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In arthritic disorders both inflammation and the progressive degeneration of joints persistently activate nociceptors, in periarticular structures, leading to the development of persistent pain and comorbid emotional impairments. Arthritis-induced peripheral sensitization leads to increased release of nociceptive molecules by primary afferents that activate neurones e glial cells in the spinal cord and supraspinal pain modulatory areas such as the amygdala (AMY) and the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG). Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) (Bd) is a medicinal shrub from the brazilian flora, popularly known as “Alecrim do Campo”, considered to be an important source of active anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive compounds. Adult 8 weeks old ovariectomized female rats (Rattus norvegicus, vr. Albinus, Wistar) weighting 210 ± 17 g were divided in four groups (n = 6 per group): (i) SHAM, (ii) ARTH, (iii) ARTH treated with B. dracunculifolia (50 mg/kg), and (iv) ARTH treated with B. dracunculifolia (100 mg/kg). Mechanical hyperalgesia in ARTH animals was assessed using the pressure application measurement apparatus, anhedonia using the sucrose preference test and learned helplessness using the forced swimming test. Activated microglia was stained with IBA-I and quantified in a subset of brain slides containing the target areas, the amygdala and the periaqueductal gray matter. A three-week oral treatment with Bd extract reversed ARTH-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and partly reserved depressive-like behaviour. Concomitantly, Bd treatment decreased the number of activated microglia in the AMY and PAG of ARTH animals. This study was supported by grants from INTERACT project – “Integrative Research in Environment, Agro-Chains and Technology”, no. NORTE-01 – 0145-FEDER-000017 and the Portuguese North Regional Operational Program (ON.2 – O Novo Norte) under the National Strategic Reference Framework (QREN), through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), in its line of research entitled ISAC., This study was supported by grants from INTERACT project – “Integrative Research in Environment, Agro-Chains and Technology”, no. NORTE-01 – 0145-FEDER-000017 and the Portuguese North Regional Operational Program (ON.2 – O Novo Norte) under the National Strategic Reference Framework (QREN), through the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), in its line of research entitled ISAC., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Introdução: As plantas tem sido alvo de diversos estudos devido ao seu potencial terapêutico, uma vez que elas produzem metabólitos secundários bioativos. A espécie Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (Asteraceae), popularmente conhecida como “alecrim do campo” ou “vassoura” é uma espécie vegetal nativa do Brasil, que tem sido reconhecida como a principal fonte botânica da própolis verde, e é utilizada na medicina popular como anti-inflamatória. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades imunomodulatórias do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de B. dracunculifolia frente à produção de mediadores da resposta imune, bem como seus possíveis mecanismos em cultura de macrófagos peritoneais e esplenócitos. Metodologia: Folhas de B. dracunculifolia foram coletadas e foi produzido seu extrato bruto hidroalcoólico (E-Bd) (etanol: água 8:2, v/v) que foi posteriormente analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Para os ensaios biológicos foram utilizados camundongos C57Bl/6. Foi avaliada a citotoxicidade em macrófagos e esplenócitos pelo método do MTT. Para o ensaio de proliferação de esplenócitos também foi utilizado o método do MTT. A produção de NO foi realizada em cultura de macrófagos peritoneais e esplenócitos pelo método de Griess e a expressão de MHC II, CD40, CD80 e CD86 em cultura de macrófagos peritoneais por citometria de fluxo. O ensaio de produção de IL-12 foi realizado por ELISA. Resultados: Foram obtidos 120g do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico E-Bd. De acordo com o ensaio de citotoxicidade, o extrato E-Bd não foi citotóxico nos tipos celulares avaliados em concentrações de até 100 g/mL. A proliferação de esplenócitos foi inibida. O extrato em questão foi capaz de reduzir os níveis de NO tanto em cultura de macrófagos peritoneais quanto em cultura de esplenócitos. Pela citometria de fluxo, foi possível observar que o extrato E-Bd foi capaz de reduzir a expressão das moléculas co-estimuladoras CD80 e CD86 e ainda de CD40, não promovendo a redução da expressão de MHC II. A produção de IL-12 também foi reduzida na presença do extrato. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos sugerem o potencial do extrato E-Bd em modular as respostas imunológicas. Introduction: Plant species have been target of studies due to their therapeutical potential, since they produce bioactive secondary metabolites. Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (Asteraceae) has been recognized as the main source of Brazilian green propolis and is popularly known as “alecrim do campo” or “vassoura”. It is used in Brazilian folk medicine as anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of the crude hydroalcoholic extract of B. dracunculifolia on the production of immune mediators, and its mechanisms in peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes. Methods: The leaves from B. dracunculifolia were collected and the extract was obtained with ethanol: water (8:2, v/v). The extract was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For biological assays C57Bl/6 mice were utilized. Citotoxicity was evaluated both in macrophages and splenocytes using MTT method. Proliferation of splenocytes assay was also performed by MTT. Peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes from C57Bl/6 mice were cultured for NO production, which was performed by Griess method and CD80, CD86, CD40 and MHC II expression analysis were evaluated in macrophages culture by flow citometry. The cytokine (IL-12) production assay was performed by ELISA. Results: 120g of the crude extract E-Bd were obtained and it was not cytotoxic on macrophages and splenocytes culture in concentrations up to 100 g/mL. The proliferation of splenocytes was inhibited. E-Bd extract was able to reduce NO levels on both cell cultures. Results obtained by flow cytometry indicated that E-Bd reduced the expression of CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecules and also CD40 but not of MHC II. Furthermore, IL-12 production was also reduced in the presence of E-Bd extract. Conclusion: The presented results suggest that E-Bd can modulate immune responses.

Essential oils are pharmacologically active and unexplored compounds. The inhibitory properties of essential oils from Baccharis dracunculifolia, Conyza bonariensis, Tithonia diversifolia and Ambrosia polystachya were evaluated in the coagulation and fibrinogenolysis induced by snake venoms. The essential oil from Conyza bonariensis extended the clotting time of Lachesis muta from 52.2 to 115.2 seconds and that of Bothrops moojeni from 108.3 to 2340.0 seconds, when pre-incubated with the venoms. The longest clotting times for Bothrops atrox venom were observed after incubation with the essential oils from Conyza bonariensis and Tithonia diversifolia: the times increased from 100.8 to 264.0 and 227.7 seconds, respectively. The prior incubation of the essential oils with plasma and subsequent addition of Lachesis muta venom resulted in a pro-clotting effect. The oils from Ambrosia polystachya and Baccharis dracunculifolia caused 100% of inhibition on the fibrinogenolysis induced by Bothrops moojeni and Lachesis muta venoms (the oils were previously incubated with the venom). The results indicate that the essential oils show promise as adjuvants for the treatment of snakebites.

Os produtos oriundos de plantas medicinais com propriedades antifúngicas tem se destacado. A disponibilidade de antifúngicos atualmente utilizados na clínica é relativamente pequena, sendo muitas vezes ineficiente e com toxicidade elevada. A Candida albicans é uma levedura que está presente normalmente na microbiota humana. No entanto, quando a imunidade baixa ou após o uso de certos medicamentos, ela pode-se tornar patogênica e causar infecções ao hospedeiro. Diante deste contexto, o presente trabalho visou avaliar “in vitro” o óleo essencial de Baccharis dracunculifolia frente à cepa da espécie Candida albicans. O óleo foi extraído das folhas secas de B. dracunculifolia através do método de hidrodestilação, em aparelho de Clevenger, durante 7 horas, e apresentou rendimento de 0,5%. O ensaio antifúngico foi realizado através do teste de difusão em disco e então testado em diferentes concentrações variando de 0,29 a 10 mg. O óleo apresentou atividade antifúngica em uma Concentração Inibitória Mínima de 10 mg. Pode-se concluir que o óleo essencial de Baccharis dracunculifolia possui boa atividade antifúngica, o que pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos contra leveduras da espécie Candida albicans.

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae), popularly known as "alecrim-do-campo," is largely distributed in South America, is shown to exhibit protective actions against gastric ulcers, has anti-inflammatory properties, and is hepatoprotective. Several essential oils obtained from Baccharis species possess biological activities, such as antimicrobial and antivirus activities. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of B. dracunculifolia in the reduction of dental biofilm, comparing this natural product with other mouthwashes already known in the dental market. In measuring the time after use of mouthwash (t = 1), there was no difference between products (P = 0.602); that is, subjects in the study had a similar PI after the first use. After one week (t = 2), there was no difference between the four products evaluated (P = 0.674), so, all research individuals completed the study with a similar reduction in dental biofilm between themselves but it was different from initial state (Friedman test). It is possible to conclude that B. dracunculifolia had the same efficiency of the materials used to oral hygiene in reduction of dental plaque and, consequently, prevention of dental caries. Thus, we can consider B. dracunculifolia as a good candidate for new material to be implemented in dental care.

RESUMO Os óleos essenciais apresentam possibilidade de serem empregados nas indústrias de alimentos, bebidas, produtos de higiene pessoal e cosméticos para evitar ou reduzir a deterioração lipídica e a contaminação por micro-organismos. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar as propriedades funcionais antimicrobianas e antioxidantes de óleos essenciais de folhas frescas de Coniza bonariensis, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tithonia diversifolia, Ambrosia polystachya, Hedychium coronarium e Baccharis dracunculifolia, extraídos por hidrodestilação. O potencial antioxidante foi avaliado pelas metodologias do consumo do radical DPPH e da inibição da oxidação do sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoleico. A sensibilidade das bactérias Salmonella Cholerasuis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli frente aos óleos essenciais foi determinada pela utilização do método de difusão em cavidade ágar. Os óleos essenciais destacaram-se pelo elevado conteúdo de terpenoides. Todos os óleos essenciais avaliados pela metodologia do sequestro do radical DPPH não apresentaram CI50 significativos. Pela metodologia do β-caroteno/ácido linoleico, os óleos essenciais de T. diversifolia e H. coronarium não apresentaram atividades significativas e os de C. bonariensis, P. hysterophorus, A. polystachya, e B. dracunculifolia apresentaram CI50 superiores a maior concentração avaliada. Os óleos essenciais das espécies C. bonariensis, T. diversifolia, H. coronarium e de B. dracunculifolia apresentaram atividade antibacteriana para bactérias Gramnegativas e Gram-positivas, com exceção do óleo volátil de P. hysterophorus, que não impediu o crescimento de nenhuma das cepas bacterianas testadas. O óleo essencial de A. polystachya apresentou potencial antibacteriano apenas nas cepas de S. aureus. ABSTRACT Essential oils can be employed in the food, drinks, toiletry and cosmetics industries to prevent or reduce lipid deterioration and contamination by microorganisms. The aim of this work was to evaluate the functional antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils of fresh leaves from Coniza bonariensis, Parthenium hysterophorus, Tithonia diversifolia, Ambrosia polystachya, Hedychium coronarium and Baccharis dracunculifolia, extracted by hydrodistillation. The methodologies used for assessing antioxidant potential were consumption of the DPPH radical and oxidation inhibition of the β-carotene/linoleic acid system. Sensitivity of the bacteria Salmonella cholerasuis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to the essential oils was determined using the agar-well diffusion method. The essential oils were noteworthy for their high terpenoid content. None of the essential oils assessed by DPPH radical sequestration presented significant IC50. Using β-carotene/linoleic acid methodology, the essential oils of T. diversifolia and H. coronarium showed no significant activity, and C. bonariensis, P. hysterophorus, A. polystachya and B. dracunculifolia showed IC50 greater than the highest concentration evaluated. The essential oils of C. bonariensis, T. diversifolia, H. coronarium and B. dracunculifolia displayed antibacterial activity for gram-negative and grampositive bacteria, with the exception of the volatile oil of P. hysterophorus, which did not inhibit growth in any of the bacterial strains tested. The essential oil of A. polystachya displayed antibacterial activity only for strains of S. aureus.

Constituents of the essential oils from the aerial parts of Baccharis articulata (Ba), Baccharis genistelloides subsp. crispa (Bc), Baccharis dracunculifolia (Bd) and Baccharis gaudichaudiana (Bg), Asteraceae, obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) and GC/flame ionization detector (FID) were identified. Also, their anti-inflammatory potential, focusing their immunomodulatory activity using flow cytometric analyses and AgNOR profiles, and anti-chemotactic properties, conducted using a Boyden’s chamber system, were investigated. Fifty-eight compounds were characterized, representing 66.7% of the total components detected. The major constituents identified were spathulenol (in Ba, Bd and Bg), τ-gurjunene (in Bg) and palustrol (in Ba). The data presented herein showed that the Baccharis essential oils included in this study were inert for human resting lymphocytes, while all but Ba’s inhibited significantly the proliferation of their phytohemagglutinin-sti...

Phenolic co mpounds fall within the waste resulting fro m the biodegradation of natural and anthropogenic, are found in soil and water, but despite being widely distributed in nature are part of the main pollutants toxic waste discarded by a wide variety of industries such as textiles, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, coating metals, wood preservatives, dyes, plastics and resins, coal conversion, and are components of many biocides. In order to remedy the impacts of these compounds, seven endophytic fungal species isolated from Baccharis dracunculifolia D. C. (Asteraceae) were studied to determine their ability to produce phenoloxidases capable of degrading phenolic compounds. The fungi were inoculated in media containing different concentrations of gallic acid, incubated at 28℃ and mon itored every 48 h. En zy me production was assessed through the observation of an amber-co lored halo, which is characteristic of the Bavendamm's reaction. On ly Fusarium sp. strain D3-FB and Cercospora sp. strain D7-FB showed degradation halos at all concentrations. Although developed in the same med ia, the other species showed no signs of the Bavendamm's reaction.

We aimed to establish a phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts and performed GC-MS of the essential oils (EOs) of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) and Asteraceae species Baccharis dracunculifolia DC, Matricaria chamomilla L. and Vernonia polyanthes Less, as well as determining their antimicrobial activity. Establishment of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the crude extracts and EOs against 16 Staphylococcus aureus and 16 Escherichia coli strains from human specimens was carried out using the dilution method in Mueller-Hinton agar. Some phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties were established, and all EOs had a higher antimicrobial activity than the extracts. Matricaria chamomilla extract and E. uniflora EO were efficient against S. aureus strains, while E. uniflora and V. polyanthes extracts and V. polyanthes EO showed the best antimicrobial activity against E. coli strains. Staphylococcus aureus strains were more susceptible to the tested plant products than E. coli, but all natural products promoted antimicrobial growth inhibition.

Pseudocercospora griseola, the etiologic agent of angular leaf spot of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), is an important disease in all bean-producing regions worldwide and may cause extremely high yield losses. The control of this disease is made more difficult by the pathogen's genetic variability and the inefficiency of fungicides. In this study, of 26 essential oils tested at different concentrations, 25 demonstrated efficiency in affecting the germination of strains 63-31 and 63-63 of the pathogen, reaching inhibition levels of between 80% and 100%. Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon martinii inhibited conidia germination at all concentrations; Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinnamomum sp., Thymus vulgaris, Matricaria recutita, Cordia verbenacea, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon nardus, at 0.1 and 0.5%; and Zingiber officinale, Mentha arvensis, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Lavandula officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, Pimpinella anisum, Ocimum selloi, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Laurus nobilis, Citrus sinensis, Melaleuca alternifolia and Eucalyptus globulus, at 0.5%. The main constituents identified were cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamomum sp.; eugenol in E. caryophyllata; trans-β-farnesene in M. recutita; pulegone in C. verbenacea; thymol in T. vulgaris; geranial and neral in C. citratus, and geraniol in C. martini. Through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it was verified that C. citratus, C. martini and E. caryophyllata presented direct fungitoxic action on P. griseola, causing severe damage to the cellular ultrastructure of the conidia, invalidating germination. These results indicated that essential oils are a promising alternative strategy for the control of angular leaf spot in bean, representing less risk to human health and the environment. Pseudocercospora griseola, agente etiológico da mancha angular do feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris), é uma doença importante nas regiões produtoras de feijão em todo o mundo e pode causar perdas de produtividade extremamente elevados. O controle dessa doença é dificultado pela variabilidade genética do patógeno e da ineficiência de fungicidas. Neste estudo, de 26 óleos essenciais testados em concentrações diferentes, 25 demonstraram eficiência em inibir a germinação das linhagens 63-31 e 63-63 do agente patogênico, atingindo níveis de inibição entre 80% e 100%. Cymbopogon citratus e Cymbopogon martini inibiram a germinação de conídios em todas as concentrações; Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinnamomum sp., Thymus vulgaris, Matricaria recutita, Cordia verbenacea, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon nardus, em 0,1 e 0,5%, e Zingiber officinale, Mentha arvensis, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Lavandula officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, Pimpinella anisum, Ocimum selloi, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Laurus nobilis, Citrus sinensis, Melaleuca alternifolia e Eucalyptus globulus, em 0,5%. Os principais constituintes identificados foram cinamaldeído em Cinnamomum sp.; Eugenol em E. caryophyllata; trans-β-farneseno em M. recutita; pulegona em C. verbenacea; timol em T. vulgaris; geranial e neral em C. citratus e geraniol em C. martini. Através de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM), verificou-se que C. citratus, C. martini e E. caryophyllata apresentaram ação antifúngica direta sobre P. griseola, causando graves danos na ultraestrutura celular dos conídios, invalidando a germinação. Esses resultados indicaram que os óleos essenciais são uma estratégia alternativa promissora para o controle da mancha angular do feijoeiro, o que representa menos risco para a saúde humana e ao ambiente.

One and two step extraction processes were used to obtain extracts from two samples of alecrim do campo leaves ( Baccharis dracunculifolia L.). In the one step process, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ), ethanol and water were used as solvents. In the two step process, scCO 2 was used as a solvent in the first step followed by ethanol or water as the solvent in a second step on the residue resulting from scCO 2 extraction. Extraction yields, total polyphenol, total flavonoid and Artepillin C contents, antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching methods were measured in all extracts. The supercritical extract showed a higher concentration and yield of Artepillin C, low antioxidant activity by the DPPH method and high antioxidant activity by the β-carotene method. In general the aqueous and ethanol extracts were more concentrated in polyphenol compounds and a second extraction step produced high yields with high concentrations of phenolic compounds.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:05:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-05722012000500017.pdf: 770695 bytes, checksum: d77e85f7f49660f0c0d438cace2dec3a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-05722012000500017.pdf: 770695 bytes, checksum: d77e85f7f49660f0c0d438cace2dec3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:09:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-05722012000500017.pdf: 770695 bytes, checksum: d77e85f7f49660f0c0d438cace2dec3a (MD5) S1516-05722012000500017.pdf.txt: 40023 bytes, checksum: 4020b18a0fe3297a30e9651f63b23dfe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:17:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-05722012000500017.pdf: 770695 bytes, checksum: d77e85f7f49660f0c0d438cace2dec3a (MD5) S1516-05722012000500017.pdf.txt: 40023 bytes, checksum: 4020b18a0fe3297a30e9651f63b23dfe (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:17:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-05722012000500017.pdf: 770695 bytes, checksum: d77e85f7f49660f0c0d438cace2dec3a (MD5) S1516-05722012000500017.pdf.txt: 40023 bytes, checksum: 4020b18a0fe3297a30e9651f63b23dfe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química e produtividade dos principais componentes do óleo essencial de Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. em função de doses de composto orgânico (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 t ha-1). Foi realizada uma colheita, aos 150 dias após o transplante das mudas. O óleo essencial, da massa seca útil da parte aérea, foi extraído por hidrodestilação e analisado em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas (Shimadzu, QP-5000). A identificação dos constituintes químicos foi realizada através da análise comparativa dos espectros de massas das substâncias com o banco de dados do sistema CG-EM (Nist 62.lib), literatura e índice de retenção. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, às médias obtidas foram submetidas à análise de regressão e o teste Tukey para o efeito das doses de composto orgânico. Os três componentes sesquiterpênicos, E-nerolidol, espatulenol e óxido de cariofileno, perfazem 58,44% da média relativa da composição química do óleo essencial de B. dracunculifolia, composto pela presença de 28 substâncias. Na produtividade dos componentes γ-muroleno, valenceno, δ-cadineno e E-nerolidol as dosagens estudadas influenciaram as plantas, que na dosagem 30 t ha-1 obtiveram os melhores resultados. Se o objetivo no cultivo de B. dracunculifolia for o componente espatulenol as dosagens 30 e 40 t ha-1 obtiveram os melhores resultados. Para a produtividade do componente óxido de cariofileno as dosagens estudadas influenciaram as plantas, que na dosagem 40 t ha-1 obtiveram os melhores resultados. The objective was to evaluate the chemical composition and productivity of the main components of the essential oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. due to organic compound (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 t ha-1). We performed a harvest, 150 days after transplanting. The essential oil of the dry mass useful in the aerial part was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed in gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (Shimadzu, QP-5000). The identification of chemical constituents was performed by comparative analysis of mass spectra of substances with the database of the GC-MS (Nist 62.lib), literature and retention rates. The results were subjected to analysis of variance by F test, the averages obtained were subjected to regression analysis and Tukey test for the effect of doses of organic compound. The three components sesquiterpene, E-nerolidol, espatulenol and caryophyllene oxide, account for 58.44% of the average for the chemical composition of essential oil of B. dracunculifolia, composed by the presence of 28 substances. Productivity of components γ-murolene, valencene, δ-cadinene and E-nerolidol was influenced by doses, which in dose 30 t ha-1 obtained the best results. If the goal in the cultivation of B. dracunculifolia is the component espatulenol dosages 30 and 40 t ha-1 obtained the best results. To the productivity of caryophyllene oxide doses studied influenced the plants, which in dose 40 t ha-1 obtained the best results. UNESP Departamento de Produção Vegetal UNESP Departamento de Produção Vegetal

The propolis produced in Southeastern Brazil is known as green propolis (BGP) because of its color and the most important plant source is Baccharis dracunculifolia. Several authors reported biological activities such as antiulcer, anti-inflammator, antimutagenic, antifungal/antibacterial, antileishmanial/antiplasmodial for the BGP. For this reason, BGP has been extensively employed in food and beverages, thus helping improve health and preventing diseases. Some authors related that the biological activities of BGP are mostly due to its high levels of prenylated ρ-coumaric acids derivatives, mainly artepillin C. The inclusion complex between Brazilian green propolis (BGP) with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was prepared and its characterization was investigated by different analytical techniques (X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry) and suggesting that propolis was molecularly dispersed in the HP-β-CD matrix. The increasing solubility of chemical constituents was determined using quantitation methods for total flavonoids and polyphenols. Furthermore, it was developed a method for the quantitation and identification of the main compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography in order to evaluate the increasing water solubility of each constituent in aqueous BGP extract (aromadendrin, isosakuranetin, and artepillin C). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by chemical assay 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging.

Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil(Received 30 August 2010; Accepted 10 January 2011)Abstract: Baccharin (3-prenyl-4-(dihydrocinnamoyloxy)cinnamic acid) is an important chemical compound isolated from theaerial parts of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae), a native plant of South America, and the most important plantsource of Brazilian green propolis. The present study was designed to investigate the ability of baccharin to modulate thegenotoxic effects induced by doxorubicin and methyl methanesulphonate in male Swiss mice using the micronucleus andcomet assays, respectively. The different doses of baccharin [0.12, 0.24 and 0.48 mg⁄kg body-weight (b.w.)] were administeredsimultaneously to doxorubicin (micronucleus test; 15 mg⁄kg b.w.) and to methyl methanesulphonate (comet assay; 40 mg⁄kgb.w.). The results showed a significant decrease in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in animals trea-ted with baccharin and doxorubicin compared to animals that received only doxorubicin. This reduction ranged from 39.8%to 50.7% in the micronucleus test. The extent of DNA damage in liver cells was significantly lower in animals treated with dif-ferent concentrations of baccharin combined with methyl methanesulphonate in comparison with the damage observed foranimals treated only with methyl methanesulphonate. These differences resulted in a significant reduction in the extent ofDNA damage, which ranged from 47.8% to 60.6%.

Artepillin C (3,5-diprenyl-p-coumaric acid), a major compound found in Brazilian green propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia, shows anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant and antitumoral activities, among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of artepillin C and its ability to prevent the chemically induced chromosome breakage or loss and the primary DNA damage using the micronucleus and comet assays in male Swiss mice, respectively. The animals were treated by gavage with different doses of artepillin C (0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg kg(-1) b.w.). For the antigenotoxicity assays, the different doses of artepillin C were administered simultaneously to doxorubicin (DXR; micronucleus test; 15 mg kg(-1) b.w.) and to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS; comet assay; 40 mg kg(-1) b.w.). The results showed that artepillin C itself was not genotoxic in the mouse micronucleus and comet assays. In the animals treated with artepillin C and DXR, the number of micronucleated reticulocytes was significantly lower in comparison with the animals treated only with DXR. Regarding antigenotoxicity, artepillin C at the tested doses significantly reduced the extent of DNA damage in liver cells induced by MMS.

Baccharis dracunculifoliais the source of Brazilian green propolis (BGP). Considering the broad spectrum of biological activities attributed to green proplis,B. dracunculifoliahas a great potential for the development of new cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. In this work, the cultivation of 10 different populations of nativeB. dracunculifoliahad been undertaken aiming to determine the role of seasonality on its phenolic compounds. For this purpose, fruits of this plant were collected from populations of 10 different regions, and 100 individuals of each population were cultivated in an experimental area of 1800 m2. With respect to cultivation, the yields of dry plant, essential oil and crude extract were measured monthly resulting in mean values of 399 ± 80 g, 0.6 ± 0.1% and 20 ± 4%, respectively. The HPLC analysis allowed detecting seven phenolic compounds: caffeic acid, ferulic acid, aromadendrin-4′-methyl ether (AME), isosakuranetin, artepillin C, baccharin and 2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran acid, which were the major ones throughout the 1-year monthly analysis. Caffeic acid was detected in all cultivated populations with mean of 4.0%. AME displayed the wide variation in relation to other compounds showing means values of 0.65 ± 0.13% at last quarter. Isosakuranetin and artepillin C showed increasing concentrations with values between 0% and 1.4% and 0% and 1.09%, respectively. The obtained results allow suggesting that the best time for harvesting this plant, in order to obtain good qualitative and quantitative results for these phenolic compounds, is between December and April.

Baccharis dracunculifolia is the most important vegetal source of propolis in southeast Brazil, and researchers have been investigating its biological properties. Propolis is a complex resinous hive product collected by bees from several plants, showing a very complex chemical composition. It has been employed since ancient times due to its therapeutic properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antitumour activities, among others. The goal of this work was to compare the cytotoxic action of B. dracunculifolia, propolis and two isolated compounds (caffeic and cinnamic acids) on human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2) cells in vitro. These cells were incubated with different concentrations of each variable, and cell viability was assessed by the crystal violet method. Lower concentrations of B. dracunculifolia (extract and essential oil), propolis, as well as caffeic and cinnamic acids, showed no cytotoxic activity against HEp-2 cells. On the other hand, elevated concentrations (50 and 100 µg per 100 µL) exerted a cytotoxic action, and propolis showed a more efficient action than its vegetal source and isolated compounds. Further investigation is still needed in order to explore the potential of these variables as antitumour agents and to understand their mechanisms of action.

Candida strains can cause oral candidosis, as well as nipples candidosis and lead to premature weaning or yeast transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate 51 Candida isolates obtained from the oral cavities of infants during breastfeeding and mothers' oral cavities and nipples, their enzymatic activity and their sensitivity to amphotericin B, fluconazole and Baccharis dracunculifolia essential oil. Among the studied strains, 96.1% produced phospholipase and 78.4% produced proteinase. The antifungal resistance was only observed among isolates of C. albicans, for which three strains showed a resistant activity to fluconazole and one showed a resistant activity to amphotericin B. All strains were sensitive to B. dracunculifolia essential oil with MIC between 0.2 and 6.25 mg/ml. It was concluded that most of the strains showed significant enzymatic activity and were sensitive to amphotericin B and fluconazole. B. dracunculifolia essential oil inhibited the growth of all strains, including the ones resistant to commercial antifungal agents.

The impact of Candiota coal-fired thermal power plant on air quality was evaluated during two years by means of passive biomonitoring. The monitoring consisted of the quarterly collection of leaf samples of Baccharis dracunculifolia, Elephantopus mollis, Eryngium horridum, Paspalum notatum and Piptochaetium montevidense or the shoot of Baccharis trimera at five sites located in the area around the power plant. The element load of these plants was used as indicator for atmospheric pollution. In the samples collected, sulphur and heavy metal cadmium contents were measured. Among the species evaluated, E. mollis presented the highest potential to accumulate metal, followed by B. trimera. The Aeroporto and AFUCAN sampling sites, located in the prevailing wind directions, presented the highest level of metal contamination.

Endophytic fungi have an important role in the mediation of the plant-herbivores, plantpathogens and plant-environment interaction. To understand the interaction between endophytic fungi and Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) and these with the herbivores, the following hypotheses were investigated: (i) the number of endophytic morphospecies (richness) increases with leaf age; (ii) the richness of endophytes varies with seasonality; (iii) the richness of endophytes varies with the plant gender; (iv) there is negative correlation between the richness of endophytes and richness of herbivores; and (v) there is negative correlation between the richness of endophytes and abundance of herbivores. Monthly, the leaves of B. dracunculifolia were collected in Estacao Ecologica da UFMG from October, 2006 to August, 2007. In total, we found eight endophytic morphospecies, a low number when compared to the results found in other study in the same plant species. Mature leaves had higher richness, mainly during the wet season. In relation to gender, the richness was equal. It was also observed that the richness of endophytes found in leaves did not infl uence the richness and abundance of herbivores. All the results of this work indicated that the environment has fundamental role in the determination of the endophytic community and in the Baccharis-herbivores interaction

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a dinâmica da regeneração natural em duas nascentes em processo de recuperação no município de Lavras, MG. Para tanto, foram realizados dois inventários após o isolamento das áreas, nos períodos de Agosto/2005 (18 meses) e Abril/2006 (24 meses). Foram alocadas no total 122 parcelas de 5×5 m (25 m2), sendo 76 na nascente 1 e 46 parcelas na nascente 2. As parcelas foram distribuídas de forma sistemática ao longo de toda a área das nascentes. Todos os indivíduos com altura superior a 0,10 m e DAP (diâmetro a altura do peito) < 5 cm, foram identificados, tendo seus diâmetros e alturas mensuradas. Foram avaliadas a composição florística, a estrutura, e a dinâmica da regeneração natural. Foram amostrados no total 524 indivíduos pertencentes a 24 famílias e 55 espécies. A família Asteraceae se destacou em número de espécies na nascente 1 e as famílias Fabaceae Faboideae, Myrtaceae e Solanaceae na nascente 2. As espécies Baccharis dracunculifolia e Vernonia ferruginea apresentaram os maiores índices de regeneração natural, na nascente 1, enquanto que as espécies Vernonia polyanthes e Nectandra nitidula se destacaram na nascente 2. O maior índice de diversidade foi registrado para a nascente 2 na segunda avaliação, aumentando de 3,324 (primeira avaliação) para 3,384 (segunda avaliação). O índice de similaridade florística encontrado entre as duas nascentes, foi de 20,0 e 18,5% para as avaliações 1 e 2 respectivamente. Durante o período de monitoramento, verificou-se um aumento significativo de 33,33 e 15,8% no número de indivíduos amostrados nas nascentes 1 e 2 respectivamente. O método da regeneração natural apresenta grande potencial para a recuperação da vegetação no entorno das duas nascentes, sendo necessária, no entanto, a adoção de técnicas de controle do capim Brachiaria sp. ABSTRACT This work aimed at evaluating the natural regeneration dynamics in two springs in process of recovery in Lavras-MG, surrounded in December/2003. To do that, two springs were carried out from August/2005 (18 months) to April/2006 (24 months). 122 plots in the total of 5 x 5m (25m2) were plotted, being 76 plots in spring 1 and 46 plots in spring 2. The plots were distributed systematically throughout all the area of the springs. All individuals with height larger than 0.10 m and DBH lower than 5 cm were identified, having their diameters and height measured. Floristic composition, structural analyses and natural regeneration dynamics were studied. In the total, 524 individuals from 24 family and 55 species were sampled. The Asteraceae family was distinguished in species number in spring 1 and the families Fabaceae Faboideae, Myrtaceae and Solanaceae in spring 2. The species Baccharis dracunculifolia and Vernonia ferruginea presented the highest natural regeneration indexes in spring 1, while the species Vernonia polyanthes and Nectandra nitidula in spring 2. The higher diversity index was registered for the spring 2 in the second evaluation, having an increase from 3,324 (first evaluation) to 3,384 (second evaluation). The floristic similarity index registered between the springs was of 20.0% and 18.5% for the evaluations 1 and 2, respectively. During the time of monitoring, it was verified a significant increase of 33.33% and 15.8% in individuals number sampled in springs 1 and 2, respectively. The natural regeneration method presents potential for the recovering of the vegetation of the two springs; however, it is necessary the adoption of control techniques of Brachiaria sp. grass.

Introduction Baccharis dracunculifolia, which has great potential for the development of new phytotherapeutic medicines, is the most important botanical source of the southeastern Brazilian propolis, known as green propolis on account of its color. Objective To develop a reliable reverse-phase HPLC chromatographic method for the analysis of phenolic compounds in both B. dracunculifolia raw material and its hydroalcoholic extracts. Methodology The method utilised a C18 CLC-ODS (M) (4.6 × 250 mm) column with nonlinear gradient elution and UV detection at 280 nm. A procedure for the extraction of phenolic compounds using aqueous ethanol 90%, with the addition of veratraldehyde as the internal standard, was developed allowing the quantification of 10 compounds: caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, aromadendrin-4′-methyl ether, isosakuranetin, drupanin, artepillin C, baccharin and 2,2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyran acid. Results The developed method gave a good detection response with linearity in the range 20.83–800 µg/mL and recovery in the range 81.25–93.20%, allowing the quantification of the analysed standards. Conclusion The method presented good results for the following parameters: selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, as well as limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Therefore, this method could be considered as an analytical tool for the quality control of B. dracunculifolia raw material and its products in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

South American temperate savannas have undergone significant woody plant encroachment through changes in their disturbance regimes. We studied fire strategies and the spatial variation in individual fire responses of Eupatorium buniifolium, Baccharis medullosa and B. dracunculifolia, the dominant shrub species at El Palmar National Park, in areas with different fire history. In recently burnt sites, all Baccharis dracunculifolia individuals died, whereas all E. buniifolium and B. medullosa individuals sprouted. The relative growth rate was higher in E. buniifolium, which invested more biomass in shoots, and in B. medullosa, which invested more biomass in leaves. At the unburnt site, B. dracunculifolia showed the highest growth rate and leaf biomass. B. medullosa produced capitula immediately after fire, whereas E. buniifolium reproduction was delayed for 1 year. In both species, production of capitula and reproductive effort were higher in recently burnt sites. For B. dracunculifolia, production of capitula was lower and the reproductive effort was higher in burnt than in unburnt sites. Seedling establishment was extremely low for E. buniifolium, low for B. medullosa and high for B. dracunculifolia in both recently burnt sites. E. buniifolium behaved as a sprouter, B. medullosa as facultative sprouter and B. dracunculifolia as obligate seeder species. In order to control the increase and/or attain desirable population levels of these species, fire management practices in these savannas should consider individual species’ responses, particularly to the time since the last fire.

Ethanolic extracts and essential oils from Green Propolis from southeastern Brazil and leaf buds from its botanical origin Baccharis dracunculifolia were analyzed by Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC), Reversed Phase High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (RP-HPTLC) and Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. Both ethanolic extracts and essential oils showed similar chromatographic profiles. Thirteen flavonoids were identified by RP-HPLC and RP-HPTLC analyses in both samples. Twenty-three volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS analyses. Seventeen were present in both essential oils. The major flavonoid compound in both extracts was artepillin C. The major volatile compound in both essential oils was nerolidol. The major compounds identified in this work could be used as chemical markers in order to classify and identify botanical origins of propolis.Extratos etanólicos e óleos essenciais de própolis verde do sudeste brasileiro e gemas de sua origem botânica (Baccharis dracunculifolia) foram analisados por CLAE-FR (Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência em Fase Reversa), CCDAE (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada de Alta Eficiência) e CG-EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas). Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos por hidro destilação. Extratos etanólicos e óleos essenciais de Baccharis dracunculifolia e de própolis mostraram perfis cromatográficos similares entre si. Treze flavonóides foram identificados por CLAE-FR e CCDAE em ambas as amostras. Vinte e três compostos voláteis foram identificados por CG EM, sendo dezessete deles presentes em ambos os óleos essenciais. Artepillin C foi o flavonóide encontrado em maiores concentrações em ambas as amostras, enquanto nerolidol foi o volátil majoritário em ambos os óleos essenciais. Os compostos majoritários identificados neste trabalho podem ser utilizados como marcadores químicos para classificar de forma prática e identificar origens botânicas de própolis.

Essential oils of Baccharis uncinella DC and B. dracunculifolia DC collected from different wild populations growing in Bolivia, southern Brazil and Uruguay were analysed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, to check for chemical variability. Cluster analysis led to the identification of two chemotypes for B. dracunculifolia, related to aromadendrane- or cadinane-derived components. As the timing of sampling of the plant material may have an influence on the composition of the essential oil isolated, the seasonal influence at the moment of harvesting was studied for two populations of each species. The results suggested that the flowering season was optimal both species and this supported the practice of harvesting at the full bloom stage.

Brazilian green propolis, which is used in food and beverages to improve health and to prevent diseases, demostrates antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antimicrobial activities. Most biological activities are thought to be related to the high levels of drupanin, artepillin C, and baccharin, which are compounds also present in Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C. (Asteraceae). Since propolis chemical composition depends on the region and the period of collection, as well as its plant origin, the effect of seasonal variation on the both content of prenylated p-coumaric acids and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Brazilian propolis from four different sites, was performed. The results showed that MIC values ranged from 100 to 300 μg/mL against both Staphylococcus aureus and Kocuria rhizophila, while none of the propolis samples was active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. HPLC analysis showed that the content of drupanin, artepillin C, and baccharin varied throughout the year, a...

Agradecimentos: We are grateful to Dr. Jorge Yoshio Tamashiro from Botany Department, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, SP., Brazil for the identification of B. dracunculifolia and also to CNPQ and FAPESP for financial assistance Abstract: Baccharis dracunculifolia, a Brazilian native plant, is an economically important species, as it is the main botanical source of southeastern Brazilian propolis, known as green propolis. We examined the germination rate of B. dracunculifolia seeds that were newly collected, submitted to medium-term storage conditions (6°C, original moisture content), or to long-term storage conditions (-20°C, moisture content reduced to 3%) to verify the viability of its genetic conservation in seed bank. The seeds were germinated in controlled conditions (paper with nystatin 500 UI L-1, 20°C, 12-h photoperiod) and in seedling substrate (at greenhouse) in four replicates of 25 seeds each. The germination rate of newly collected seeds was 50% and the highest rate found was 68% after nine months of medium-term storage conditions. Seeds subjected to long-term storage conditions showed 49% germination rate, statistically equal to the newly collected seeds rate (p=0.05). In order to allow conservation of the B. dracunculifolia seeds' characteristics, which in turn enables greater production of green propolis, understanding medium and long-term storage is key. This is also vital for preserving seedlings for reforestation CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP Fechado

The collection of medicinal and aromatic plants (CPMA) at the University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil was started in 1989 and in 2005 the Federal Ministry of Environment accredited CPMA as a depository of genetic heritage. CMPA consists of a seed bank (in vitro preservation and in vivo or ex situ conservation), herbarium, DNA bank, database, and active germplasm banks from species or genera with potential interest for the development of cultivars. In addition to providing didactic opportunities, the CPMA plays a vital role in seed storage, genetic conservation, exchange of genotypes, and distribution for producers and researchers. Presently, the introductions are from different regions of Brazil and other continents with 2,444 accessions (1,546 species and 156 botanic families). One of the plants of major interest in the CPMA is Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae), a native and widely distributed shrub that develops rapidly and can be potentially used in restoration programs as a successful colonizer of poor, acid soils. It is also the source of green propolis, a natural resinous substance collected from buds and exudates of B. dracunculifolia, produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera). To evaluate the diversity in B. dracunculifolia, several accessions have been genotyped using simple sequence repeat markers. The results showed little genetic diversity, despite genotyping collections from three different regions of natural occurrence in Brazil. Presently, a strategy to acquire new collections in areas of extreme altitudes has been adopted in the hope of finding diversity amongst members of the species CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP Fechado

Orientador: Arnaldo Yoshiteru Kuaye Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possível aplicação do extrato etanólico de própolis verde e seu concentrado contra micro-organismos patogênicos assim como sua capacidade de inibição, remoção e/ou controle de biofilmes de E. faecium e E. faecalis. A própolis foi coletada de um apiário do município de Capão Bonito - SP. Os extratos etanólicos de própolis verde (EEP) foram obtidos por maceração da própolis em etanol (80%) a 70ºC por 30 minutos e submetido a concentração em evaporador rotativo (50ºC) até a remoção completa do etanol para obtenção do extrato concentrado (ECP). Identificaram-se como compostos fenólicos majoritários no EEP o artepelin C, bacarina e rutina e no ECP a rutina, pinocembrina e artepelin C. Embora a maior parte dos compostos fenólicos foram concentrados no ECP, reduziu-se os teores de galangina, artepelin C e bacarina. Os ensaios de atividade antimicrobiana indicaram a inibição de B. cereus, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes e E. faecalis, no entanto observou-se resistência de Escherichia coli O157:H7, Cronobacter spp. Salmonella Enteritidis. O EEP apresentou melhor eficiência na inibição de 5 cepas de E. faecium e 5 cepas de E. faecalis que possuíam algum perfil de virulência e/ou resistência a antibióticos. Em todas essas cepas foi detectado o gene luxS. No entanto, a avaliação da capacidade de adesão por cristal violeta (CV), revelou que somente as cepas E. faecium C1E105 e E. faecalis F68 apresentaram adesão a 37ºC por 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas. Estas cepas foram mais resistentes ao EEP (CMI = 2,5 mg.mL-1) e diferenciavam-se das demais (CMI = 0,63 mg.mL-1) por possuírem algum gene de resistência à vancomicina. Os efeitos dos tratamentos com EEP ou ECP mostrou que, à 37ºC por 24 horas, ocorreu inibição da capacidade de adesão das duas cepas com 0,63 mg.mL-1 de EEP e 10,0 mg.mL-1. A avaliação da capacidade de adesão por microscopia confocal a laser (37ºC/ 24 horas) revelou que os tratamentos com ECP em concentrações < 2,5 mg.mL-1 acarretaram num aumento da densidade de células vivas e mortas, quando comparados com o biofilme controle. Nos ensaios visando a remoção de biofilmes em superfície de aço inoxidável, o EEP removeu sozinho os biofilmes de Enterococcus formados em 24 horas (a 25 e 37ºC). No entanto, foi menos eficiente que o iodo e o hipoclorito de sódio. A associação do EEP com o detergente tensoativo aniônico promoveu a remoção completa dos biofilmes de Enterococcus formados a 25ºC/ 7 dias e de Enterococcus + S. aureus formados a 25ºC/ 24 horas. No entanto, para os biofilmes de Enterococcus formados a 37ºC/ 7 dias esses agentes não foram eficientes. O tensoativo não iônico tween 80, reduziu significativamente (p < 0,05) a eficiência do EEP na remoção dos biofilmes de Enterococcus. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo mostraram o potencial de aplicação do EEP na prevenção de infecções ocasionadas por E. faecium e E. faecalis potencialmente patogênicos e resistentes à vancomicina. Mas estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para verificar seu potencial de aplicação como solução sanitizante Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of green propolis ethanol extract and the concentrated extract against pathogenic microorganisms, and their potential of inhibition and/ or biofilm control of E. faecium e E. faecalis. The propolis was collected from an apiary in Capão Bonito, São Paulo state. Green propolis ethanol extract (EEP) was obtained by propolis maceration in ethanol (80%) at 70ºC for 30 minutes. The EEP was concentrated in rotary evaporator (50ºC) until the ethanol removal to obtain the concentrated extrac (ECP). The prevalent phenolic compounds were: Artepillin C, bacarin and rutin EEP, and rutin, pinocembrin and artepillin C in the ECP. The majority of phenolic compounds were concentrated in ECP although galangin, artepillin C and bacarin levels were reduced. The EEP and ECP had antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes e E. faecalis. However, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Cronobacter spp. Salmonella Enteritidis were resistance to this estracts. The EEP showed better efficiency in the inhibition of 5 E. faecium strains and 5 E. faecalis strains (that had a virulence or antibiotic resistance). The luxS gene was detected in all Enterococcus spp strains. However, the crystal violet biofilm analysis revealed that only the strains E. faecium C1E105 e E. faecalis F68 had adhesion at 37ºC for 6, 12, 24 e 48 h. This strains showed high resistance to EEP (MIC = 2.5 mg.mL-1) and are different to other Enterococcus strains because of the vancomycin resistance profile. The EEP (0.63 mg.mL-1) and ECP (10.0 mg.mL-1) inhibited the adhesion capacity of these strains. The biofilm laser confocal microscopy evaluation revealed that the treatments with ECP in < 2.5 mg.mL-1 results in an increase of the Biovolume of live and dead cells, comparing to the control biofilm. In the experiments that aim the biofilm removal in stainless steel surfaces, the EEP removal alone de Enterococcus spp biofilm (formed at 25ºC and 37ºC after 1 day). However it was lowest efficient than iodine and sodium hypochlorite. The association of EEP and anionic surfactant promoted the removal the Enteroccus biofilm (formed at 25ºC/ 7 days) and the Enterococcus + S. aureus biofilm (formed at 25ºC/ 1 day). However, no efficiency of EEP was detected in the Enterococcus biofilm formed at 37ºC/ 7 days. The tween 80 (nonionic surfactant), reduced significantly the efficiency of EEP in the Enterococcus biofilm removal. The results of this study showed the potential of the EEP application to prevent the infections of E. faecium e E. faecalis potentially pathogenic and vancomycin resistant. Additional studies have to be conduced to the application of EEP as disinfectant Doutorado Tecnologia de Alimentos Doutora em Tecnologia de Alimentos CNPQ 141346/2011-6 CAPES

Although endophytic bacteria impact the health, and ultimately the fitness, of their hosts, our understanding of the diversity of endophytic species remains limited. Here we report on the endophytic microbiota inhabiting the roots, healthy leaves and leaves attacked by a gall-inducing insect of Baccharis dracunculifolia, a species of major economic relevance in South America, using 16S rRNA gene new generation sequencing. Rhodoplanes and Nitrospira were well represented in the communities of roots and leaves; known to be important for nitrogen cycling. The difference in bacterial diversity between healthy and galled leaves was not pronounced. The leaves seem to harbor specialized bacteria with high tolerances to abiotic stresses such as wide variation in temperature, low humidity, shallow and nutrient-poor soils and high solar irradiation. These findings suggest taxon-specific ecological niches in the leaves and roots, which may be the result of different physicochemical characteristics between these structures. This study provides a basis for further investigations and adds significant new information to the current knowledge of the endophytic bacterial composition in B. dracunculifolia.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T16:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-04-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:01:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-47572016000200257.pdf: 1734107 bytes, checksum: 78a80ed0809fe071b511960c5a72d6cb (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Brazilian green propolis is a resinous substance prepared by bees from parts of the plant Baccharis dracunculifolia. As it possess several biological properties, this work assessed the cytotoxic/anticytotoxic, genotoxic/antigenotoxic and mutagenic/antimutagenic potential of ethanolic extracts of Brazilian green propolis (EEGP) and of B. dracunculifolia (EEBD), by means of the Allium cepa test system. The effects were evaluated by assessing the chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronuclei (MN) frequencies on meristematic and F1 generation cells from onion roots. Chemical analyses performed with the extracts showed differences in flavonoid quality and quantity. No genotoxic or mutagenic potential was detected, and both extracts were capable of inhibiting cellular damage caused by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) treatment, reducing the frequencies of CA and MN. By these data, we can infer that, independent of their flavonoid content, the extracts presented a protective effect in A. cepa cells against the clastogenicity of MMS. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biol, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Espirito Santo, Centro Ciencias Saude, Dept Ciencias Farmaceut, Vitoria, ES, Spain Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Estudo Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biol, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Estudo Insetos Sociais, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

Baccharis dracunculifolia is the most important botanical source of Southeastern Brazilian propolis, known as green propolis for its colour. In a previous study, we described the gastric protective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Brazilian green propolis. We therefore wanted to investigate the possibility of using B. dracunculifolia extract for antiulcer treatment. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-ulcerogenic property of hydroalcoholic extract of B. dracunculifolia aerial parts. The HPLC analysis of the chemical composition of B. dracunculifolia extract used in this study revealed the presence mainly of cinnamic acid derivates and flavonoids. Doses of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg of B. dracunculifolia crude extract and positive controls (omeprazole or cimetidine) significantly diminished the lesion index, the total lesion area and the percentage of lesion compared with negative control groups. The percentage of ulcer inhibition was significantly higher in groups treated with B. dracunculifolia, cimetidine or omeprazole, with all protocols used, compared with negative control groups. Regarding the model of gastric secretion, reductions in the volume of gastric juice and total acidity were observed, as well as an increase in the gastric pH. These results were similar to results from studies carried out with green propolis extract. Although more investigations are required, our results suggest that B. dracunculifolia has potential to be used as a phytotherapic preparation for the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Background Exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation is the major cause of human skin aging. Suppression of UVA irradiation-induced skin fibroblast cell damage protects the skin against aging. An oxidative stress response transcription factor nuclear factor-(erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has an important role as a cytoprotective system against oxidative stress in the human skin and other organs. Propolis has been commonly used as a traditional medicine since ancient times. The water extract of propolis (WEP) mainly contains caffeoylquinic acids. In our previous study, we reported that WEP and its major constituents protected immortalized human skin fibroblast cells (NB1-RGB) against UVA irradiation-induced cell death. In this study, we examined the mechanism of WEP-mediated skin protection and the possible involvement of Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathways. Methods Brazilian green propolis was used in the present study (Minas Gerais State, Brazil), Baccharis dracunculifolia is its main source. The Baccharis propolis was extracted with water at 50 °C to yield water extract. The NB1-RGB cell cultures were incubated for 23 h. After replenishing the medium, WEP or its constituents were added to the cell cultures. After 1 h, the cells were exposed to 10 J/cm2 of UVA light (365 nm UVA light source, CL-1000 L UV Closslinkers, Ultraviolet Products Ltd., Cambridge, UK). Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression levels in NB1-RGB cells were evaluated using western blotting. Nrf2 nuclear translocation changes in NB1-RGB cells were indicated using immunostaining. Results We demonstrated that WEP pretreatment up-regulated HO-1 expression level after UVA irradiation at earlier time points than vehicle pretreatment did, and three main constituents of WEP showed similar effects. Furthermore, WEP pretreatment also accelerated Nrf2 nuclear translocation after UVA irradiation. Conclusions Our findings indicated that WEP acts as an early inducer of HO-1 and rapid activator of Nrf2 to protect against UVA-induced oxidative stress.

Premise of the study: Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) is a native plant of the Atlantic Forest that is used for the production of essential oil. Microsatellite markers were developed for this species to investigate the genetic diversity of three natural populations. Methods and Results: Seventeen out of 27 microsatellite loci identified in a genomic library used for the characterization of 315 individuals derived from three natural populations of B. dracunculifolia resulted in successful amplifications. Eleven polymorphic loci, ranging from two to seven alleles per locus, were obtained with expected and observed heterozygosity values ranging between 0.068 and 0.775 and 0.046 and 0.667, respectively. Conclusions: The microsatellite loci described in this study are tools that can be used for further studies of population genetics of B. dracunculifolia with a focus on deforested areas and conservation of natural populations.

Mistletoes obtain nutrients and water from their hosts, with varying effects among those hosts. We assessed the factors that influence the colonization of the mistletoe Struthanthus flexicaulis on Baccharis dracunculifolia and the subsequent effects on host performance. We evaluated the incidence of S. flexicaulis according to size (height classes) and architecture of the host as well as its effects on various physiological parameters of the host. Furthermore, we assessed the occurrence of insect galls induced by Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae(Psyllidae), including the number of leaves infected, and the mortality of infected and non-infected branches. Taller hosts had a higher abundance of mistletoes (60%, p> 0.05). Physiological parameters of hosts were not affected by parasitism, although galling occurred more often (p 0.05) on infected branches. Taller individuals are more colonized by mistletoes and more architecturally complex hosts support a greater number of mistletoes. Mistletoe causes a top-down effect on host-associated organisms on parasitized branches. Mistletoes had a strong top-downeffect on B. dracunculifolia due to a reduction in the number of leaves on parasitized branches and the replacement of the bush crown, as well as an increased incidence of insect galls. Furthermore, the occurrence of a heavy parasite load increased the mortality rate of the host branches.

Obesity is the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Secondary metabolites with biological activities and pharmacological potential have been identified in species of the Baccharis genus that are specifically distributed in the Americas.This study evaluated the effects of methanol extracts from Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. Asteraceae on metabolic parameters, satiety, and growth in monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced-obesity model rats.MSG was administered to 32 newborn rats (4 mg/g of body weight) once daily for 5 consecutive days. Four experimental groups (control, control + extract, MSG, and MSG + extract) were treated for 30 consecutive days with 400 mg/kg of B. dracunculifolia extract by gavage. Biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity, total extract phenolic content (methanolic, ethanolic, and acetone extractions), and pancreatic islets were evaluated.High levels of phenolic compounds were identified in B. dracunculifolia extracts (methanol: 46.2 ± 0.4 mg GAE/L; acetate: 70.5 ± 0.5 mg GAE/L; and ethanol: 30.3 ± 0.21 mg GAE/L); high antioxidant activity was detected in B. dracunculifolia ethanol and methanol extracts. The concentration of serum insulin increased 30% in obese animals treated with extract solutions (1.4-2.0 µU/mL, p 0.05). Insulin secretion in pancreatic islets was 8.3 mM glucose (58%, p 0.05) and 16.7 mM (99.5%, p 0.05) in rats in the MSG + extract and MSG groups, respectively.Treatment with B. dracunculifolia extracts protected pancreatic islets and prevented the irreversible cellular damage observed in animals in obesity and diabetes models.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:03:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-05-01 Streptococcus mutans is an important cariogenic microorganism, and alternative methods for its elimination are required. Different concentrations of Baccharis dracunculifolia essential oil (EO) were tested to determine its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in planktonic cultures, and this concentration was used in S. mutans biofilms. Additionally, we assessed the effect of a 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and saline solution in S. mutans biofilms. The biofilms were grown in discs of composite resin for 48 h and exposed to B. dracunculifolia, CHX or saline solution for 5 min. The viability of the biofilms was determined by counting the colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) in agar, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The MIC of the B. dracunculifolia EO to planktonic growth of S. mutans was 6%. In biofilms of S. mutans clinical isolates, B. dracunculifolia EO (6%) and CHX resulted in reductions of 53.3-91.1% and 79.1-96.6%, respectively. For the biofilm formed by the S. mutans reference strain, the reductions achieved with B. dracunculifolia EO and CHX were, respectively, 39.3% and 88.1%. It was concluded that B. dracunculifolia EO showed antibacterial activity and was able to control this oral microorganism, which otherwise causes dental caries. Unesp - Univ Estadual Paulista School of Dentistry Institute of Science and Technology Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco Jose Longo 777, Sao Dimas, Sao Jose dos Campos Unitau - Univ de Taubaté School of Dentistry Department of Restorative Dentistry, Expedicionário Ernesto Pereira 110 Unesp - Univ Estadual Paulista School of Dentistry Institute of Science and Technology Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco Jose Longo 777, Sao Dimas, Sao Jose dos Campos

Baccharis dracunculifolia is a native plant from Brazil with antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a B. dracunculifolia-based mouthrinse (Bd) changes the structure of insoluble exopolysaccharides (IEPS) in Streptococcus mutans UA159 cariogenic biofilm. Biofilms were grown on glass slides and treated with Bd, its vehicle (VC), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), or saline solution (NaCl). Among the treatments, only CHX significantly reduced the biofilm biomass and bacterial viability (p

Baccharis dracunculifoliaDC (Asteraceae), popularly known as “alecrim-do-campo,” is largely distributed in South America, is shown to exhibit protective actions against gastric ulcers, has anti-inflammatory properties, and is hepatoprotective. Several essential oils obtained fromBaccharisspecies possess biological activities, such as antimicrobial and antivirus activities. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy ofB. dracunculifoliain the reduction of dental biofilm, comparing this natural product with other mouthwashes already known in the dental market. In measuring the time after use of mouthwash (t=1), there was no difference between products (P=0.602); that is, subjects in the study had a similar PI after the first use. After one week (t=2), there was no difference between the four products evaluated (P=0.674), so, all research individuals completed the study with a similar reduction in dental biofilm between themselves but it was different from initial state (Friedman test). It is possible to conclude thatB. dracunculifoliahad the same efficiency of the materials used to oral hygiene in reduction of dental plaque and, consequently, prevention of dental caries. Thus, we can considerB. dracunculifoliaas a good candidate for new material to be implemented in dental care.

O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o estabelecimento de rotinas que facilitem o controle de qualidade de própolis, incluindo a identificação de sua(s) fonte(s) botânica(s). Para tanto, traz análises preconizadas pelo Ministério da Agricultura (exame organoléptico, perda por dessecação a 105ºC, teores de cinza e de cera, resíduo insolúvel em metanol, resíduo seco e teores de flavonóides e fenóis totais) e análises cromatográficas (CLAE) comparativas entre própolis e sua suposta fonte vegetal. Os resultados permitiram observar que, excetuando-se perda por dessecação a 105ºC, todos os demais parâmetros estiveram dentro dos limites estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura, e a própolis estudada provavelmente foi elaborada a partir da espécie Baccharis dracunculifolia DC, proveniente da Serra do Japi-SP/Brasil. Foram identificados os ácidos clorogênico, cafeico, para-cumárico, ferúlico, trans-cinâmico e artepillin C (ácido 3,5-diprenil-4-hidroxicinâmico) e os flavonóides isossacuranetina e canferida, em ambos, própolis e planta. The goal of this work is to contribute in establishing routines for the quality control of propolis, including the identification of its botanical source(s). For this reason, we present an analysis in accordance with the Brazilian Agricultural Ministry recommendations (organoleptic evaluation, loss on drying at 105ºC, determinations of extractable and non-extractable matter and determinations of ash, wax, flavonoids and total phenolic contents) and comparative chromatographic analysis (HPLC) between propolis and its expected vegetal source. With the exception of the "drying loss test at 105ºC", all the parameters were within the limits established by the Ministry of Agricultural to guarantee the identity and quality of propolis. Our results suggested that the species Baccharis dracunculifolia DC, was the vegetable source of the propolis from Serra do Japi (São Paulo State)/Brazil. Identification of the acids artepillin C, para-coumaric, ferulic, chlorogenic, caffeic and trans-cinnamic and of the flavonoids kaempferide and isosakuranetin in propolis and plant was possible.

A new sesquiterpene, named baccharisketone (1), and a new monoterpene, p-methoxythymol acetate (2), were isolated from the leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia along with seventeen known compounds (3-19). The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic means. The growth inhibitory activity of the isolated compounds against leukemia cells (L 1210) was tested and three terpene phenols (4, 6, 17) and five sesquiterpene alcohols (8, 10, 11, 13, 16) were found to exhibit strong cytotoxic activity.

Suppressive effects of ethanolic extracts prepared from propolis group 12 and its main botanical origin (leaf bud of Baccharis dracunculifolia) on transformation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the initial action of dioxin toxicity, were investigated. It was found that suppressive effects of propolis on AhR transformation were relatively higher than those of resins of its botanical origin in cell-free system and in Hepa-1c1c7 cells. When the composition of chemical ingredients was measured, propolis contained slightly higher amounts of flavonoid aglycones as compared with its botanical origin with the same characteristics. Moreover, antiradical activity, one of the typical biological activities of flavonoids, in propolis was also slightly higher than that in its botanical origin. These results indicate that not only propolis but also its botanical origin contains high amounts of flavonoid aglycones and that both of them are useful dietary sources for flavonoids with a potency to prevent dioxin toxicity.

Propolis is a hive product containing chiefly beeswax and plant-derived substances such as resin and volatile compounds. Propolis has been used as an antiseptic and wound healer since ancient times and interest for the product has increased recently. Probably few plant species contribute as major resin sources. Green propolis derives mainly from vegetative apices ofBaccharis dracunculifolia(alecrim plants). However, wide variation detected in the chemical composition suggests contributions from alternative resin plant sources. Predominant components of the resin of green propolis are cinnamic acids, chiefly compounds bearing prenyl groups. Terpenoid compounds, such as sesqui, di and pentacyclic triterpenoids, have been detected in many, but not all, samples investigated. Propolis research has uncovered potentialities of substances previously isolated from plants and has detected constituents of plant origin that would hardly be known otherwise.

Propolis, a honeybee product, has gained popularity as a food and alternative medicine. Its constituents have been shown to exert pharmacological effects, such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. Shoot apices ofBaccharis dracunculifolia(alecrim plant, Asteraceae) have been pointed out as sources of resin for green propolis. The present work aimed (i) to observe the collecting behavior of bees, (ii) to test the efficacy of histological analysis in studies of propolis botanical origin and (iii) to compare the chemistries of alecrim apices, resin masses and green propolis. Bee behavior was observed, and resin and propolis were microscopically analyzed by inclusion in methacrylate. Ethanol extracts of shoot apices, resin and propolis were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Bees cut small fragments from alecrim apices, manipulate and place the resulting mass in the corbiculae. Fragments were detected in propolis and identified as alecrim vestiges by detection of alecrim structures. Prenylated and non-prenylated phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and compounds from other classes were identified. Compounds so far unreported for propolis were identified, including anthracene derivatives. Some compounds were found in propolis and resin mass, but not in shoot apices. Differences were detected between male and female apices and, among apices, resin and propolis. Alecrim apices are resin sources for green propolis. Chemical composition of alecrim apices seems to vary independently of season and phenology. Probably, green propolis composition is more complex and unpredictable than previously assumed.

We have performed a trypanocidal bioactivity-guided study of Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae), the main botanical origin of Brazilian green propolis. The leaf rinse extract of B. dracunculifolia, at a concentration of 3.0 mg mL−1, displayed 100% lysis of trypomastigote forms of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi (2 times 106 parasites mL−1). The chromatographic fractionation of the leaf rinse, using several techniques, afforded the isolation of the compounds isosakuranetin (1), aromadendrin-4′-methylether (2), baccharis oxide (3), ferulic acid (4), dihydrocinnamic acid (5), 3-prenyl-4-(dihydrocinnamoyloxy)-cinnamic acid (6), and friedelanol (7). The chemical structures of all compounds were established by UV-vis, 1H and 13C NMR data analysis in comparison with the literature. Compounds 1 and 3 were the most active in the trypanocidal assay, showing IC50 values (inhibitory concentration required for 50% inhibition) of 247.6 and 249.8 μM, respectively. Compounds 2, 4, and 6 displayed moderate activity, whilst compounds 5 and 7 were inactive.

The influence of the architecture of vegetative branches on the distribution of plant-dwelling spiders has been intensively studied, and the effects on the aggregation of individuals in several spider species on plants include variation in prey abundance, availability of predator-free refuges and smoother microclimate conditions. The emergence of inflorescences at the reproductive time of the plants changes branch architecture, and could provide higher prey abundance for the spiders. The distribution of spiders between inflorescences and vegetative branches was compared on four widespread plant species in a Brazilian savannah-like system. Inflorescences attracted more spiders than vegetative branches for all plant species sampled. The influence of branch type (inflorescence and vegetative) on spider distribution was also evaluated by monitoring branches of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. in vegetative and flowering periods for 1 year, and through a field experiment carried out during the same period where artificial inflorescences were available for spider colonization. Artificial inflorescences attached to B. dracunculifolia branches attracted more spiders than non-manipulated vegetative branches for most of the year. However, this pattern differed among spider guilds. Foliage-runners and stalkers occurred preferentially on artificial inflorescences relative to control branches. The frequencies of ambushers and web-builders were not significantly different between treatment and control branches. However, most ambush spiders (65%) occurred only during the flowering period of B. dracunculifolia, suggesting that this guild was influenced only by natural inflorescences. The experimental treatment also influenced the size distribution of spiders: larger spiders were more abundant on artificial inflorescences than on vegetative branches. The hypothesis that habitat architecture can influence the spider assemblage was supported. In addition, our observational and experimental data strongly suggest that inflorescences can be a higher quality microhabitat than non-reproductive branches for most plant-dwelling spiders.

Previously, it was reported that one group of propolis (Group 12) was identified in southeastern Brazil, and the botanical origin of the propolis was Baccharis dracunculifolia resinous exudates. It was also observed that honeybee (Africanized Apis mellifera) mainly visited the leaf buds or unexpanded leaves of B. dracunculifolia but rarely expanded leaves. B. dracunculifolia is dioecious with male and female inflorescences, and RPHPLC of the ethanolic extracts of the respective male and female bud resinous exudates showed the same profiles. RPHPLC profiles of propolis G12 leaf buds and unexpanded and expanded leaves of B. dracunculifolia showed similarity, but unexpanded leaves quantitatively decreased in chemical constituents as compared with leaf buds. In the case of expanded leaves, all chemical constituents were severely decreased or disappeared. Artepillin C (3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) was also identified in both propolis and resinous exudates, and both ethanolic extracts contained the highest concentrations of this compound as compared with the rest of the chemical constituents.

Liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of Brazilian propolis and the leaves, buds, stem and flowers of Baccharis dracunculifolia were performed. The water extracts of propolis and B. dracunculifolia both contain 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (28), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (31) and chlorogenic acid (32). The intensities of 28 and 31 in the water extract of the buds were stronger than the other parts, suggesting that the buds of B. dracunculifolia should be potent source of these caffeoylquinic acids. Moreover, 27 individual compounds including labdane-type diterpenes, prenylated compounds, flavonoids and other phenolics which were previously isolated from Brazilian propolis, were also identified in the MeOH extract of B. dracunculifolia. Among them, 24 compounds were detected in the buds alone, indicating that it should be an important source of Brazilian propolis. The botanical origin of 19 components of Brazilian propolis was, for the first time, established to be B. dracunculifolia. ブラジル産プロポリス及びBaccharis dracunculifoliaの葉,新芽,茎,花についてLC-MS分析を行なった。プロポリス及びB. dracunculifoliaの水エキスは共に3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (28), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinicacid (31), chlorogenic acid (32)を含んでいた。化合物28及び31は新芽部分の水エキスが他の部分のエキスよりも強度が強く,B. dracunculifoliaの新芽部分がこれらcaffeoylquinic acidsの重要な起源である事が示唆された。さらに,ブラジル産プロポリスの成分として報告のあるラブダン型ジテルペン,プレニル化合物,フラボノイド,桂皮酸誘導体など27化合物をB. dracunculifoliaのメタノールエキス中に同定した。これら化合物中,24化合物が新芽部分のエキスにのみ検出された事も,B. dracunculifoliaの新芽部分がブラジル産プロポリスの重要な起源である事を示唆している。ブラジル産プロポリスの19化合物の植物起源については,今回初めて明らかになった。

A investigação permanente de novas drogas antimicobacterianas é necessária no programa de erradicação da tuberculose e de outras doenças relacionadas com micobactérias. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novas fontes de drogas antimicobacterianas usando material vegetal. Neste estudo, 11 materiais de base vegetal (extratos, óleos essenciais e algumas frações) foram avaliados contra 5 espécies de micobactérias. Estes materiais foram obtidos a partir de 4 espécies de plantas medicinais tradicionalmente utilizadas como terapêutica geral para diferentes doenças e, especificamente, no tratamento de tuberculose (Baccharis dracunculifolia, Centella asiatica, Lantana camara, Pterodon emarginatus). Os ensaios foram realizados em microplacas com resazurina contra duas espécies do Complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e 3 espécies de micobactérias não tuberculosas. Os resultados mostraram o extrato hexânico e o óleo essencial de frutos de P. emarginatus como potenciais fontes para drogas antimicobacterianas contra quatro espécies de micobactérias testadas. A fração hexânica do extrato metanólico das folhas de C. asiatica também apresentou significativa inibição do crescimento de micobactérias apenas contra M. chelonae. Em conclusão, foi possível contribuir para as investigações de antimicobacterianos por apresentar três novas amostras de plantas com atividade antimicrobiana significativa contra quatro Mycobacterium spp e sugerir a realização de estudos futuros sobre as propriedades antimicobacterianas de frutos de P. emarginatus. The permanent investigation of new antimycobacterial drugs is necessary for the eradication programs of tuberculosis and other mycobacterium-related diseases. The aim of the present study is to search for new sources of antimycobacterial drugs using plant materials. In this study, 11 plant materials (extracts, essential oils and some fractions) obtained from 4 species of medicinal plants traditionally used as general therapeutics for different illnesses and specifically as treatment of tuberculosis, were evaluated using the microplate resazurin assay against 2 species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex and 3 nontuberculous mycobacteria. The results showed the hexane extract and the essential oil from fruits of Pterodon emarginatus (Vogel) as potential sources of antimycobacterial drugs against 4 species of tested mycobacteria. The hexane fraction of methanol extract from leaves of Centella asiatica also presented significant mycobacterial growth inhibition, but against M. chelonae only. In conclusion, it was possible to contribute to the antimycobacterial investigations by presenting three new samples of plants with significant antimicrobial activity against four Mycobacterium spp and suggest future studies about the antimycobacterial properties of fruits from P. emarginatus.

The essential oils (EO) and bioactive fractions (BF) fromAloysia gratissima, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Coriandrum sativum, Cyperus articulatus,andLippia sidoideswere proven to have strong antimicrobial activity on planktonic microorganisms; however, little is known about their effects on the morphology or viability of oral biofilms. Previously, we determined the EO/fractions with the best antimicrobial activity againstStreptococcus mutansandCandidaspp. In this report, we used a confocal analysis to investigate the effect of these EO and BF on the morphology ofS. mutansbiofilms (thickness, biovolume, and architecture) and on the metabolic viability ofC. albicansbiofilms. The analysis of intact treatedS. mutansbiofilms showed no statistical difference for thickness in all groups compared to the control. However, a significant reduction in the biovolume of extracellular polysaccharides and bacteria was observed forA. gratissimaandL. sidoidesgroups, indicating that these BF disrupt biofilm integrity and may have created porosity in the biofilm. This phenomenon could potentially result in a weakened structure and affect biofilm dynamics. Finally,C. sativumEO drastically affectedC. albicansviability when compared to the control. These results highlight the promising antimicrobial activity of these plant species and support future translational research on the treatment of dental caries and oral candidiasis.