for multiple platforms（MPECA is proposed by basing on the round function of AES. More specifically, its round function use four reduced round operations of AES so that MPECA can still be implemented by using the fixslicing technique in the low-end environment where the AESNI does not support. In particular, MPECA has 32 AES operations and 128 XOR operations, which are all less than the ROCCA spent in initializing and generating tags phases. MPECA can perform efficient software implementation in high-end environments that support AESNI. Compared to ROCCA, the encryption speed of MPECA on Intel platform is increased by 3.05 times without AESNI and 30.64% under AESNI environment. Moreover, on the ARM platform, MPECA has increased encryption speed by nearly 2.37 times. In addition, the MPECA has strong security level and good resistance against the differential attacks, the integration attacks and the key recovery attacks and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight cryptographic algorithms must develop to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of the data in resource-constrained devices. Keys are vital to every cryptography algorithm because they provide randomness, complexity, unexpected nature, and robustness. A light encryption device (LED) is considered a lighter version of advanced encryption standard (AES), but it is vulnerable to related key attacks due to using the same key during the whole encryption process. This paper presents a hybrid chaotic key generator (HCKG) based on 3D Lorenz, and 2D Henon maps to generate a highly randomized key that combines with the LED to provide a high level of secure encryption on resource-constrained devices. We modified the HCKG every four rounds via simple operations to get the subkeys and XORed it with the state to increase the complexity of the ciphertext. Moreover, the HCKG with subkeys allows us to decrease the total number of LED rounds from 32 to 24 to minimize the calculation cost while maintaining a high level of security. National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) test suite proves that the proposed LED-HCKG demonstrates a high-performance increase by nearly 0.3283 higher than LED concerning data integrity and secrecy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the essential components in LoRaWAN is managing the server with all existing components, including Device Management, Data forwarding, Network security, and real-time network monitoring. It is necessary to manage the uplink and downlink of the LoRaWAN server and maintain the quality of data transmission from the LoRa end node to the LoRaWAN server. Depending on the service provider, the LoRaWAN Server provides space for payload, uplink, and downlink data. How many times in a day, week, month, or even year? This discussion depends on the LoRaWAN server provider. Some are open sources, and some provide free uplink and downlink services. Settings on the LoRaWAN Server will determine how much data will enter the server or the network size. Security is also an essential parameter, e.g., encryption or authentication, supported by the feature requirements used on the server, which will determine the type of communication that LoRa will apply, for example, multi-communication or analysis data. Centralized management, Security, scalability, and cost-effectiveness are essential parameters if LoRaWAN is managed well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential fault attack (DFA) is a distinctive methodology for acquiring the key to block ciphers, which comprises two distinct strategies: DFA on the state and DFA on the key schedule. Given the widespread adoption of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), it has emerged as a prominent target for DFA. This paper presents an efficient DFA on the AES, utilizing a two−byte fault model that induces faults at the state with discontiguous rows. The experiment demonstrates that, based on the proposed fault model, the key for AES–128, AES–192, and AES–256 can be successfully recovered by exploiting two, two, and four faults, respectively, without the need for exhaustive research. Notably, in the case of AES–256, when considering exhaustive research, two (or three) faults are needed with 232 (or 216) exhaustive searches. In comparison to the currently available DFA on the AES state, the proposed attack method shows a higher efficiency due to the reduced induced faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmable Object Interfaces are increasingly intriguing researchers because of their broader applications, especially in the medical field. In a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), for example, patients' health can be monitored using clinical nano sensors. Exchanging such sensitive data requires a high level of security and protection against attacks. To that end, the literature is rich with security schemes that include the advanced encryption standard, secure hashing algorithm, and digital signatures that aim to secure the data exchange. However, such schemes elevate the time complexity, rendering the data transmission slower. Cognitive radio technology with a medical body area network system involves communication links between WBAN gateways, server and nano sensors, which renders the entire system vulnerable to security attacks. In this paper, a novel DNA-based encryption technique is proposed to secure medical data sharing between sensing devices and central repositories. It has less computational time throughout authentication, encryption, and decryption. Our analysis of experimental attack scenarios shows that our technique is better than its counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data security is a primary concern in cloud computing as data is traveling over the internet and is originated from various sources. Encryption techniques are used to protect sensitive information from unauthenticated users, but sometimes brute force methods can identify the hidden data. To improve data privacy and authentication, we proposed a method that combines Advanced Encryption Standard and proxy re-encryption algorithm with a Honey encryption algorithm and N-th degree Truncated Polynomial Ring Unit (NTRU) or Number Theory Research Unit). Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a popular symmetric encryption method that encrypts and decrypts data using a secret key. Proxy re-encryption is a cryptographic technique that allows a third party to transform cipher texts from one key to another without seeing the plaintext. Honey encryption is a relatively new technique that adds realistic-looking but bogus data to encrypted messages, making it difficult for attackers to determine if the decrypted message is real or fake. NTRU is a cryptosystem that uses the public key on the polynomial ring. By combining these techniques, the proposed method can improve data security for outsourced data in the cloud. Unauthorized users may face challenges accessing messages that appear to be legitimate when Honey encryption is combined with Hybrid cryptography. Overall, the use of these techniques provides enhanced security and protection to the user’s data, and ensure that only authorized user can access and manipulate sensitive data, stored in the cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now‐a‐days advanced cryptographic algorithms are needed in order to improve data security and confidentiality. One such algorithm used prominently is advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm. AES is a complex algorithm with multiple rounds of processing data and occupies more space or area when implemented on hardware. Since each sub‐step of computation has a similar structure, the proposed method employs the novel idea of using the same hardware to implement the AES functionality. Hence the number of logical units occupied are leveraged. The proposed scheme, Mux‐Demux pair method (MDP), uses a mux‐demux structure. It is implemented on Virtex‐7 and ZynQ7000 FPGAs and the code is written in Verilog HDL language in the Vivado software. The proposed work when simulated on Virtex‐7 occupies an area of 1932 slices, giving an optimized throughput of 10.167 Gbps while the work simulated on ZynQ7000 occupies an area of 3253 slices, resulting in a throughput of 23.858 Gbps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this review was to examine the different biometric data encryption techniques or algorithms used in authentication for information security. Consequently, the PRISMA methodology was used to select articles in different databases during the period between 2019 and 2023. The databases used were SCOPUS, SCIELO and GOOGLE ACADEMICO, where when applying the proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria, they were considered 13 articles for this research. In this way, it was possible to notice the need to apply encryption algorithms as a form of attack prevention and aimed at meeting the objectives of information security, the most used being AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and encryption chaotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a prototype wearable Cryptographically Secure PseudoRandom Bit Generator CSPRBG (wearable CSPRBG). A vest prototype has been fabricated to which an evaluation board with a ZYBO (ZYnq BOard) Zynq Z-7010 has been mounted using tailoring technology. In this system, a seed generator and block cryptographic algorithms responsible for the generation of pseudo-random values were implemented. A microphone and an accelerometer recorded sound and acceleration during the use of the prototype vest, and these recordings were passed to the seed generator and used as entropy sources. Hardware implementations were made for several selected Block Cryptographic algorithms such as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Twofish and 3DES. The random binary values generated by the wearable CSPRBG were analyzed by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) statistical tests as well as ENT tests to evaluate their randomness, depending on the configuration of the entropy sources used. The idea of possible development of the wearable CSPRBG as a System on Chip (SoC) solution is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Internet-based interactions in contemporary culture are increasingly using confidential information thus data security is a top concern for internet users the ideal approach is to use a cryptography technique which encrypts information in a cipher transfers it over the internet and then redecrypts it to disclose the original information the area of cryptography that deals with information security also includes information transmission despite the fact that anonymity on the internet is a top concern many apps have been created and designed without making secrecy authentication and data protection their main priorities the goal is to ensure that only the authorized parties can properly interpret a message while preventing eavesdroppers from doing soon computers with enough processing power and memory our classic cryptographic approaches like Advanced Encryption Standard encryption and Rivest, Shamir, Adleman signing work well however they do not adapt well to an environment with integrated systems and wireless sensing devices thus methods for light-weight cryptography are recommended to overcome a number of problems with classical cryptography this study seeks to further the general body of knowledge in the area of classical cryptography by developing a ground-breaking hybrid approach of plaintext encryption the plaintext is first encrypted by the crypto model using the modified Vigenère cipher and then it is encrypted once more using the Extended Polybius cipher utilizing the ciphertext. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains an in-depth investigation into a modularized and parameterized AES implementation with options for the addition of many different AES optimizations. This implementation takes advantage of the low complexity and high malleability of the AES standard's hardware implementation and its ability to integrate with different block modes of operation. Through investigation of the various available optimizations and implementation methodologies, a high frequency, low power, and low area AES implementation is presented. Results are delivered in an SoC 90nm technology using a combination of multiple industry-standard tools. Results compare the different optimizations and Power, Performance, and Area (PPA) compromises available to AES hardware as well as different options for implementation configuration. This work also presents a new design optimization for AES that provides a significant decrease in the critical path of the hardware design of the operation. In addition to this, this work presents a pipelined architecture which utilizes the optimized AES core to obtain a high throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Botnet is one of main threats towards the Internet.Currently, botnets can expand to the whole world due to various types of network services, pervasive security vulnerabilities and massive deployment of networked devices, e.g., internet of things (IoT) devices.Future botnets will become more cross-platform and stealthy, which introduces severe security risks to cyberspace.Therefore, in-depth research on botnets can offer study targets to corresponding defensive studies, which is very meaningful for designing an architecture to secure the next-generation cyberspace.Hence, an HTTP-based scalable botnet framework was proposed to address the problems of compatibility, stealthiness and security.Specifically, the framework adopted a centralized controlling model.Moreover, it used the HTTP protocol as the designed botnet’s communication protocol and block encryption mechanisms based on symmetric cryptography to protect the botnet’s communication contents.Furthermore, a secure control mechanism for multi-platform botnets was designed.In particular, the proposed mechanism utilized source-level code integration and cross-compilation techniques to solve the compatibility challenge.It also introduced encrypted communication with dynamic secret keys to overcome the drawbacks of network traffic regularity and ease of analysis in traditional botnets.Moreover, it designed server migration and reconnection mechanisms to address the weakness of single-point-failure in centralized botnet models.Simulation results in three experimental scenarios with different levels of botnet controllability show that there is a linear relationship between the size of a botnet and the service overhead of the related C＆amp;C servers.In addition, under the condition of the same botnet scale, a higher level of controllability introduces a higher throughput and a greater system overhead.The above results demonstrate the effectiveness and the practical feasibility of the proposed method.

Dynamic and flexible computing resources are offered by cloud computing (CC), which has gained popularity as a computing technology. Efficient task scheduling (TS) plays a critical role in CC by optimizing the distribution of tasks across available resources to achieve maximum performance. The allocation of computational tasks in a cloud environment is a complicated process that is affected by multiple factors, such as available network bandwidth, make span, and cost considerations. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize available bandwidth for efficient TS in CC. In the present research, a novel pelican-based approach is introduced to optimize TS in the CC environment. The newly developed method also utilizes a security approach called Polymorphic Advanced Encryption Standard (P-AES) to encode cloud information during scheduling. The study evaluates the proposed algorithm’s performance in terms of the make span, resource utilization, cost, response time, throughput, latency, execution time, speed, and bandwidth utilization. The simulation is carried out using the Python tool, and it effectively handles a wide range of tasks from 1000 to 5000. The proposed algorithm offers a new perspective on utilizing pelican algorithms to optimize task scheduling in CC. The hybrid optimization enables the proposed algorithm to provide efficient task scheduling by exploiting the strengths of entire algorithms. The proposed approach offers an innovative solution to the challenges of scheduling tasks in cloud environments and provides a more effective and secure way of optimizing cloud services. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into task scheduling optimization in CC and offers an effective approach for enhancing the performance of CC services.

Personal Medical Records (PMR) manage an individual’s medical information in digital form and allow patients to view their medical information and doctors to diagnose diseases. Today’s institution-dependent centralized storage, fails to give trustworthy, secure, reliable, and traceable patient controls. This leads to a serious disadvantage in diagnosing and preventing diseases. The proposed blockchain technique forms a secured network between doctors of the same specialization for gathering opinions on a particular diagnosis by sharing the PMR with consent to provide better care to patients. To finalize the disease prediction, members can approve the diagnosis. The smart contract access control allows doctors to view and access the PMR. The scalability issue is resolved by the Huffman code data compression technique, and security of the PMR is achieved by an advanced encryption standard. The proposed techniques’ requirements, latency time, compression ratio and security analysis have been compared with existing techniques.

In photonic computing, the quantum systems consist of coherent states and squeezed coherent states. Common quantum gates found in these systems are: phase shift, displacement, and squeezing gates. These gates are all unitary and reversible. Outside of quantum systems, coherent states also plays a significant role in coherent optical communications with speeds of hundreds of gigabits per second. Secure optical communications is generally implemented at the data layer with classical symmetric encryption such as Advanced Standard Encryption or AES. This inevitably allows any wiretapping to capture the transmitted data either in the plaintext mode or in the encrypted ciphertext mode in the optical infrastructure. The recent and rapid developments in Quantum computing further lift up the need for quantum secure communications in the optical infrastructure. This paper proposes a novel quantum encryption in the coherent optical domain utilizing a displacement operator and implementing with IQ-MZM optical modules, called Quantum Encryption in Phase Space or QEPS. The communication peers share a secret used to seed cryptographic pseudo random number generators to produce a synchronized random number at both the transmitter and receiver. The synchronized random numbers are used to establish displacement operators to encrypt the coherent states at the transmission and decrypt the cipher coherent states at the receiver. Therefore, malicious parties tapping along the fibre line would not extract the message in transit from optical domain due to a high Bit Error Rate or BER. The optimal displacement operator is split into a standard 16-QAM and a random phase shift operator to enhance the transmission security. We analysis the transmission security with the wiretap channel model for semantic security. We have simulated the QEPS encryption and decryption for two data modulation schemes: QPSK and 16-QAM over 80 km for transmission speeds of 56 Gbps for QPSK and 112 Gbps for 16-QAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest version of ZigBee offers improvements in various aspects, including its low power consumption, flexibility, and cost-effective deployment. However, the challenges persist, as the upgraded protocol continues to suffer from a wide range of security weaknesses. Constrained wireless sensor network devices cannot use standard security protocols such as asymmetric cryptography mechanisms, which are resource-intensive and unsuitable for wireless sensor networks. ZigBee uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which is the best recommended symmetric key block cipher for securing data of sensitive networks and applications. However, AES is expected to be vulnerable to some attacks in the near future. Moreover, symmetric cryptosystems have key management and authentication issues. To address these concerns in wireless sensor networks, particularly in ZigBee communications, in this paper, we propose a mutual authentication scheme that can dynamically update the secret key value of device-to-trust center (D2TC) and device-to-device (D2D) communications. In addition, the suggested solution improves the cryptographic strength of ZigBee communications by improving the encryption process of a regular AES without the need for asymmetric cryptography. To achieve that, we use a secure one-way hash function operation when D2TC and D2D mutually authenticate each other, along with bitwise exclusive OR operations to enhance cryptography. Once authentication is accomplished, the ZigBee-based participants can mutually agree upon a shared session key and exchange a secure value. This secure value is then integrated with the sensed data from the devices and utilized as input for regular AES encryption. By adopting this technique, the encrypted data gains robust protection against potential cryptanalysis attacks. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted to illustrate how the proposed scheme effectively maintains efficiency in comparison to eight competitive schemes. This analysis evaluates the scheme's performance across various factors, including security features, communication, and computational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for a secured web storage system is increasing daily for its reliability which ensures data privacy and confidentiality. The proposed paper aims to find the most secure ways to maintain integrity and protect privacy and security in healthcare management systems. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is used to encrypt data transferred by providing a means to check the integrity of information transmitted and make it more immune to cyberattack techniques, this was implemented by using Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) and Secured Hash Algorithm-256 (SHA-256). The risk of exposure to attackers can be avoided by using honeypot systems combined with Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) as a firewall system is not effective against such attacks alone. The experimental results evaluate the proposed security health information management system by comparing the performance of the encryption algorithm based on encryption time, memory and CPU usage, and entropy for different plaintext lengths. In addition, it can be seen that when changing the AES key size, more memory and time are required the longer the key size is used. The 128 bits AES key is therefore advised if the system must operate in hard real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely utilized in a variety of applications. Attackers might interfere with equipment, and eavesdrop on conversations. Attackers can also modify the data which has been communicated or connect unauthorized devices to the network if such devices are deployed in the physical environment. To ensure WSN security, messages exchanged between communicating nodes must be encrypted, and for encryption and decryption, the network must store a key. Consequently, Key management is of significant importance in achieving security in WSN. Obtaining such a key arrangement in a resource-constrained environment is required for secure and energy-efficient data transmission in WSN. Current algorithms have certain security issues, such as vulnerability to plaintext attacks, brute force attacks, side-channel attacks, and computational complexity. Cryptography along with clustering has been found to be a practical and efficient technique to improve the secure and energy-efficient data transmission in WSNs. In this article we have used an asymmetric Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) method for key generation whereas encryption and decryption of data, has been done by a hybrid of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ECC cryptography A novel algorithm has been developed that incorporates both techniques (Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ECC cryptography) along with clustering through standard LEACH protocol for improving energy efficiency, data security, and network lifetime. The proposed algorithm has been able to overcome the issue of key exchange that plagues AES, simpler than ECC and more reliable than AES. More significantly, it is able to encounter a variety of security threats including side-channel attacks. The proposed algorithm is better and has been compared to current techniques with respect to time complexity, encryption time and decryption time to demonstrate its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning techniques, especially deep learning, are playing an increasingly important role in our lives. Deep learning uses different models to extract information from the data. They have already had a huge impact in areas such as health (i.e., cancer diagnosis), self-driving cars, speech recognition, and data encryption. Recently, deep learning models, including convolutional neural networks (CNN), have been proven to be more effective in the security field. Moreover, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recommends the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm as the most often utilized encryption method in several security applications. In this paper, a crypt-intelligent system (CIS) capable of securing data is proposed. It is based on the combination of the performance of CNN with the AES, by substituting the key expansion unit of AES with a CNN architecture that performs the key generation. Our CIS is described using very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL), simulated by ModelSim, synthesized, and implemented with Xilinx ISE 14.7. Finally, the Airtex-7 series XC7A100T device has achieved an encryption throughput of 965.88 Mbps. In addition, the CIS offers a high degree of flexibility and is supported by reconfigurability, based on the experimental results, if sufficient resources are available, the architecture can provide performance that can satisfy cryptographic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern era, Cloud Platforms are the most needed port to maintain documents remotely with proper security norms. The concept of cloud environments is similar to the network channel. Still, the Cloud is considered the refined form of network, in which the data can easily be stored into the server without any range restrictions. The data maintained into the remote server needs a high-security feature, and the processing power of data should be high to retrieve the data back from the respective server. In the past, there were several security schemes available to protect the remote cloud server reasonably. However, the attack possibilities over the cloud platform remain; only all the researchers continuously work on this platform without any delay. This paper introduces a hybrid data security scheme called the Improved Attribute-Based Encryption Scheme (IABES). This IABES combines two powerful data security algorithms: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) algorithm. These two algorithms are combined to provide massive support to the proposed approach of data maintenance over the remote cloud server with high-end security norms. This hybrid data security algorithm assures the data cannot be attacked over the server by the attacker or intruder in any case because of its robustness. The essential generation process generates a credential for the users. It cannot be identified or visible to anyone as well as the generated certificates cannot be extracted even if the corresponding user forgets the credentials. The only way to get back the certification is resetting the credential. The obtained results prove the accuracy level of the proposed cypher security schemes compared with the regular cloud security management scheme, and the proposed algorithm essential generation process is unique. No one can guess or acquire it. Even the person may be the service provider or server administrator. For all, the proposed system assures data maintenance over the cloud platform with a high level of security and robustness in Quality of Service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum computing is currently being researched in many countries, and if implemented in the near future, it may pose a threat to existing encryption standards. In the quantum computer environment, asymmetric encryption can be solved by Shor's Algorithm in polynomial time, and the difficulty of breaking symmetric encryption using brute force is reduced from N times to square root N times by Grover's Algorithm. We take the Advanced Encryption Standard as the theme and increase the key length from the original standard 192 bits and 256 bits to 384 bits and 512 bits, respectively, in order to maintain the security level of AES 192/256 under the environment of quantum computing, so we propose the key schedule of AES 384/512, and write the software in C++ on FPGA. The experimental results show that our scheme can achieve Level III and Level V security levels in a quantum computer attack environment. In addition to increasing the length of the key, we use the LUT method in the process of writing SubBytes to replace the array and speed up the computation to optimize the execution speed. In addition, the proposed scheme is still based on 128-bit computing blocks, rather than computing blocks in larger blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Technology is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Technology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The need of keeping medical information safe and secure stems from the fact that doctors rely on it to make accurate diagnoses. If this information is altered in any way, no matter how minor, there is a risk of an inaccurate diagnosis, which could result in severe medical issues and death. The transition from paper to electronic health records (EHRs) has considerably improved patient care quality and efficiency. However, for many healthcare service providers, it has extended the attack surface. Because of the value of a patient's medical information, this has posed a threat to both patients and healthcare providers. When security is not taken into account in healthcare systems, patients' privacy is jeopardized. The intended solution to this challenge is to create a modified AES algorithm to secure patient medical information. Although, the AES algorithm is secure, however, there is always a need for improvement on any cryptographic algorithms in terms of computational cost. This study implements AES and modified the last round of the AES and their performance has been measured by scrambling input datasets of various contents and volumes. The experimental results show that modified AES outperforms AES algorithms in terms of Encryption time while AES outperform modified AES in terms of decryption time. Also, the Avalanche effect results revealed that modified AES has a higher avalanche effect for small-size files while a smaller avalanche effect for larger file sizes. This signifies that modified AES security is stronger for a small size file while conventional AES has higher security for larger file sizes. The average encryption time of the AES algorithm for text files is 1513.3ms while the modified AES average encryption time gives 1293.837ms. The average decryption time for conventional AES is 1289.627ms while the average decryption time for modified AES give 1400.136ms. Modified AES uses lesser time complexity during the encryption of all categories of data files while conventional AES uses lesser time complexity during the decryption of all categories of data files. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fog computing network plays a significant role in enhancing the communication between the end users and the cloud server accompanying high security. The quality of service of the systems could be greatly enhanced by these fog computing technologies that provide high computation capability, storage and enhanced network connectivity. The transmission of data through this technology is highly vulnerable to various threatening especially medical data are highly vulnerable due to their sensitivity. In this research, a trust based fog computing authentication model is enabled for assuring the security of the data transmission. The proposed model is executed in five different phases that includes setup phase, user registration phase, Fog node registration phase, login phase and authentication phase and each phase performs a specific function to improve the security. In each phase the data are transmitted in the encrypted form that is performed using the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm that ensured the security of the data and this algorithm could be enabled to both public and private sectors. In every phase the data are authenticated and the users are validated for the proceeding of authentication and this authorized access enhances the security level of the systems. The efficiency of the proposed trust based fog computing authentication model is proved by measuring the parameters detection rate, computation time, storage capability, vulnerability rate and privacy ratio that attained the improvement of 5% in detection rate, 42% in computational time, 31.51% memory usage, 82.41% vulnerability rate and 27.53% privacy ratio that shows the superiority of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing has gained great attention among the individual user and the organization. Transitioning to the cloud platform is not simple as it involves various cybersecurity and operational issues. Due to a large amount of data storage in the cloud, ensuring the security of the data outsourced in the cloud is highly important. A Key Management System (KMS) is a secure data protection method that is commonly used in e-healthcare information systems, information security (confidentiality, integrity, authenticity), large-scale organizations, architecture security, sensor security, identity management, access control (privacy preservation), identity proofing (authentication), and legal issues. Because this approach allows the secret key information to be exchanged safely, the security level may be guaranteed to be high. Using a random prime number, a master secret key, and a parameter value, one can generate a secure key that is difficult for hackers to break. Secure data transfer with exact and consistent authentication is the goal of this new approach. This research focuses on the development of secure secret key creation and the improvement in secure key sharing. To generate the key (in the form of a QR code), we have used an asymmetric Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) method, whereas encryption and decryption of data have been done by a hybrid of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and ECC cryptography. The hybrid ECC-AES model was found to take less amount of time than the AES model and other existing models. Current algorithms have certain security issues, such as vulnerability to plaintext attacks, brute force attacks, side-channel attacks, and computational complexity. The proposed algorithm has been able to overcome the issue of key exchange that plagues AES, simpler than ECC and more reliable than AES. As a result, KMS has been designed to provide high levels of security for healthcare information. We have proposed a Hybrid Cryptographic Approach to enhance the Mode of Key Management System (HCA-KMS) in a Cloud Environment based on authenticated encryption with AES and ECC. The proposed algorithm has been compared to existing methods concerning confidentiality, integrity, time complexity, storage overhead, resource utilization, security, and log time to demonstrate its efficacy. The proposed HCA-KMS has time complexity, encryption time (O (n)), and decryption time (O (logn)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many military and business documents such as memorandums, invoices, medical records and bills among others are transmitted over the network in the form of images. These scanned document images may contain some private information that must not be accessed by third party or unauthorized users. Most of the encryption techniques encrypt the complete image but only parts of it require protection, which increases the computational and overhead communication cost. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique for selective multi-modal text recognition and encryption in scanned document images to overcome the issue of security and efficiency. Maximally stable extremal regions (MSER) are used in combination with two filtering techniques to automatically detect regions of interest (ROI) that contain text. Proposed technique combines optical character recognition (OCR) and natural language processing (NLP) in text recognition thus taking advantage of different modalities of data. Multi-modal recognized text is then encrypted using advanced encryption standard in cipher-block chaining mode (AES-CBC) and hybrid chaotic map. Simulation results illustrate the reliability and efficiency of proposed encryption scheme based on ROI. Moreover, security analysis exhibits the robustness of proposed encryption technique against linear and differential cryptographic attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Privacy preservation (PP) in Digital forensics (DF) is a conflicted and non-trivial issue. Existing solutions use the searchable encryption concept and, as a result, are not efficient and support only a keyword search. Moreover, the collected forensic data cannot be analyzed using existing well-known digital tools. This research paper first investigates the lawful requirements for PP in DF based on the organization for economic co-operation and development OECB) privacy guidelines. To have an efficient investigation process and meet the increased volume of data, the presented framework is designed based on the selective imaging concept and advanced encryption standard (AES). The proposed framework has two main modules, namely Selective Imaging Module (SIM) and Selective Analysis Module (SAM). The SIM and SAM modules are implemented based on advanced forensic format 4 (AFF4) and SleuthKit open source forensics frameworks, respectively, and, accordingly, the proposed framework is evaluated in a forensically sound manner. The evaluation result is compared with other relevant works and, as a result, the proposed solution provides a privacy-preserving, efficient forensic imaging and analysis process while having also sufficient methods. Moreover, the AFF4 forensic image, produced by the SIM module, can be analyzed not only by SAM, but also by other well-known analysis tools available on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a cryptographic encryption standard is proposed whose model is same as presented in Rijndael Algorithm by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. The modification lies in the design of the Cipher, we have used inverse property (IP) loop instead of Extended Binary Galois Field (GF). The proposed mathematical structure is superior to GF in terms of complexity and has the ability to create arbitrary randomness due to a larger key space. Moreover, IP loop are non-isomorphic and have more than one Cayley table representation as compared to GF. This in result confirms the resistance against cryptanalytic attacks specifically on mathematical structures. The complete description of S-box, encryption and decryption of this cryptographic scheme is measured and evaluated critically to substantiate its multimedia applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, high-resolution images pose several challenges in the context of image encryption. The encryption of huge images’ file sizes requires high computational resources. Traditional encryption techniques like, Data Encryption Standard (DES), and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) are not only inefficient, but also less secure. Due to characteristics of chaos theory, such as periodicity, sensitivity to initial conditions and control parameters, and unpredictability. Hence, the characteristics of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), such as vast parallelism and large storage capacity, make it a promising field. This paper presents an efficient color image encryption method utilizing DNA encoding with two types of hyper-chaotic maps. The proposed encryption method comprises three steps. The first step initializes the conditions for generating Lorenz and Rossler hyper-chaotic maps using a plain image Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256/384). The second step performs a confusion procedure by scrambling the three components of the image (red, green, and blue) using Lorenz hyper-chaotic sequences. Finally, the third step combines three approaches to encrypt the scrambled components for diffusion: DNA encoding/decoding, addition operation between components, and XORing with Rossler hyper-chaotic sequences. The simulation results indicate that the suggested encryption algorithm satisfies the requirements of security. The entropy value of confusion and diffusion is 7.997, the key space is 2200, and the correlation coefficient is nearly zero. The efficacy of the proposed method has been verified through numerous evaluations, and the results show its resistance and effectiveness against several attacks, like statistical and brute-force attacks. Finally, the devised algorithm vanquishes other relevant color image encryption algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a well-known, extensively used, broadly studied, and industry-standard symmetric key-based block cipher. Hence cryptanalysis of AES is a felicitous job for the cryptography researchers. Impossible differential cryptanalysis (IDC) is a powerful attack technique on symmetric-key ciphers. In this paper, we report a cluster-based parallel attack to retrieve the full key for all versions of five-round AES (128, 192, 256) and partial key recovery of six-round AES (192, 256) using IDC. The full key of AES-128 can be determined in only 6.5 min. To recover the full key of five-round AES-192/256, a total of 10 minutes is required. Next we find the second round key of six-round AES-(192, 256). It takes a total of 12.5 min. To the best of our knowledge, our results outperformed the existing best results with respect to timing and as well as the success probability for the full/partial key recovery of five/six rounds of AES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D is an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)-like cipher employed 3D structure proposed in 2008. The main innovation of 3D is the multi-dimensional state, generalizing the design of Rijndael and allowing block sizes beyond the 256-bit boundary. Saturnin, a lightweight block cipher has been selected as a second-round candidate in the National Institute of Standards and Technology standardization for lightweight cryptography. It also employs a 3D structure and provides high security against quantum and classic attacks. The exchange-equivalence attacks proposed by Bardeh and Rønjom consider how quadruples of plaintexts confirm distinguishable properties for AES. It is similar to the principle of yoyo attack, but it can find a longer number of rounds of distinguisher. In this paper, we investigate the exchange-equivalence attack on 3D and yoyo attack on Saturnin. Our new results turn out to be the first secret-key chosen plaintext distinguisher for 10-round 3D. The complexity of the distinguisher is about |$2^{364.2}$| in terms of data, memory and computational complexity. For Saturnin, we propose the first six-super-round impossible differential yoyo attack, which is suitable for the two-S-layer version. Compared with the previous impossible differential attacks in the design report of Saturnin, the attacks presented here are the best in terms of the complexity under the chosen-plaintext scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate state exposure threats to long-lived instant messaging sessions, ratcheting was introduced, which is used in practice in protocols like Signal. However, existing ratcheting protocols generally come with a high cost. Recently, Caforio et al. proposed pragmatic constructions, which compose a weakly secure 'light' protocol and a strongly secure 'heavy' protocol, in order to achieve so-called ratcheting on-demand. The light protocol they proposed has still a high complexity. In this paper, we propose the lightest possible protocol we could imagine, which essentially encrypts and then hashes the secret key. We prove it secure in the standard model by introducing a new security notion, which relates symmetric encryption with key updates by hashing. Our protocol composes well with the generic transformation techniques by Caforio et al. to offer high security and performance at the same time. In a second step, we propose another protocol based on a newly defined integrated primitive, extending standard one-time authenticated encryption with an additional output block used as a secret key for the next message. We instantiate this primitive firstly from any authenticated encryption with associated data, and then we propose an efficient instantiation using advanced encryption standard (AES) encryption to update the key and AES-Galois/Counter mode of operation to encrypt and decrypt messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacement of physical labor and repetitive tasks by the agents is an attractive issue in the Smart Environment (SE). SE is distinguished by its ability to be controlled from a distance, to facilitate the connection between devices through middleware, to gather and share data from sensors, to improve the intelligence of devices, and to make decisions. To be effective, SE design must make use of information and networks that already exist in the actual world. Effective SE design is complicated by several difficulties, including monitoring, data collecting, assessment, evaluation, prediction of important data, and meaningful presentation. For SE, the most important step is gathering information from a variety of sensors in various locations. Wireless sensor networks provide an underlying architecture for the coordinated collection of data from many sensors that have common characteristics (WSN). An essential aspect of sensor networks is their inability to function in the currently complicated environment for wireless network security. In the realm of remote sensor businesses, cryptology is an essential part of safety measures. Several of the prevalent cryptographic methods have significant flaws that prevent them from being fully reliable. In this paper, we provide a unified, three-stage cryptographic procedure that combines public-key and secret-key techniques for maximum security. Due to consideration of Public-key management and high degree of security, Rijndael Encryption Approach (REA), Horst Feistel's Encryption Approach (HFEA), and the more sophisticated Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (e-RSA). Time spent in both execution and decoding of the suggested approach was utilized to rank the quality of displays. The suggested set of rules uses a single evaluation boundary or computation time, which is different from the methodologies used before. Low Encryption Time (LET) and Low Unscrambling Time (LDT) values of 1.12 and 1.26 were observed on texts ranging in size from 6 to 184 MB, respectively. Comparisons show that the suggested hybrid form is 2.9% more efficient than AES+RSA, 1.36 times more efficient than ECC+RSA+MD-5, 1.36 times more efficient than AES+ECC, and 1.36 times more efficient than AES+ECC+RSA+MD-5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, security is significant for individuals and organizations. All information need security to prevent theft, leakage, alteration. Security must be guaranteed by applying some or combining cryptography algorithms to the information. Encipherment is the method that changes plaintext to a secure form called cipherment. Encipherment includes diverse types, such as symmetric and asymmetric encipherment. This study proposes an improved version of the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm called optimized advanced encryption standard (OAES). The OAES algorithm utilizes sine map and random number to generate a new key to enhance the complexity of the generated key. Thereafter, multiplication operation was performed on the original text, thereby creating a random matrix (4×4) before the five stages of the coding cycles. A random substitution-box (S-Box) was utilized instead of a fixed S-Box. Finally, we utilized the eXclusive OR (XOR) operation with digit 255, also with the key that was generated last. This research compared the features of the AES and OAES algorithms, particularly the extent of complexity, key size, and number of rounds. The OAES algorithm can enhance complexity of encryption and decryption by using random values, random S-Box, and chaotic maps, thereby resulting in difficulty guessing the original text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the security of images or information is very important. This paper introduces a proposed hybrid watermarking and encryption technique for increasing medical image security. First, the secret medical image is encrypted using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. Then, the secret report of the patient is embedded into the encrypted secret medical image with the Least Significant Bit (LSB) watermarking algorithm. After that, the encrypted secret medical image with the secret report is concealed in a cover medical image, using Kekre's Median Codebook Generation (KMCG) algorithm. Afterwards, the stegoimage obtained is split into 16 parts. Finally, it is sent to the receiver. We adopt this strategy to send the secret medical image and report over a network securely. The proposed technique is assessed with different encryption quality metrics including Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Correlation Coefficient (Cr), Feature Similarity Index Metric (FSIM), and Structural Similarity Index Metric (SSIM). Histogram estimation is used to confirm the matching between the secret medical image before and after transmission. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique achieves good performance with high quality of the received medical image and clear image details in a very short processing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Securing digital data from unauthorized access throughout its entire lifecycle has been always a critical concern. A robust data security system should protect the information assets of any organization against cybercriminal activities. The Twofish algorithm is one of the well-known symmetric key block cipher cryptographic algorithms and has been known for its rapid convergence. But when it comes to security, it is not the preferred cryptographic algorithm to use compared to other algorithms that have shown better security. Many applications and social platforms have adopted other symmetric key block cipher cryptographic algorithms such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm to construct their main security wall. In this paper, a new modification for the original Twofish algorithm is proposed to strengthen its security and to take advantage of its fast convergence. The new algorithm has been named Split-n-Swap (SnS). Performance analysis of the new modification algorithm has been performed using different measurement metrics. The experimental results show that the complexity of the SnS algorithm exceeds that of the original Twofish algorithm while maintaining reasonable values for encryption and decryption times as well as memory utilization. A detailed analysis is given with the strength and limitation aspects of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]