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A sustainable solution to provide fresh drinking water was studied in this paper. A very small batch-ED (electrodialysis) unit fed by a PV (photovoltaic) array was tested to desalt brackish water. The main novelty in the PV generator proposal is its flexibility to change the operating conditions by changing the number of connected cells. The ED unit could also be connected to the grid by means of a controlled rectified. First, the ED-stack model was implemented and experimentally validated. Then, several analyses of the main features of the on-grid and the off-grid connection were performed to further optimize both energy supplies. Very competitive SEC (specific energy consumption) was obtained for brackish water solutions of about 3000 ppm: 1 kWh/m3. An alternative solution to the point of MPPT (maximum power point tracker) was presented here to operate the PV array. Thus, ED–PV combination could not only suppose a clean but also a low maintenance water source for arid and isolated areas in the next future.

The Physical Hydronomics (PH) methodology is a tool to properly calculate restoration cost of water resources (regarding to quality degradation of water as well as water quantity losses) in the framework of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. It is based on the exergy, a thermodynamic property that can be understood as the minimum energy needed to restore a resource from its reference environment. An opportunity that methodology brings up is the development of River exergy profiles which can be represented along the length of the river, for different periods and degradation statuses. Focusing on the Water Framework Directive milestones, the most relevant contribution which is presented here is the assessment of restoration cost among diverse water polluters from physicochemical parameters of the river. The case study which is developed is the Ebro basin, a very representative Mediterranean river in Spain. Figures shown that quality restoration costs, found in the agriculture user resulted to be the...

Esta obra a través de la confrontación de aspectos teóricos y evidencias empíricas, examina sí las estrategias implementadas para combatir el tráfico de drogas en países como Brasil, Colombia y México han sido las más convenientes, y a su vez, evidencia los desafíos y problemáticas que han surgido en la lucha contra este fenómeno. Además, analiza las características geográficas, históricas y económicas que posibilitan que el narcotráfico permanezca en estos territorios y advierte sobre las formas como el tráfico de drogas ha penetrado y permeado a las poblaciones y autoridades de estos países latinoamericanos.

La participación de las familias en los centros escolares beneficia al alumnado, a las familias y a la institución escolar. Sin embargo, existen condicionantes que dificultan esta participación y que conviene analizar para sugerir estrategias de actuación. Este es el objetivo de este estudio, en el que han participado 880 padres y madres españoles con hijos escolarizados en 2° y 4° de la enseñanza secundaria obligatoria cumplimentando la Escala de Relaciones de Confianza entre la Familia y el Centro Escolar (adaptado por Martínez-González, 1996). Los resultados obtenidos tras realizar contrastes de grupos considerando el género, edad, nivel de estudios y situación laboral de los progenitores indican que las mayores dificultades de participación se deben al horario laboral (padres) y a la crianza de los hijos (madres). Se requieren estrategias de conciliación de la vida laboral y familiar, así como adecuar los horarios de los centros para posibilitar la participación familiar. Parental involvement in schools is positive for the students, their families and the schools themselves. However, there are circumstances that make it difficult for parents to participate, and which deserve attention in order to promote intervention measures to this regard. This is the objective of this study, in which 880 Spanish fathers and mothers with children enrolled in the 2nd and 4th grade of compulsory secondary school filled in the Family-School Relationship Trust Scale (adapted by Martínez-González, 1996). The results obtained after performing group comparisons taking into account the gender, age, level of literacy and work circumstances of the parents, show that the main difficulties to participate come from work timetable (fathers) and children's upbringing (mothers). Thus, work and family life conciliation measures are needed as well as adapting the school timetable to the parents' possibilities to participate.

In this paper, the results of the complete life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis of the water cycle in two Spanish urban areas are presented. First case study was Zaragoza city (700,000 inhabitants), with enough surface water resources for drinking purpose. Second case was the Mancomunidad del Sureste, a highly populated and touristic area in a water-scarce island (Gran Canaria). Main objective of the paper was to show, from an environmental global perspective, which was the relative pollutant weights of the diverse water cycle stages in an urban area, in order to put the efforts in reducing the environmental penalties associated to the water cycle. Results showed that environmental load associated to energy consumed in dwelling uses (to produce hot sanitary water) exceeded by far the environmental impact provoked by water cycle infrastructures (water treatment plants, water supply and drainage networks, and wastewater treatment plants). Additionally, it is very important to remark that new water ...

This paper presents a two-steps optimization procedure of a polygeneration unit. The unit simultaneously provides power, heat, cooling and fresh water to a Spanish tourist resort (450 rooms). The first step consist on the synthesis and design of the polygeneration scheme: a “superstructure” was constructed to allow the selection of the appropriate choice and size of the plant components, from both economic and environmental considerations. At that first step, only monthly averaged requirements are considered. The second step includes hourly data and analysis as well as energy storage systems. A detailed modelling of pre-selected devices is then required to also fulfil economic and environmental constraints. As a result, a better performance is obtained compared to the first step. Thus, the two-steps procedure explained here permits the complete design and operation of a decentralized plant producing simultaneously energy (power, heat and cooling) but also desalted water (that is, trigeneration + desalination). Remarkable benefits for the analyzed case study are found: a Net Present Value of almost 300,000 €, a primary energy saving ratio of about 18% and more than 850 ton per year of avoided CO2 emissions.

Flat roofs present a large potential of suitable areas for installation of PV (photovoltaic) plants. Flat roof PV installations have the advantage of being able to be optimally positioned with support structures, and the inclination angle can be adjusted. Due to the important technological development existing in the PV sector, there are different PV technologies in the market, whose energy and economic features substantially differ. This paper describes some useful parameters to assess the technology and distribution of modules to be installed in flat roofs and terraces of buildings. The effect on the energy parameters of the modules tilt and disposition is analyzed in a case study, considering different technologies.

In this paper, the European Union's Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) that is intended to foster protection of water resources is examined, focusing on the improvement of ecological and chemical quality of surface and groundwater. The WFD includes the concept of full cost recovery (FCR) in accordance with the Polluter-Pays Principle, as one of the tools of an adequate and sustainable water resource management system. The WFD defines three different costs associated with water: resource costs (RC), financial costs (FC), and environmental costs (ECs). The FCR of water is examined from a biophysical perspective using emergy evaluation to: (1) establish resource values of water from different sources, (2) establish the full economic costs associated with supplying water, and (3) the societal costs of water that is used incorrectly; from which the resource costs, financial costs, and environmental costs, respectively, can be computed. Financial costs are the costs associated with providing water including energy, materials, labor and infrastructure. The emergy based monetary values vary between 0.15 and 1.73 €/m 3 depending on technology. The emergy based, global average resource value (from which resource costs can be computed) is derived from two aspects of water: its chemical potential and its geopotential. The chemical potential monetary value of different sources such as rain, groundwater, and surface water derived from global averages of emergy inputs varies from 0.03 to 0.18 €/m 3 , depending on source, and the geopotential values vary from 0.03 to 2.40 €/m 3 , depending on location in the watershed. The environmental costs of water were averaged for the county of Spain and were 1.42 €/m 3 . Time of year and spatial location within the watershed ultimately influence the resource costs (computed from emergy value of chemical potential and geopotential energy) of water. To demonstrate this spatial and temporal variability, a case study is presented using the Foix watershed in northeastern Spain. Throughout the year, the resource value of water varies from 0.21 to 3.17 €/m 3 , depending on location within the watershed. It is concluded that FCR would benefit from the evaluation of resource costs using spatially and temporally explicit emergy accounting.

Physical hydronomics (PH) is the specific application of thermodynamics that physically characterizes the governance of water bodies, i.e., the Water Framework Directive (WFD) for European Union citizens. In this paper, calculation procedures for the exergy analysis of river basins are developed within the WFD guidelines and a case study is developed. Therefore, it serves as an example for the feasible application of PH in the environmental cost assessment of water bodies, accordingly to the principle of recovery of the costs related to water services in accordance with the polluter pays principle, one of the milestones of the WFD. The Foix River watershed, a small river located at the Inland Basins of Catalonia (IBC), has been analyzed. Main results, difficulties, and constraints encountered are shown in the paper. Following WFD's quantity and quality objectives previously defined, water costs are calculated and the equivalence between the exergy loss due to water users and the exergy variation along the river are also analyzed.

In recent years, exergy analysis has been successfully applied to natural resources assessment. The consumption of any natural resource is unavoidably joined to dispersion and degradation. Therefore, exergy analysis can be applied to study the depletion of natural resources and, particularly, to water resources. Different studies range from global fresh water resources evaluation to specific water bodies' detailed analysis. Physical Hydronomics is a new approach based on the specific application of Thermodynamics to physically characterize the state of a river and to help in the Governance of water bodies. The core task in the methodology is the construction of the exergy profiles of the river and it requires the calculation of the different specific exergy components in the water body: potential, thermal, mechanical, kinetic and chemical exergy. This paper is focused on the exergy assessment for the organic chemical matter present in water bodies. Different parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) or total organic carbon (TOC), among others, can be used as raw data for the calculation. Starting from available sampling data, previous approaches are analyzed, completed and compared. The well-known and most simple average molecule representing the organic matter in the river (CH2O) is proposed. Results show that, considering surface waters, TOC parameter is the most convenient one, but also that the BOD and COD can be reasonably useful.

The water cycle is governed by the thermodynamic laws. Therefore Thermodynamics and more specifically Exergoecology, that is the application of the exergy analysis in the evaluation of natural fluxes and resources on Earth, could help to build a solid cost structure based strictly on Physics and far away from price policies or subjectivities. Any type of degradation of water bodies along their rivers, lakes, etc., could then be quantified. Moreover, the physical information of the resource can be unified into universal units (energy units), and the monetary conversion of exergy costs is automatic through conventional energy prices. This paper presents a new discipline named “Physical Hydronomics”, as a guide to assess environmental costs included in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD).

The world water withdrawal is presently about 4,000 km3/y, which is around the 30% of the total annual technically renewable world water resources. The tendency of water consumption is to keep rising, even quicker than the energy consumption. Thus, the use of objective methodologies for assessing a value to fresh water resources is a mandatory task at this moment, in order to provide policy makers with objective and global decision tools. When water availability is measured in terms of its energy requirements, sustainability of new water-providing techniques could be analyzed. The close relationship between energy demand and climate change also support the interest of the proposed approach. From a thermodynamic perspective, two main features give exergy (available energy) value to water: its quality (chemical exergy) and its location (potential exergy). Water composition makes it useful for different economic uses such as drinking, industry, irrigation, whilst potential energy can be used to produce shaft...

The Mediterranean area is a very suitable location for tourism, and every year the arrivals to the Mediterranean are continuously augmenting. This fact represents an economic growth but it is associated with the consumption of natural resources to provide energy and water demands, especially in summer due to the high occupancy rate in tourism destinations. Power consumption derived from the massive use of air conditioning systems is sometimes causing problems in grids. Moreover, fresh water supply is more and more difficult to assure in the Mediterranean area, and desalination is becoming the alternative to surface and ground waters. Therefore, there is a clear need to confront the above-mentioned problems. Polygeneration systems can be a means to provide the energy and water with more advantages than individual conventional systems. Their main benefit is the primary energy saving (PES) obtained because of their higher overall efficiencies, which could be even increased with integrated renewable systems a...

Desalination typically requires significant amounts of energy. Although renewable energy (RE) sources can be indirectly connected to a desalination plant through the electrical grid, the direct connection of RE to low or medium capacity desalination plants is more convenient, especially in remote regions. Photovoltaic (PV) energy can be used to power a desalination system by electrodialysis (ED) in a reliable and autonomous way. In this paper, a new configuration for dual desalination and electricity production is presented. Photovoltaic modules are connected in series (strings), and a number of strings are connected in parallel according to the electrical power of the system. The ED reactor is directly connected in parallel with a small number of the photovoltaic modules. The PV arrays can be connected to batteries (stand-alone system) or to the grid (grid connected system). The ED system is modelled as a time-varying resistance that draws a time-dependent intensity of current from the solar modules. The...

En este capitulo se plantea la necesidad de promover la Orientacion Educativa para la Vida Familiar como medida de apoyo a las familias para el desempeno de la Parentalidad Positiva, tal como sugieren las Recomendaciones del Consejo de Europa a sus Estados Miembro (2006). Se revisan con detalle estas recomendaciones y se mencionan algunas medidas que se desarrollan en Espana para apoyar a familias que se encuentran en situaciones especiales, haciendo alusion a los Convenios- Programa que se han venido desarrollando en los ultimos anos financiados entre el gobierno central y el de las Comunidades y Ciudades Autonomas. Asimismo, se mencionan otras medidas preventivas y comunitarias de apoyo socio-educativo para todas las familias a traves del desarrollo de Programas de Orientacion Educativa para el Ejercicio Positivo del Rol Parental y se sugieren algunas lineas de actuacion que requieren el trabajo multidisciplinar, colaborativo y en red de los diversos agentes sociales y entidades que trabajan en favor de las familias.

This paper focuses on family involvement in the education of teenagers at risk of dropping out from compulsory secondary school. A questionnaire was completed by 131 Spanish and Cypriot families with children at six schools – three in each country. The questionnaire investigated: (1) parental perceptions of their children’s activities in their free time; (2) academic expectations for their children; (3) parental concern regarding their children’s education; and (4) parent–teacher interactions. Descriptive measures and t‐test comparative analyses between Spain and Cyprus were undertaken. Results show that these families have an encouraging attitude towards their teenagers. Nonetheless, significant statistical differences between Spanish and Cypriot parents suggest that the Spanish families have a more protective parenting style than the Cypriot families. The study points to the lack of support for these families as regards advice and stimulation for their children at home, and to the need to promote school...

In this study we are reporting the results of an external evaluation carried out on an experimental on-line course developed as part of the European project Multidimensional Approach for Multiplication of Training Environments (MAMUT) (E/99/1/61440/PI/III.3.a/CONT). The aim was to identify psychopedagogical processes that might influence the dynamics of the on-line course and to detect unexpected results. Qualitative analysis of the content of the three hundred and fifty six (356) messages written by the participants in the virtual environment was undertaken. The aspects analysed were: Adaptation to Virtual Environment, Content, Resources, Timing, Tasks, Students’ characteristics, Students’ interaction, and Students-Facilitator interaction.

Maestría en Educación y Desarrollo Humano, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. Este escrito indaga por los cuerpos inmersos en otras formas de encierro que trascienden los barrotes físicos, los sistemas carcelarios y los sitios que han sido construidos para reacondicionar a los “anormales”, a quienes incumplen la “sanción normalizadora” y la “vigilancia jerárquica”. Es por ello que pretendo describir otros lugares de encierro que se revelan como heterotopías disciplinarias, ocultos sutilmente en la cotidianidad, en nuestro diario caminar y sobre los cuales pocas veces reflexionamos, porque las relaciones de poder en las que nos hallamos inmersos y las tecnologías que las ponen en funcionamiento, han adecuado nuestras miradas hacia la naturalización de sus condiciones de existencia en las sociedades de la normalización.

ResumenEste articulo plantea la necesidad de promover estrategias metodologicas que permitan responder al reto de la colaboracion entre las familias, los centros educativos y las entidades comunitarias. Partiendo del modelo ecologico de Bronfenbrenner, se conceptualiza a la familia como contexto social, educativo y de aprendizaje y se hace ver, a partir de los resultados de una investigacion previa, la necesidad de establecer una relacion efectiva entre las familias y los centros escolares. Asimismo, se abordan algunas areas y estrategias de actuacion para fomentar esta cooperacion; entre ellas, se destaca la investigacion en la accion como estrategia metodologica que permite, ademas de detectar necesidades en este ambito, promover respuestas contextualizadas a las mismas desde una perspectiva innovadora, y conjuga, ademas, la formacion del profesorado para trabajar colaborativamente con las familias. A este respecto, se mencionan algunas iniciativas llevadas a cabo por el grupo de investigacion sobre “Ev...

The main aim of this chapter is to analyse parents’ perceptions of children's assessment in primary school. Understanding these perceptions may shed light on their knowledge of assessment and involvement in their child's education. The sample population consisted of one hundred and eighty eight Spanish parents ( N = 188 ) of students in third grade in Asturias, Spain. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed to understand: (1) parents’ knowledge of students’ assessment, (2) their interpretation and understanding of school reports, and (3) the need for further information and awareness to increase parental involvement. This chapter concludes with implications for parents’ education and family–school partnerships that assist in developing a foundation for better practices.

ResumenEn este estudio se describe la evaluacion de un programa dirigido a estimular el desarrollo de habilidades del uso del lenguaje en ninos de Educacion Infantil con la finalidad ultima de dinamizar las relaciones de colaboracion entre los padres/madres y el profesorado. Los objetivos del programa son: 1) dinamizar procesos de interaccion, comunicacion y cooperacion entre padres/madres y profesorado, 2) promover el desarrollo de patrones de comunicacion entre padres/madres e hijos1, 3) estimular el intercambio de experiencias educativas entre padres/madres, y 4) elaborar y validar recursos que estimulen el desarrollo de habilidades para el uso del lenguaje en ninos de Educacion Infantil. El programa se ha disenado, organizado, desarrollado y evaluado siguiendo una metodologia de investigacion-accion de caracter colaborativo en cuyo equipo tecnico de investigacion han participado profesionales de todos los niveles de la ensenanza, pedagogas, psicologas y madres y padres de alumnos. En el articulo se de...

El objetivo principal de esta tesis es analizar los factores que motivan a las FARC a movilizarse y mantener su presencia en territorios de la frontera colombo-ecuatoriana, como es el caso de San Lorenzo y Tumaco, a través del enfoque de la geopolítica. A su vez, pretende entender cómo la permanencia de las FARC en estos territorios ha condicionado el desarrollo de las relaciones Ecuador-Colombia en la cuestión de la seguridad fronteriza, después de la restitución de sus vínculos diplomáticos en 2010. Específicamente, se habla de las FARC por ser el grupo guerrillero más antiguo del país, por actuar de manera unificada, contar con un número de combatientes importante y porque sus acciones armadas han trascendido las fronteras internas del país.

Background and objectives: Single-organ vasculitis has been reported to affect the skin, kidneys, central nervous system, peripheral nerves, genitourinary tract, calf muscles, aorta, coronary arteries, retina, or gastrointestinal tract. However, isolated pulmonary vasculitis is a very rare entity. Our aims were to describe a case of localized pulmonary vasculitis affecting medium-sized vessels and review the literature. Methods: A patient with localized pulmonary vasculitis affecting medium-sized vessels that presented as pulmonary arterial hypertension is described. A MEDLINE database search of cases with localized pulmonary vasculitis was also conducted. Results: A 30-year-old man presented with pulmonary hypertension due to isolated pulmonary mediumsized vessel vasculitis that was confirmed histologically. Initially he responded to corticosteroids and vasodilator treatment, but therapy eventually lost efficacy. Treatment with rituximab was not effective, and as the clinical situation worsened, lung transplant was performed. Isolated large pulmonary vessel disease, often related to Takayasu disease or giant cell arteritis, may present as pulmonary artery hypertension, thus mimicking chronic thromboembolic disease. Medium- and small-vessel pulmonary vasculitis usually develops in the context of a systemic disease. Some cases of isolated small-vessel vasculitis have been reported presenting as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. In contrast, our case developed pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to medium-sized vessels vasculitis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of lung transplantation in isolated pulmonary vasculitis. Conclusions: Pulmonary isolated vasculitis is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension but it must be taken into consideration after more common disorders are excluded.

The probability density functions, that model the wind speed behavior in five urban places and one rural of the Aburrá Valley in Antioquia, Colombia, are presented in this paper. The probability density functions are used to calculate the wind power density for each location, which are used to recommend several applications that could take advantage of such potential powers. Wind speeds are recorded at five monitoring stations located in the urban area of the valley and at one nearby rural station. Four probability density functions, namely, Weibull, Rayleigh, Gamma, and Lognormal, are used to represent the wind speed data histograms of each location and to select the probability density function that best fit the variability of the wind speed data. Also, four goodness of fit test are calculated. The wind power density is calculated with the probability density function that best represents the wind speed distribution to evaluate the wind power availability. The power densities reported for the five urban stations ranged from 1.38 to 4.54 W/m², and that reported for the rural station was 911.1 W/m². Taking into account the power density of each station, several applications are suggested. En este artículo se presentan las funciones de densidad de probabilidad que modelan el comportamiento de la velocidad del viento en cinco lugares urbanos y uno rural del Valle de Aburrá en Antioquia, Colombia. Las funciones de densidad de probabilidad son utilizadas para calcular la densidad de potencia en el viento para cada lugar, la cual es utilizada para recomendar varias aplicaciones que podrían aprovechar la potencia disponible. Las velocidades de viento son registradas en cinco estaciones de monitoreo ubicadas en el área urbana del valle y una estación rural cercana al Valle. Las cuatro funciones de densidad de probabilidad Weibull, Rayleigh, Gamma y Lognormal son usadas para representar los histogramas de los datos de velocidad del viento de cada ubicación y cuatro pruebas de bondad de ajuste son calculadas para seleccionar la función de densidad de probabilidad que mejor modela la variabilidad de los datos de velocidad del viento. Adicionalmente, la densidad de potencia en el viento es calculada con la función de densidad de probabilidad que mejor representa la distribución de velocidad del viento para evaluar la disponibilidad de potencia en el viento. Las densidades de potencia reportadas para las cinco estaciones urbanas están en el rango de 1.38 a 4.54W/m² y la densidad reportada para la estación rural es 911.1 W/m². Varias aplicaciones son sugeridas teniendo en cuenta la densidad de potencia de cada estación. Neste artigo são apresentadas as funções de densidade de probabilidade que modelam o comportamento da velocidade do vento em cinco lugares urbanos e um rural do Vale de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colômbia. As funções de densidade de probabilidade são utilizadas para calcular a densidade de potência no vento para cada lugar, a qual é utilizada para recomendar várias aplicações que poderiam aproveitar a potência disponível. As velocidades de vento são registradas em cinco estações de monitoramento localizadas na área urbana do vale e uma estação rural próxima ao Vale. As quatro funções de densidade de probabilidade Weibull, Rayleigh, Gamma e Lognormal são usadas para representar os histogramas dos dados de velocidade do vento de cada localização e quatro provas de bondade de ajuste são calculadas para selecionar a função de densidade de probabilidade que melhor modela a variabilidade dos dados de velocidade do vento. Adicionalmente, a densidade de potência no vento é calculada com a função de densidade de probabilidade que melhor representa a distribuição de velocidade do vento para avaliar a disponibilidade de potência no vento. As densidades de potência registradas para as cinco estações urbanas estão na faixa de 1.38 a 4.54 W/m² e a densidade registrada para a estação rural é de 911,1 W/m². Várias aplicações são sugeridas considerando a densidade de potência de cada estação.

En esta investigación exploratoria se usó el método inductivo con el propósito de identificar los factores de ineficacia del medio de control de repetición en la ciudad de Villavicencio, entre los años 2001 a 2012. Se partió de la base de que la aplicación de esta figura ha sido inoperante en la ciudad y se intentó comprobar las causas de tal inoperancia. El legislador, en cumplimiento de la Constitución Política, creó la Ley 678 de 2001, que regula la acción de repetición y el llamamiento en garantía con fines de repetición, como mecanismo estatal para disminuir la pérdida del erario público, toda vez que el Estado no debe asumir las consecuencias patrimoniales del comportamiento doloso o gravemente culposo del agente público, por cuya culpa se produjo un daño antijurídico que debe ser indemnizado a costa de la administración pública. Sin embargo, en el periodo comprendido entre el año 2001 a 2012, en ciudades como Villavicencio, no fue implementada la misma; el gobierno municipal fue obligado a pagar, en juicio y conciliación, indemnizaciones en 308 casos, y sólo en nueve de ellos se repitió contra los funcionarios declarados responsables por generar detrimentos en el tesoro público. En conclusión, la falta de aplicación del medio de control de repetición se debió a la falta de conocimiento sobre la aplicación de la Ley 678 de 2001, a la falta de voluntad de los funcionarios que la deben ejercer, a falencias en el comité de conciliación de las entidades, así como el no uso del llamamiento en garantía con fines de repetición, tal como establece la Ley, lo cual permitiría celeridad en los procesos y descongestión de los despachos judiciales. In this exploratory research it was used the inductive method in order to identify the factors of ineffectiveness of the means of control of repetition in the city of Villavicencio, between the years 2001 to 2012. It was assumed that the application of this figure has been ineffective in the city and it attempted to verify the causes of such failure. The legislator, in fulfillment of the Political Constitution, created the Act 678 of 2001, which regulates the action of repetition and the appeal under warranty with repetition purposes, as a state mechanism to diminish the loss of public treasury, every since the State should not assume the property consequences of the fraudulent or seriously guilty behavior of public servants, that because of their fault it produced an anti-juridical damage that must be compensated at public administration expense. However, in the period from 2001 to 2012, in cities like Villavicencio, this law was not implemented; the local government was forced to pay, in trial and conciliation, compensation in 308 cases, and only nine of them were repeated against public servants, In conclusion, the lack of implementation of the means of repetition control was due to the absence of knowledge on law enforcement 678 of 2001 itself, to lack of willingness of the officials who should exercise it, to flaws in the conciliation Committee of entities, as well as the non-use of the appeal under warranty with repetition purposes, as the Law establishes it, which would allow speed in the processes and clearing of the judicial offices. Dans cette recherche exploratoire la méthode inductive a été utilisée afin d'identifier les facteurs de l'inefficacité de l'action en répétition dans la ville de Villavicencio, entre 2001 et 2012. L'étude a débuté en se basant sur le fait que cette mesure se soit révélée inefficace pour la ville et a donc eu pour objet de tenter d'en identifier les causes. Le législateur, en conformité avec la Constitution, a adopté la loi 678 de 2001, qui réglemente l'action en répétition et l'appel en garantie avec des fins de répétition, comme un mécanisme de l'Etat pour diminuer les pertes du trésor public. Il a fallu prendre en compte le fait que l'État ne doit pas assumer les conséquences patrimoniales du comportement dolosif ou faute grave du fonctionnaire ayant commis un acte illicite causant un préjudice devant être indemnisé par le trésor publique. Toutefois, pour la période comprise entre les années 2001 et 2012, dans certaines villes telles que Villavicencio, l'action en répétition n'a pas été mise en œuvre; Ainsi, le gouvernement municipal a été obligé de payer, après des jugements et des procédures de conciliation des indemnités dans 308 cas, et seulement parmi neuf procédures le principe de répétition a été appliqué contre les fonctionnaires responsables de causer un détriment au trésor publique. En conclusion, l'absence de la mise en œuvre de l'action en répétition a été due au manque de connaissance de l'application de la loi 678 de 2001, la réticence des fonctionnaires chargés de l'appliquer, les défaillances au sein du comité de conciliation des entités publiques, ainsi que la non-utilisation de l'appel en garantie, tel que requis par la loi. Ce dernier permettrait d'accélérer les procédures et de décongestionner les services judiciaires. Nesta pesquisa exploratória foi usado o método indutivo com o propósito de identificar os fatores de ineficácia do meio de controle de regresso na cidade de Villavicencio, entre os anos 2001 e 2012. Partiu-se da base de que a aplicação desta figura tem sido inoperante na cidade e tentou-se verificar as causas de tal inoperância. O legislador, em cumprimento da Constituição Política, criou a Lei 678 de 2001, que regula a ação de regresso e o chamamento ao processo com fins de regresso, como mecanismo estatal para reduzir a perda do erário público, já que o Estado não deve assumir as consequências patrimoniais do comportamento doloso ou gravemente culposo do funcionário público, por cuja culpa se produziu um dano antijurídico que deve ser indenizado à custa da administração pública. Porém, no período compreendido entre 2001 e 2012, em cidades como Villavicencio, não foi posto em prática este mecanismo; o governo municipal foi obrigado a pagar, em juízo e conciliação, indenizações em 308 casos, e só em nove de eles se exerceu o direito de regresso contra os funcionários declarados responsáveis por gerar detrimentos no tesouro público. Em conclusão, a falta de aplicação do meio de controle de regresso resulta da falta de conhecimento sobre a aplicação da Lei 678 de 2001, à falta de vontade dos funcionários que a devem exercer, a deficiências no comitê de conciliação das entidades, assim como o não uso do chamamento ao processo com fins de regresso, tal como estabelece a Lei, o qual permitiria celeridade nos processos e descongestão nos tribunais.

Summary Background In recent years, there has been a great development of esthetic dermatology as a subspecialty of dermatology. It is important to know to which extent the general population regard this branch of medical surgical specialty as being of interest and contributing to emotional well-being. Objective To analyze the technical features of a questionnaire which has been designed to reflect such perception of the general population about esthetic dermatology and its contribution to emotional well-being. Material and method Production and psychometric analysis of a self-filled in questionnaire in relation to esthetic dermatology and emotional well-being (DEBIE). This questionnaire is made of 57 items and has been applied to a sample of 770 people within the general population. The drawing-up process of the questionnaire is described to provide content validity. Items analysis was carried out together with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to assess the structure and construct validity of the tool. The extent of internal consistency (reliability) and concurrent validity has also been verified. Results DEBIE questionnaire (Spanish acronym for Aesthetic Dermatology and Emotional Well-being) revolves around six factors explaining 53.91% of the variance; there is a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0.90) and reasonable criterion validity. Conclusions DEBIE questionnaire brings together adequate psychometric properties that can be applied to assess the perception that the general population have in relation to esthetic dermatology and its contribution to their emotional well-being.

This paper presents a comparison of family circumstances, aspirations and school involvement of parents in Cyprus whose children were at risk of dropping out of high school and parents whose children were not at risk. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey constructed within the framework of the European project Drop-Out Open Door. The results showed a broad range of differences in the resources, expectations, perceptions and practices of pupils' families who are at risk of dropping out of school and those who are not. The findings illustrate the necessity for schools to identify families' different circumstances and needs and provide them, especially those with pupils at risk, with facilities, support and training for enhancing their children's development and school success through everyday family practices.

The Arizpe and Bacanuchi Quadrangles provide a geologic history representative of the north-central part of Sonora, where lithologies are dominated by late Mesozoic and Cenozoic igneous rocks. In this study, new geologic mapping, 40Ar/39Ar dating, and geochemical analyses have been combined to provide a stratigraphic framework for this area. Ten lithostratigraphic units and several igneous and tectonic events can be recognized. The oldest outcropping rocks are Lower Cretaceous strata of the Bisbee Group, which along with the Picacho conglomerate record a middle Cretaceous compressive tectonic event and associated sedimentation. Laramide igneous activity is widespread and represented by (1) highly altered andesitic flows and volcaniclastic rocks (Arroyo Alcaparros andesitic rocks) of late Campanian to Maastrichtian age, (2) less altered andesitic and dacitic flows (Cerro Las Jarillas volcanic rocks) of late Paleocene age, and the intrusive bodies of (3) Sierra El Manzanal granodiorite and (4) Rancho Vaqueria quartz monzonite. The Sierra El Manzanal granodiorite was emplaced at ca. 68 Ma on the basis of a 40Ar/39Ar biotite age (67.97 ± 0.19 Ma) and cooled relatively rapidly according to less precise 40Ar/39Ar hornblende and K-feldspar ages from the same sample (64.8 ± 1.0 Ma and 62.8 ± 0.3 Ma, respectively). The Cerro Las Jarillas volcanic rocks are slightly younger (40Ar/39Ar biotite age of 58.67 ± 0.17 Ma). The Rancho Vaqueria quartz monzonite was emplaced at ca. 57 Ma (40Ar/39Ar biotite age of 56.73 ± 0.14 Ma and a less precise 40Ar/39Ar hornblende age of 55.0 ± 0.7 Ma); a protracted cooling history of this pluton is indicated by the age spectrum of K-feldspar from the same sample. A probable magmatic lull and denudation seem to have occurred between middle and late Eocene time and probably until the early Oligocene. Subsequently, rhyolitic to mafic volcanism began close to late Oligocene time and lasted until the early Miocene. Felsic volcanism is represented by the Cerro Cebadehuachi volcanic rocks, from which 40Ar/39Ar hornblende ages of 27.25 ± 0.09 and 27.32 ± 0.06 Ma and a biotite age of 26.97 ± 0.06 Ma were obtained at three different localities. The Mesa Pedregosa volcanic rocks represent the transition to younger, mafic volcanic activity that occurred during the late Oligocene, as indicated by a sanidine 40Ar/39Ar age of 25.48 ± 0.05 Ma. This late Oligocene and early Miocene magmatism was paired by two episodes of extensional deformation. The first phase is characterized by northwest-striking normal faults and folds, which expose the deepest structural levels of the area, and by the related basin fill, the Bacanuchi conglomerate. The second phase is represented by north-striking normal faults and by the syntectonic basin fill, the Arizpe conglomerate. Basaltic andesite volcanic flows at the base of the Arizpe conglomerate yielded 40Ar/39Ar (whole-rock) ages of 23.52 ± 0.17 and 21 ± 0.20 Ma. The extensional deformation (27 to 23 Ma) in the study area is coeval with the development of metamorphic core complexes in neighboring areas of Sonora and with the onset of extension in southern Sonora. The mafic volcanic rocks and clastic sedimentary units associated with this extension resemble the basin fills that in other parts of Sonora are assigned to the Baucarit Formation. Geochemical information from samples representing each of the igneous events displayed high-K calc-alkalic and mostly metaluminous compositions. The older units including the Arroyo Alcaparros andesitic rocks, the Cerro Las Jarillas volcanic rocks, the Sierra El Manzanal granodiorite, and the Rancho Vaqueria quartz monzonite are characterized by steep chondrite-normalized REE (rare earth element) slopes and generally well-developed negative Eu anomalies, suggesting garnet and plagioclase removal in the source. The younger igneous events including the Cerro Cebadehuachi and Mesa Pedregosa volcanic rocks, and the basaltic flows associated with the Arizpe conglomerate, showed basin-shaped REE slopes with no Eu anomalies, suggesting clinopyroxene or amphibole fractionation.

Clastic sedimentary deposits and associated volcanic rocks record the progress of Tertiary extension in the Mexican state of Sonora. These deposits accumulated within basins located throughout the eastern two-thirds of the state. The rocks are slightly indurated conglomerates and sandstones; clast types reflect the local highland exposures. Volcanic units that bound and are interlayered with the sedimentary rocks provide stratigraphic and time markers of basin evolution and, by inference, of marginal fault development. This record has been examined in an east-west belt across south-central Sonora. The volcanic rocks occur in three distinct associations. At the base and interbedded within the lower portions of the sedimentary sections are lava flows of dominantly basaltic andesite composition. In most localities the overlying clastic sedimentary strata are conformable with these lava flows, and we conclude that the magmatism was triggered by early faulting along the basin margins. A second association present near the base of the sections comprises massive lava domes and flows of intermediate composition that contain distinctive phenocrysts of dark brown amphibole. The domes apparently formed when viscous lava welled up along developing marginal basin faults. In one case a transition was observed over a short distance from a structureless dome to a thick lava flow that is conformably interbedded with, and sheds clasts laterally into, the sedimentary section. A third volcanic association comprises layers of rhyolitic lava flows and ignimbrites that overlie the coarsest and thickest lower portions of the sedimentary sections. K-Ar ages for volcanic rocks in the two oldest of these settings indicate that each Tertiary basin had a distinct history with no apparent regional geographic pattern. In the Rio Yaqui basin, where exhumation by the major river of Sonora has exposed a full section of the volcanic and clastic sequences, extension was possibly as old as 27 Ma. Elsewhere, deposition of sediments was underway in most basins by 24 Ma, and in all basins by 20 Ma. K-Ar ages of the younger rhyolitic volcanic rocks fall within a narrow range from 12.8 to 10.5 Ma. These ages provide a younger time limit to deposition of the coarser and thicker portions of the clastic sedimentary sections. The mafic lava flows, dominantly basaltic andesite, are similar in major-element composition to mafic lava flows that cap felsic sections within the Sierra Madre Occidental volcanic field of western Mexico and the mid-Tertiary Datil-Mogollon volcanic field in southwestern New Mexico. They are higher in silica and lower in total alkalies than younger capping mafic lava flows within the Gulf of California extensional province of western Sonora and Neogene basaltic lava flows in the Datil-Mogollon field. They are similarly distinct from basaltic dikes and lava flows that are clearly associated with Basin and Range faulting in Trans-Pecos Texas and in northern Durango state. A convergent-margin magmatic arc was active in the present-day Gulf of California region between 24 and 11.5 Ma. The earliest extension in south-central Sonora was therefore occurring in a back-arc setting. Continued sedimentation and rotation of volcanic strata indicate that extension continued throughout the region after 10 Ma with little coeval volcanism.

El objetivo de este articulo es desvelar la permanencia y transformacion del patrimonio moderno escolar espanol a traves del caso de la “Escuela-Residencia de Bell-Lloc”, situada en el municipio de La Roca (Barcelona). El conjunto escolar refleja el proceder de un momento en el que se generaron nuevas instituciones docentes ajenas al Estado. El arquitecto Manuel Baldrich i Tibau supo unificar los valores universales de la modernidad, junto a los propios del lugar y de la especificidad del programa, con el fin de atender aspectos de sostenibilidad en el conjunto escolar. La investigacion se centra en el analisis de su concepcion y diseno como procedimiento de reconocimiento e identificacion de sus valores modernos. A traves de los conceptos “preservacion”, “adecuacion” y “ampliacion” se muestra cuales el proceso de transformacion seguido hasta la actualidad. En 1994 la escuela-residencia quedo en desuso pero mantuvo su estado original. Recientemente, el conjunto ha sido transformado en un centro de negocios donde se han instalado diversas companias. Todo ello con el objetivo de evaluar posibles criterios de intervencion, extrapolable a otros casos de la modernidad en situacion de abandono o desuso. ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to reveal the permanence and transformation of the modern Spanish school heritage through the case of “Bell-Lloc School-Residence” built in La Roca(Barcelona). It reflects the procedure of a time in which were created new educational institutions without the influence of the State. The architect Manuel Baldrich I Tibau was able to combine in it all the universal values of modernity. The consideration of the location and the program needs are also included in order to resolve aspects such as sustainability. The research focuses on the analysis of the origin and of its design as a process of recognition and identification of its modern values. Through the concepts of “preservation”,“adequacy” and “extension” is revealed the “conversion” process followed to date. In 1994 the school-residence become in disused but keeping its original state. Recently the whole complex has been converted in a business centre in which several companies have settled. With the objective of evaluate possible intervention criteria that could be applied to other cases in a non-use situation.

APPROXIMATION TO THE PARTICIPATION OF GRANDFATHERS AND GRANDMOTHERS IN THE EDUCATION OF THEIR GRANDSONS AND GRANDDAUGHTERS.The social and economic changes which happened in the last decades in our country, the ageing of the population and the increase of the life expectancy, have led to redefine the roles that grandfathers and grandmothers play in the family, assuming, in some cases, the functions of education and care of grandsons and granddaughters, when fathers and mothers can´t. The objective of this work is to know the implication of grandfathers and grandmothers in the care and education of their grandsons and granddaughters and the effects in themselves as well as in their sons and daughters. A descriptive exploratory study applied to a sample of 30 grandfathers and grandmothers of the Principality of Asturias has been carried out, an adaptation of the Questionnaire on Parental Competences (Martínez González, 2009). The results show the importance of deepening in the needs of support and training of grandfathers and grandmothers to play the new role.Keywords: grandfathers, grandmothers; grandsons, granddaughters; educational responsibility of grandfathers and grandmothers; family conciliation.Resumen:Los cambios sociales y económicos acontecidos en las últimas décadas en nuestro país, el envejecimiento de la población y el aumento de la esperanza de vida, han llevado a redefinir los roles que desempeñan los abuelos y abuelas en la familia, asumiendo, en algunos casos, las funciones de educación y cuidado de los nietos y nietas, cuando los padres y madres no pueden hacerlo. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la implicación de los abuelos y abuelas en el cuidado y educación de sus nietos y nietas y los efectos tanto en sí mismos como en sus hijos e hijas. Se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo exploratorio aplicando a una muestra de 30 abuelos y abuelas del Principado de Asturias, una adaptación del Cuestionario sobre Competencias Parentales (Martínez González,2009). Los resultados muestran la importancia de profundizar en las necesidades de apoyo y formación de los abuelos y abuelas para desempeñar el nuevo rol.Palabras clave: abuelos, abuelas; nietos, nietas; responsabilidad educativa de los abuelos y abuelas; conciliación familiar.

Este artículo describe una experiencia de investigación-acción llevada a cabo en un centro público de Educación Infantil y Primaria con la finalidad de identificar las características sociodemográficas y las necesidades de las familias que escolarizan a sus hijos en el centro, que pueden condicionar su participación en la dinámica del mismo. Para ello se ha creado un grupo de trabajo formado por representantes del equipo directivo, profesorado, padres y madres e investigadores universitarios que han analizado y clasificado las actividades de cooperación entre el centro y las familias en seis áreas; ello ha facilitado identificar la tipología de acciones que promueven más y menos la colaboración entre los padres y madres y el profesorado. Del estudio se derivan implicaciones y sugerencias para la práctica en los centros.

En este capítulo se plantea la necesidad de promover la Orientación Educativa para la Vida Familiar como medida de apoyo a las familias para el desempeño de la Parentalidad Positiva, tal como sugieren las Recomendaciones del Consejo de Europa a sus Estados Miembro (2006). Se revisan con detalle estas recomendaciones y se mencionan algunas medidas que se desarrollan en España para apoyar a familias que se encuentran en situaciones especiales, haciendo alusión a los Convenios-Programa que se han venido desarrollando en los últimos años financiados entre el gobierno central y el de las Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas. Asimismo, se mencionan otras medidas preventivas y comunitarias de apoyo socio-educativo para todas las familias a través del desarrollo de Programas de Orientación Educativa para el Ejercicio Positivo del Rol Parental y se sugieren algunas líneas de actuación que requieren el trabajo multidisciplinar, colaborativo y en red de los diversos agentes sociales y entidades que trabajan en favor de las familias. This paper focuses on the need to promote Educational Guidance for Family Life as a means to support families in developing a Positive Parenting role, such as suggested by the Council of Europe (2006). This Recommendation is discussed in some detail and some measures that had been put into practice in Spain to support families under special circumstances are revised; in order to do so, Programme-Agreements which had been developed in the last years sponsored by both the central government and the one of the Spanish Autonomous Cities and Communities are described. Moreover, other preventive and community measures focused on socio-educative support for all families through Positive Parenting Programmes are mentioned. This paper ends with some suggestions about actions which require a multidisciplinary, collaborative net approach among the diverse social entities and institutions working in favour of families.

This study explores the relationship between children's school achievement and selected sociopsychological family atters related to the teaching-learning process. Data from 210 parents and their respective children, of an average age of 12 years, were collected. Two questionnaires were designed, one for parents, and the other for children. The questionnaires examined academic values. Results indicate three variables related to school achievement that parents and children have in common: (1) educative aspirations; (2) perception of the child as a good student; and (3) parents' reading frequency.

Este artículo destaca la necesidad de fomentar las relaciones de cooperación entre los centros escolares, las familias y los entornos sociales comunitarios por actuar todos ellos como contextos y agentes educativos y de socialización que, por separado no pueden llegar a responder de manera eficaz a las necesidades de desarrollo y formación de menores y adultos. A este respecto, se describen e introducen en este artículo los trabajos que configuran este número monográfico, que tratan de conceptualizar el valor social de esta cooperación, de ofrecer resultados de investigación que muestran la necesidad de llevarla a efecto, y de aportar propuestas metodológicas y experienciales en centros y en entornos comunitarios que permitan hacerla realidad. The need to promote effective school-family-community partnership is emphasized given that these three social environments act as educational and socialization agents that separately cannot effectively respond to the developmental and educational needs of children and adults. The papers that make up this monographic issue are introduced and described. Their authors attempt to conceptualize the social value of school-family-community partnership, to offer research results that demonstrate the need for this partnership, and to contribute methodologies and experiences for the school and community settings so that they may be put into practice.

The mineral capital on Earth is assessed from a 2nd law of thermodynamics approach. This requires to define precisely the Reference Environment (R.E.). Therefore, the exergy difference of the mineral capital generated from different R.E. is calculated. A sensitivity analysis is done to measure the influence of the element chemical exergy and other physical parameters of the R.E. on the mineral’s exergy. The exergy of the world mineral reserves, base reserves and world resources is obtained: 0.75, 1.08 and 6.59 Gtoe, respectively.Copyright © 2005 by ASME

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Se describen aspectos organizativos y didácticos implicados en la elaboración de Uniovi Emprende, un Material Educativo Multimedia (MEM) motivador, interactivo y de fácil uso que puede ser utilizado como recurso de apoyo a la formación presencial y como herramienta de auto-aprendizaje. Su finalidad es fomentar la motivación empresarial entre la población universitaria. Inicialmente se expone la metodología de trabajo cooperativo del equipo multidisciplinar que lo ha elaborado, para desarrollar posteriormente los diversos componentes de su diseño de instrucción. Se finaliza mencionando las acciones evaluativas llevadas a cabo durante el proceso de elaboración del MEM. Madrid ESP