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Introduction: During the Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition (EMT) process, cells undergo a transformation in which they lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal traits. This phenomenon was observed during the metastatic stage of neoplastic disorders, such as cervical cancer. Certain indicators are present during EMT. Aim: To evaluate the role of EMT in utero-cervical carcinoma by analysing the expressions of E-cadherin and vimentin in histopathologically confirmed cases. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of two years, from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2014, at the Department of Pathology in a tertiary care centre and referral hospital. A total of 50 histopathologically confirmed cases of utero-cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) were included in this study. These case were analysed focusing on variables such as age, age at marriage, parity, family history, and hormonal intake. Tumour stages and grades were assessed alongside E-cadherin and vimentin expressions using Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results were statistically analysed, and the database was created in MS Excel (Version 2007) and analysed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics software version 20.0, with significance set at p

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM) are major constituents of smog. Delhi experiences severe smog during the post-monsoon season, but a quantitative understanding of VOCs and PM sources is still lacking. Here, we conduct a source apportionment study for VOCs and PM using a recent (2022), high-quality dataset of 111 VOCs, PM2.5, and PM10 in a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. Contrasts between clean monsoon air and polluted post-monsoon air, VOC source fingerprints, and molecular tracers enabled us to differentiate paddy residue burning from other biomass-burning sources, which had previously been impossible. Burning of fresh paddy residue, as well as residential heating and waste burning, contributed the most to observed PM10 levels (25 % and 23 %, respectively) and PM2.5 levels (23 % and 24 %, respectively), followed by heavy-duty vehicles fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG), with a PM10 contribution of 15 % and a PM2.5 contribution of 11 %. For ambient VOCs, ozone formation potential, and secondary-organic-aerosol (SOA) formation potential, the top sources were petrol four-wheelers (20 %, 25 %, and 30 %, respectively), petrol two-wheelers (14 %, 12 %, and 20 %, respectively), industrial emissions (12 %, 14 %, and 15 %, respectively), solid-fuel-based cooking (10 %, 10 %, and 8 %, respectively), and road construction (8 %, 6 %, and 9 %, respectively). Emission inventories tended to overestimate residential biofuel emissions at least by a factor of 2 relative to the PMF output. The major source of PM pollution was regional biomass burning, while traffic and industries governed VOC emissions and secondary-pollutant formation. Our novel source apportionment method even quantitatively resolved similar biomass and fossil fuel sources, offering insights into both VOC and PM sources affecting extreme pollution events. This approach represents a notable advancement compared to current source apportionment approaches, and it could be of great relevance for future studies in other polluted cities and regions of the world with complex source mixtures.

Introduction: Cervical invasive carcinoma is one of the most frequent cancers in the world, and it can be prevented with screening. The papanicolaou (Pap) smear is the most common screening procedure. Pap staining, as it is now done, is costly, requires a large amount of alcohol, and takes a long time. Materials and Methods: A total of 170 patients were recruited. One hundred and sixty-six patients, considering eligibility criteria, undergoing Pap smear test. Eligibility criteria: Age: 18–49 years females, who did not have a total hysterectomy done, who consented to participate in the study. Each patient had two smears taken on glass slides. Standard Pap smears were fixed for at least 15 min in 95% ethanol. The other smear was air-dried before being fixed with alcohol formalin and stained with modified ultrafast Pap (MUFP) stain. A comparison of two different techniques was made on the basis of cytomorphological features. Results: In studied smears, a clean background was seen in 18.24% and 14.12% of the cases in Pap stain and MUFP, respectively. Kappa analysis found a good correlation between Pap stain and MUFP (kappa: 0.81, P < 0.01). Crisp chromatin was seen in 89.41% and 67.65% of MUFP and Pap staining, respectively. About 88.82% of MUFP stains showed optimal cytoplasmic details and the same was revealed by 81.18% of Pap stains. MUFP has a better quality index (QI) as compared to Pap staining as no case in MUFP had QI of < 0.80 with a statistically significant difference as P < 0.05. Conclusion: MUFP is a simple, user-friendly, affordable, and less time-consuming alternative in low-resource areas in comparison to the traditional technique for mass cervical cancer screening.

Abstract Artificial recharge of groundwater has been recognized as a promising option for sustaining groundwater supplies and ensure water security for the ever rising population. With the aid of geospatial and multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies, the current study's scope aids in evaluating groundwater potential zones and locating suitable zones and sites for groundwater recharge for the revival of the Kanari River. A pragmatic methodology was suggested in this study for implementing water harvesting structures for river revival and estimation of water demand, pumping, and recharge. The geometric mean and the normalized weight for individual features were specified using the AHP in a GIS environment. All the different features/datasets were overlaid, and possible groundwater zones were revealed using AHP. Integrated maps were used to identify the groundwater recharge zone and locations for establishing artificial recharge structures within the Kanari River system. Ultimately, the domestic water demand, agriculture water use, pumping, and livestock water demand were estimated for water budgeting, and based on this data, the water availability was calculated. Based on the study results, the water demand of the Kanari River watershed was estimated to be 732 MCM. Taking into consideration the supply and demand scenarios, the pumping overdraft of the Kanari River watershed was found to be 423 MCM, and the proposed additional recharge through the planned conservation structures was estimated to be 859 MCM. So, even if pumping overdraft is considered, this additional groundwater recharge can fulfill the local demand, help maintain the river flow, and ensure water availability and security in the region.

Abstract Breast cancer (BC) has emerged as the most common malignancy among females. The genomic profile of BC is diverse in nature and complex due to heterogeneity among various geographically different ethnic groups. The primary objective of this study was to carry out a comprehensive mutational analysis of Indian BC cases by performing whole exome sequencing. The cohort included patients with a median age of 48 years. TTN, TP53, MUC16, SYNE1, and OBSCN were the frequently altered genes found in our cohort. The PIK3CA and KLC3 genes are driver genes implicated in various cellular functions and cargo transportation through microtubules, respectively. Except for CCDC168 and PIK3CA, several gene pairings were found to be significantly linked with co-occurrence. Irrespective of their hormonal receptor status, RTK/RAS was observed with frequently altered signaling pathways. Further analysis of the mutational signature revealed that SBS13, SBS6, and SBS29 were mainly observed in our cohort. This study supplements the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers and provides new therapeutic options for the improved management of BC.

Background: Chest pain is among the most common reasons patients visit the emergency department (ED). Any new onset of chest pain or any change in the pattern, intensity, or duration of pain in patients with preexisting symptoms must be evaluated to rule out acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the ED of a 250-bed tertiary care center in North India. All patients presenting to the ED with acute chest pain were evaluated using a strictly protocolized approach. The study lasted from October 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022. Patients diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were included in the study. Key timelines recorded included the time of patient arrival, time to electrocardiogram (ECG), time to transfer to the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL), and time to catheterization in the CCL. Results: A total of 208 patients presenting to the ED with acute chest pain were diagnosed with STEMI. The mean door-to-ECG time was 2.96 min, door-to-CCL time was 35.02 min, and door-to-balloon (DTB) time was 65.36 min. Additionally, 86.1% of patients had a DTB time of

Objective: The mainstay of diabetes control and management is glucose monitoring (GM). Improving glycemic control and decreasing glycemic variability is important to prevent microvascular complications of diabetes. Adherence to GM is a challenge in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. Furthermore, nighttime hypoglycemia (NTH) is a common complication of diabetes management; prevention and treatment of which is essential to improve quality of life. We aim to study the impact of flash GM device (FGMD) in detecting NTH and time in range (TIR) in children and adolescents of T1DM. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study. Twenty children and adolescents of T1DM from North India, with mean age (range) of 7.15 years (3–13), were enrolled and applied FGMD. Episodes of NTH and average TIR were analyzed during one sensor application, i.e., 14 days. Results: The proportion of patients developing NTH after 14 days of insertion of device was 15 (75%) and 5 (25%) patients did not. The mean (standard deviation) duration of NTH in 24 h was 101.35 (136.02) min. The mean (range) percentage of TIR of our study subjects was 32.03% (0–61). Conclusion: Flash monitoring is a useful tool to improve adherence to GM, detecting hypoglycemia (diurnal and nocturnal) and TIR in children and adolescents with T1DM.

Abstract Background Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, rarely leads to central nervous system involvement. Although intracerebral bleeding is rare due to endemicity and a significant proportion of underdiagnoses, it should be considered a noteworthy differential diagnosis in endemic regions in patients with relevant history and clinical findings. Case presentation We present the case of a 40-year-old Nepali woman who visited the emergency department with complaints of left-sided weakness for 6 hours and an acute febrile illness with an eschar for 7 days and was diagnosed with scrub typhus by immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the serum. Imaging revealed a right-sided frontotemporal hematoma, and further examination revealed pulmonary edema with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The patient was mechanically ventilated and was treated with antibiotics, steroids, vasopressors, and antipyretics. However, the hematoma was treated conservatively, with ongoing neurological recovery at the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion Although neurological complications and intracranial hemorrhage are uncommon, physicians must be cautious when making differential diagnoses and initiating appropriate therapies to avoid serious or fatal complications.

Abstract A Hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) broad range associated with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies that require slightly less and constant electricity made possible by remote climate monitoring connections. Novelty demonstrates a miniature HFC based on carbon cloth electrodes and sealing elements manufactured via 3D printing. Cobalt (II) Oxide (Co3O4)—reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) and Platinum (Pt) based nanoparticles are coated over carbon cloth to increase the catalytic activity at the anode and cathode. Hydrogen is produced by using an aluminium foil (Al) that is stored in between the filter paper and through capillary action the sodium hydroxide pellets (NaOH) are applied and reacted with Al foil to produce hydrogen. The single HFC device working surface area of 1 × 1 cm2 effectively generates an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.3 V, a current density of 1.602 mA/cm2, and a peak power density of 761 mW/cm2. The fuel cell stability performance is monitored for up to 10 h. The power obtained from the HFC is stored in a supercapacitor and used to supply energy to the IoT component. The module includes a built-in sensor that monitors the temperature, pressure, and humidity. The measured data is then transmitted to a smartphone via Bluetooth.

Abstract Erlotinib is a reversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts by inhibiting signaling pathways, resulting in the disruption of cancerous cell proliferation. Erlotinib is a promising anticancer agent mainly utilized in the mitigation of non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) and pancreatic tumor. Apart from NSCLC and pancreatic tumor, erlotinib has also been employed in different malignancies, including metastatic colorectal cancer, malignant glioma, breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, etc. Despite erlotinib’s distinctive qualities as a targeted drug, its applications are still limited by poor solubility, variable oral bioavailability, a high daily dose requirement, large protein binding, and primitive or acquired therapeutic resistance. Nanotechnology is a favorable approach to increase therapeutic effectiveness of erlotinib. It is one of the newest scientific field directed toward the diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer. This technology aids in the distinction between normal and malignant cells, which overlays the strategy for targeted delivery. This manuscript discussed the advances of erlotinib nanoformulations in the management of different cancers. Moreover, the manuscript also comprises various research outcomes of erlotinib nanoformulations with other therapeutic agents as combinational therapy. Erlotinib can be delivered to a precise target in the body utilizing different polymers, lipids, and metals.

Introduction: Tobacco smoking is one of the 10th leading health indicators proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) Healthy People 2020, with major concerns regarding increased mortality rates. Tobacco smoke contains 2.94 mg of nicotine, 802 mg of tar, 145 mg of carbon monoxide, and greater quantities of chrysene. Hookah tobacco poses a serious health threat because of the commonly held belief among college students that this tobacco product is not addictive. Assessing practices represents an important starting point in curbing the spread of tobacco use. It is crucial to understand the use, patterns, and dependence on tobacco to develop appropriate prevention and cessation strategies. Aim: To assess tobacco smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among students of dental Institutions in Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among five dental colleges in Lucknow city from July 2023 to November 2023. A total of 1050 undergraduate dental students were included in the study, and a self-structured, close-ended questionnaire was used to collect information on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of hookah tobacco. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach’s coefficient alpha to measure internal consistency, which was found to be 0.9. Discrete (categorical) data were summarised in numbers (n) and percentages (%). Categorical groups were compared by Chi-square (χ2) test. Results: Out of the total 1050 students, 392 (37.3%) were aged between 18-21 years, 630 (60.0%) were aged between 22-25 years, and 28 (2.7%) were aged between 26-30 years. Furthermore, among the students, 355 (33.8%) were females and 695 (66.2%) were males. Among the total of 1050 dental students, the prevalence of hookah smoking was 59.1%. The presence or prevalence of hookah smoking was higher in males (29.4%) at 480 (45.7%) than in females 141 (13.4%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=83.75, p

Abstract The Yamuna River, a vital water source in India, poses a profound challenge concerning water purity across its entire stretch. The comprehensive review aims to thoroughly examine the river's water quality, shedding light on the sources of pollution and their consequences for both ecological systems and public health. The primary objective of this review is to examine the published research papers concerning the Yamuna River water quality stretching from Yamunotri to Prayagraj and its resulting impact on human health. This paper also comprises a wide range of pollutants mainly caused by human activity; during the strange period of COVID-19 lockdown, when all industries were closed, resulting in changes in water quality, signifies the destructive effects of human activity on the river. Studies uncover that the most contaminated areas are Nizamuddin of Delhi region and D/S of Agra in Uttar Pradesh, which includes the foremost level of faecal coliforms to be around 210000–11000000 and 450–6100000, respectively. The total coliforms were found to be between 700000–28000000 and 2200–32000000, respectively. Biochemical oxygen demands, industrial discharge, urban waste and agriculture are identified as the most responsible factors for this contamination. After the COVID-19 lockdown, all industries were open, and now, the conditions are the same as before COVID-19. The primary insight to be assembled is that the ecological balance of the Yamuna River and public health depend on the immediate requirement for effective wastewater treatment solutions. Besides offering valuable data by compiling findings from multiple studies, this review underscores the importance of implementing stringent regulations on industrial emissions, upgrading sewage treatment plants, and promoting eco-friendly farming methods to tackle pollution in the Yamuna River and also manage the rural and urban areas of the sewage pipeline plan. It stresses the importance of safeguarding the Yamuna River ecosystem's inherent socioeconomic benefits while alleviating the environmental harm caused by pervasive pollution. Essentially, the study calls for prompt and comprehensive measures to ensure the sustainable health of this crucial water resource in India.

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems have been verified to be a promising solution for reducing the imbalance between energy supply and demand; however, sensible and latent thermal storage systems have certain limitations. To minimize the issues of rapid drop of temperature in sensible storage and poor heat transfer in latent storage, novel thermal energy storage should be designed. Considering this, combined sensible-latent TES system was developed to mitigate the drawbacks of individual sensible and latent storage. This study aims to investigate experimentally the impact of various volume fractions of phase change material (PCM) in the proposed system on thermal performance and also in terms of economics. The results demonstrated that 60% PCM volume fraction had 50.03% lower capacity cost, 165.4% higher storage capacity, 168.8% higher storage density, and 26.47% efficiency than the sensible TES. Furthermore, 60% volume fraction of PCM had a 13.09% lower installation cost, 4.77% and 11.69% lower charging/discharging time, and 12.64% higher efficiency than the latent storage system. This concludes that under the assumptions of the current study, a 60% volume fraction of PCM is the optimal design parameter for a combined sensible-latent TES system for achieving the best performance in terms of cost and thermal performance.

A series of potent, selective, and highly permeable human neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (hnNOS), based on a difluorobenzene ring linked to a 2-aminopyridine scaffold with different functionalities at the 4-position, is reported. In our efforts to develop novel nNOS inhibitors for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, we discovered 17, which showed excellent potency toward both rat (Ki 15 nM) and human nNOS (Ki 19 nM), with 1075-fold selectivity over human eNOS and 115-fold selectivity over human iNOS. 17 also showed excellent permeability (Pe = 13.7 × 10-6 cm s-1), a low efflux ratio (ER 0.48), along with good metabolic stability in mouse and human liver microsomes, with half-lives of 29 and >60 min, respectively. X-ray cocrystal structures of inhibitors bound with three NOS enzymes, namely, rat nNOS, human nNOS, and human eNOS, revealed detailed structure-activity relationships for the observed potency, selectivity, and permeability properties of the inhibitors.