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Reduction of the fatigue risk presented by acoustically induced vibration in flare header systems using mitigations that either reduce dynamic stress concentration effects or the level of vibration are of considerable interest to designers and plant operators. Assessments of the relative performance of different types of pipe fittings in reducing dynamic stress levels are presented based on the evaluation of data from full-scale laboratory tests of a pressure-relief system. A modal-analysis based finite-element methodology is also developed so that predictions may be extended to other piping arrangements that vary in thickness, size or connection type. The pipe fittings considered in the test are Pipet®, fabricated tee (Stub-on arrangement), sockolet (small-bore branch connections only), full-wrap reinforced fabricated Tee and Sweepolet®. For the finite-element method reducing tee connection is considered in addition. The test system produced significant levels of both turbulent-induced vibration (FIV) and acoustically induced vibration (AIV), which required differentiation of stress evaluations for the low-frequency FIV region and the mid-to-high frequency AIV region. The relative performance of mitigations (through selection of the type of pipe fitting) was found to be particularly relevant in the low-frequency FIV region. The reductions in dynamic stress and vibration of small-bore branch connections from installation of clamped bracing are also presented. The results show that the use of reducing Tees and full-wrap reinforcements for Stub-on connections for tailpipe and sub-header branch connections provide significant mitigation of dynamic stress and improvement of fatigue life over the use of Pipet® and Stub-on fittings. However, for the Sweepolet® connection which was expected to provide similar improvement the benefits are not fully realized in the 10S configuration.

Compressor piping is a dominant noise source in petrochemical plants with large centrifugal compressors. Acoustic insulation is used on compressor suction, discharge and recycle lines as a measure to mitigate noise radiating from compressor piping. This paper will demonstrate using case studies the importance of acoustic insulation on compressor piping as the primary and most cost effective noise control method for both community and in-plant noise. Case studies include the predicted and measured noise levels obtained during post startup noise surveys. This paper will also illustrate that to obtain good agreement with measured noise levels it is imperative to accurately model the piping sources following the actual piping layout and account for distance attenuation. A cost-benefit analysis of using complete compressor houses and/or acoustic blankets will be presented along with the efficacy of various types of acoustic insulation including elastomeric foam and aerogel based insulation systems. Different acoustic requirements for hot and cold insulation systems will also be presented.

Plants possess numerous secondary metabolites imparting flavor and aroma. However, fragrance inducing natural biomolecules and their potential sources are yet to be thoroughly explored. GC-MS analysis of a sweetly scented Malvacean liana; Hibiscus fragrans Roxburgh was conducted to explore and characterize the concerned aroma fingerprints with sound insights on anticipated array of biosynthetic pathways. Leaf extract of the plant was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Biosynthetic pathways of signature aroma compounds were deduced utilizing bioinformatic databases and reviewing literatures. A rare fragrant biomolecule '2-n-Heptylcyclopentanone' and 22 other aroma impacting biomolecules were detected and functional attributes were deliberately scrutinized. Interactive biosynthetic pathway schemes for all the 23 aromatic metabolomes including proposal for probable origin of 2-n-Heptylcyclopentanone and six other biomolecules (Pentadecanal; Cis-9-Hexadecenal; 14-Heptadecenal; Octadecanal; Undecane and 1-Decyne) with no previous biosynthesis report; out of a total of 47 GC-MS revealed metabolites were designed. Increased production of fragrant molecules in controlled surroundings availing biotechnological administration through metabolic bioengineering and in vitro tissue culture techniques may offer exciting dimensions to fragrance research.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Background Primary iliopsoas abscess is extremely rare in neonates and overlooked easily. It is potentially curable with surgical drainage and broad-spectrum antibiotics if diagnosed early. Case presentation A 13-day-old neonate was presented with a swelling and bluish discoloration on the left thigh and groin. There was a restriction of movement of the left lower limb, and he developed high grade fever later on, during hospital stay. In spite of a great dilemma, we could finally reach the diagnosis of primary iliopsoas abscess, performed surgical drainage, and controlled ongoing sepsis. At 3 months follow-up, the patient was doing well and there was no asymmetry in appearance of movements. Conclusion High index of suspicion, vigilant clinical examinations, and targeted laboratory investigations with imaging studies are of paramount importance in establishing its diagnosis. This case highlights the diagnostic difficulties and re-evaluates the representative features of neonatal iliopsoas abscess and its management.

Twist angle modifies the band alignment, screening, and interlayer (IL) coupling in twisted bilayers (tBLs) of transition metal dichalcogenides. Intermediate misorientation (twist angles > 15 degrees) bilayers (BLs) offer a unique opportunity to tune excitonic behavior within these concurrent physical mechanisms but are seldom studied. In this paper, we measure many-body excitonic complexes in monolayer (ML), natural BL, and tBL WSe2. Neutral biexciton (XX) is observed in tBL, while being undetected in nonencapsulated ML and BL, demonstrating unique effects of disorder screening in tBLs. The XX as well as charged biexciton are robust to thermal dissociation and are controllable by electrostatic doping. Vanishing of momentum-indirect IL excitons with increasing electron doping is demonstrated in tBL, resulting from the near alignment of Q-K and K-K valleys. Intermediate misorientation samples offer a high degree of control of excitonic complexes while offering possibilities for studying exciton-phonon coupling, band alignment, and screening.

Ghosh B, Majumder S, Acharyya S, Ghosh A, Saha S, Sarkar S, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya M. 2022. Comparative phytochemical analysis of mature mango leaves from nineteen cultivars of Murshidabad district, India. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 20: 48-55. Mango (Mangifera indica L.), "the king of fruits," is one of the most popular fruits in tropical regions. This research aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively screen major phytochemical groups present in the leaves of nineteen cultivars of mango tree extracted with three different solvents (petroleum benzene, acetone, methanol) belonging to different polarities and to determine their antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. The antiradical scavenging activity was performed using a DPPH assay. In addition, total phenol and flavonoids in the leaf extracts were also quantitatively analyzed. Phytochemical investigations showed that mango leaf extracts contain phenol, tannin, protein, coumarin, terpenoid, alkaloid, steroid, and cardiac glycoside. The extracts also contain a variety of total phenols and flavonoids. Antiradical scavenging activity showed that polar solvents (methanol, acetone) are more potent than non-polar (petroleum benzene) extracts. Mango leaf extracts inhibit the growth of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus, but no inhibition zone against B. subtilis. Based on the phytochemical compounds and significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties of mango leaf extracts, mango leaves might be a potential source for developing pharmaceutical formulations and drugs.

Valorization of agro-industrial waste resources is today’s main focus for agribiotechnologists. This research work was designed to valorise tea industrial waste, i.e., manufactured by-products from crush-tear-curl (CTC) tea factory. Physicochemical analysis has been carried out to characterize tea waste treated soil. Pot experiment with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] was considered to study the impact of tea waste on plant growth. Morphological parameters such as length of plants and pods, and girth diameter were considered for growth study. Effect of tea factory waste on soil nutrition was found remarkable with increased organic carbon, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur content. Pot culture revealed impact of tea waste composted soil on boosted plant growth. GC-MS based metabolite profiling revealed xanthosine and caffeine as major compounds in tea waste extract. A possible pathway has been proposed to explain the role of xanthosine and caffeine breakdown in fertilization of soil and plant growth. Disposal of tea wastes produced during tea manufacturing can be managed in a sustainable manner if this research is implemented industrially. This research portrays a notable nutrient richness in tea waste treated soil. Detection of purine metabolites revealed remarkable fertilizing and plant growth promoting properties of CTC tea waste.

Introduction. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common cause of cognitive impairment, behavioral changes and language deficits. in this study we assessed the clinical and FDG-PET characteristics of our patients and compared them with available international and Indian data on FTD. Methods. All patients were evaluated with a neuropsychological battery followed by 18F-FDG-PET scan, in addition to all necessary dementia work-up. Results. 15 FTD patients (m:f = 11:4) had a mean age of presentation of 67.4 (8.6) years, with a mean interval of 1.7 (0.7) years from the symptom onset to diagnosis. those with 10 or less years of education had an earlier presentation. a positive family history was present in 20%. The mean MMSE score was 18.8 (4.6). Disinhibition was the most common symptom seen in 60%. Apathy was less frequently noted. FDG-PET scan showed predominantly anterior cingulate and anterior temporal hypometabolism, with asymmetry in 67%. 2 cases diagnosed as fvAD had a revised diagnosis of bvFTD after FDG-PET scan. 1 patient of nfvPPA was mute at presentation with a history of agrammatism with hypometabolism in left inferior frontal and superior temporal regions. Conclusions. There were significant variations compared to international/Western literature, with later age of presentation, shorter interval from onset to presentation, lower MMSE scores, with disinhibition rather than apathy as the commonest symptom. FDG-PET showed similar areas of involvement but with less extensive hypometabolism compared to other studies with a lesser frequency of asymmetry. FDG-PET scan is a useful adjunct for evaluation of FTD patients.

Background: Kombucha is a traditional, popular and probiotic health drink having strong antioxidant properties. Involvement of various bacteria and yeasts in kombucha fermentation have been previously described by several scientists. In this research, we aimed to determine the growth pattern of microbes involved in kombucha fermentation, using the orthodox turbidimetric method and a simultaneous determination of antioxidant activity regularly. Methods: This experiment was designed in a simple way to evaluate the interrelation between growth of microbes involved in kombucha fermentation and the rate of release of antioxidant molecules using spectrophotometric growth study and DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Results: In this research, some new characteristics of kombucha have been found regarding microbial fermentation. Moreover, we prepared broths using different types of sugars as carbon source for a comparative analysis. Significance: In all the broths, it was found that there is a negative correlation between rhythmic microbial growth pattern and antioxidant activity which is definitely a new finding in food science.

PurposeThe yield of defective items and emissions of greenhouse gases in supply chains are areas of concern. Organizations try to reduce the yield defective items and emissions. In this paper, a constrained optimization model is developed with consideration of the yield of defective items and strict carbon cap policy simultaneously and then optimized. Further, sensitivity analyses have been carried out to draw different managerial insights. Precisely, we have tried to address the following research questions: (1) how to optimize the cost for a two-echelon supply chain considering yield of defective items and strict carbon cap policy, (2) how the total expected cost and total expected emissions act with changing parameters.Design/methodology/approachThe mathematical modeling approach has been adopted to develop a model and further optimized it with optimization software. Costs and emissions from different areas of a supply chain have been derived and then the total cost and total emissions have been formulated mathematically. One constrained mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem has been formulated and solved considering emissions-related, velocity and production related-constraints. Further, different sensitivity analyses have been derived to draw some managerial insights.FindingsIn this paper, many decision variables have been calculated with a set of basic values of other parameters. It has been found that both cost and emissions can be controlled by controlling different parameters. It has been also found that some parameters have very little or no influence either on cost or emissions. In most cases, originations may exhaust the given limit of carbon cap to optimize their costs.Originality/valueIn spite of my sincere efforts, no paper has been found that has considered the yield of defective items and strict carbon cap policy simultaneously. In this paper, it is assumed that both demand and defect rates are random in nature. The model, presented in this paper may give insights to develop different supply chain models with consideration of both defective items and strict carbon cap policy. Sensitivity analyses, drawn in this paper may give deep insights to managers and carbon regulatory bodies.

Super-resolution fluorescence imaging that surpasses the classical optical resolution limit is widely utilized for resolving the spatial organization of biological structures at molecular length scales. In one example, single-molecule localization microscopy, the lateral positions of single molecules can be determined more precisely than the diffraction limit if the camera collects individual photons separately. Using several schemes that introduce engineered optical aberrations in the imaging optics, super-resolution along the optical axis (perpendicular to the sample plane) has been achieved, and single-molecule localization microscopy has been successfully applied for the study of 3D biological structures. Nonetheless, the achievable axial localization accuracy is typically three to five times worse than the lateral localization accuracy. Only a few exceptional methods based on interferometry exist that reach nanometer 3D super-resolution, but they involve enormous technical complexity and restricted sample preparations that inhibit their widespread application. We developed metal-induced energy transfer imaging for localizing fluorophores along the axial direction with nanometer accuracy, using only a conventional fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope. In metal-induced energy transfer, experimentally measured fluorescence lifetime values increase linearly with axial distance in the range of 0-100 nm, making it possible to calculate their axial position using a theoretical model. If graphene is used instead of the metal (graphene-induced energy transfer), the same range of lifetime values occurs over a shorter axial distance (~25 nm), meaning that it is possible to get very accurate axial information at the scale of a membrane bilayer or a molecular complex in a membrane. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol for metal- and graphene-induced energy transfer imaging in single molecules, supported lipid bilayer and live-cell membranes. Depending on the sample preparation time, the complete duration of the protocol is 1-3 d.

Hybrid devices consisting of graphene or transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) were widely studied for potential photodetector and photovoltaic applications, while for photodetector applications, high internal quantum efficiency (IQE) is required for photovoltaic applications and enhanced carrier diffusion length is also desirable. Here, we reported the electrical measurements on hybrid field-effect optoelectronic devices consisting of compact QD monolayer at controlled separations from single-layer graphene, and the structure is characterized by high IQE and large enhancement of minority carrier diffusion length. While the IQE ranges from 10.2% to 18.2% depending on QD-graphene separation, ds, the carrier diffusion length, LD, estimated from scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM) measurements, could be enhanced by a factor of 5-8 as compared to that of pristine graphene. IQE and LD could be tuned by varying back gate voltage and controlling the extent of charge separation from the proximal QD layer due to photoexcitation. The obtained IQE values were remarkably high, considering that only a single QD layer was used, and the parameters could be further enhanced in such devices significantly by stacking multiple layers of QDs. Our results could have significant implications for utilizing these hybrid devices as photodetectors and active photovoltaic materials with high efficiency.

Binary van der Waals heterostructures of graphene (Gr) and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) have evolved as a promising candidate for photodetection with very high responsivity due to the separation of photo-excited electron-hole pairs across the interface. The spectral range of optoelectronic response in such hybrids has so far been limited by the optical bandgap of the light absorbing TMDC layer. Here, the bidirectionality of interlayer charge transfer is utilized for detecting sub-band gap photons in Gr-TMDC heterostructures. A Gr/MoSe

The network approach is quickly becoming a fundamental building block of computational methods aiming at elucidating the mechanism of action (MoA) and therapeutic effect of drugs. By modeling the effect of drugs and diseases on different biological networks, it is possible to better explain the interplay between disease perturbations and drug targets as well as how drug compounds induce favorable biological responses and/or adverse effects. Omics technologies have been extensively used to generate the data needed to study the mechanisms of action of drugs and diseases. These data are often exploited to define condition-specific networks and to study whether drugs can reverse disease perturbations. In this review, we describe network data mining algorithms that are commonly used to study drug’s MoA and to improve our understanding of the basis of chronic diseases. These methods can support fundamental stages of the drug development process, including the identification of putative drug targets, the in silico screening of drug compounds and drug combinations for the treatment of diseases. We also discuss recent studies using biological and omics-driven networks to search for possible repurposed FDA-approved drug treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infections (COVID-19).

Abstract. Saha S, Ghosh A, Acharyya S, Bhattacharya M. 2022. Short Communication: Metabolites of Albizia inhibit in vitro growth of phosphate solubilizing microbial consortia isolated from tea garden soil of Darjeeling hills, India. Biodiversitas 23: 2865-2870. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) play a crucial role in maintaining the nutritional status and fertility of the soil. PSMs help in solubilizing the metallic phosphate salts of soil into available phosphate anions for easy uptake by plants. However, this beneficial group of microorganisms also face different challenges for survival from its immediate surroundings. This study was carried out to assess the effect of shade tree litters on the PSM consortia isolated from different tea garden soils of Darjeeling hills, since shade trees are an integral part of tea plantations. Albizia odoratissima, Albizia chinensis and Albizia procera, widely used in tea gardens as shade trees were selected. GC-MS analysis was carried out to detect the metabolites produced by the litters. Twenty-three compounds exhibiting antimicrobial activities were detected. Major peak was found in A. odoratissima, followed by A. chinensisand least in A. procera. Compounds like 1-heptanol, 2-propyl-, neophytadiene, phytol and squalene were common in all three extracts and are considered to provided antimicrobial activity to Albizia. A proportional relation has been observed between magnitude of inhibition zones and peak area percentage in Albizia spp. PSM isolates from shade tree gardens were observed to be more tolerant toward the leaf extracts.

Residue specific measurement of translational diffusion coefficient involving labile amide protons of a protein molecule is known to give inconsistent result due to multiple solute-solvent exchange events during the diffusion encoding period. The residues accessible to solvent often overestimates the diffusion coefficient due to the contribution by fast diffusing solvent molecules to the measured values. It has been, however, shown that this apparent drawback of overestimation can become a valuable source of information about the exchange rates. An associated exchange related drawback that has never been perceived in a similar positive manner is the high repetition inaccuracy. The exchanging residues not only overestimate, they do so in an inconsistent way as the contribution of exchange differs from one measurement to the next. We show here how measurement uncertainty can become another useful tool in recognizing the sections of the polypeptide chain that are exposed to solvent. Additionally, we show that the uncertainty is more sensitive a marker than the overestimation in detecting small changes in solvent accessibility of a residue due to structural changes of a protein molecule.

As quantum technologies develop, a specific class of electrically conducting materials is rapidly gaining interest because they not only form the core quantum-enabled elements in superconducting qubits, semiconductor nanostructures, or sensing devices, but also the peripheral circuitry. The phase coherence of the electronic wave function in these emerging materials will be crucial when incorporated in the quantum architecture. The loss of phase memory, or dephasing, occurs when a quantum system interacts with the fluctuations in the local electromagnetic environment, which manifests in "noise" in the electrical conductivity. Hence, characterizing these materials and devices therefrom, for quantum applications, requires evaluation of both dephasing and noise, although there are very few materials where these properties are investigated simultaneously. Here, the available data on magnetotransport and low-frequency fluctuations in electrical conductivity are reviewed to benchmark the dephasing and noise. The focus is on new materials that are of direct interest to quantum technologies. The physical processes causing dephasing and noise in these systems are elaborated, the impact of both intrinsic and extrinsic parameters from materials synthesis and devices realization are evaluated, and it is hoped that a clearer pathway to design and characterize both material and devices for quantum applications is thus provided.

Human embryonic stem cells offer a huge potential for the study of early human development and for application in biomedical sciences. Growing evidence has shown that besides the protein coding genes, the non-coding elements of the human genome play a crucial role in maintaining its property of self renewal and in cell fate determination. However, a clear understanding of this regulatory mechanism and the landscape of interactions between the coding and non-coding elements was still lacking. To fill in this void, we use transcriptomic data from RNA-seq and small RNA-seq experiments to reconstruct the core pluripotency circuitry involving mRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs. The overall interaction landscape revealed an alternate circuit for the maintenance of pluripotency devoid of the classic pluripotency transcription factors NANOG, SOX2 and POU5F1. We also identified networks specific to the naive and primed states of human pluripotency revealing a new set of transcriptomic markers that could not only be used to differentiate pluripotent state from non-pluripotent state but also to identify the intra-pluripotency state. The lncRNA DANT1 was found to be crucial in determination to the two pluripotency states as it formed a bridge between the naive and primed state specific pluripotency networks. Further, we also identified and computationally validated putative ceRNA mechanism involving DANT1, the miRNAs hsa-miR-30c-2-3p, hsa-miR-210-3p and hsa-let-7b-5p, and several key pluripotency related genes including PTPRZ1, SALL2, TOX3, ZNF695, and ZYG11A which warrants further experimental validation.HIGHLIGHTSReconstructed the key MLMi circuitry underlying human pluripotency by combining RNA-Seq data and known interaction information.Identified an alternate pluripotency circuit devoid of classic pluripotency transcription factors NANOG, SOX2 and POU5F1.Predicted a new set of markers that can not only distinguish between pluripotent and non-pluripotent states but also identify the intra-pluripotency state.Identified novel putative function of lncRNA DANT1 as ceRNA in formation of naive and primed state pluripotency.DANT1 harbours binding sites for miRNAs hsa-miR-30c-2-3p, hsa-miR-210-3p and hsa-let-7b-5p.

The next decade is likely to witness considerable growth in the application of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). However, uncoordinated PEV charging in low-voltage distribution networks may cause grid issues, such as transformer overload and voltage unbalance (VU). Therefore, it is essential to consider a more suitable methodology of voltage regulation for the consumers placed at the end of the feeder when the network is predominantly resistive. With this background, this article investigates the capability of dynamic PEV load transfer within the three phases of a distribution network to propose a new hybrid PEV coordination approach. In addition to the online centralized battery charging and var discharging, this approach performs local voltage profiles improvement by switching PEV at selected single-phase residential houses such that a PEV can be switched from a heavily loaded phase to a (relatively) lightly loaded phase. This results in better voltage regulations and VU reductions. The impacts of uncoordinated and proposed genetic algorithm (GA) coordinated PEV charging on VU and node voltage profiles and losses are simulated for a real unbalanced Western Australian distribution network in the Perth solar city over 24 h.

The easily synthesizable highly water-soluble porphyrin derivative tetrakis-(N-methyl-4-pyridinium)-porphyrin (TmPyP) is proposed as a diaCEST contrast agent that efficiently works in a wide range of pH across the physiological pH of 7.4 at 37 °C. The pH invariance of CEST efficiency is orchestrated by the presence of charge balancing counter anions that make the exchange rate constant of the labile inner core amine protons of TmPyP nearly independent of pH in the important physiological range of 6.6 to 8.3. Moreover, the diatropic ring current within the ring makes the labile protons to appear a convenient ∼8 ppm upfield with respect to the bulk water NMR chemical shift. Consequently, TmPyP shows a nearly pH-independent average CEST contrast of 18% in the important pH range in which most human body fluids are reported. With the inherent safety tag of porphyrin due to the absence of a metal center and very low affinity towards metal binding, good water solubility at the acidic pH of 6.5 and lower that is necessary for excretion, pH-independent high contrast efficiency around a physiological pH, and TmPyP is a potential diaCEST agent suitable for in vivo applications.

P2-type Na0.67[Ni0.33Mn0.67]O2 layered oxide cathode is attractive for practical Na-ion battery application due to its high voltage Ni4+/Ni2+ redox and good air-stability. However, it suffers from rapid capacity decay originating from high voltage P2-O2 transformation. To alleviate this issue, herein we explore optimum Li-substitution into the transition metal layer of Na0.67[Ni0.33Mn0.67]O2 to tailor a series of high Na-content P2-type cathodes. Among them, Na0.85[Li0.14Ni0.29Mn0.57]O2 cathode with optimal Li-substitution exhibits reversible capacities of ∼168 mAh g−1 at 0.1C rate and good cycling stability (82% of retention after 100 cycles at 1C rate). In-situ XRD measurement reveals the formation of complete solid-solution and X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies confirm the participation of Ni4+/Ni2+ and Mn4+/Mn3+ redox couples during Na (de)intercalation of the Na0.85[Li0.14Ni0.29Mn0.57]O2. A full Na-ion cell (Na0.85[Li0.14Ni0.29Mn0.57]O2||hard carbon) is demonstrated with an energy density of 420 Wh kg−1.

In this work the (2+1) dimensional integrable Maccari system is studied. An effective algorithmic method—the multiplier approach for finding the conservation laws of system of partial differential equations is discussed and used to find the conservation laws for this system. Infinite number of conserved vectors are found which strongly support the integrability aspects of the Maccari system. Also new exact solution for this system is derived by using the extended homogeneous balance method. The obtained solutions are plotted and they show bright and dark soliton nature.

Aims: The major objectives of the study are to estimate and elucidate health, nutrition and calorie Intake of farmer in their perspectives of relation and interaction, the general status of the operating factors of the research locale in terms of nutrition and food accessed by the target respondents, the variables as well as factors, in the forms of dependent and interdependent variables and interaction amongst and between them. Study Design: The locale was selected by purposive as well as simple random sampling techniques and the respondents following cultivation had been interacted and were selected by the simple random sampling method. Place of Study: Villages Sidpur and Gobindapur of Purulia-1 block of Purulia district in West Bengal were purposively selected for the study. Methodology: In this study 60 respondents following cultivation have been interacted and are selected by the simple random sampling method. A preliminary interview schedule has been administered to understand the knowledge, perception and attitude of the people towards nutritional availability concept, communication and extension system, challenges faced due to food insecurity. The collected data had been put into multivariate analysis. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences V20.0 (SPSS) of IBM was used for correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, step-down regression analysis and path analysis. Results: Independent variables family size (x3), family income (x5), family expenditure (x6) and health hazards (x7) have been found to exert strong and determining contribution to estimate dependent variable self-consumption of rice production (y) and the set of economic and ecological variables as selected for the study. Conclusion: The present study has envisaged the nutritional availability and intake of calories and it should be conceived as one of the most important predicted factor and to be estimated through a set of predictor factors like family capability, home food access, personal resources etc. A nutrition professional advisory should be made to advice individuals, families, and groups on how to improve diet, lifestyle, and attitude to promote optimal health. These problems can be overcome by effective planning and allocating more funds.

Tea is the most consumed beverages after water. In Terai and Dooars region of sub Himalayan West Bengal, India, tea plantations are around 150 years. Exploitation of tea garden soil over centuries has led to decline in soil fertility and crop productivity after all initiatives of external inputs. As nutrients play a crucial role in quality and quantity of manufactured tea, the present initiative has been designed to quantify the soil nutrient status of tea growing Terai and Dooars region. 79.62% (Terai) and 84.72% (Dooars) of the soil samples were found to have normal pH. 47.21% (Terai) and 49.3% (Dooars) of soil samples was found to have normal organic carbon. 12.03% and 20.82% of soil from Terai and Dooars showed low total nitrogen. Both the organic carbon and nitrogen in soil are positively correlated. Phosphorus (as P2O5) content of soil is extremely site and depth specific. Almost all samples of the study area showed high potassium (as K2O) content. Monoculture, change in rainfall pattern and inorganic additives have contributed enormous stress to soil but despite of all these odds the overall nutritional richness of these tea growing regions seems to be satisfactory.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra was established initially to impart training to the different stake holder of the farming community as a method of technology delivery system. As the time passed by this grass root institution has undergone a tremendous change, starting from technology generation, testing, verification and ultimately onwards transmission to the end users for the enhancement of the productivity in particular and for the overall socio- economic development of the rural people in general with its mandated programmes. The work was conducted with 10 independent variables and one dependent variable-.i.e. Market orientation (y). Purposive as well as simple random techniques were adopted for the study. Among 50 adopted KVK farmers of the selected villages only 22 adopted farmers have been randomly selected and more 22 non adopted farmers and thus altogether 44 farmers have been randomly selected for the study. It is found from the results that cropping intensity plays an important role on market orientation. Cropping intensity determines the cultivated area which contributes to the income and forest coverage of a family on their daily Market orientation. So, far as the management dimension is concern, human resource development through training, planning orientation, market orientation has got tremendous impact almost in every sphere of KVK activities.

Neuroblastoma can arise from extra-adrenal sites in the paraspinal sympathetic chain, including the presacral region, where they must be differentiated from an immature or malignant neural lesion a...

Krishi Vigyan Kendra was established initially to impart training to the different stakeholders of the farming community as a method of technology delivery system. As the time passed by this grass root institution has undergone a tremendous change, starting from technology generation, testing, verification and ultimately onwards transmission to the end users for the enhancement of the productivity in particular and for the overall socio- economic development of the rural people in general with its mandated programmes. The work was conducted with 10 independent variables and one dependent variable-.i.e. Production orientation (y). Purposive as well as simple random techniques were adopted for the study. Among 50 adopted KVK farmers of the selected villages only 22 adopted farmers have been randomly selected and more 22 non adopted farmers and thus altogether 44 farmers have been randomly selected for the study. The results revealed that adoption of improved and newer technology requires decision by farmers, and scientific orientation is a degree to which respondents can orient to the use of scientific methods in relation to adoption behavior. It is an important psychological factor in decision making process. It is concluded that people with progressive attitude will always try to involve themselves in all activities through which more annual income can be achieved and education plays a vital role for adoption process. Training plays important role for improvement of KVK. In the last phase of stepwise regression analysis it is seen that mechanization in family has got some functional impact on production orientation. Mechanization in family determines the adoption of new technology which increases farm production. So it is clear that KVK is an institutional project of ICAR to demonstrate the application of science and technology input of agricultural research and education in the farmers field in the rural areas.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra was established initially to impart training to the different stakeholders of the farming community as a method of technology delivery system. As the time passed by this grass root institution has undergone a tremendous change, starting from technology generation, testing, verification and ultimately onwards transmission to the end users for the enhancement of the productivity in particular and for the overall socio- economic development of the rural people in general with its mandated programmes. The work was conducted with 10 independent variables and one dependent variables- Attitude towards KVK activities (y).Purposive as well as simple random techniques were adopted for the study. For selection of state & district purposive sampling techniques and for block & villages simple random technique were employed for selection of respondents. Among 50 adopted KVK farmers of the selected villages only 22 adopted farmers have been randomly selected and more 22 non adopted farmers and thus altogether 44 farmers have been randomly selected for the study. Analyzing the data using the statistical tools range, mean, coefficient of variation, coefficient of correlation, regression analysis, path analysis, factor analysis, canonical discriminate (Unstandardized) Function results were obtained. So it is clear that KVK is an institutional project of ICAR to demonstrate the application of science and technology input of agricultural research and education in the farmers field in the rural areas and today KVK stands as a bridge between the research laboratories and application of modern agricultural science in rural India through the technology the development and delivery system.

In this article, left {g, h}-derivation and Jordan left {g, h}-derivation on algebras are introduced. It is shown that there is no Jordan left {g, h}-derivation over $${{\cal M}_n}\left(C \right)$$ and ℍℝ, for g ≠ h. Examples are given which show that every Jordan left {g, h}-derivation over $${{\cal T}_n}\left(C \right)$$ , $${{\cal M}_n}\left(C \right)$$ and ℍℝ are not left {g, h}-derivations. Also, the Jordan left {g, h}-derivations over $${{\cal T}_n}\left(C \right)$$ , $${{\cal M}_n}\left(C \right)$$ and ℍℝ are right centralizers, where C is a 2-torsionfree commutative ring. Moreover, we prove the result of Jordan left {g, h}-derivation to be a left {g, h}-derivation over tensor products of algebras as well as for algebra of polynomials.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is an essential tool for metabolomics. In this research we have selected photosynthetic organs- leaf and sepal of a wild Indian tea tree from north-east India to study wild tea metabolites. The result of this study reveals that photosynthetic parts of wild Indian tea tree are rich in 'patchouli' components unlike established cultivated varieties which are known to be rich in polyphenols or flavonoids. Twenty six compounds were detected in sesquiterpene rich leaf while nineteen were detected in the waxy sepal. The remarkable outcome of this study is presence of fourteen 'patchouli' compounds including patchouli alcohol as the major compound (44.81% in leaf and 19.59% in sepal) which can promote this plant to a top-notch position in fields of botany, pharmaceuticals and essential oil industry by occupying the throne of patchouli.

Aims: The major objectives of the study are to elucidate the distributive characters of operating farms in the selected locale of the study, to delineate a micro level policy so that the constraints of the operating farms can be analyzed and intervention programmes can be operationally described, to estimate and analyze the nature and direction of interaction among the independent and dependent variables. Study Design: The locale was selected by purposive as well as simple random sampling techniques and the respondents following rice cultivation had been interacted and were selected by the simple random sampling method. Place of Study: Village Rasulpur of Memari-1 block of Purba Bardhaman district in West Bengal was purposively selected for the study. Methodology: In this study 50 respondents following rice cultivation have been interacted and are selected by the simple random sampling method. A preliminary interview schedule has been administered to understand the knowledge, perception and attitude of the people towards climate changes concept, communication and extension system, farm enterprises, challenges faced during rice production. The collected data had been put into multivariate analysis. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences V20.0 (SPSS) of IBM was used for correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, step-down regression analysis, path analysis and factor analysis. Results: Independent variables economic land (x7), group interaction (x11), innovation proneness (x13) and market orientation (x14) have been found to exert strong and determining contribution to estimate dependent variable self-consumption of rice production (y) and the set of economic and ecological variables as selected for the study. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the dynamics of self-sufficiency of food grains and entrepreneurship, here in case of rice enterprises, are dominantly relying on the entrepreneurs’ behavioural characters, the group interaction they are experiencing, the economic land they are possessing, the electricity consumption level, and the fuel use efficiency, innovation proneness and market interaction.

The study was conducted on Rice and Poultry entrepreneurs in Memari-1 block, Purba Barddhaman district of West Bengal, India. This has been conducted to assess their socio-personal, agro-economical and techno-managerial skills. Several entrepreneurial aspects are considered in this study to portrait a well discernible picture of their entrepreneurship. The acquired data and other information was critically examined with several statistical tools like range, mean, standard deviation, variance, correlation coefficient, stepwise regression analysis, multiple regression analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis. Total 18 variables were considered for the study in which 15 of them are independent variables and 3 of them dependent variables. Correlation coefficient is significant for the independent variables in case of one dependent variable i.e. produce marketed (y3). After performing Stepwise Regression analysis several satisfactory conclusions were drawn for the study which well described the current neo agricultural scenario in rural Bengal. It has been recorded that when the economic land is more, then the marketed surplus becomes lower as because small holdings entrepreneurs concentrate more in the production phase. Marketed surplus has a positive relationship with the Education level. It has been recorded that Marketed surplus has a positive relationship with electricity consumption also. Having a higher marketed surplus indicate more advancement and betterment in terms of entrepreneurial management and thus fuel use efficiency becomes more prominent and fuel consumption is reduced. It has been recorded that when the innovation proneness and market interaction is higher for the respondents, the marketed surplus is also higher.

Mosquito, the infamous vector organism, is responsible for outbreaks of several deadly epidemics. Semiochemicals or pheromones and some other compounds released from several plants and animals have ability to attract mosquitoes. Heneicosane is one of such compounds reported from some plants that attracts mosquitoes, especially Aedes spp. (vector of dengue). Through our experiment based on GC-MS analysis, we report that leaf of Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl, a local orchid of Darjeeling Himalayas, is a source of heneicosane along with several other semiochemicals and odorants that can target mosquitoes. Interestingly, the orchid sample has revealed a number of components having insecticidal activities against mosquitoes which can have made this orchid a complete mosquito-bait. This research invites interest for Dendrobium candidum as a mosquito attractant and killer. For this unique property, we recommend this orchid leaf extract as a bait for dengue vector Aedes mosquito.

Thermal power stations are now considered as the foremost global concern as these are responsible to produce detrimental effects on the environment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impact so proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse. In this study, the perception of certain(60)farmers in 5 villages of Kolaghat block of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India are recorded and analyzed on the basis of their knowledge and views about thermal power, environment and about their individual enterprises. There are 10 independent variables-ages (x1), education (x2), family Member (x3), income (x4), homestead land (x5), total Land (x6), land under Boroj (x7), input cost (x8), and livestock number (x9), distance of villages from Kolaghat Thermal Power Station (x10) and 1 dependable variables- 1) perceived impacts of Kolaghat Thermal Power Station on livestock(y3).It has been found that toxic elements and fly ash from Kolaghat Thermal Power Station have several consequences upon local environment, human, agriculture and livestock. It has also revealed that Kolaghat Thermal Power Station hampers the social ecology of the local areas. The study has further suggested several recommendations to cope with adverse environmental and ecological condition.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare and progressive inflammatory disease of central nervous system due to aberrant measles virus with an outcome that is nearly always fatal. In acute fulminant SSPE, the disease rapidly evolves leading to death within 3 months of the diagnosis. We report here four cases of fulminant SSPE with atypical presentations, two of them presented at very early age with history of congenital measles infection in first case and gait abnormality as initial symptom in second case; acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with refractory seizures in third case, unilateral myoclonus with hemiparesis in fourth case at the onset of disease, respectively. The typical periodic electroencephalographic (EEG) complexes, elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and serum antimeasles antibodies in our patients led to the diagnosis of SSPE. A high index of clinical suspicion in fulminant type with awareness of atypical features, EEG, and CSF studies are of paramount importance in establishing its diagnosis.