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This cross-sectional study investigated the association between glaucoma and B vitamin dietary intake. A total of 5025 enrolled individuals participated in self-reported glaucoma questionnaire and 3264 participated in International Society Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) criteria. In self-reported glaucoma, the risk of having self-reported glaucoma was lower in the third quartile of vitamin B1 intake (odds ratio [odds ratio [OR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40–0.97), and P trend (P trend = 0.004) for vitamin B12 was significant; in males, the third quartile of vitamin B1 intake (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.24–0.83) and the fourth quartile of vitamin B2 intake (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.17–0.89) were associated with a lower risk. In glaucoma based on ISGEO criteria, the increase of niacin intake (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.99) was negatively associated with the odds of self-reported glaucoma. After sex-stratified analysis, the third quartile of vitamin B6 intake (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.08–0.60) in males were associated with reduced odds of glaucoma. The restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a nonlinear association of vitamin B2 (p for nonlinearity = 0.04) and B9 (p for nonlinearity = 0.024) intake with glaucoma diagnosed by ISGEO criteria in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenia and anemia are common complications in patients with Crohn's Disease (CD). However, few studies have shown the association between sarcopenia and hemoglobin levels in CD patients. This retrospective study aimed to explore such association in Chinese patients with CD. Two hundred and twelve adult CD inpatients who underwent computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations from July 2019 to December 2021 were included in the study. Sarcopenia was defined according to the cutoff value of skeletal muscle index of lumbar spine 3 (SMI-L3) (< 44.77cm2/m2 for males and < 32.5cm2/m2 for females). The CD patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of sarcopenia. Clinical data, hemoglobin levels, and other laboratory data were retrospectively collected. The association between hemoglobin levels and sarcopenia was analyzed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Sarcopenia occurred in 114 CD patients (53.8%). Compared to patients without sarcopenia, patients with sarcopenia had a lower proportion of L1 (30.7% vs. 45.8%, p = 0.032) and B1 classification (58.8% vs. 72.4%, p = 0.037). Patients with sarcopenia had significantly lower levels of hemoglobin (Hb) (116.5 ± 22.8 vs. 128.1 ± 21.0, p < 0.001). The prevalence of sarcopenia increased with the decrease in hemoglobin level (p for trend < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that hemoglobin levels were associated with SMI-L3 (β = 0.091, p = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis found that higher hemoglobin levels (OR:0.944; 95% CI: 0.947,0.998; p = 0.036) were independent protective factors for sarcopenia. Lower hemoglobin levels are independently associated factors of sarcopenia in adult Chinese patients with CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractExploring the non-precious metal catalysts of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) becomes the key to promote the industrialization of new energy devices such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries because of the sluggish kinetics of ORR. Three-dimensional N-doped carbon (NC-900) material was obtained using the high-temperature pyrolysis of pomelo peel waste. The prepared NC-900 catalyst possesses an ultra-high specific surface area of 1631.3 m2·g−1, high content of 57.7 ± 0.9% pyrrolic-N, and three-dimensional porous structure. As the ORR catalyst, NC-900 has a onset potential of 0.992 V and half-wave potential of 0.859 V, comparable to 0.988 and 0.872 V of Pt/C. The typical 4-electron pathway of ORR process is occupied by the surface of NC-900. The ORR catalytic activity of NC-900 was almost unaffected by methanol. After 8 h of continuous operation, the reduction current on the surface of NC-900 was decreased only 2.7% of the initial current. Based on these outstanding ORR performances, the pomelo peel-derived NC-900 can serve as a strong competitor for the substitute of Pt/C to promote the potential industrialization of new energy devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing high-quality interfaces is critical for improving carrier separation efficiency in heterojunctions. Herein, the WO 3 /CuWO 4 /CuO ternary heterojunction films was constructed on FTO substrates for the first time through in-situ technique as an effective photoanode for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. The CuO nanoparticles loaded WO 3 nanorod with buffer layer CuWO 4 significantly increased the absorption capability of visible light, accelerate charge separation and enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. The photocurrent density of WO 3 /CuWO 4 /CuO heterojunction photoelectrode achieved 2.24 mA∙cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is nearly 5.6 times higher than bare WO 3 photoanode. In addition, the onset potential of WO 3 /CuWO 4 /CuO heterojunction shifted negatively by 110 mV compared to WO 3. This work indicates that designing high-quality interface heterojunction photoanodes via an atomic shared is an effective strategy for achieve effective photoelectrochemical performance. [Display omitted] • The WO 3 –CuWO 4 –CuO heterojunction photoanode was fabricated by an in situ method. • The photoanode improved light absorption capacity and charge transfer. • The cascaded energy level structure significantly enhanced the PEC performance. • The heterostructure reduced the onset potential and facilitated the evolution of H 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imaging technologies have played a pivotal role in advancing biological research by enabling visualization of biological structures and processes. While traditional electron microscopy (EM) produces two-dimensional images, emerging techniques now allow high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) characterization of specimens in situ, meeting growing needs in molecular and cellular biology. Combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with serial sectioning inaugurated 3D imaging, attracting biologists seeking to explore cell ultrastructure and driving advancement of 3D EM reconstruction. By comprehensively and precisely rendering internal structure and distribution, 3D TEM reconstruction provides unparalleled ultrastructural insights into cells and molecules, holding tremendous value for elucidating structure–function relationships and broadly propelling structural biology. Here, we first introduce the principle of 3D reconstruction of cells and tissues by classical approaches in TEM and then discuss modern technologies utilizing TEM and on new SEM-based as well as cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM) techniques. 3D reconstruction techniques from serial sections, electron tomography (ET), and the recent single-particle analysis (SPA) are examined; the focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), the serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), and automatic tape-collecting lathe ultramicrotome (ATUM-SEM) for 3D reconstruction of large volumes are discussed. Finally, we review the challenges and development prospects of these technologies in life science. It aims to provide an informative reference for biological researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The moth Semiothisa cinerearia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a major pest of Chinese scholar trees (Sophora japonica L.). Olfaction is very important for insects to locate host plants and oviposition sites. Here, we identified the binding abilities of ScinGOBP2 for host plant volatiles using fluorescence-based competitive binding assays. We also confirmed the key amino acid residues that bind to plant volatiles in ScinGOBP2 via three-dimensional structure modeling and molecular docking. The ScinGOBP2 ligands had attractive or repellent behavioral effects on S. cinerearia for oviposition. Overall, ScinGOBP2 may play important roles in detecting host plant volatiles, and ScinGOBP2 ligands could be used as candidate olfactory regulators for the management of S. cinerearia. Herbivorous insects rely on volatile chemical cues from host plants to locate food sources and oviposition sites. General odorant binding proteins (GOBPs) are believed to be involved in the detection of host plant volatiles. In the present study, one GOBP gene, ScinGOBP2, was cloned from the antennae of adult Semiothisa cinerearia. Reverse-transcription PCR and real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression of ScinGOBP2 was strongly biased towards the female antennae. Fluorescence-based competitive binding assays revealed that 8 of the 27 host plant volatiles, including geranyl acetone, decanal, cis-3-hexenyl n-valerate, cis-3-hexenyl butyrate, 1-nonene, dipentene, α-pinene and β-pinene, bound to ScinGOBP2 (KD = 2.21–14.94 μM). The electrical activities of all eight ScinGOBP2 ligands were confirmed using electroantennography. Furthermore, oviposition preference experiments showed that eight host volatiles, such as decanal, cis-3-hexenyl n-valerate, cis-3-hexenyl butyrate, and α-pinene, had an attractive effect on female S. cinerearia, whereas geranyl acetone, 1-nonene, β-pinene, and dipentene inhibited oviposition in females. Consequently, it can be postulated that ScinGOBP2 may be implicated in the perception of host plant volatiles and that ScinGOBP2 ligands represent significant semiochemicals mediating the interactions between plants and S. cinerearia. This insight could facilitate the development of a chemical ecology-based approach for the management of S. cinerearia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning-related attention is one of the most important factors influencing learning. Although technologies have enabled the automatic detection of students' attention levels, previous studies mainly focused on colleges or high schools, lacking further validations in primary school students. More importantly, the detected attention might fail to be learning-related if students did not attend learning tasks in the first place, which is common in real-world learning. This phenomenon poses challenges to the practical application of automatic attention detection, especially at the primary school stage, which is crucial for students to develop learning attitudes/strategies. Inspired by the emerging inter-person perspective in neuroscience, we proposed an inter-brain attention coupling method to detect learning-related attention as an extension to the existing single-person-based method. To test this method, wearable electroencephalogram devices were used to monitor students' attention levels in a primary school classroom. We found that one's inter-brain attention coupling, defined as the degree to which an individual student's attention dynamics match the attention dynamics averaged across other classmates, was positively correlated with academic performance: higher performances are associated with higher coupling to the class-average attention dynamics. Moreover, the attention detection framework based on the inter-person perspective outperforms as an indicator of academic performance compared with the widely-used attention level within an individual. The results provide practical insights by extending the applications of detected attention levels from an inter-person perspective and demonstrating its feasibility in monitoring learning-related attention among primary school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Tumors bearing mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd) are characterized by a high load of neoantigens and are believed to trigger immunogenic reactions upon immune checkpoint blockade treatment such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. However, the mechanisms are still ill-defined, as multiple cancers with MMRd exhibit variable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In endometrial cancer (EC), a distinct tumor microenvironment (TME) exists that may correspond to treatment-related efficacies. We aimed to characterize EC patients with aberrant MMR pathways to identify molecular subtypes predisposed to respond to ICI therapies. Methods: We applied digital spatial profiling, a high-plex spatial transcriptomic approach covering over 1,800 genes, to obtain a highly resolved TME landscape in 45 MMRd-EC patients. We cross-validated multiple biomarkers identified using immunohistochemistry and multiplexed immunofluorescence using in-study and independent cohorts totaling 123 MMRd-EC patients and validated our findings using external TCGA data from microsatellite instability endometrial cancer (MSI-EC) patients. Results: High-plex spatial profiling identified a 14-gene signature in the MMRd tumor-enriched regions stratifying tumors into "hot", "intermediate" and "cold" groups according to their distinct immune profiles, a finding highly consistent with the corresponding CD8 + T-cell infiltration status. Our validation studies further corroborated an existing coregulatory network involving HLA class I and DNMT3A potentially bridged through dynamic crosstalk incorporating CCL5. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the heterogeneous TME status within MMRd-ECs and showed that these ECs can be stratified based on potential biomarkers such as HLA class I, DNMT3A and CD8 in pathological settings for improved ICI therapeutic efficacy in this subset of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy is a clinically effective method for treating tumors. Manganese can activate the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and induce an anti-tumor immune response. However, its efficacy is hindered by non-specific distribution and low uptake rates. In this study, we employed microfluidic technology to design and develop an innovative preparation process, resulting in the creation of a novel manganese lipid nanoparticle (LNM). The lipid manganese nanoparticle produced in this process boasts a high manganese payload, excellent stability, the capacity for large-scale production, and high batch repeatability. LNM has effectively demonstrated the ability to activate the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibit tumor development. Notably, LNM does not require combination chemotherapy drugs or other immune activators. Therefore, LNM presents a safe, straightforward, and efficient strategy for anti-tumor immune activation, with the potential for scalable production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of big data and cloud computing, the field of physical education has begun to actively explore the application of these new technologies. Big data can collect and analyze a large amount of teaching information, help understand students' learning needs and preferences, optimize resource allocation, and improve teaching efficiency. Cloud computing can realize the online and personalized teaching resources and services, providing convenient and rich learning experience. This study first analyzes the role and influence of big data and cloud computing in the optimization of physical education teaching resources and service mode, and then verifies the actual effects of these technologies through empirical research, analyzes the existing problems and potential challenges, and puts forward corresponding solutions and suggestions. The results show that big data and cloud computing help to improve the efficiency and user satisfaction of physical education, and have important value in promoting the modernization of physical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MP) derived from the weathering of polymers, or synthesized in this size range, have become widespread environmental contaminants and have found their way into water supplies and the food chain. Despite this awareness, little is known about the health consequences of MP ingestion. We have previously shown that the consumption of polystyrene (PS) beads was associated with intestinal dysbiosis and diabetes and obesity in mice. To further evaluate the systemic metabolic effects of PS on the gut-liver-adipose tissue axis, we supplied C57BL/6J mice with normal water or that containing 2 sizes of PS beads (0.5 and 5 µm) at a concentration of 1 µg/ml. After 13 weeks, we evaluated indices of metabolism and liver function. As observed previously, mice drinking the PS-containing water had a potentiated weight gain and adipose expansion. Here we found that this was associated with an increased abundance of adipose F4/80+ macrophages. These exposures did not cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease but were associated with decreased liver:body weight ratios and an enrichment in hepatic farnesoid X receptor and liver X receptor signaling. PS also increased hepatic cholesterol and altered both hepatic and cecal bile acids. Mice consuming PS beads and treated with the berry anthocyanin, delphinidin, demonstrated an attenuated weight gain compared with those mice receiving a control intervention and also exhibited a downregulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathways. This study highlights the obesogenic role of PS in perturbing the gut-liver-adipose axis and altering nuclear receptor signaling and intermediary metabolism. Dietary interventions may limit the adverse metabolic effects of PS consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to develop high-performance electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are of utmost importance in ensuring sustainable hydrogen production. The controllable fabrication of inexpensive, durable, and high-efficient HER catalysts still remains a great challenge. Herein, we introduce a universal strategy aiming to achieve rapid synthesis of highly active hydrogen evolution catalysts using a controllable hydrogen insertion method and solvothermal process. Hydrogen vanadium bronze HxV2O5 was obtained through controlling the ethanol reaction rate in the oxidization process of hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, the intermetallic PtCoVO supported on two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets was prepared by a solvothermal method at the oil/water interface. In terms of HER performance, PtCoVO/g-C3N4 demonstrates superior characteristics compared to PtCo/g-C3N4 and PtCoV/g-C3N4. This superiority can be attributed to the notable influence of oxygen vacancies in HxV2O5 on the electrical properties of the catalyst. By adjusting the relative proportions of metal atoms in the PtCoVO/g-C3N4 nanomaterials, the PtCoVO/g-C3N4 nanocomposites show significant HER overpotential of η10 = 92 mV, a Tafel slope of 65.21 mV dec−1, and outstanding stability (a continuous test lasting 48 h). The nanoarchitecture of a g-C3N4-supported PtCoVO nanoalloy catalyst exhibits exceptional resistance to nanoparticle migration and corrosion, owing to the strong interaction between the metal nanoparticles and the g-C3N4 support. Pt, Co, and V simultaneous doping has been shown by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to enhance the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level. This augmentation leads to a higher charge density and a reduction in the adsorption energy of intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-coupled transition metal oxyhydroxide (TMOOH) on semiconductor (SC)-based photoanodes are effective strategies for improving photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. However, there is a substantial difference between the current density and theoretical value due to the inevitable interfacial charge recombination of SC/TMOOH. Here, we employ BiVO4/FeNiOOH as a model, constructing the BiVO4/MnOx/CoOx/FeNiOOH integrated system by introducing a novel hetero-interface regulation unit, i.e., MnOx/CoOx. As expected, the optimized integrated system demonstrates a photocurrent density as high as 5.0 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under 1 sun AM 1.5G illumination, accompanied by 12-h stability. The detailed electrochemical analysis and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) have confirmed that the high PEC performance mainly originates from the hetero-interface structure, which not only suppresses the interfacial charge recombination by accelerating the photogenerated hole transfer kinetics from BiVO4 to FeNiOOH but promotes the kinetics of surface oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Notably, these findings can also be extended to other structures (CeOx/CoOx), reflecting its universality. This finding has provided a new insight into the highly efficient solar energy conversion in the SC/TMOOH system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the protective action and mechanism of songorine on sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). The sepsis-induced ALI mouse and cell models were established by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. Lung injury was assayed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, lung injury score, and lung wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio. Apoptosis in lung tissues was evaluated by TUNEL assay, and the expression of apoptosis-related markers (Bcl2, Bax, and caspase-3) was measured by western blotting. Levels of pro-inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice were measured by ELISA and RT-qPCR. The expression of PI3K/AKT/NRF2 pathway-related proteins was analyzed by western blotting. Songorine treatment at 40 mg/kg mitigated sepsis-induced ALI, characterized by improved histopathology, lung injury score, and lung W/D weight ratio (p < 0.05). Moreover, songorine markedly attenuated sepsis-induced apoptosis in lung tissues; this was evidenced by an increase in Bcl2 levels and a decrease in Bax and caspase-3 levels (p < 0.01). Also, songorine reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MPO) and oxidative stress regulators (SOD and GSH) in the BALF of LPS-induced sepsis mice and RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.05). In addition, songorine upregulated the PI3K/AKT/NRF2 pathway-related proteins in LPS-induced sepsis mice and RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) treatment reversed the protective effect of songorine on sepsis-induced ALI. Songorine inhibits oxidative stress-related inflammation in sepsis-induced ALI via the activation of the PI3K/AKT/NRF2 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer behavior has changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the extent to which the traditional Attention, Interest, Search, Action, and Share (AISAS) consumer behavior model has been affected by the pandemic is underexplored. Simultaneously, food safety issues urgently require stronger protection due to the increasing demand for consumer health. This study aims to determine how the adoption of food traceability systems (FTS) influences consumer behavior and proposes a new interpretation of the AISAS model. Our findings confirm the validity of our model and provide theoretical support for the relationship between "trust" and "trace" in consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate estimation of forest above-ground biomass (AGB) is vital for monitoring changes in forest carbon sinks. However, the spatial heterogeneity of AGB, coupled with inherent uncertainties, poses challenges in acquiring high-quality AGBs. This study introduced a bias-corrected ensemble machine learning (ML) algorithm for AGB downscaling that integrated a ML for AGB mapping with another for residual mapping. The accuracies of six bias-corrected ensemble ML algorithms were evaluated at resolutions of 0.05°, 0.025°, and 0.01°. Moreover, a step-by-step downscaling (SBSD) method was introduced, utilizing bias-corrected ensemble ML algorithms to downscale AGB from 0.1° to 0.05°, 0.025°, and 0.01° resolutions and was compared with the direct downscaling (DD) at three scales. A comparative analysis was conducted in the Daxing'anling Mountains and Xiaoxing'anling Mountains. AGB and corresponding uncertainty maps at three scales were generated using SBSD. The results showed that the efficacy of the XGBoost-based AGB model combined with the random forest-based residual correction model was superior. Spatial patterns in AGB maps generated by SBSD and DD were found to be similar. Notably, SBSD yielded enhanced accuracy in the Daxing'anling Mountains with complex topography, while both performed comparably in the Xiaoxing'anling Mountains with milder topography, highlighting SBSD's advantages in high heterogeneity areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate deep-tissue thermometer with excellent photothermal conversion efficiency is desired for effective photo-thermal therapy (PTT), which will minimize collateral damages to normal cells from overheating or ineffective treatment from insufficient heat. Herein, a nano-thermometer with Nd3+/Yb3+/Ho3+ tri-doped Na 3 InF 6 was designed by hydrothermal method to real-time monitor tissue temperature, and its luminescent performance and temperature sensing behavior based on the luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) technology in the visible and near infrared regions were analyzed under 808 nm excitation. The advantage of temperature probes located in the near infrared (NIR) biological window region was demonstrated by the penetration depth in simulating biological tissue agar. Furthermore, the feasibility of the sample as a self-monitoring photothermal platform was verified by in vitro bactericidal experiments, which expressed excellent photothermal conversion performance and sterilizing rates reached 59.8 % (E. coli) and 53.6 % (S. aureus), respectively. Results demonstrated that the present single-phased Na 3 InF 6 :Nd3+/Yb3+/Ho3+ nanophosphor could serve as a bifunctional photothermal agent with internal tissue temperature measurement and photothermal conversion. Na 3 InF 6 : Nd3+, Yb3+, Ho3+ UC nanoparticles with multimode temperature detection and photothermal conversion functions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric capacitors have been widely studied in advanced electronics systems due to their rapid discharge rate and high-power density. Among them, relaxor ferroelectrics characterized by nanodomains possess broad application prospects as dielectricmaterialswith high energy density and high efficiency. In this paper, the dielectric characteristics, energy storage performance, and charge--discharge behavior of rare-earth Yb-doped Sr0.7Bi0.2TiO3 ceramics are systematically investigated. The Yb-doped SBT ceramics reduced the grain size, improved the insulation and thermal conductivity, and significantly improved the dielectric breakdown strength. Finally, a high recoverable energy density of 2.32 J/cm³ and an excellent energy storage efficiency of 92.2% were obtained at 300 kV/cm. In addition, pulsed charge--discharge tests show that Sr0.7Bi0.15Yb0.05TiO3 possesses a rapid discharge rate and high-power density with superior thermal stability. Based on these outstanding characteristics, Sr0.7Bi0.15Yb0.05TiO3 exhibits promising applications in pulsed power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) in complex, wide-necked middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation aneurysms. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients treated with PED for complex, wide-necked MCA bifurcation aneurysms between August 2016 and March 2021. In addition to demographic data, we collected aneurysmal neck width, dome-to-neck ratio, complications, and clinical and angiographic follow-up. The embolization degree of aneurysms was evaluated by O'Kelly-Marotta (OKM) grading scale, and the prognosis was assessed with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results: From August 2016 to March 2021, a total of 46 patients with 49 MCA bifurcation aneurysms in our center were enrolled, of whom all received PEDs successfully. The O'Kelly-Marotta (OKM) grading showed that post-procedure 15 patients (32.6%) were grade C, another 8 patients (17.4%) were grade D. Aneurysms with small remnant or complete occlusion were 50%, symptomatic ischemic events occurred in 3 (6.5%), and bleeding events in 1 (2.2%). 41 patients underwent a 6-month angiography follow-up, in which 7 patients (17.1%) remained OKM grade C and 30 patients (73.2%) achieved OKM grade D. Complete occlusion and small remnant aneurysms were up to 90.3%. 40 (97.6%) patients' mRS scores were 0, and 1 (2.4%) patient was 2. No new bleeding and ischemic events occurred during the 6-month. Conclusions: The Pipeline Embolization Device provides a safe and effective treatment alternative for complex, wide-necked MCA aneurysms. A larger number with longer-term follow-up data is needed for further verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a phencyclidine (PCP) analog, ketamine can generate rapid‐onset and substantial anesthetic effects. Contrary to traditional anesthetics, ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic and can induce loss of consciousness in patients. Recently, the subanaesthetic dose of ketamine was found to produce rapid‐onset and lasting antidepressant effects. Aim: However, how different concentrations of ketamine can induce diverse actions remains unclear. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the NMDAR‐mediated anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine are not fully understood. Method: In this review, we have introduced ketamine and its metabolism, summarized recent advances in the molecular mechanisms underlying NMDAR inhibition in the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine, explored the possible functions of NMDAR subunits in the effects of ketamine, and discussed the future directions of ketamine‐based anesthetic and antidepressant drugs. Result: Both the anesthetic and antidepressant effects of ketamine were thought to be mediated by N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) inhibition. Conclusion: The roles of NMDARs have been extensively studied in the anaesthetic effects of ketamine. However, the roles of NMDARs in antidepressant effects of ketamine are complicated and controversial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although childhood maltreatment has been suggested to play an important role in developing Internet addiction among adolescents, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this association. The present study investigated (a) the mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy (MCERS) in the association between childhood maltreatment and Internet addiction, and (b) the moderating role of peer support in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and Internet addiction. A sample of 4163 Chinese adolescents (50.3 % females, M age = 14.25, SD = 1.53) were recruited. The moderated mediation model showed that MCERS mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and Internet addiction. Furthermore, the mediating process was moderated by peer support. Interestingly, peer support can protect adolescents from being affected by higher levels of MCERS while it displays limited protective effect when adolescents suffered from higher levels of childhood maltreatment. These findings indicate that reducing the MCERS and enhancing peer support can contribute to the alleviation of negative influences of childhood maltreatment on Internet addiction. • MCERS mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and Internet addiction. • Peer support moderated the mediation model. • The buffering effect of social support was supported. • The reverse buffering effect of social support was supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have abnormal functional interaction among large-scale brain networks, indicated by aberrant effective connectivity of the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and dorsal attention network (DAN). However, it remains unclear whether antidepressants can normalize the altered effective connectivity in MDD. In this study, we collected resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 46 unmedicated patients with MDD at baseline and after 12 weeks of escitalopram treatment. We also collected data from 58 healthy controls (HCs) at the same time point with the same interval. Using spectral dynamic causal modeling and parametric empirical Bayes, we examined group differences, time effect and their interaction on the casual interactions among the regions of interest in the three networks. Compared with HCs, patients with MDD showed increased positive (excitatory) connections within the DMN, decreased positive connections within the SN and DAN, decreased absolute value of negative (inhibitory) connectivity from the SN and DAN to the DMN, and decreased positive connections between the DAN and the SN. Furthermore, we found that six connections related to the DAN showed decreased group differences in effective connectivity between MDD and HCs during follow-up compared to the baseline. Our findings suggest that escitalopram therapy can partly improve the disrupted effective connectivity among high-order brain functional networks in MDD. These findings deepened our understanding of the neural basis of antidepressants' effect on brain function in patients with MDD. • MDD showed abnormal effective connectivity among three key large-scale brain networks (DMN, SN and DAN). • Connections related to the DAN recovered after 12 weeks of escitalopram treatment in MDD patients. • Escitalopram therapy can normalize the disrupted effective connectivity among functional networks in MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things (IoT) technology, increasingly edge devices have entered people's daily lives. However, due to the limited performance of edge devices, complex models can affect the response speed and efficiency of the whole system. Existing research still cannot simultaneously satisfy the demand for accuracy and response speed of edge devices. This paper proposes a lightweight and highly accurate object detection model that uses the Transformer to address edge devices' limited computational capacity and storage space. Specifically, the proposed model adopts the Swin Transformer for multi-scale feature extraction to achieve better global modeling capability. In addition, we propose the Neck module with path aggregation network (PAN), which is designed with a two-feature pyramid structure capable of combining semantic and localization information in order to improve the operational performance by exploiting the underlying location features. A lightweight detection head is then developed using group convolution, fusing the two localization branches and removes the additional decoupling operation. Finally, we conduct comparative experiments on three datasets: the Retail-cabinet dataset, the Roadsign dataset, and the Pascal VOC dataset. Experimental results show that compared with the baseline model, our model achieves an 11.8% improvement in mAP on the Retail-cabinet dataset while reducing Params and FLOPs by 23.19% and 71.50%, respectively. The proposed model effectively reduces the model's computational complexity and improves detection performance, thereby possessing high practical value. This code is released on https://github.com/ydlam/ST-YOLOX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Navigation aids play a crucial role in guiding ship navigation and marking safe water areas. Therefore, ensuring the accurate and efficient recognition of a navigation aid's state is critical for maritime safety. To address the issue of sparse features in navigation aid data, this paper proposes an approach that involves three distinct processes: the extension of rank entropy space, the fusion of multi-domain features, and the extraction of hidden features (EFE). Based on these processes, this paper introduces a new LSTM model termed EFE-LSTM. Specifically, in the feature extension module, we introduce a rank entropy operator for space extension. This method effectively captures uncertainty in data distribution and the interrelationships among features. The feature fusion module introduces new features in the time domain, frequency domain, and time–frequency domain, capturing the dynamic features of signals across multiple dimensions. Finally, in the feature extraction module, we employ the BiLSTM model to capture the hidden abstract features of navigational signals, enabling the model to more effectively differentiate between various navigation aids states. Extensive experimental results on four real-world navigation aid datasets indicate that the proposed model outperforms other benchmark algorithms, achieving the highest accuracy among all state recognition models at 92.32%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell metabolite adenosine can induce extensive and persistent immunosuppression by binding to adenosine receptors on immune cells. Seriously, the hypoxia‐driven adenosinergic axis aggravates adenosine accumulation via dephosphorizing immune‐activating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released during immunogenic cell death (ICD). Different from direct adenosine clearance or adenosine receptor blockade or directly using ecto‐enzyme (CD39/CD73) antagonist, it is hoped to use an innovative small science engineering to regulate the upstream hypoxia/HIF‐1α signal of the hypoxia‐adenosinergic axis, thereby reducing the immunosuppressive extracellular adenosine and enhancing ICD‐triggered antitumor immunity. PM@Mn is constructed by gradually integrating metformin and MnO2 on polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles. PM@Mn can effectively suppress hypoxia‐adenosinergic axis via combining catalytic oxygen production with reduced endogenous oxygen consumption. Such motif of hypoxia relief suppresses the metabolism of ATP to adenosine via down‐regulating the expression of HIF‐1α, CD39, and CD73. Meanwhile, PDA in PM@Mn can induce local tumor ablation and trigger the "vaccine effect" of ICD under near‐infrared radiation. In a mouse breast cancer model with low immunogenicity, our strategy can effectively reduce adenosine accumulation, PM@Mn group exhibits 4.51‐fold cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration and tumor inhibition rate of 75.4%. This study provides a new strategy to advance ICD‐triggered antitumor immunity through supressing hypoxia‐adenosinergic axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu), as an essential microelement for plant growth, may have impacts on root activity and function under excessive conditions, thereby affecting the physiology and growth of plants. One-year-old golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta) cuttings were treated with six Cu2+ levels of 0.2, 2.0, 20.0, 200.0, and 2000.0 mmol L-1 for 7, 21, and 35 days by hydroponic culture with 0.0 mmol L-1 as the control. The obvious negative effects of 200.0 and 2000.0 mmol L-1 Cu2+ on the aboveground and belowground parts of D. erecta were observed after 35 days of treatment. The root activity at 20.0, 200.0, and 2000.0 mmol L-1 Cu2+ was 16%, 21%, and 22% lower than the control, while no significant difference between 2.0 mmol L-1 Cu2+ and the control. The net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate showed a decreasing trend with treatment time when Cu2+ concentration was higher than 20.0 mmol L-1. The chlorophyll contents, leaf circumference, and leaf area at 2.0 mmol L-1 Cu2+ were significantly higher than the control and other Cu2+ treatments. The Cu concentration of roots, stems, and leaves at 2000.0 mmol L-1 Cu2+ was 22.9, 3.3, and 2.7 times higher than the control. Our results indicate that 2000.0 mmol L-1 Cu2+ destroyed the root function, causing excessive Cu accumulation in the roots, stems and leaves, consequently decreasing plant physiology and growth. Based on the short-term results, 2.0 mmol L-1 Cu2+ was the suitable concentration for D. erecta in hydroponic culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to design and develop a set of universal primers for amplification of the entire mitochondrial genome of Acaridae mites based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The conserved regions were screened by comparing the mitochondrial genomes of known Acaridae mites in GenBank. To ensure that the primers cover the entire mitochondrial sequence, the mitochondrial genome was divided into six overlapping fragments based on the conserved region. After synthesizing primers, we extracted the total DNA of Acaridae mites collected from grain stores. Then the total DNA of individual Acaridae mites was used as the template for PCR, Sanger sequencing, and sequence splicing. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that the lengths of the six amplification products were between 1.2 kb and 3.8 kb, consistent with design expectations. The resulting sequences could be successfully spliced to form a loop structure, confirming that the primers cover the entire mitochondrial genome. The splicing results were consistent with the full sequence released in GenBank. Developed universal primers can achieve rapid amplification and help to obtain mitochondrial genome from a single acarid mite with high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research has shown that online news engenders greater political participation, but less attention has been paid to how the relationship can be suppressed by government online surveillance and censorship, especially as Internet freedoms continue to decline in many parts of the world. Drawing from 2017–20 World Value Survey and Varieties of Democracy project data, we conducted multilevel analyses across forty-four countries from seven continents that have different political and media systems. Results showed that online news and online surveillance were positively related to political engagement while online censorship was negatively related. Cross-level interactions also showed some support for the informational theory of repression, whereby the relationships among online news, surveillance, and engagement were conditioned at different levels of online censorship. The results suggest that while country-level online surveillance and censorship is highly correlated, varying levels can engender or suppress political engagement in different ways, which have implications for future studies on the dynamics of government digital repression and citizen participation in politics from a global comparative perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a wide band gap semiconductor, alkaline-earth metal sulfides (AES) with low phonon energy, high laser damage threshold, and high transmittance in infrared, have wide application prospects in bioimaging, spectral conversion, and solid-state lighting. However, AES nanocrystals (NCs) suffer from the weak chemical-stability and low mechanical-stability, and can be easily oxidized in humidity and oxygen. Incorporation of AES NCs into inorganic glass is expected to overcome those inherent limitations. In this work, a new type of oxysulfide glass-ceramics containing CaS, SrS, BaS, Sr x Ba 1−x S, and Ca x Sr 1−x S NCs is developed, and average diameters of these AES NCs are tuned in the range of 3–18 nm. Precipitation of AES NCs not only improves the mechanical properties of glass, but also maintains high transmittance (˃60%) in the spectral range of 1–4.3 µm. Results reported in this work offer a new pathway for developing novel oxysulfide glass-ceramics for multi-functional optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide use of virtual communication has raised a need to understand its effect on communication effectiveness and the ways its different forms influence users' information processing. To that end, this study proposes the Dynamical Interpersonal Communication Systems Model and posits that the amount of information directly perceived affects individual and dyadic information processing. This proposition is tested by examining how visual information influences physiological patterns, known to underlie information processing, during in-person, video, and audio-only conferences. Results indicate that while audio-only communication sustained emotional intensity better, visual-based communication required less initial cognitive effort. Visual information in combination with physical presence (in-person communication) resulted in consistently lower cognitive effort and stronger synchronization of positive emotions, compared to contexts involving visual but without embodied information (video communication). This study shows the importance of investigating interpersonal communication simultaneously across multiple systems and at the intra- and inter-personal levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of root-knot nematode disease has seriously constrained the development of the Chinese herbal medicine industry. China is one of the largest producers of Polygonatum sibiricum and Peucedanum praeruptorum in the world, but the unidentified root-knot nematodes have become important pests of these two Chinese herbal medicines in China. Both morphological characteristics and molecular identification were used to identify the nematodes. The identification results showed that Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria were the causal species of root-knot nematode infection in P. sibiricum, and M. hapla was the causal species of the infection in P. praeruptorum. Through investigation, this is the first report of M. incognita and M. arenaria infecting P. sibiricum, and M. hapla infecting P. praeruptorum, in China. The two Chinese herbs are being severely damaged by various root-knot nematodes, and this damage should be taken seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) residue as a crop culture substrate has unique advantages in alleviating the obstacles associated with continuous monocropping, such as increasing production, improving quality and alleviating pests and diseases. However, the effect of TCM residue application on substrates in continuous monocropping practices has not been determined. In this study, the cucumber variety "Jinyou No. 10" was used as the material, and fermented TCM residue, vermiculite and perlite were used as organic substrates (3:1:1). The cucumbers were cultivated on substrates for different durations of continuous monocropping, which were the first cropping cycle (A1), second cropping cycle (A2), third cropping cycle (A3) and fourth cropping cycle (A4). The control (A0) was the substrate sample without any crop planted in it. After the cucumbers were harvested, substrate samples (areas around the cucumber roots) were collected. The physiochemical properties of the cultivated substrates were determined, and the microbial community structures were analyzed through 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing. The physiochemical indices of the substrates with different durations of continuous monocropping (A1–A4) were significantly different than those of the control (A0) substrate. Moreover, the continuous cropping of cucumber had greater effects on fungal communities than on bacterial communities. Bacterial community structure analysis revealed a greater proportion of important bacterial taxa (Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Nitrospirae) in the continuous monocropping substrates than in the A0 substrate. For the fungal community, Ascomycota accounted for the largest percentage of the fungal community in all the samples. The diversity of the microbial community was found to be influenced primarily by electrical conductivity, organic matter content, pH and total potassium content according to the correlation analysis of physicochemical properties and relative abundance of the microbial community. Our study would provide a basis for addressing persistent challenges in continuous cropping and for obtaining the utmost benefit from using TCM organic residue waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: MicroRNA-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (miR-SNPs) can alter microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles, thereby influencing the risk of rheumatic diseases. Herrin a case control study, six miR-SNPs in miRNA processing machinery genes, namely RAN (rs14035), XPO5 (rs11077), Dicer (rs3742330), GEMIN3 (rs197412), GEMIN4 (rs2740348), and TNRC6B (rs9623117), were genotyped to assess their correlation with the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: We included 119 patients with SLE and 130 healthy controls. The genotypes of the six miR-SNPs were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum cytokine levels were assessed using a cytometric bead array, and fluorescent probe technology was used to determine plasma reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Results: The AA genotype of Dicer was correlated with a 0.566-fold decreased risk of SLE compared with that of the AG + GG genotype (odds ratio, 0.566; 95% CI, 0.342–0.935; p =.026), and the rs3742330 A allele was associated with a significantly decreased risk of SLE (p =.035) compared with that of the rs3742330G allele. Additionally, AA genotype carriers exhibited lower levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the blood (p =.013). Subsequent analysis revealed increased ROS production in patients with SLE than that in the controls (621.042 ± 425.285 vs 499.966 ± 302.273, p =.011). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ROS generation participates in SLE pathogenesis. The identification of Dicer gene SNP rs3742330 as a potential modifier of SLE risk via mediating IL-6 overproduction suggests a potential avenue for targeted interventions to manage SLE and its associated immune dysregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of the continuing decline of rural areas caused by urbanization has become a global concern. Encouraging college graduates to return to their hometowns to start businesses is an important initiative for countries to achieve sustainable rural development. Drawing from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study introduces two additional variables: place attachment and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Through a series of three model refinements, a comprehensive theoretical framework has been formulated to elucidate Chinese college graduates' hometown-based entrepreneurial intention and behavior. The samples for this study were 1151 college graduates selected from diverse universities across China. This study aims to explore the influence of college graduates' hometown-based entrepreneurial intention using Structural Equation Modelling. This analytical approach illuminates how variables such as college graduates' place attachment, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, subjective norm for hometown-based entrepreneurship, and attitude towards hometown-based entrepreneurship affected their hometown-based entrepreneurial intention. The research findings reveal the following insights: (1) The overall levels of college graduates' place attachment and hometown-based entrepreneurial intention were relatively low. (2) College graduates' place attachment, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, subjective norm for hometown-based entrepreneurship, and attitude towards hometown-based entrepreneurship, had a positive impact on their hometown-based entrepreneurial intention. (3) College graduates' place attachment and subjective norm for hometown-based entrepreneurship had a significant impact on their hometown-based entrepreneurial intention through the mediating variable of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. This study then makes policy recommendations from theoretical and managerial aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of mass tourism, more and more people are attracted by internet-famous site. With people's demand for travel surged, tourists are getting together in one scenic spot with doubling numbers, which easily leads to high concentration of tourists with uncontrollable security risks. It needs to be highly valued by the tourism department. Monitoring and issuing warnings for crowd density in scenic areas with Highly Aggregated Tourist Crowds (HATCs) is an urgent challenge that needs to be addressed. In this paper, Highly Aggregated Tourist Crowds is taken as the research objective, and a VGGT-Count network model is proposed to forecast the density of HATCs. The experimental outcomes demonstrated a substantial improvement in counting accuracy for the ShanghaiTech B and UCF-QNRF datasets. Furthermore, the model allows for real-time monitoring of tourist attractions, enabling advanced prediction of high concentrations in scenic areas. This timely information can alert relevant authorities to implement preventive measures such as crowd control and flow regulation, thereby minimizing safety hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to develop a radiomics-clinical nomogram using multi-sequence MRI to predict recurrence-free survival (RFS) in bladder cancer (BCa) patients and assess its superiority over clinical models. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 229 BCa patients with preoperative multi-sequence MRI was divided into a training set (n = 160) and a validation set (n = 69). Radiomics features were extracted from T2-weighted images, diffusion-weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient, and dynamic contrast-enhanced images. Effective features were identified using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method. Clinical risk factors were determined via univariate and multivariate Cox analysis, leading to the creation of a radiomics-clinical nomogram. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests assessed the relationship between radiomics features and RFS. We calculated the net reclassification improvement (NRI) to evaluate the added value of the radiomics signature and used decision curve analysis (DCA) to assess the nomogram's clinical validity. Results: Radiomics features significantly correlated with RFS (log-rank p < 0.001) and were independent of clinical factors (p < 0.001). The combined model, incorporating radiomics features and clinical data, demonstrated the best prognostic value, with C-index values of 0.853 in the training set and 0.832 in the validation set. Compared to the clinical model, the radiomics-clinical nomogram exhibited superior calibration and classification (NRI: 0.6768, 95% CI: 0.5549-0.7987, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The radiomics-clinical nomogram, based on multi-sequence MRI, effectively assesses the BCa recurrence risk. It outperforms both the radiomics model and the clinical model in predicting BCa recurrence risk. Critical relevance statement: The radiomics-clinical nomogram, utilizing multi-sequence MRI, holds promise for predicting bladder cancer recurrence, enhancing individualized clinical treatment, and performing tumor surveillance. Key points: • Radiomics plays a vital role in predicting bladder cancer recurrence. • Precise prediction of tumor recurrence risk is crucial for clinical management. • MRI-based radiomics models excel in predicting bladder cancer recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the distributed robust fault‐tolerant control design problem for networked Euler–Lagrange (EL) systems with time‐varying delays under directed communication topologies. The leaderless and leader‐follower consensus is established. In order to eliminate the influence of actuator faults and external disturbances on the system performance, some designer‐specified performance constraints are imposed on the sliding variables rather than the tracking errors. Based on the variable transformation, two kinds of fault‐tolerant control schemes are proposed under the prescribed constraints. The stability of the closed‐loop systems with time delays is analyzed, and it is shown that the sliding variables eventually converge within an arbitrarily small boundary range. Simulation studies are presented to exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel photocatalyst WO 3 /BiMOF/Bi 2 WO 6 was prepared by self-assembly of benzene dicarboxylic acid ligand (H 2 BDC) anchoring Bi source on the surface of Bi 2 WO 6 to form BiMOF, in which WO 3 spherical particles were scattered uniformly. Thereby, an amount of metal and oxygen vacancies (V M + O) are generated. The 3D flower-like spherical photocatalyst has a large specific surface area and close interfacial contacts, which can provide sufficient channels for carrier migration. The introduction of BiMOF enhanced the light absorption capability of photocatalyst. As a result, the flower-like WO 3 /BiMOF/Bi 2 WO 6 structure exhibits excellent nitrogen fixation as well as high-level photocatalytic activity in degrading Rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) under visible light. For one thing, WO 3 /BiMOF/Bi 2 WO 6 produce ammonia up to 227 μmol L−1 h−1. For another, the degradation efficacy displayed by RhB 99.3% in 15 min and TC 93.6% degradation in 50 min, respectively. In addition, the catalysts showed excellent cyclic stability, with constant degradation efficiencies for at least 4 cycles. The experimental results of free radical scavenging showed that holes (h+) and superoxide radical (·O2−) were the main active substances in the photodegradation process. Therefore, the photocatalytic mechanism of 3D flower-like WO 3 /BiMOF/Bi 2 WO 6 was also proposed. [Display omitted] • Design of a novel Bi-source MOF to load WO 3 as a heterojunction on a 3D hydrangea BiMOF. • Photocatalytic synthesis of ammonia, degradation of tetracycline (TC), rhodamine B (RhB). • Improved ammonia production and tetracycline(TC) and dye(RhB) degradation efficiencqy. • The photocatalytic mechanism of ammonia synthesis and degradation reaction was elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenia and anemia are common complications in patients with Crohn's Disease (CD). However, few studies have shown the association between sarcopenia and hemoglobin levels in CD patients. This retrospective study aimed to explore such association in Chinese patients with CD. Two hundred and twelve adult CD inpatients who underwent computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations from July 2019 to December 2021 were included in the study. Sarcopenia was defined according to the cutoff value of skeletal muscle index of lumbar spine 3 (SMI-L3) (< 44.77cm2/m2 for males and < 32.5cm2/m2 for females). The CD patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of sarcopenia. Clinical data, hemoglobin levels, and other laboratory data were retrospectively collected. The association between hemoglobin levels and sarcopenia was analyzed by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Sarcopenia occurred in 114 CD patients (53.8%). Compared to patients without sarcopenia, patients with sarcopenia had a lower proportion of L1 (30.7% vs. 45.8%, p = 0.032) and B1 classification (58.8% vs. 72.4%, p = 0.037). Patients with sarcopenia had significantly lower levels of hemoglobin (Hb) (116.5 ± 22.8 vs. 128.1 ± 21.0, p < 0.001). The prevalence of sarcopenia increased with the decrease in hemoglobin level (p for trend < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that hemoglobin levels were associated with SMI-L3 (β = 0.091, p = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis found that higher hemoglobin levels (OR:0.944; 95% CI: 0.947,0.998; p = 0.036) were independent protective factors for sarcopenia. Lower hemoglobin levels are independently associated factors of sarcopenia in adult Chinese patients with CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D magnets have recently drawn enormous interest. As an air‐stable A‐type van der Waals antiferromagnet (AFM), CrSBr has attracted great attention but has also led to controversies about its large‐span ordering temperatures. Herein, a systematic study of the magnetic phase transition in single‐crystalline CrSBr with ultrahigh‐quality through surface‐sensitive X‐ray magnetic linear dichroism and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements combined with vibrating sample magnetometry for characterization of bulk magnetization is reported. The interlayer AFM order of both surface and bulk CrSBr is revealed to maintain a similar Néel temperature within the range of 132–142 K. However, the intralayer ferromagnetic (FM) order of surface CrSBr is found to sustain up to ≈238 K, 70 K higher than the value obtained from the bulk CrSBr, demonstrating a dramatically different surface and bulk Curie temperature in CrSBr. Moreover, a half‐filled t2g electronic state for Cr3+ ions with magnetic moment of ≈3 µB/Cr in CrSBr is clearly identified. These results enrich the understanding of the electronic structure and magnetism in CrSBr, providing this material as a promising building block for future spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is an important compound semiconductor for optoelectronic devices. However, the fast nonradiative recombination velocity of GaAs requires surface passivation for the nano-optoelectronic and nanophotonic applications. Despite strides have been made in GaAs surface passivation, chemical treatments like sulfidation and nitridation suffer from reproducibility and stability issues, thus requiring protective layer encapsulation. Traditional vacuum based film passivation exposes samples to high temperature plasma, causing surface damage, and is expensive. Here, we demonstrate an effective passivation method via sol-gel growth of SiO2 shell on both dry etched GaAs nanopillar and bottom-up grown GaAs nanowires at room temperature with uniform coating and controlled thickness from sub-10 nm to around 100 nm, showing advantages in low cost as well as suitability for different types of nano morphology. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms that the SiO2 sol-gel method with the addition of (NH4)2S can significantly remove the native oxides on the surface. Under the optimized SiO2 coating procedure, the emission intensity of dry etched GaAs nanopillar with a diameter of 0.5 μm is enhanced about 29.6 times and the decay lifetime of the minority carriers with a diameter of 1.8 μm increased from 43.6 to 477.5 ps. Thus, the easy fabrication, broad suitability, as well as effective passivation effect turn sol-gel growth of SiO2 into a cost-effective surface passivation approach for III–V nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although laser technology brings convenience to production and daily life, it also causes high-energy damage. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop optical limiting materials for laser protection. In this study, a novel nonlinear optical material, red/black phosphorus lateral heterojunction, is successfully prepared through solvothermal and ultrasonic treatment. Using the Z−scan method, the nonlinear optical properties of the red/black phosphorus heterojunction are determined at wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm. These results indicate that the red/black phosphorus heterojunction exhibits reverse saturable absorption properties in 1.2.3-glycerol. Interestingly, the red/black phosphorus heterojunction shows an enhanced performance over red phosphorus by introducing the black phosphorus phase. Moreover, the red/black phosphorus heterojunction is doped into organically modified silicate gel glass with excellent broadband optical limiting performance. This study highlights the promising prospect of the red/black phosphorus heterojunction in the nonlinear optical and optical limiting fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of fluoroalkanesulfite derivatives in the direct fluoroalkylthiolation of organic compounds. The synthesis of fluoroalkylthiolated compounds through the reduction of these derivatives is discussed, along with innovative approaches for their formation. The article also includes examples of other researchers' work in this field and discusses the mechanism of these reactions. The research has important implications for the synthesis of biologically active compounds, although there are still challenges to overcome in certain areas. Ongoing research is being conducted to address these challenges and further advance the field. [Extracted from the article]

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a bone marrow (BM) failure syndrome mediated by hyperactivated T‐cells with heterogeneous pathogenic factors. The onset of BM failure cannot be accurately determined in humans; therefore, exact pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, a cellular atlas and microenvironment interactions is established using unbiased single‐cell RNA‐seq, along with multi‐omics analyses (mass cytometry, cytokine profiling, and oxidized fatty acid metabolomics). A new KIR+CD8+ regulatory T cells (Treg) subset is identified in patients with AA that engages in immune homeostasis. Conventional CD4+ T‐cells differentiate into highly differentiated T helper cells with type 2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐13), GM‐SCF, and IL‐1β. Immunosuppressive homeostasis is impaired by enhanced apoptosis of activated Treg cells. Pathological Vδ1 cells dominated the main fraction of γδ T‐cells. The B/plasma, erythroid, and myeloid lineages also exhibit substantial pathological features. Interactions between TNFSF12‐TNFRSF12A, TNF‐TNFRSF1A, and granzyme‐gasdermin are associated with the cell death of hematopoietic stem/progenitor (HSPCs), Treg, and early erythroid cells. Ferroptosis, a major driver of HSPCs destruction, is identified in patients with AA. Furthermore, a case of twins with AA is reported to enhance the persuasiveness of the analysis. These results collectively constitute the cellular atlas and microenvironment interactions in patients with AA and provide novel insights into the development of new therapeutic opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serotonin-based nanomaterials have been positioned as promising contenders for constructing multifunctional biomedical nanoplatforms due to notable biocompatibility, advantageous charge properties, and chemical adaptability. The elaborately designed structure and morphology are significant for their applications as functional carriers. In this study, we fabricated anisotropic bowl-like mesoporous polyserotonin (PST) nanoparticles with a diameter of approximately 170 nm through nano-emulsion polymerization, employing P123/F127 as a dual-soft template and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) as both pore expander and emulsion template. Their formation can be attributed to the synchronized assembly of P123/F127/TMB, along with the concurrent manifestation of anisotropic nucleation and growth on the TMB emulsion droplet surface. Meanwhile, the morphology of PST nanoparticles can be regulated from sphere- to bowl-like, with a particle size distribution ranging from 432 nm to 100 nm, experiencing a transformation from a dendritic, cylindrical open mesoporous structure to an approximately non-porous structure by altering the reaction parameters. The well-defined mesopores, intrinsic asymmetry, and pH-dependent charge reversal characteristics enable the as-prepared mesoporous bowl-like PST nanoparticles' potential for constructing responsive biomedical nanomotors through incorporating some catalytic functional materials, 3.5 nm CeO2 nanoenzymes, as a demonstration. The constructed nanomotors demonstrate remarkable autonomous movement capabilities under physiological H2O2 concentrations, even at an extremely low concentration of 0.05 mM, showcasing the 51.58 body length/s velocity. Furthermore, they can also respond to physiological pH values ranging from 4.4 to 7.4, exhibiting reduced mobility with increasing pH. This charge reversal-based responsive nanomotor design utilizing PST nanoparticles holds great promise for advancing the application of nanomotors within complex biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mapping and dynamic monitoring of large-scale cropland erosion rates are critical for agricultural planning but extremely challenging. In this study, using field investigation data collected from 20,155 land parcels in 2817 sample units in the National Soil Erosion Survey, as well as land use change data for two decades from the National Land Use/Cover Database of China (NLUD-C), we proposed a new point-to-surface approach to quantitatively assess long-term cropland erosion based on the CSLE model and non-homologous data voting. The results show that cropland in Yunnan suffers from serious problems, with an unsustainable mean soil erosion rate of 40.47 t/(ha·a) and an erosion ratio of 70.11%, which are significantly higher than those of other land types. Engineering control measures (ECMS) have a profound impact on reducing soil erosion; the soil erosion rates of cropland with and without ECMs differ more than five-fold. Over the past two decades, the cropland area in Yunnan has continued to decrease, with a net reduction of 7461.83 km2 and a ratio of −10.55%, causing a corresponding 0.32 × 108 t (12.12%) reduction in cropland soil loss. We also quantified the impact of different LUCC scenarios on cropland erosion, and extraordinarily high variability was found in soil loss in different basins and periods. Conversion from cropland to forest contributes the most to cropland erosion reduction, while conversion from grassland to cropland contributes 56.18% of the increase in soil erosion. Considering the current speed of cropland regulation, it is the sharp reduction in land area that leads to cropland erosion reduction rather than treatments. The choice between the Grain for Green Policy and Cropland Protecting Strategy in mountainous areas should be made carefully, with understanding and collaboration between different roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The L band frequency shows high sensitivity to sea surface salinity. More stable brightness temperature (TB) measurements are required for L-band radiometers to reduce salinity retrieval errors than for high-frequency radiometers. Due to the complexity of L-band synthetic aperture radiometers, a carefully selected cold-sky target should be viewed using an L-band synthetic aperture radiometer for the purpose of absolute TB calibration since the celestial sky is relatively well characterized and stable in the L band. A novel, effective cold-sky calibration strategy is presented in this paper. The strategy of cold-sky calibration of the synthetic aperture radiometer is applied when and where the antenna main lobe points to the 'flat' celestial sky, and the impact of each type of foreign source, such as the sun or moon, on visibility values should be minimized in the meantime. Additionally, antenna thermal stability is also considered, which can cause antenna deformation, and the antenna patterns are affected. A high-precision and high-fidelity simulator is built for the cold-sky calibration optimized strategy. The orbital beta angle is introduced to characterize the variation in space environment temperatures. A planet that is considered spherical in shape requires significantly less computation than an ellipsoid one in the simulator. The trade-off study results for the planet shape assumption in the cold-sky calibration simulator are presented. Finally, the calibration uncertainty and performance are assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusion G protein‐coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is a potential drug target for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its agonist GW9508 ameliorates cognitive impairment by intravenous administration.The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of GW9508 administered peripherally on cognitive dysfunction in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced AD mice.Seventy male ICR mice were randomly divided into seven groups: vehicle sham group, model, Donepezil, GW9508‐L, GW9508‐M, GW9508‐H, and GW1100 + GW9508‐H groups, and administered either vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid [aCSF]) or STZ (3 mg/kg in the vehicle) once a day (9:00 a.m.) by intracerebroventricular injection bilaterally on day 1 and day 3, respectively. After 2 weeks of recovery, all mice were given drug treatment. Behavioral experiments were applied to test the recognition and spatial memory of mice, while molecular biology experiments such as Western blot, ELISA, and Nissl staining were used to detect the corresponding changes of signaling pathways.Intraperitoneal administration of GW9508 prevented STZ‐induced cognitive impairment as well as decreased the level of p‐tau and Aβ1–42 in plasma and brain. GW9508 upregulated the expression of gut‐brain peptides like PYY, CCK, IGF‐1, and GLP‐1 both in blood circulation and brain and downregulated the expression level of autophagy‐related proteins through activating Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the treatment effect of GW9508 was reversed by GPR40 antagonist GW1100 significantly.Peripheral administration of GW9508 exhibits neuroprotective effects, and it could be a promising therapy for AD. The neuroprotective mechanism of GW9508 was based on promoting gut‐brain peptide secretion, activating Akt/mTOR signal pathway, and regulating neuronal autophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]